MODUL 19 Transfer%20technologii%20poprzez%20partnerstwo%20strategiczne

background image

XIX - 1

0RGXá


TRANSFER TECHNOLOGII
POPRZEZ PARTNERSTWO
STRATEGICZNE



: FL JX RVWDWQLFK GZyFK GHNDG Z Z\QLNX SRVW SXM FHM
JOREDOL]DFML FRUD] ZL NV] SRSXODUQR FL FLHV]\ VL
QRZD IRUPD RUJDQL]DFML SU]HGVL Z]L ü JRVSRGDUF]\FK
L QDXNRZR WHFKQLF]Q\FK MDN MHVW VRMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\
: QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH SU]HGVWDZLRQR UR]ZyM WHJR
]MDZLVND NODV\F]QH IRUP\ G]LDáDOQR FL VWRVRZDQH ]DQLP
SRMDZLá\ VL VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH L F]\QQLNL
ÄQDS G]DM FH´ LFK FL Já\ UR]ZyM 7DN MDN Z SU]\SDGNX
VWDUV]\FK IRUP ZVSyáSUDF\ PL G]\ SDUWQHUDPL VRMXV]H
VWUDWHJLF]QH XáDWZLDM ILUPRP ]ZL NV]DQLH XG]LDáX
Z GRW\FKF]DV REVáXJLZDQ\FK SU]H] QLH U\QNDFK
L SHQHWURZDQLH QRZ\FK 6RMXV]H XPR*OLZLDM RVL JDQLH
NRU]\ FL PDNV\PDOL]XM F HODVW\F]QR ü L ]DSHZQLDM F
V]\EN UHDNFM QD ]PLHQLDM FH VL ZDUXQNL SU]\
]PLQLPDOL]RZDQLX RJUDQLF]H ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] UR]UDVWDQLHP
VL DSDUDWX DGPLQLVWUDF\MQHJR 6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH
PR*QD ]DVDGQLF]R SRG]LHOLü QD GZD URG]DMH ]ZL ]DQH
] EL]QHVHP RGSRZLDGDM FH QD ]DSRWU]HERZDQLH
G]LVLHMV]HJR U\QNX RUD] VRMXV]H EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZH
NáDG FH QDFLVN QD SU]\V]áH ]DSRWU]HERZDQLH NWyUH PR*H
VL QD QLP SRMDZLü : QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH XZ]JO GQLRQR
RE\GZD WH URG]DMH RUD] LFK NLOND RGPLDQ L SRGDQR
SU]\NáDG\ REUD]XM FH G]LDáDQLH WDNLFK VRMXV]\
VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK Z SUDNW\FH

background image

XIX - 2

6SLV WUH FL

Wprowadzenie ................................................................................................................................3

Dotychczas stosowane sojusze strategiczne ................................................................................5

Licencjonowanie ............................................................................................................... 5
Podzlecanie........................................................................................................................ 6
Joint-venture ...................................................................................................................... 6
/LFHQFMRQRZDQLH NU]\*RZH

&]\QQLNL VWDQRZL FH VLá QDS GRZ VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK

:]URVW ÄZLHG]RFKáRQQR FL´ SURGXNFML
=PLDQ\ NRQFHSFML GRW\F] FHM RUJDQL]DFML SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ
*OREDOL]DFMD NRQNXUHQFML
5HZROXFMD Z NRPXQLNDFML
1LHSHZQR ü L SRWU]HED

3RM FLH VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK

6RMXV]H JRVSRGDUF]H

:LHG]D PLJUDF\MQD L MHM ZNáDG Z VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH
=QDF]HQLH ZLHG]\ ÄRVDG]RQHM´ GOD VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK

Sojusze strategiczne a badania i rozwój ....................................................................................20

Zdecentralizowane badania i rozwój................................................................................ 21
Partnerstwo strategiczne a badania i rozwój..................................................................... 22
Konsorcja badawcze ........................................................................................................ 22


background image

XIX - 3

TRANSFER TECHNOLOGII

POPRZEZ SOJUSZE STRATEGICZNE

Wprowadzenie


1DMZD*QLHMV]H VLá\ QDS GRZH SRVW SX MDNLPL V

Z G]LVLHMV]\P

ZLHFLH JOREDOL]DFMD L

LQQRZDF\MQR ü UR]ZLMDM

VL

FRUD] V]\EFLHM FR ]DSHZQL LP MHV]F]H ZD*QLHMV]H PLHMVFH Z

QDGFKRG] FHM GHNDG]LH L MHVW GREU\P ]QDNLHP GOD NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL

*OREDOL]DFMD

SU]HELHJD Uy*QLH Z Uy*Q\FK JDá ]LDFK SU]HP\VáX 6W\PXORZDQD MHVW RQD FRUD] EDUG]LHM
SRGREQ\PL GR VLHELH SRWU]HEDPL X*\WNRZQLNyZ RVWDWHF]Q\FK SURGXNWyZ JOREDOQ\FK QS
GHWHUJHQWyZ XU] G]H

]PLHQLDM F\PL VL Z\PDJDQLDPL L PR*OLZR FLDPL UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL

SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ QS JUXS\ 'DHZRR Z 5HSXEOLFH 3RáXGQLRZHM .RUHL OXE JUXS\ 7DWD Z ,QGLDFK
FRUD]

SRZV]HFKQLHMV]\PL

Z

G]LVLHMV]\P

ZLHFLH

NRU]\ FLDPL

ÄHNRQRPLL

VNDOL´

XPR*OLZLDM F\PL SRGHMPRZDQLH L DPRUW\]RZDQLH GX*\FK SURMHNWyZ W\SX %

5 RUD] URVQ F\P

JOREDOQ\P GRVW SHP GR WDQLHM L Z\NZDOLILNRZDQHM VLá\ URERF]HM QLHGURJLFK NRPSRQHQWyZ L
PDWHULDáyZ

,QQRZDFMD WHFKQRORJLF]QD Z VNDOL ZLDWRZHM Z\QLND ] QDVW SXM F\FK F]\QQLNyZ RG NWyU\FK
MHVW ]DOH*QD Z\ZLHUDM F ]DUD]HP QD QLH ZSá\Z

coraz wL NV]D ZLHG]D ]QDMGXM FD ]DVWRVRZDQLH Z SURGXNFML

]PLDQ\ Z VSRVRELH SRMPRZDQLD RUJDQL]DFML SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD L QRZ\FK WHFKQLN
SURZDG]HQLD LQWHUHVyZ

globalizacja konkurencji,

UHZROXFMD NRPXQLNDF\MQD ]DáDPDQLH VL

SRM FLD F]DVX L RGOHJáR FL Z WUDQVDNFMDFK

EL]QHVRZ\FK

Z]UDVWDM FD QLHSHZQR ü Z SRGHMPRZDQLX GHF\]ML Z EL]QHVLH

SRWU]HED HODVW\F]QR FL

=PLDQ\ Z\ZRáDQH W\PL F]\QQLNDPL ]LOXVWURZDQR QD U\VXQNX

QD NWyU\P VRMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\

SU]HGVWDZLRQ\ MHVW MDNR JáyZQD QRZD VWUXNWXUD RUJDQL]DFML EL]QHVX 6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH WZRU]
V]HURNLH VSHNWUXP SU]\PLHU]\ GZX OXE ZLHORVWURQQ\FK Z W\P UHDOL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] RUJDQL]DFMH
QLH VSRNUHZQLRQH ]H VRE

SRF] ZV]\ RG GR ü OX(Q\FK QLHRNUH ORQ\FK VWRZDU]\V]H

SR

EDUG]LHM NRQNUHWQH ]ZL ]NL ED]XM FH QD ZVSyOQRFLH LQWHUHVyZ OXE VSyáNL QS XG]LDáRZH VSyáNL
MRLQW YHQWXUH FDáH VWUXNWXU\ NRUSRUDF\MQH NWyU\FK JUDQLFH ]RVWDá\ ]PLHQLRQH SRSU]H] QRZ
IRUP

VRMXV]X

6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH QD DUHQLH KDQGORZHM VWDQRZL

DOWHUQDW\ZQ

VWUDWHJL

UR]V]HU]DQLD REHFQR FL ILUP QD U\QNDFK UHJLRQDOQ\FK OXE U\QNX JOREDOQ\P FR ]D]Z\F]DM
RVL JD VL WZRU] F VSyáNL ]DOH*QH IX]MH LWS

Rysunek 19. :Sá\Z JOREDOL]DFML QD LQQRZDFMH WHFKQLF]QH

Nowe struktury

przemyVáX

Strategia

Struktury

organizacyjne

Globalizacja

Technologia

Czynniki zmian

URGRZLVNR

NRQNXUHQF\MQH

2GSRZLHG(

NRQNXUHQF\MQD

:GUR*HQLH

background image

XIX - 4

&KRü VRMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\ MHVW ]DSHZQH QDMF] FLHM X*\ZDQ\P WHUPLQHP WHJR URG]DMX IRUP\
RUJDQL]DF\MQH EL]QHVX QD]\ZD VL

UyZQLH* VSyáNDPL VWUDWHJLF]Q\PL

SRUR]XPLHQLDPL

ZVSyáSUDF\ UR]V]HU]HQLHP VWUDWHJLF]Q\P SRGVWDZRZHM G]LDáDOQR FL ILUP\ LWG 7R QD]HZQLFWZR
RG]ZLHUFLHGOD F] FLRZR QDWXU WDNLFK SRZL ]D

6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH ]DF]\QDM SU]\ELHUDü LQQH Z\PLDU\ L VWDZLDü VRELH FHOH PDM FH ]DSHZQH
MHV]F]H ZL NV]H ]QDF]HQLH QL* GRVW S GR QRZ\FK U\QNyZ OXE ]ZL NV]DQLH XG]LDáX U\QNRZHJR
2]QDF]DM

RQH RGHM FLH RG KLHUDUFKLF]QHJR VSRVREX P\ OHQLD R ILUPLH MDNR ÄF\WDGHOL´

: HODVW\F]Q\ VSRVyE GHILQLXM WR FR MHVW ZHZQ WU] D FR QD ]HZQ WU] RUJDQL]DFML SR]D NWyU
LVWQLHMH ZLHOH U\QNyZ GRVWDZFyZ L NRQNXUHQWyZ SRGF]DV JG\ ZHZQ WU] QLHM U]HF]\ZLVWR ü MHVW
EDUG]LHM VSyMQD VFHQWUDOL]RZDQD L SRGSRU] GNRZDQD RNUH ORQHPX FHORZL 3RGF]DV JG\ IRUPD
ÄF\WDGHOL´ ]DFKRZXMH VSyMQR ü M ]\NRZ L NXOWXURZ

NWyU QDGDO SUHIHUXMH ZLHOH NRUSRUDFML

HXURSHMVNLFK VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH F]HUSL NRU]\ FL ] Z\PLDQ\ F]HUSL FHM VLá ] NXOWXURZHJR
]Uy*QLFRZDQLD

MHM

XF]HVWQLNyZ

QLH]E GQHM

GR

]DU] G]DQLD

PL G]\QDURGRZ\PL

SU]HGVL Z]L FLDPL KDQGORZ\PL

']LVLHMV]H VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH QLH V

SR SURVWX VRMXV]DPL RUJDQL]DFML G]LDáDM F\FK Z

RGSRZLDGDM F\FK VRELH Z]DMHPQLH NRPSDW\ELOQ\FK OXE QLHNRQIOLNWRZ\FK VIHUDFK G]LDáDQLD
WDNLFK QS MDN ZVSyáSUDFD PL G]\ ILUPDPL Z ]DNUHVLH % 5 &] FLHM V WR VRMXV]H SRPL G]\
NOLHQWHP D GRVWDZF QLH U]DGNR Z\VW SXM FH QS Z -DSRQLL OHF] UyZQLH* LVWQLHM FH Z VLHFL
SRZL ]D

Z SU]HP\ OH VDPRORWRZ\P (XURS\ L 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK D WDN*H VRMXV]H

SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL NWyUH Z LQQ\P SU]\SDGNX V

OXE E\á\E\ SRVWU]HJDQH MDNR ILUP\

NRQNXUXM FH 3U]\NáDGHP PRJ E\ü *HQHUDO 0RWRUV L 7R\RWD Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK NWyUH
XWZRU]\á\ VSyáN

MRLQW YHQWXUH 1800, Z\WZDU]DM F

PDáH VDPRFKRG\ F]\ ÄSU]\PLHU]H´

NRQWUDNWRZH SRPL G]\ 3URFWHU *DPEOH L *RGUHM 6RDSV Z ,QGLDFK $NWXDOQLH SUyEXMH VL
WZRU]\ü VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH SRPL G]\ DJHQFMDPL VHNWRUD SXEOLF]QHJR L RUJDQL]DFMDPL SDUD
U] GRZ\PL D RUJDQL]DFMDPL VHNWRUD SU\ZDWQHJR F] VWR MDNR ZVW S GR SU\ZDW\]DFML 7HQ
URG]DM VRMXV]X VWUDWHJLF]QHJR PD GX*H ]QDF]HQLH GOD NUDMyZ Z NWyU\FK GR QLHGDZQD PRWRUHP
SRVW SX E\á\ LQVW\WXFMH SXEOLF]QH

7U]HFLP Z\PLDUHP VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK MHVW ZVSyáSUDFD RUJDQL]DFML Z UDPDFK WZRU]RQ\FK
SU]H] QLH JOREDOQ\FK VLHFL NWyUH V FRUD] F] FLHM SRVWU]HJDQH MDNR F]\QQLN SR]ZDODM F\ LP QD
Z\M FLH SR]D GRW\FKF]DVRZH JUDQLFH UR]ZRMX 6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH WDNLFK NRUSRUDFML MDN
*HQHUDO 0RWRUV F]\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %XVLQHVV 0DFKLQHV ,%0 WZRU] ROEU]\PLH JOREDOQH VLHFL
7HJR W\SX ZVSyáSUDFD GR WHM SRU\ RGE\ZDáD VL Z IRUPLH ]ZL ]NyZ RSDUW\FK QD SURGXNWDFK
OHF] UR]ZLMDM VL MX* WDN*H LQQH ZD*QH MHM RJQLZD QS RSDUWH QD ZLHG]\

,QQ\P

Z\PLDUHP

VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK

MHVW

SU]HQLHVLHQLH

DNFHQWX

]

Z\QDOD]NyZ

WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK QD LQQRZDFMH QLHPDWHULDOQH QS PHWRG

ÄMXVW LQ WLPH´

Z ]DU] G]DQLX

]DVREDPL

SURJUDP\ V]NROHQLRZH RSURJUDPRZDQLH SURMHNW\ % 5 L SURMHNW\ WHFKQLF]QH

=DSHZQLDM RQH ILUPRP V]F]HJyOQLH MDSR VNLP NRQFHUQRP PRWRU\]DF\MQ\P VLOQH SR]\FMH
VWUDWHJLF]QH

2G ODW

SRSLHUDQR VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH Z G]LDáDQLDFK EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK QD ZV]\VWNLFK

SR]LRPDFK ± PLHMVNLP UHJLRQDOQ\P QDURGRZ\P L SRQDGQDURGRZ\P ± RUD] Z NUDMDFK
R NUD FRZR ]Uy*QLFRZDQ\FK WUDG\FMDFK Z NWyU\FK NRQWURO QDG JRVSRGDUN VSUDZRZDá DSDUDW
SD VWZRZ\ :áDG]H FKF

VWZRU]\ü NROHMQH 'ROLQ\ .U]HPRZH OXE ERVWR VN

'URJ

: FHOX WZRU]HQLD SR*\ZNL GOD OHGZLH UR]ZLQL W\FK RVL JQL ü QDXNRZ\FK SUDZRGDZF\
ZGUD*DOL LQNXEDWRU\ EL]QHVX L SDUNL SU]HP\VáRZH 3LHUZVL E\OL -DSR F]\F\ WZRU] F PLDVWR
QDXNL 7VXNXEH QDVW SQLH )UDQFX]L ] 6RSKLD $QWLSROLV 6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH PDM REHFQLH GX*H

background image

XIX - 5

]QDF]HQLH Z G]LHG]LQLH EDGD

L UR]ZRMX JG]LH ZVSyáSUDFD PL G]\ SU]HGVL ELRUVWZDPL

Z]ERJDFDQD MHVW R UHODFMH L ZL ]L SRZVWDM FH PL G]\ ILUPDPL D RUJDQL]DFMDPL QRQ SURILW
3U]\NáDGHP MHVW ZVSyáSUDFD XQLZHUV\WHWyZ L SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ RUD] UHJLRQDOQH NRQVRUFMD GR
VSUDZ EDGD

L UR]ZRMX : (XURSLH SURJUDP\ (85(.$ L (635,7 V

V]F]HJyOQLH PRFQR

ZVSLHUDQH SU]H] PL G]\U] GRZ\ V\VWHP ILQDQVRZ\ 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM SRGF]DV JG\ 6WDQ\
=MHGQRF]RQH ZVSRPDJDM 6(0$7(&+ Z FHOX ]ZL NV]HQLD NRQNXUHQF\MQR FL WHJR NUDMX QD
SROX SyáSU]HZRGQLNyZ

=DUyZQR HXURSHMVNLH MDN L DPHU\ND VNLH NRQVRUFMD QD ODGXM NRQVRUFMD MDSR VNLH Z NWyU\FK
ZáDG]H

SD VWZRZH

XPR*OLZLá\

QDZL ]DQLH

SDUWQHUVWZD

VWUDWHJLF]QHJR

SRPL G]\

NRQNXUXM F\PL PL G]\ VRE ILUPDPL VWRVXM F PHGLDFM L ]DFK W\ ILQDQVRZH : WHQ VSRVyE
VRMXV]H

VWUDWHJLF]QH

Z

SUDFDFK

EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK

]ZL NV]DM

NRQNXUHQF\MQR ü

XF]HVWQLF] F\FK Z QLFK ILUP QD DUHQLH PL G]\QDURGRZHM

Dotychczas stosowane sojusze strategiczne


3RM FLH VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK PR*QD ]LOXVWURZDü L RFHQLü LFK ]QDF]HQLH GRNRQXM F SU]HJO GX
PHWRG WUDG\F\MQLH Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\FK Z FHOX ]ZL NV]DQLD XG]LDáX Z U\QNX L ]DVL JX
U\QNRZHJR

Licencjonowanie


+LVWRULD XPyZ OLFHQF\MQ\FK NODV\F]Q\FK MHGQRNLHUXQNRZ\FK ZVSyá ]DOH*Q\FK SRZL ]D
SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL

OLF]\ SRQDG

ODW

2JyOQLH PyZL F XPRZD OLFHQF\MQD RNUH OD

DV\PHWU\F]Q\ XNáDG Z\VW SXM F\ SRPL G]\ OLFHQFMRQRGDZF

L OLFHQFMRQRELRUF

Z UDPDFK

NWyUHJR SLHUZV]\ ] QLFK VWDUD VL Zá F]\ü GUXJLHJR GR UHDOL]DFML VZRLFK SODQyZ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK
:á F]HQLH WR SROHJD QD ]H]ZROHQLX QD Z\NRU]\VWDQLH PDUNL OXE NQRZ KRZ QD SRGVWDZLH
Z\QHJRFMRZDQ\FK ZDUXQNyZ =H]ZDODM F OLFHQFMRELRUF\ QD VSU]HGD* SURGXNWyZ QD QRZ\FK
U\QNDFK OLFHQFMRGDZFD UyZQLH* X]\VNXMH GR QLFK GRVW S EH] G]LHOHQLD VL VWDQRZL F MHJR
ZáDVQR ü LQIRUPDFM WDN MDN NQRZ KRZ F]\ EH] GRNRQ\ZDQLD QRZ\FK LQZHVW\FML

&KRü F] ü SRG]LDáX ZLHG]\ QDVW SXMH QD ]DVDG]LH ]DOH*QR FL DV\PHWU\F]QHM SRF] WNRZR
OLFHQFMRGDZF\ WHJR QLH SU]HZLG\ZDOL FR QDMOHSLHM LOXVWUXMH PDVRZD Z\PLDQD XVSUDZQLH
wynalazków (grant-back SRPL G]\ OLFHQFMRELRUFDPL NWyUD PLDáD PLHMVFH Z -DSRQLL Z ODWDFK
V]H üG]LHVL W\FK RUD] VSRZRGRZDQ\ QL

Z]URVW PR*OLZR FL NRQNXUHQF\MQ\FK D QDVW SQLH

RGZUyFHQLH NLHUXQNX SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL Z W\FK VDP\FK REV]DUDFK 2EHFQLH OLFHQFMRQR
ZDQLH Z\NRU]\VWXMH VL GR ZLDGRPHJR EXGRZDQLD SU]HZDJL NRQNXUHQF\MQHM SRSU]H] DNW\ZQH
SURPRZDQLH Z\PLDQ\ XVSUDZQLH

&KRFLD* OLFHQFMRQRZDQLH PD GOD OLFHQFMRELRUF\ ]DOHW\ Z SRVWDFL QDW\FKPLDVWRZHJR GRVW SX GR
U\QNyZ L ]DSHZQLHQLD RVL JDQLD UHQWRZQR FL SURFHV WDNL PR*H RGE\ZDü VL NRV]WHP SU]\V]áHM
G\QDPLNL WHFKQRORJLF]QHM 6WZLHUG]HQLH WR MHVW SUDZG]LZH ]ZáDV]F]D ZWHG\ JG\ OLFHQFMRELRUFD
]DVW SL

OLFHQFMRQRZDQLHP

VZRMH

G]LDáDQLD

QD

U]HF]

UR]ZRMX

ZáDVQ\FK

PR*OLZR FL

PRG\ILNRZDQLD SURGXNWyZ OXE SURFHVyZ

OXE JG\ RGáR*\ RQ Z F]DVLH PR*OLZR ü

ZSURZDG]HQLD GR SURGXNFML L QD U\QHN QRZ\FK SURGXNWyZ E G F\FK RZRFHP ZáDVQ\FK
LQLFMDW\Z UR]ZRMRZ\FK

background image

XIX - 6

Podzlecanie


3RG]OHFDQLH

E\áR

QLHJG\

UyZQLH*

Z

GX*\P

VWRSQLX

]DOH*QR FL

R

FKDUDNWHU]H

ÄMHGQRNLHUXQNRZ\P´ 1LHPDO ZV]\VWNLH UHODFMH NWyU\FK GRW\F]\áR SRG]OHFDQLH REHMPRZDá\
JáyZQ

ILUP

NOLHQWD

]OHFHQLRGDZF

NWyUD SURMHNWRZDáD SURGXNW

F] VWR SU]HND]XM F

]OHFHQLRELRUF\ NRPSRQHQW\

] NWyU\FK NRU]\VWDá RQ Z\WZDU]DM F WRZDU ]JRGQLH ]H

VSHF\ILNDFMDPL ]OHFHQLRGDZF\ 1D SU]\NáDG Z EUDQ*\ RG]LH*RZHM QLH E\áR ]E\W ZLHOX
PR*OLZR FL UR]ZRMX GOD ILUP\

]OHFHQLRELRUF\

E G FHM GRVWDZF

GR JáyZQHJR NOLHQWD

]OHFHQLRGDZF\ Z G]LHG]LQLH (UyGHá ]DRSDWU]HQLD SURMHNWRZDQLD F]\ Z\SURZDG]DQLD Z\UREyZ

QD U\QHN JG\ ILUPD ]OHFHQLRGDZFD GRVWDUF]DáD PDWHULDá Z\FL W\ ZHGáXJ ZáDVQHJR SURMHNWX L
UR]PLDUX ]D ]OHFHQLRELRUFD SR SURVWX V]\á XEUDQLD

2EHFQLH MHGQDN ZLHOH MHGQRNLHUXQNRZ\FK ]DOH*QR FL Z\VW SXM F\FK Z SURFHVLH SRG]OHFDQLD
SU]HNV]WDáFD VL Z GZXNLHUXQNRZH UHODFMH QD OLQLL ]OHFHQLRGDZFD GRVWDZFD FKDUDNWHU\]XM FH
VL

GZXVWURQQ\P

SU]HSá\ZHP

ZLHG]\

XPR*OLZLDM F\P

Zá F]DQLH

GRVWDZFyZ

GR

SURMHNWRZDQLD L OXE PRQWD*X SURGXNWyZ 5R]ZyM GZXVWURQQ\ MHVW GRVNRQDOH ZLGRF]Q\ Z
SU]HP\ OH VDPRORWRZ\P L VDPRFKRGRZ\P Z NWyU\P ILUPD E G FD NOLHQWHP ]OHFHQLRGDZF
PRQWXMH Z\UyE ILQDOQ\ FL OH ZVSyáSUDFXM F ] GRVWDZFDPL SU]\ SURMHNWRZDQLX QRZ\FK PRGHOL
:LHOH NRPSRQHQWyZ PR*QD SRJUXSRZDü Z PRGXá\ OXE SRG]HVSRá\ NWyUH PRJ XPR*OLZLü
QLHNWyU\P GRVWDZFRP ZHM FLH GR JUXS\ OLF] F\FK VL SURGXFHQWyZ

Joint-venture


Joint-YHQWXUH GHILQLXMH VL MDNR XPRZ

G]L NL NWyUHM GZyFK QLH]DOH*Q\FK SDUWQHUyZ WZRU]\ Z

FHOX RVL JDQLD ZVSyOQ\FK NRU]\ FL WU]HFL QLH]DOH*Q ILUP PDM F RVRERZR ü SUDZQ

:

ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFK MRLQW YHQWXUH MHVW QRZ IRUP EDUG]LHM NODV\F]Q\FK G]LDáD LQZHVW\F\MQ\FK
Z NWyU\FK ILUPD WZRU]\ SU]HGVL ELRUVWZR ]DOH*QH QD U\QNX GRFHORZ\P

.RUSRUDFMH

SRQDGQDURGRZH WUDG\F\MQLH ZRO KLHUDUFKLH ZHZQ WU]QH ]H Z]JO GX QD PR*OLZR ü REQL*DQLD
NRV]WyZ WUDQVDNFML L ]ZL NV]DQLD ]GROQR FL QDOH* F\FK GR QLFK ILUP GR Z\]QDF]HQLD RSáDW ]D

URGNL PDWHULDOQH L QLHPDWHULDOQH FR PD ]QDF]HQLH Z ZDUXQNDFK QLHGRVNRQDáHJR U\QNX

: ]ZL ]NX ] W\P *H G]LDáDQLH ILUP FDáNRZLFLH ]DOH*Q\FK ]ZL ]DQH MHVW ] Z\*V]\P U\]\NLHP
Z\*V]\PL NRV]WDPL ILQDQVRZ\PL L PHQHG*HUVNLPL RJUDQLF]HQLDPL ]H VWURQ\ NUDMRZHJR
V\VWHPX SUDZQHJR L ]ZL ]DQHJR ] UR]V]HU]DQLHP VL PL G]\QDURGRZHJR REV]DUX EL]QHVX FR
QDMOHSLHM ZLGDü QD SU]\NáDG]LH UR]ZRMX $]ML 3RáXGQLRZR :VFKRGQLHM XZD*D VL

*

H G]LDáDQLH

WDNLFK SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ MHVW FRUD] PQLHM SUDNW\F]QH L ZU F] QLHFK WQLH ZLG]LDQH = W\FK
SRZRGyZ RG ZF]HVQ\FK ODW V]H üG]LHVL W\FK VSyáNL W\SX MRLQW YHQWXUH ]DVW SRZDá\ GDZQH
ILUP\ ]DOH*QH FKRü QLH ]QLNQ á\ RQH FDáNRZLFLH

: NRQZHQFMRQDOQHM VSyáFH MRLQW YHQWXUH SRG]LDá XG]LDáyZ SRPL G]\ ZVSyOQLNDPL RNUH OD LFK
UROH L ZSá\Z QD SDUWQHUyZ SU]\ F]\P SU]HSá\Z ZLHG]\ L PR*OLZR FL MHVW Z ]DVDG]LH
MHGQRNLHUXQNRZ\ SRGF]DV JG\ GRVW S GR U\QNyZ MHVW ZLHORNLHUXQNRZ\ .RQZHQFMRQDOQ\ WU\E
MRLQW YHQWXUH QLH SRVLDGD SHUVSHNW\Z\ VWUDWHJLF]QHM Z W\P VHQVLH *H JáyZQL XG]LDáRZF\ QLH
VWDUDM VL SRSUDZLü SU]\V]áHM V\WXDFML NRQNXUHQF\MQHM VSyáNL DQL QDGDü MHM WDNLHJR FHOX :
QRZV]HM IRUPLH MRLQW YHQWXUH JG]LH XG]LDá QLH MHVW ]ZL ]DQ\ ] NRQWURO

]DOH*QR FL SRPL G]\

SDUWQHUDPL V PQLHM IRUPDOQH D NRQWDNW\ VSRáHF]QH ZD*QLHMV]H :LHOH VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK WR
VSyáNL MRLQW YHQWXUH NáDG FH QDFLVN QD Z\WZDU]DQLH ZLHG]\ L G]LHOHQLH VL QL

background image

XIX - 7

/LFHQFMRQRZDQLH NU]\*RZH


:L NV]

V\PHWUL

PR*QD ]DREVHUZRZDü Z NODV\F]Q\P OLFHQFMRQRZDQLX Z]DMHPQ\P

NU]\*RZ\P : WDNLP SU]\SDGNX VLáD U\QNRZD SRZVWDMH G]L NL G]LHOHQLX VL SU]H] SDUWQHUyZ

ZLHG]

L X]\VNLZDQLX SU]H] QLFK PRFQLHMV]HM SR]\FML SURGXNF\MQHM L U\QNRZHM Z Z\QLNX

G]LHOHQLH VL SUDZDPL SDWHQWRZ\PL 'RW\FKF]DV OLFHQFMRQRZDQLH NU]\*RZH GRW\F]\áR SU]HGH
ZV]\VWNLP NRUSRUDFML

QDWRPLDVW REHFQLH FRUD] ZL FHM

UHGQLFK ILUP SD VWZ Z\VRNR

XSU]HP\VáRZLRQ\FK ]DF]\QD SUDNW\NRZDü WHQ W\S OLFHQFMRQRZDQLD

&]\QQLNL VWDQRZL FH VLá QDS GRZ VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK


6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH WR QLH W\ONR ]Z\Ná\ HIHNW LQQRZDFML Z G]LHG]LQLH RUJDQL]RZDQLD EL]QHVX
V RQH NRQVHNZHQFM G]LDáDQLD ]QDF]QLH ZL NV]\FK VLá ,VWQLHM SRZD*QH GRZRG\ QD WR *H
UHFHVMD JRVSRGDUF]D Z $PHU\FH 3yáQRFQHM L GX*HM F] FL (XURS\ =DFKRGQLHM Z Sy(Q\FK ODWDFK
V]H üG]LHVL W\FK NWyUD MHV]F]H SRJá ELáD VL Z ODWDFK VLHGHPG]LHVL W\FK VSRZRGRZDQD E\áD Z
PQLHMV]\P VWRSQLX GZRPD ÄV]RNDPL QDIWRZ\PL´ QDWRPLDVW Z ZL NV]\P VWRSQLX ± WUHQGDPL
LQIODF\MQ\PL FR E\áR Z\UD(QLH ]DXZD*DOQH Z SURGXNWDFK ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] UROQLFWZHP

D WDN*H

VSDGNLHP

SURGXNW\ZQR FL

SU]HP\VáRZHM

=PQLHMV]DM F\

VL

SR]LRP

SURGXNW\ZQR FL

RG]ZLHUFLHGODá F] FLRZR Z\F]HUS\ZDQLH VL

PR*OLZR FL WHFKQLF]Q\FK WUDG\F\MQ\FK PHWRG

Z\WZDU]DQLD V]F]HJyOQLH WHFKQLN SURGXNFML PDVRZHM ]ZL ]DQHM ] Z\WZDU]DQLHP VDPRFKRGyZ
WHNVW\OLyZ L XEUD

ZáyNLHQ V\QWHW\F]Q\FK L HOHNWURQLNL &R ZL FHM ]ZL NV]RQD NRQNXUHQFMD ]H

VWURQ\ SU]HP\VáX MDSR VNLHJR Z NWyU\P SRVáXJLZDQR VL LQQ RUJDQL]DFM SURGXNFML QL* Z
(XURSLH L $PHU\FH 3yáQRFQHM SU]\VSLHV]\áD SRZVWDZDQLH QRZ\FK IRUP NRQNXUHQFML Z VNDOL

ZLDWRZHM

:]URVW ÄZLHG]RFKáRQQR FL´ SURGXNFML


: NODV\F]QHM WHRULL HNRQRPLL Z\VW SXM WU]\ (UyGáD ERJDFWZD ]LHPLD SUDFD L NDSLWDá 2EHFQLH
LVWRWQ\P F]\QQLNLHP VSUDZF]\P QDS GRZ\P MHVW QRZ\ URG]DM ERJDFWZD MDNLP V ROEU]\PLH
]DVRE\ ZLHG]\ 3U]\ELHUD RQD ZLHOH IRUP Z W\P IRUP WHFKQRORJLL LQQRZDFML QDXNL NQRZ
KRZ RUD] LQIRUPDFML 1LHJG\ ZLHG]D E\áD WZRU]RQD SU]H] LQG\ZLGXDOQH RVRE\ G]LVLDM FRUD]
ZL FHM SD VWZ ZQRVL VZyM ZNáDG GR MHM ]DVREyZ SRSU]H] Z\VLáNL ILUP

LQVW\WXFML L

XQLZHUV\WHWyZ 3RGF]DV JG\ ]ELyU ZLHG]\ R FKDUDNWHU]H KDQGORZ\P MHVW ZLHONL GX*D MHJR
F] ü SR]RVWDMH FL JOH QLH]UHDOL]RZDQD NRPHUF\MQLH

W]Q

QLH ]RVWDáD SU]HNV]WDáFRQD Z

SURGXNW\ XVáXJL L OXE LQIUDVWUXNWXU

6WDW\VW\NL V RV]DáDPLDM FH QD SU]\NáDG Z

URNX XND]\ZDáR VL RNRáR

F]DVRSLVP

QDXNRZ\FK Z SRáRZLH ;,; ZLHNX RNRáR

L PQLHM ZL FHM

Z

URNX $QDOL]XM F

Ä ZLDWRZ

OLVW

F]DVRSLVP QDXNRZ\FK´

*

PR*QD SU]\SXV]F]Dü *H NROHMQ\P NDPLHQLHP

PLORZ\P E G]LH OLF]ED

W\WXáyZ FR ]RVWDQLH RVL JQL WH MX* Z QDMEOL*V]HM SU]\V]áR FL :

REHFQ\FK F]DVDFK *\MH L SUDFXMH RG

GR

ZV]\VWNLFK LQ*\QLHUyZ L QDXNRZFyZ MDF\

NLHG\NROZLHN *\OL L SUDFRZDOL Z SU]HV]áR FL ,VWQLHMH V]DQVD *H OLF]ED WD SRGZRL VL Z FL JX
QDVW SQ\FK

ODW : ODWDFK

OLF]ED QDXNRZFyZ EDGDF]\ Z]URVáD Z -DSRQLL R

Z =655 L 5HSXEOLFH )HGHUDOQHM 1LHPLHF GZXNURWQLH ]D Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK L

)UDQFML R

: ODWDFK

Z\GDWNL QD EDGDQLD L UR]ZyM SRWURLá\ VL Z -DSRQLL =655

L 5)1 R

Z]URVá\ ZH )UDQFML ]ZL NV]\á\ VL R MHGQ WU]HFL Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK L R

Z :LHONLHM %U\WDQLL ZV]\VWNLH GDQH SRGDQR ] XZ]JO GQLHQLHP LQIODFML

National

Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel, NWyU\ Z\PLHQLDá

VSHFMDOQR FL QDXNRZH SR ,,

*

World List of Scientific Periodicals SU]\S WáXP

background image

XIX - 8

ZRMQLH

ZLDWRZHM GZDG]LH FLD ODW Sy(QLHM Z\OLF]Dá LFK MX*

: ODWDFK

Z

SU]HGVL ELRUVWZDFK 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK SRWURMRQR Z\GDWNL QD RVRE

QDXNRZFD L LQ*\QLHUD

WHFKQLF]QHJR Z WDNLFK EUDQ*DFK MDN FKHPLF]QD

PDV]\QRZD

VDPRFKRGRZD L VSU] WX

HOHNWU\F]QHJR

:LHOH ILUP HXURSHMVNLFK LQZHVWXMH Z EDGDQLD L UR]ZyM ]DDZDQVRZDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL
Z\NRU]\VWXM F ]QDF]Q\ SRWHQFMDá L V]DQVH QD NRPHUFMDOL]DFM MDNLH VWZDU]D MHGQROLW\ U\QHN
]MHGQRF]RQHM (XURS\ :LHOH QDMZL NV]\FK ILUP ZLDWRZ\FK G]LDáD MX* QD MHM WHUHQLH Zá F]DM F
Z WR

]

QDMZL NV]\FK ILUP IDUPDFHXW\F]Q\FK L

]

QDMZL NV]\FK ILUP FKHPLF]Q\FK

&R ZL FHM NDSLWDá FRUD] ZL NV]\P VWUXPLHQLHP Sá\QLH GR PQLHMV]\FK ILUP HXURSHMVNLFK
,QZHVW\FMH Z]URVá\ Z QLFK Z

URNX R

RVL JDM F SR]LRP

PLOLDUGD GRODUyZ FR

VWDQRZL SRQDG GZD UD]\ ZL FHM QL* GRNRQDQH Z W\P VDP\P VHNWRU]H Z 6WDQDFK
=MHGQRF]RQ\FK 5] G\ L SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD HXURSHMVNLH SODQXM Z\GDü RNRáR

POG GRODUyZ

Z ODWDFK

QD PL G]\QDURGRZH SURMHNW\ QDXNRZH Z G]LHG]LQLH QDGSU]HZRGQLNyZ

ZLDWáRZRGyZ LQIRUPDW\NL L ]DDZDQVRZDQ\FK SURFHVyZ SURGXNFML

-HV]F]H ZL NV] Z\PRZ MH OL FKRG]L R UR]ZyM L FKáRQQR ü ZLHG]\ VWRVRZDQHM Z SURGXNFML PD
IDNW L* Z\GDWNL QD EDGDQLD L UR]ZyM Z]UDVWDá\ Z WHPSLH WU]\NURWQLH SU]HNUDF]DM F\P WHPSR
Z]URVWX LQZHVW\FML PDWHULDOQ\FK Z FL JX RVWDWQLFK GZXG]LHVWX ODW

8G]LDá LQZHVW\FML

QLHPDWHULDOQ\FK QS QD EDGDQLD L UR]ZyM V]NROHQLD L RSUDFRZ\ZDQLH RSURJUDPRZDQLD Z
SURGXNFLH NUDMRZ\P EUXWWR 3.% ZL NV]\FK UR]ZLQL W\FK SU]HP\VáRZR SD VWZ Z]UDVWDá
QLH]PLHQQLH SU]H] RVWDWQLFK

ODW :\VW SXMH WX V\QGURP VSU] *HQLD ]ZURWQHJR QRZD ZLHG]D

WZRU]\ QRZH WHFKQRORJLH ]D RQH SU]\F]\QLDM

VL

GR MHM UR]ZRMX ']L NL EDGDQLRP QDG

JHQDPL

]DDZDQVRZDQHM DQDOL]LH FKHPLF]QHM

WHFKQLNRP EXGRZDQLD NXOWXU NRPyUHN

PLNURVNRSRP HOHNWURQRZ\P L IRWRJUDILL Z\VRNLHM V]\ENR FL QDXNRZF\ PRJ EDGDü L RSLV\ZDü
]MDZLVND QLHGRVW SQH Z SU]HV]áR FL W\P VDP\P WZRU] F QRZV]H ELEOLRWHNL ZLHG]\

: ODWDFK

Z\GDWNL QD EDGDQLD ]DF] á\ URVQ ü Z EDUG]LHM G\QDPLF]Q\FK SU]HGVL ELRUVWZDFK

ZUD] ]H ]PLDQDPL SRS\WX L SRZVWDZDQLHP QRZHM NRQNXUHQFML ]PXV]DM F SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD GR
UR]ZRMX VWUDWHJLL Z ]DNUHVLH QLH W\ONR UHGXNFML NRV]WyZ DOH UyZQLH* GRVWRVRZ\ZDQLD VL GR
Z\PDJD

NOLHQWD RUD] MDNR FL QDZL ]\ZDQ\FK ] QLP NRQWDNWyZ L VNáRQQR FL GR LFK

]DFLH QLDQLD

'X*D F] ü FDáHM WHM ZLHG]\ MHVW SU]\VZDMDQD XOHSV]DQD FKURQLRQD L RGQDZLDQD RUD]
ZSURZDG]DQD QD U\QHN Z SRVWDFL JZDáWRZQLH L VWDOH XOHSV]DQ\FK SURGXNWyZ OXE XVáXJ :UD] ]
UR]ZRMHP L LQWHQV\ILNDFM NRQNXUHQFML Z ]DNUHVLH ZLHG]\ SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD PXV] FDáNRZLFLH
SU]HEXGRZDü Já ERNR ]DNRU]HQLRQH Z\REUD*HQLD R VZHM WR*VDPR FL F]\P V MDN SRZLQQ\ E\ü
]RUJDQL]RZDQH FR SRZLQQL URELü LFK PHQHG*HURZLH L Z MDNL VSRVyE PR*QD XWU]\PDü LFK
NRQNXUHQF\MQR ü 7HQ DNFHQW QD SURGXNFM

FHFKXM F

VL

GX*

FKáRQQR FL

QD ZLHG]

L

]GROQR FL GR UHDJRZDQLD QD ]PLDQ\ F]\QQLNyZ U\QNRZ\FK Z QDMZL NV]\P VWRSQLX SU]\F]\QLD
VL GR SRSXODUQR FL L ZDJL VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK

=PLDQ\ NRQFHSFML GRW\F] FHM RUJDQL]DFML SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ


2UJDQL]DFMD SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ Z ODWDFK

V]F]HJyOQLH QD =DFKRG]LH REHMPRZDáD SU]HGH

ZV]\VWNLP VIHU ZáDG]\ NLHURZQLF]HM Z ]DNUHVLH NWyUHM SRGHMPRZDQR GHF\]MH GRW\F] FH VSUDZ
]HZQ WU]Q\FK

6\VWHP KLHUDUFKLF]Q\ GHILQLRZDá SR]LRP\ ZáDG]\ Z V]W\ZQ\FK UDPDFK

VWUXNWXUDOQ\FK 2VRE\ ZHZQ WU] ILUP\ RGJU\ZDá\ URO

VSRáHF]QR FL SRá F]RQHM ZVSyOQ\PL

ZDUWR FLDPL

QRUPDPL VSRáHF]Q\PL L ZVSyOQ\P FHOHP

:LHUQR ü ILUPLH ]DSHZQLDáD

HIHNW\ZQR ü G]LDáDQLD RUJDQL]DFML KLHUDUFKLF]QHM =D]Z\F]DM ILUPD NRU]\VWDáD ] ZáDVQ\FK

background image

XIX - 9

kluczowych aktywów (QS ]DNáDG\ VSU] W F]\ SUDZD ZáDVQR FL SU]HP\VáRZHM L SURZDG]LáD
QLH]E GQ G]LDáDOQR ü EDGDZF] L UR]ZRMRZ ZHZQ WU] NRUSRUDF\MQHM F\WDGHOL 3R]D W\P ILUP\
RNUH ODá\ L FKURQLá\ VIHU\ ZáDG]\ NLHURZQLF]HM SRSU]H] NODV\F]QH NRQWUDNWRZDQLH )RUPDOQH
XPRZ\ SUDZQH MDVQR RNUH ODá\ SUDZD L RERZL ]NL ILUP\ L VWURQ VSR]D QLHM Z W\P ]ZL ]NyZ
]DZRGRZ\FK

0XU\ F\WDGHOL E\á\ SyáSU]HSXV]F]DOQH :LHG]D ZSá\ZDáD GR URGND SRSU]H] Z\NZDOLILNRZDQ
VLá URERF]

EDGDQLD U\QNX LWG :LHG]D Z\Sá\ZDáD SRSU]H] PDUNHWLQJ UDSRUW\ ILQDQVRZH

]DVWRVRZDQLH SDWHQWyZ L LQQH NDQDá\ 1DMZD*QLHMV]H ]DVRE\ ZLHG]\ E\á\ MHGQDN FKURQLRQH
SDWHQWDPL SUDZDPL DXWRUVNLPL ]QDNDPL KDQGORZ\PL NQRZ KRZ LWG L W\P VDP\P E\á\
]DWU]\P\ZDQH ZHZQ WU] NRUSRUDFML

,VWQLDá\ GZLH ]DVDG\ RUJDQL]DF\MQH (a) ILUP\ PDM

JUDQLFH L (b) PXV]

E\ü RG VLHELH

RGG]LHORQH 1D WHM SRGVWDZLH PR*QD E\áR VFKDUDNWHU\]RZDü ILUP\ MDNR ÄZ\VS\ NRRUG\QDFML
NLHURZQLF]HM QD PRU]X ]DOH*QR FL U\QNRZ\FK´ 7HQ NODV\F]Q\ VSRVyE ZLG]HQLD XOHJá MHGQDN
]PLDQLH

2EHFQLH JUDQLFH L VHSDUDFMD UR]P\á\ VL

: ODWDFK RVLHPG]LHVL W\FK QDVW SLá JZDáWRZQ\ Z]URVW

OLF]E\ VSyáHN MRLQW YHQWXUH Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK Z ZL NV]R FL Z VIHU]H XVáXJ 8PRZ\
GRW\F] FH ZVSyáSUDF\ ]DF] á\ ]GRE\ZDü SRSXODUQR ü Z UyG SURGXFHQWyZ VSU] WX HOHNWU\F]
QHJR HOHNWURQLNL NRQVXPHQFNLHM GRGDWNyZ NRPSXWHURZ\FK RSURJUDPRZDQLD NRPSRQHQWyZ
HOHNWU\F]Q\FK L SURGXNWyZ VDPRORWRZ\FK : QLHNWyU\FK ] W\FK VHNWRUyZ Z FL JX MHGQHJR URNX
Z ODWDFK

]DáR*RQR ZL FHM VSyáHN MRLQW YHQWXUH QL* Z FL JX SRSU]HGQLFK

ODW :

(XURSLH OLF]ED ]DZLHUDQ\FK XPyZ R ZVSyáSUDF\ ]ZL NV]\áD VL PQLHM ZL FHM G]LHVL FLRNURWQLH
Z ODWDFK

]D OLF]ED PL G]\QDURGRZ\FK VSyáHN MRLQW YHQWXUH XWZRU]RQ\FK SU]H]

ILUP\ DPHU\ND VNLH ] SDUWQHUDPL ]DJUDQLF]Q\PL XOHJáD SR

URNX SRGZRMHQLX

6]\ENR URVáR ]QDF]HQLH ZVSyOQ\FK EDGD

L SUDF UR]ZRMRZ\FK SURZDG]RQ\FK SU]H] ILUP\

HXURSHMVNLH L DPHU\ND VNLH 2EHFQLH ZLHOH LQQRZDF\MQ\FK XNáDGyZ ILQDQVRZ\FK á F]\ UyZQLH*
PDáH L ZLHONLH ILUP\ ZH ZVSyOQ\FK SU]HGVL Z]L FLDFK EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK 8SRZV]HFKQLD
VL ZVSyáSUDFD XQLZHUV\WHWyZ ] ILUPDPL SU\ZDWQ\PL WZRU] F\PL NRPSOHNV\ XQLZHUV\WHFNR
SU]HP\VáRZH 'R

URNX RNRáR

NRQVRUFMyZ XQLZHUV\WHFNR SU]HP\VáRZ\FK G]LDáDáR QD

PRF\ 1DURGRZHM 8VWDZ\ 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK R :VSyáSUDF\ %DGDZF]HM ZSURZDG]RQHM Z
*

\FLH Z FHOX UR]ZLQL FLD SRWHQFMDáX NRQNXUHQF\MQHJR WHJR SD VWZD

Globalizacja konkurencji


*OREDOL]DFMD NRQNXUHQFML ]DFKRG]L Z ]ZL ]NX ] GZRPD F]\QQLNDPL

(a) drastycznym

VNUyFHQLHP F\NOX *\FLD SURGXNWX Z G\QDPLF]Q\FK JDá ]LDFK SU]HP\VáX R GX*HM FKáRQQR FL
ZLHG]\ Z NWyU\FK ND*GD NROHMQD JHQHUDFMD SURGXNWyZ Z\PDJD QRZ\FK WHFKQLN SURGXNF\MQ\FK
oraz (b) SRWU]HE

]GRE\FLD U\QNyZ JOREDOQ\FK Z FHOX DPRUW\]DFML ROEU]\PLFK NRV]WyZ

EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK Z\PDJDQ\FK GR XWU]\PDQLD VL QD F]HOH Z\ FLJX WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR
L ]DFKRZDQLD ZLRG FHM SR]\FML QD U\QNX :LHONR ü W\FK QDNáDGyZ GREU]H LOXVWUXMH NRV]W
RSUDFRZDQLD QRZHJR F\IURZHJR PHFKDQL]PX SU]Há F]QLNRZHJR VL JDM F\

PLOLDUGD GRODUyZ

SRQLHVLRQ\ ZH ZF]HVQ\FK ODWDFK

%\ ]DPRUW\]RZDü WH NRV]W\ WU]HED E\áR Z FL JX G]LHVL FLX

ODW ]GRE\ü U\QNL QD NWyU\FK VSU]HGD* RVL JQ áD ZDUWR ü QLHPDO*H

PLOLDUGyZ GRODUyZ

:

URNX G]LHVL ü QDMZL NV]\FK ILUP WHOHNRPXQLNDF\MQ\FK Z\GDáR

UHGQLR SR

PLOLRQyZ GRODUyZ ND*GD QD SUDFH EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZH FR VWDQRZLáR RNRáR

FDáNRZLWHJR

LFK REURWX 7UDG\F\MQLH SU]\MPRZDQR ]DáR*HQLH *H VSU]HGD* QD U\QNDFK NUDMRZ\FK MHVW
Z VWDQLH ]DSHZQLü SRNU\FLH Z\VRNLFK NRV]WyZ EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK F] FLRZR G]L NL

background image

XIX - 10

ZVSRPDJDM FHM RFKURQLH Z SRVWDFL EDULHU FHOQ\FK L RJUDQLF]H

SR]D WDU\IRZ\FK Z QRZHM

V\WXDFML VWDáR VL

QLH GR REURQLHQLD

=GRE\ZDQLH U\QNyZ JOREDOQ\FK VWDáR VL

ZU F]

ÄLPSHUDW\ZHP´ L WU]HED E\áR VL JQ ü SR QRZH IRUP\ RUJDQL]DFML E\ FHO WHQ RVL JQ ü

Rewolucja w komunikacji


%\ PyF ]UR]XPLHü ZDJ NRPXQLNDFML Z G]LVLHMV]\P ZLHFLH WU]HED SU]HVWXGLRZDü SUREOHP
JOREDOL]DFML : VWXGLXP VSRQVRURZDQ\P SU]H] ,%0 RSUDFRZDQ\P SU]H] 1RODQ 1RUWRQ

&R

QDXNRZF\ RNUH OLOL ILUP JOREDOQ MDNR WDN

NWyUD NRU]\VWD ] JOREDOQHM VWUDWHJLL SR]ZDODM FHM

MHM SODQRZDü ND*GH G]LDáDQLH WUDNWXM F MH MDNR F] ü RJyOQR ZLDWRZHJR V\VWHPX L W\P VDP\P
VáX*\ü NOLHQWRP QD QDMZ\*V]\P SR]LRPLH GRVNRQDáR FL 'D VL Z\Uy*QLü WU]\ NRPSRQHQW\
VNáDGDM FH VL QD WR SRMHFLH 3R SLHUZV]H JUDQLFH G]LDáDOQR FL ILUP\ JOREDOQHM V VáDEH OXE
*

DGQH SRGHMPXMH RQD LVWRWQH GOD VLHELH G]LDáDQLD EL]QHVRZH WDP JG]LH MHVW WR QDMEDUG]LHM

VHQVRZQH QS SUDFH EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZH V SURZDG]RQH WDP JG]LH PLHV]ND RVRED NWyUHM
WDOHQW ]DPLHU]D VL

Z\NRU]\VWDü 'HF\]MH ZHZQ WU]QH WDNLH MDN XPLHMVFRZLHQLH VLHG]LE\

JáyZQHM V WUDQVSDUHQWQH GOD U\QNX L ]QDQH NOLHQWRP LQG\ZLGXDOQ\P %\ü LQVW\WXFM JOREDOQ
R]QDF]D PLHü ZSá\Z L VSRMU]HQLH V]HUV]H QLH RJUDQLF]DM FH VL EH]SR UHGQLR GR VLHG]LE\ ILUP\
&R ZL FHM ILUPD JOREDOQD PXVL G\VSRQRZDü V\VWHPHP ]DRSDWU]HQLD R Z\VRNLP VWRSQLX
ZUD*OLZR FL QD SRWU]HE\ NOLHQWD ORNDOQHJR GRVWRVRZ\ZDQLH SURGXNWyZ ILUP\ JOREDOQHM GR
SRWU]HE ORNDOQ\FK :UHV]FLH ILUPD JOREDOQD PXVL NRRUG\QRZDü QD FDá\P ZLHFLH SUDF OXG]L
NWyU\FK G]LHO Uy*QLFH NXOWXURZH

3RGF]DV JG\ VLá QDS GRZ UHZROXFML SU]HP\VáRZHM Z ;,; ZLHNX E\áD ]PLDQD Z HNRQRPLFH
SURGXNFML L WUDQVSRUWX G]L VLá QDS GRZ EL]QHVX JOREDOQHJR V ]PLDQ\ Z NRRUG\QDFML SUDF\
*G]LHNROZLHN OXG]LH SUDFXM UD]HP PXV] VL NRPXQLNRZDü SRGHMPRZDü GHF\]MH L ]DU] G]Dü
]DVREDPL

3LHUZV]\P HIHNWHP XVSUDZQLRQHM NRPXQLNDFML MHVW ]PQLHMV]HQLH NRV]WyZ NRRUG\QDFML G]L NL
]DVW SRZDQLX NRRUG\QDFML OXG]NLHM LQIRUPDW\N

QS

]DVW SRZDQLH W\VL F\ XU] GQLNyZ

EDQNRZ\FK ILUP XEH]SLHF]HQLRZ\FK VSHG\WRUyZ Z IDEU\NDFK ,QQ\P HIHNWHP XVSUDZQLRQHM
NRRUG\QDFML MHVW Z]URVW á F]QHM OLF]E\ NRRUG\QRZDQ\FK SU]HGVL Z]L ü QS OXG]LH ODWDM F] FLHM
ZUD] ] REQL*HQLHP NRV]WyZ NRRUG\QDFML ORWyZ

8VSUDZQLRQD NRPXQLNDFMD SU]\F]\QLD VL

UyZQLH* GR SRZVWDZDQLD QRZ\FK VWUXNWXU RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK 2EHFQLH SRZVWDM F VWUXNWXU MHVW
VLHFLRZ\ V\VWHP RUJDQL]DFML

FKDUDNWHU\]XM F\ VL

DOWHUQDW\ZQ\P V\VWHPHP ]DU] G]DQLD

SRSU]H] Z]DMHPQH SRá F]HQLD R]QDF]D WR *H SRá F]RQH ]H VRE HOHPHQW\ RUJDQL]DFML G]LDáDM
EH] XVWDORQHJR KLHUDUFKLF]QHJR áD FXFKD SU]HSá\ZX SROHFH

SDWU] U\VXQHN

3Rá F]HQLD

Z]DMHPQH LQWHUDNW\ZQH R]QDF]DM UyZQLH* Z]URVW Z\GDMQR FL JG\* NRPXQLNDFMD QDVW SXMH
V]\ENR 2EHFQLH EDUG]LHM SROHJD VL QD SRá F]HQLDFK EH]SR UHGQLFK HOHNWURQLF]Q\FK L OXG]LDFK
G]LDáDM F\FK Z ]HVSRáDFK SRGVWDZRZH NRPSHWHQFMH D Z FHOX UR]V]HU]HQLD ]DNUHVX L XG]LDáX
Z U\QNX EDUG]LHM ]ZUDFD VL XZDJ QD ZFKRG]HQLH Z VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH

Rysunek 20. =PLDQD Z SRá F]HQLDFK

.LHURZQLF\ ]HVSRáyZ

Prezes

&]áRQNRZLH SURMHNWyZ

background image

XIX - 11

1LHSHZQR ü L SRWU]HED


/DWD SL üG]LHVL WH L V]H üG]LHVL WH ;; ZLHNX FKDUDNWHU\]RZDá\ VL Z\VW SRZDQLHP VLOQ\FK
]DOH*QR FL OLQLRZ\FK SRPL G]\ JZDáWRZQLH URVQ F\P U\QNLHP QD NWyU\ VNáDGDá\ VL GRVW SQH
GREUD D ERJDWR Z\SRVD*RQ ED] Z\WZyUF] XPR*OLZLDM F NRU]\VWDQLH ] ]DOHW HNRQRPLL VNDOL
RUD] SDNLHWHP G]LDáD EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK NRQFHQWUXM F\FK VL QD ]Uy*QLFRZDQLX SURGXNWX
6SRZRGRZDáR WR SRMDZLHQLH VL

GX*\FK ILUP ]LQWHJURZDQ\FK Z V\VWHPLH SLRQRZ\P

SURZDG] F\FK VSU]HGD* QD GX*\P U\QNX QD NWyU\P PLDá\ SR]\FM ROLJRSROLVW\F]Q

: WHQ

VSRVyE XG]LDá Z U\QNX XVWDELOL]RZDá VL

D ]\VNL ROLJRSROLVWyZ ]DEH]SLHF]RQR : WDNLHM V\WXDFML

ILUP\ RSUDFRZ\ZDá\ QRZH WHFKQRORJLH E\ ZFKRG]Lü QD QRZH U\QNL

6SRZROQLHQLH Z]URVWX VLá\ QDE\ZF]HM Z NUDMDFK UR]ZLQL W\FK Z ODWDFK VLHGHPG]LHVL W\FK L
RVLHPG]LHVL W\FK ZUD] ] NU\]\VHP Z\VW SXM F\P Z ZL NV]R FL NUDMyZ WU]HFLHJR

ZLDWD

]RVWDáR VSRZRGRZDQH ]PLDQDPL Z SRS\FLH U\QNRZ\P NWyU\FK Z\QLNLHP E\áR ]DFKZLDQLH
PRGHOX PDVRZHM NRQVXPSFML GyEU VWDQGDUGRZ\FK

1D WR QDáR*\áD VL

VHJPHQWDFMD

UR]ZDUVWZLHQLH SRS\WX Z\QLNDM FD ] ZSURZDG]HQLD QRZ\FK SURGXNWyZ L SURFHVyZ RUD]

SRZL NV]HQLD VL OLF]E\ GRVWDZFyZ Z DVSHNFLH JHRJUDILF]Q\P L VHNWRURZ\P .RQNXUHQFMD
]DF] áD SRMDZLDü VL Z PLHMVFDFK QLHRF]HNLZDQ\FK :LHONLH ILUP\ QD ZLHONLFK U\QNDFK VWUDFLá\
QD ]QDF]HQLX 6SURVWDQLH QRZ\P Z\]ZDQLRP Z\PDJDáR HODVW\F]QR FL NWyUHM ZLHONLH ILUP\
F] VWR QLH Z\ND]\ZDá\

%\ RVL JQ ü RE\GZD FHOH PDV NU\W\F]Q RUD] ]PQLHMV]HQLH QLHSHZQR FL EH] ]ZL NV]DQLD
LQHUFML ILUP LFK V]HIRZLH RSUDFRZDOL QRZH NRQNXUHQF\MQH VWUDWHJLH 'ZLH ] QLFK ZSá\Q á\ QD
sojusz strategiczny, tj. (a) GHFHQWUDOL]DFMD G]LDáD

EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK SU]HMPRZDQ\FK

przez krajowe i zagraniczne uniwersytety i instytucje badawcze, oraz (b) UR]ZLQL FLH
ZVSyáSUDF\ PL G]\ ILUPDPL Z ]DNUHVLH SUDF EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK

3RM FLH VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK


6RMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\ NRQFHSFMD OLF] FD VRELH RNRáR GZXG]LHVWX ODW OHF] MHV]F]H QLH GR NR FD
RNUH ORQD WZRU]\ QRZH IRUXP ZVSyáSUDF\ WHFKQRORJLF]QHM L NLHURZQLF]HM Z W\P NRQWHN FLH
GHILQLRZDQH V

SRQRZQLH LQQH IRUP\ VRMXV]X 6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH REHMPXM

]DOH*QR FL

]ZL ]DQH ]H ZVSyáSUDF

L VWUDWHJLF]Q\P á F]HQLHP VL

ILUP ] NRQNXUHQWDPL NOLHQWDPL

GRVWDZFDPL LQVW\WXFMDPL U] GRZ\PL

QS VRMXV] DJHQFML SDUD U] GRZHM ] ILUP

VHNWRUD

SU\ZDWQHJR

XQLZHUV\WHWDPL ]ZL ]NDPL ]DZRGRZ\PL L LQQ\PL RUJDQL]DFMDPL 7HUPLQHP

VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK QLH REHMPXMH VL PL G]\QDURGRZ\FK NRDOLFML WHFKQLF]Q\FK NWyUH V GR ü
VWDELOQ\PL XPRZDPL GRW\F] F\PL ZVSyáSUDF\ Z ]DNUHVLH GRVWDUF]DQLD F] FL L NRPSRQHQWyZ

F]\VWH SRG]OHFDQLH

7UDG\F\MQLH SRZRGHP GOD NWyUHJR ILUP\ ZVSyáSUDFRZDá\ ]H VRE

E\áR RVL JQL FLH GRPLQDFML

QD U\QNX ROLJRSROH OXE SRG]LDá U\]\ND SRá F]HQLH ]DVREyZ L PR*OLZR FL RUD] SRNRQDQLH
JUDQLF SD VWZRZ\FK VSyáNL MRLQW YHQWXUH 7H IRUP\ VWRZDU]\V]H ZVSyáLVWQLDá\ ]H VWUXNWXUDPL
RUJDQL]DF\MQ\PL ILUP PDWHN L VSyáHN ]DOH*Q\FK RUD] SU]HM FLDPL L IX]MDPL :LHOH FHFK
RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK W\FK VWRZDU]\V]H

E\áR RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHP FKDUDNWHU\VW\N FHFK ILUP

DPHU\ND VNLFK L HXURSHMVNLFK ]D WHFKQRORJLD SRFKRG]LáD ] W\FK VDP\FK (UyGHá :\ELFLH VL
-DSRQLL QD SR]\FM

QRZHM VLá\ JRVSRGDUF]HM L (UyGáD WHFKQRORJLL

QRZ\FK PHWRG

RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK L VLOQHM HW\NL SUDF\ ]DF] áR Z\FLVNDü SL WQR QD NRQNXUHQFML PL G]\QDURGRZHM
SRZRGXM F SRMDZLHQLH VL

WDNLFK SRW J JRVSRGDUF]\FK MDN +RQJNRQJ 5HSXEOLND .RUHL

6LQJDSXU RUD] 7DMZDQ 3RF] WNRZR RIHURZDá\ RQH WDQL

NRQNXUHQF\MQ VLá URERF] ZUD] ]

background image

XIX - 12

GRVNRQDá\P ]DU] G]DQLHP FR VSRZRGRZDáR QDSá\Z LQZHVW\FML L WHFKQRORJLL 1DVW SQLH ILUP\
Z W\FK NUDMDFK RSDQRZDá\ QLH]E GQ ZLHG] L XPLHM WQR FL VWDM F VL QLH]DOH*Q\PL (UyGáDPL
NRQNXUHQF\MQHM WHFKQRORJLL L GRVNRQDáR FL WHFKQLF]QHM 7H QRZH VLá\ JRVSRGDUF]H SRá F]RQH ]
UR]ZLMDM F\PL VL U\QNDPL L Z\GDMQR FL ,QGLL &KLQ RUD] NUDMyZ :13 Z (XURSLH :VFKRGQLHM
SU]\JRWRZDá\ JUXQW GOD PQR* F\FK VL

QRZ\FK IRUP RUJDQL]DFML L SU]\F]\QLá\ VL

GR

SRQRZQHJR ]GHILQLRZDQLD Z]DMHPQ\FK VWRVXQNyZ JOREDOQ\FK

Tabela 16. Motywy zawieraQLD SU]H] ILUP\ XPyZ GRW\F] F\FK ZVSyáSUDF\ Z ODWDFK

0RW\Z NWyU\P VL NLHURZDQR ]DZLHUDM F XPRZ

8G]LDá Z FDáNRZLWHM OLF]ELH
]JáRV]RQ\FK PRW\ZDFML Z

a

7UDQVIHU WHFKQRORJLL MHGQRNLHUXQNRZ\ SU]HSá\Z LQIRUPDFML
]D]Z\F]DM Z Z\QLNX OLFHQFMRQRZDQLD
.RPSOHPHQWDUQR ü WHFKQRORJLF]QD GáXJRWHUPLQRZH WUDQVDNFMH
]ZL ]DQH ] Z\PLDQ OXE SRG]LDáHP WHFKQRORJLL SRPL G]\
VWURQDPL
8PRZ\ PDUNHWLQJRZH F] VWR ]DZLHUDQH SRPL G]\ SURGXFHQWHP L
G\VWU\EXWRUHP
(NRQRPLD VNDOL SURGXNFML L OXE G\VWU\EXFML ] XZ]JO GQLHQLHP
UDFMRQDOL]DFML SURGXNFML SRSU]H] VSHFMDOL]DFM Z SURGXNFML
NRPSRQHQWyZ
3RG]LDá U\]\ND XPRZ\ QLH ]ZL ]DQH ] *DGQ\P ] SRZ\*V]\FK
PRW\ZyZ OHF] XPR*OLZLDM FH MHGQHPX ] SDUWQHUyZ ]DU] G]DQLH
RSHUDFMDPL SRGF]DV JG\ GUXJL ZQRVL ZNáDG NDSLWDáRZ\ L
DEVRUEXMH F] ü U\]\ND SRUD*NL

,QIRUPDFMD GRW\F]\ SUyENL

HXURSHMVNLFK L

DPHU\ND VNLFK ILUP 86$ Z ODWDFK

"

a

1LHNWyUH XPRZ\ PDM ZL FHM QL* MHGHQ FHO

'

UyGáR Baza danych Futuro Organizzazione Risorse (FOR), raport P. Martini i R. H. Smiley, „Corporation agreements and the

organization of industry”, Journal of Industrial Economics, t. CXI, nr 4 (czerwiec 1983), ss. 437-451.

Tabela 17. 8PRZ\ Z ]DOH*QR FL RG IXQNFML

*

Funkcja umowy (w %)


5HJLRQ SD VWZR

5R]ZyM

Produkcja

Wprowadzenie

na rynek

Liczba umów

W ramach Unii Europejskiej

74,4

51,2

15,9

195

Wspólnota Europejska/USA

65,0

49,1

24,2

169

Wspólnota Europejska/Japonia

49,3

55,0

27,5

69

USA/Japonia

42,4

62,7

42,4

59

USA/USA

71,4

33,9

17,9

56

Japonia/Japonia

57,1

28,6

14,3

14

*

1LHNWyUH XPRZ\ PLDá\ ZL FHM QL* MHGQ IXQNFM %D]D 'DQ\FK ,16($'

'

UyGáR :HGáXJ 0 +HUJHUW L ' 0RUULV Ä7UHQGV LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FROODERUDWLRQ DJUHHPHQWV´ Columbia Journal of World

Business, (lato 1987), ss. 15-21.


2EHFQLH E G RPyZLRQH GZD W\S\ VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK

VRMXV]H NWyU\FK EH]SR UHGQLP FHOHP MHVW RVL JQL FLH ]\VNX

VRMXV]H W\PF]DVRZH OXE VWDáH NWyU\FK FHOHP MHVW Z\WZRU]HQLH L SRG]LDá ZLHG]\ QD

SRGVWDZLH EDGD WHFKQLF]Q\FK L UR]ZRMX

7DEHOH

L

VWDQRZL SUyE NZDQW\ILNDFML RGSRZLHGQLR PRW\ZDFML L IXQNFML Z RGQLHVLHQLX

GR XPyZ PL G]\ ILUPDPL 3RZ\*V]H WDEHOH SRFKRG] ] DUW\NXá\ 0\WXNL > @

background image

XIX - 13

Sojusze gospodarcze


Sojusze gospodarcze REHMPXM

V]HURN

JDP

ZVSyá]DOH*QR FL SRF]\QDM F RG NUyWNLFK

QLHIRUPDOQ\FK NRQWDNWyZ SR XPRZ\ WDN VNRPSOLNRZDQH *H WUXGQR RNUH OLü F]\ RUJDQL]DFMH
ELRU FH Z QLFK XG]LDá V

U]HF]\ZL FLH RGU EQ\PL VWURQDPL 6

RQH ]DU] G]DQH Z RSDUFLX

R NODV\F]QH LQVWUXPHQW\ OXE Z UDPDFK XNáDGyZ R Z]JO GQLH QLHVIRUPDOL]RZDQHM VWUXNWXU]H

6RMXV]H V

]DZLHUDQH ]DUyZQR SU]H] PDáH SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD MDN L SU]HP\VáRZH JLJDQW\

QS *HQHUDO 0RWRUV 7R\RWD RUD] SU]H] ZLHONLH L PDáH ILUP\

6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH R FKDUDNWHU]H JRVSRGDUF]\P FHFKXM

VL

]D]Z\F]DM Z\VW SRZDQLHP

GZXNLHUXQNRZ\FK UHODFML Z NWyU\FK ZD*Q

URO

RGJU\ZD JOREDOQH G]LHOHQLH VL

ZLHG]

6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH G]LDáDM ZH ZV]\VWNLFK F]WHUHFK REV]DUDFK G]LDáDOQR FL JRVSRGDUF]HM W]Q
SURGXNFML G\VWU\EXFML NRPXQLNDFML RUD] EDGDQLDFK L UR]ZRMX 0RJ RQH ]DWHP ]DMPRZDü VL
Z\WZDU]DQLHP QRZ\FK SURGXNWyZ UHDOL]DFM QRZ\FK SURFHVyZ Z\WZDU]DQLD SR]\VNLZDQLHP
QRZ\FK U\QNyZ OXE QRZ\PL V\VWHPDPL ]DU] G]DQLD Z\NRQ\ZDQLHP XPyZ ]DZLHUDQ\FK
SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL 1DMF] FLHM SU]\MPXM IRUP

NWyU\FK SRGVWDZ VWDQRZL ZVSyáSUDFD PDM FD

QD FHOX ZVSyOQH Z\WZDU]DQLH SURGXNWyZ 3U]\NáDGHP PR*H E\ü HXURSHMVNL VRMXV] 5HQDXOW
9ROYR PDM F\ QD FHOX ZVSyOQ SURGXNFM L Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLH WDNLFK VDP\FK NRPSRQHQWyZ
VDPRFKRGRZ\FK

VRMXV] *HQHUDO 0RWRUV L 'DHZRR PDM F\ QD FHOX SURGXNFM

PDá\FK

VDPRFKRGyZ 3RQWLDF

/H0DQ QD DPHU\ND VNL U\QHN F]\ WH* VRMXV] &HDW *RRG\HDU 7LUH

Z ,QGLDFK ]DZDUW\ Z FHOX Z\WZDU]DQLD RSRQ UDGLDOQ\FK SU]H]QDF]RQ\FK QD U\QHN LQG\MVNL

2NUH OHQLH ÄVWUDWHJLF]Q\´ F] VWR RG]ZLHUFLHGOD VRMXV] NRRSHUDF\MQ\ ILUP NWyUH Z LQQ\FK
SU]\SDGNDFK V NRQNXUHQWDPL OXE SRWHQFMDOQ\PL NRQNXUHQWDPL OXE NWyU\FK LQWHUHV\ SR]RVWDM
Z NRQIOLNFLH NOLHQFL L GRVWDZF\ L NWyUH G]L NL VRMXV]RZL Z\WZRU] RNUH ORQ\ SURGXNW OXE
GRVWDUF]

XVáXJ

Z REV]DU]H VZRMHM NRPSHWHQFML : VRMXV]X SDUWQHU]\ QLH WUDF

VZRMHM

RVRERZR FL ]D

NRQNXURZDQLH QD U\QNX XQLHPR*OLZLD VRMXV] 3DUWQHU]\ VRMXV]X GEDM F

R ZáDVQH LQWHUHV\ ZQRV] GR ZVSyáSUDF\ QLH]Z\NOH ZD*Q ZLHG] FKURQLRQ L QLHFKURQLRQ
RUD] G]LHO VL QL GOD GREUD QRZHJR SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD

6RMXV] PR*H SU]\M ü SRVWDü NODV\F]QHM VSyáNL MRLQW YHQWXUH ] PQLHMV]R FLRZ\P XG]LDáHP
MHGQHJR ] SDUWQHUyZ ] SRG]LDáHP

OXE Z LQQ\FK SURSRUFMDFK ]DOH*QLH RG FHOX

SU]\PLHU]D

1D SU]\NáDG VRMXV] 17,

17, MDSR VNL PRQRSROLVWD WHOHNRPXQLNDF\MQ\ Z

G]LHG]LQLH ZLHONLFK VLHFL NRPSXWHURZ\FK REHFQLH Z VWDGLXP SU\ZDW\]DFML MHVW IRUPDOQLH
XG]LDáRZ

VSyáN

MRLQW YHQWXUH ]D LQG\MVNL VRMXV] *RGUHM 3URFWHU

*DPEOH MHVW ] NROHL

VRMXV]HP RSDUW\P QD NRQWUDNFLH EH] XG]LDáX VWURQ Z NDSLWDOH ]DNáDGRZ\P

: ZLHOX

SU]\SDGNDFK JG\ VRMXV] RSDUW\ MHVW QD XG]LDáDFK ILQDQVRZ\FK SDUWQHUyZ MHJR FHOHP MHVW
Z PQLHMV]\P VWRSQLX NRQWURORZDQLH ]DU] G]DQLD D EDUG]LHM SRPRF Z ILQDQVRZDQLX MDNLHM
G]LDáDOQR FL ILUP\ SDUWQHUD

: SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR ]DOH*QR FL W\SX ILUPD PDWND ILUPD FyUND F]\ IRUPDOQHM VSyáNL
XG]LDáRZHM MRLQW YHQWXUH VRMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\ ]D]Z\F]DM XZDOQLD RUJDQL]DFM RG VFHQWUDOL]R
ZDQ\FK QDGPLHUQLH ELXURNUDW\F]Q\FK SURFHGXU MHGQRF]H QLH SRSUDZLDM F MHM HODVW\F]QR ü
: SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR IX]ML VRMXV]X QLH GRW\F]\ SRWU]HED KDUPRQL]RZDQLD Uy*Q\FK NXOWXU
SUDF\ L ]Uy*QLFRZDQ\FK SRGHM ü GR UR]ZL ]\ZDQLD SUREOHPyZ 6RMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\ QLH
]DVW SXMH ZSUDZG]LH ZV]\VWNLFK LQQ\FK VSRVREyZ SURZDG]HQLD LQWHUHVyZ SU]H] ILUP

DOH

VWDQRZL ZD*Q

NRPSOHPHQWDUQ IRUP L WHFKQLN SURZDG]HQLD G]LDáDOQR FL NWyUD XPR*OLZLD

WZRU]HQLH ZLHG]\ L G]LHOHQLH VL QL

background image

XIX - 14

6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH SR]ZDODM ILUPLH ]ZL NV]\ü PL G]\QDURGRZ\ ]DVL J G]LDáDQLD L XG]LDá Z
U\QNDFK EH] QDUD*DQLD QD U\]\NR SRGVWDZRZHM G]LDáDOQR FL 6RMXV]H XPR*OLZLDM WDN*H LFK
XF]HVWQLNRP VWRVRZDQLH DOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK VWUDWHJLL LQWHJUDFML SLRQRZHM OXE G\ZHUV\ILNDFML Z
]DNUHVLH U\QNX NUDMRZHJR OXE UHJLRQDOQHJR =ZL NV]RQH QDNáDG\ LQZHVW\F\MQH QD EDGDQLD L
UR]ZyM RUD] QRZRF]HVQH PHWRG\ NRPXQLNDFML L LQIRUPDW\NL ]PLHQLá\ VWUXNWXU

NRV]WyZ

SU]HP\VáX SU]HQRV] F SXQNW FL *NR FL ] Z\GDWNyZ ILQDQVXM F\FK JáyZQLH SURGXNFM

QD

SU]HGVWDZLRQH SRZ\*HM PQLHM ]PLHQQH NRV]W\ NWyUH PR*QD Z ]QDF] F\ VSRVyE ]PQLHMV]\ü
G]L NL VRMXV]RP VWUDWHJLF]Q\P .RQWUROD ZROXPHQX XPR*OLZLD XF]HVWQLNRP VRMXV]X VWUDWHJLF]
QHJR QHJRFMRZDQLH OHSV]\FK ZDUXQNyZ GRVWDZ L ]DRSDWU]HQLD FR Z MHV]F]H ZL NV]\P VWRSQLX
SRSUDZLD PDU*H Z SRUyZQDQLX ] PQLHM GRPLQXM F\PL NRQNXUHQWDPL

*OREDOL]DFMD ZLHG]\ MHVW F]\QQLNLHP NOXF]RZ\P GOD VRMXV]X VWUDWHJLF]QHJR 5R]ZLMDQLH
ZLHG]\ L G]LHOHQLH VL

QL

SURZDG]L G]L NL V\QHUJLF]QHPX RGG]LDá\ZDQLX RUD] Uy*QLFRP

NXOWXURZ\P GR QRZHJR SRGHM FLD GR Uy*Q\FK NZHVWLL SU]HSá\ZX NRQFHSFML L VWRVRZDQLD
QRZDWRUVNLFK UR]ZL ]D RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK

6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH SURPXM

UyZQLH* SRVWDZ\ VSU]\MDM FH QDW\FKPLDVWRZHPX G]LDáDQLX

]DPLDVW EDUG]LHM WUDG\F\MQ\FK ]DFKRZD SROHJDM F\FK QD Z\F]HNLZDQLX L REVHUZDFML SRQLHZD*
QLH Z\PDJDM NRV]WRZQ\FK LQZHVW\FML )LOR]RILD RF]HNLZDQLD L REVHUZDFML V]F]HJyOQLH (OH VL
VSUDZG]D Z ]ZL ]NX ] FRUD] NUyWV]\PL F\NODPL *\FLD SURGXNWX 1D SU]\NáDG Z ,%0 -DSDQ Z
]ZL ]NX ] W\P *H ND*GD QRZD JHQHUDFMD NRPSXWHUyZ RVRELVW\FK PD FRUD] NUyWV]\ F\NO *\FLD
]EXGRZDQR UR]OHJá VLHü VSU]HGDZFyZ NWyU\FK ]DGDQLHP MHVW VSU]HGD* NRPSXWHUyZ WDN V]\ENR
MDN WR W\ONR MHVW PR*OLZH ]DUD] SR ZSURZDG]HQLX QD U\QHN 7\P VDP\P XPR*OLZLRQR
PDNV\PDOL]DFM ]\VNyZ ]DQLP MHV]F]H SRMDZLá\ VL SURGXNW\ NRQNXUHQF\MQH OXE NORQ\

6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH PRJ PLHü LQQH FHOH PRJ ]PQLHMV]Dü U\]\NR ILQDQVRZH SU]\VSLHV]Dü
GRVWDZ\

QD

U\QNL

]ZL NV]Dü

HODVW\F]QR ü

G]LDáDQLD

L

QHXWUDOL]RZDü

SRWHQFMDOQ\FK

NRQNXUHQWyZ -HGQRF]H QLH MHGQDN QLH V RQH ZROQH RG U\]\ND *H GRW\FKF]DVRZ\ SDUWHU
VRMXV]QLN VWDQLH VL NRQNXUHQWHP

3RPLPR WHJR *H SRGPLRW\ SR]RVWDM FH Z VRMXV]DFK VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK PRJ Uy*QLü VL RG VLHELH ]
SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD IRUP\ SUDZQR RUJDQL]DF\MQHM E G F QD SU]\NáDG IRUPDOQLH VSyáNDPL OXE
MHGQRVWNDPL XWU]\PXM F\PL ÄNRQWDNW\ VSRáHF]QH´ ] SDUWQHUDPL WHFKQRORJLF]Q\PL U\QNRZ\PL
WR MH*HOL á F] MH ZVSyOQH LQWHUHV\ OXE RULHQWDFMD EL]QHVRZD PRJ RQH ZVSyáSUDFRZDü

MDN WR

MX* ZF]H QLHM ZVSRPQLDQR

Z UDPDFK VWUXNWXU ÄVLHFLRZ\FK´ G]L NL QRZRF]HVQHM WHFKQRORJLL

LQIRUPDW\F]QHM

1RZH VLHFL F]HUSL

HQHUJL

] V\QHUJLL Z\PLHQLDQ\FK LQIRUPDFML

%UDN

IRUPDOQHM KLHUDUFKLL XPR*OLZLD F]áRQNRP VLHFL UHDJRZDü V]\ENR L HODVW\F]QLH QD QRZH
Z\]ZDQLD G]L NL F]HPX FHFKXMH MH ZL NV]D ÄZLWDOQR ü´ DQL*HOL WD NWyUD E\áDE\ LFK XG]LDáHP
Z SU]\SDGNX EDUG]LHM IRUPDOQHM NRRUG\QDFML

7DP JG]LH VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH VWZRU]RQR Z FHOX QD SU]\NáDG GRVWDUF]DQLD NRPSRQHQWyZ GR
VDPRFKRGyZ OXE SUDOHN MHGQRVWNL NWyUH Z LQQ\FK SU]\SDGNDFK G]LDáDá\E\ QLH]DOH*QLH PR*QD
SRá F]\ü VLHFLRZR Z ÄNRQIHGHUDFM ´ : WDNLFK SU]\SDGNDFK LQIRUPDFMD Z\PLHQLDQD GURJ
LQIRUPDW\F]Q

MHVW F]\QQLNLHP VW\PXOXM F\P V\QHUJL

L RGSRUQR ü FDáHM WDNLHM JUXS\ QD

HZHQWXDOQLH Z\VW SXM FH SU]HFLZQR FL

Ä6LHFL´ L ÄNRQIHGHUDFMH´ QLHNRQLHF]QLH PXV] E\ü JOREDOQH Z ]QDF]HQLX ILUP\ NWyUD VXURZFH
F]HUSLH ] MHGQHJR NUDMX SU]HWZDU]D MH QD NRPSRQHQW\ Z GUXJLP WZRU]\ SRG]HVSRá\ Z MHV]F]H
LQQ\P L PRQWXMH SURGXNW Z F]ZDUW\P ] SU]H]QDF]HQLHP QD U\QHN SL WHJR NUDMX

background image

XIX - 15

6RMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\ PR*H MHGQDN VWDü VL VRMXV]HP JOREDOQ\P JG\ ZSURZDG]D QD U\QHN QS QD
]DVDG]LH IUDQFKLVLQJX QLHPDO*H MHGQDNRZH SURGXNW\ SRG ZáDVQ\PL ]QDNDPL WRZDURZ\PL Z
ZLHOX NUDMDFK ZLDWD MHGQRF]H QLH MDN PLDáR WR PLHMVFH Z SU]\SDGNX PDá\FK NRPSXWHUyZ
P\GHá GHWHUJHQWyZ L NRVPHW\NyZ

-HGQDN SR WR E\ VWDü VL RUJDQL]DFM SUDZG]LZLH JOREDOQ SRGPLRW GR WHJR ]PLHU]DM F\ PXVL
SRGGDü VL ZLHOX SU]HREUD*HQLRP WDNLP MDN

odrzucenie hierarchicznego sposobu P\ OHQLD R ÄSLUDPLG]LH´ QD NRU]\ ü EDUG]LHM
ÄSáDVNLFK´ L PQLHM IRUPDOQ\FK SRá F]H NRPXQLNDF\MQ\FK

QDVWDZLHQLH VL Z ND*G\P NUDMX QD WR E\ RUJDQL]DFMD ORNDOQD RGSRZLDGDáD ORNDOQ\P
SRWU]HERP

rekrutowanie ludzi uWDOHQWRZDQ\FK

LQWHOLJHQWQ\FK L SRVLDGDM F\FK XPLHM WQR FL

V]NROHQLH LFK L NRU]\VWDQLH ] LFK XPLHM WQR FL Z MDNLPNROZLHN PLHMVFX VL ]QDMGXM

korzystanie ] RVL JQL ü WHFKQRORJLL NRPSXWHURZ\FK E\ SU]\VSLHV]\ü L XHODVW\F]QLü
SURFHV GHF\]\MQ\

przeobra*DQLH V\VWHPyZ NRQWUROQ\FK L NRRUG\QDF\MQ\FK RUD] WHFKQLN ]DU] G]DQLD Z WDNL
VSRVyE E\ E\á\ RQH Z VWDQLH SRUDG]Lü VRELH ] QLHMDVQR FLDPL ZL * F\PL VL

]

SURZDG]HQLHP EL]QHVX Z VNDOL PL G]\QDURGRZHM

:LHG]D PLJUDF\MQD L MHM ZNáDG Z VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH


J. / %DGDUDFFR UR]Uy*QLD GZD URG]DMH SU]HPLHV]F]DQLD ZLHG]\ Z SURFHVLH JOREDOL]DFML
(a) ZLHG] PLJUDF\MQ L (b) ZLHG] ÄRVDG]RQ ´ ,FK ]QDF]HQLH MHVW FDáNRZLFLH Uy*QH OHF] ND*G\
] QLFK ZQRVL GX*\ ZNáDG Z UR]ZyM VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK 1DVW SQLH GHILQLXMH RQ GZD URG]DMH
ZL ]L RSDUWH QD SURGXNFLH L ED]XM FH QD ZLHG]\

:LHG]D PLJUDF\MQD MHVW WDN

NWyUD SU]HPLHV]F]D VL

EDUG]R V]\ENR L áDWZR SRQLHZD*

Z\VW SXMH Z IRUPLH NQRZ KRZ SDWHQWyZ SURMHNWyZ SRGU F]QLNyZ NVL *HN OXE MHVW ]DZDUWD Z
PDV]\QDFK ZLHG]D Ä]DPUR*RQD´

3RGUy*XMH RQD ]D SRPRF PHGLXP MDNLP V VSHFMDOL FL

]PLHQLDM F\ PLHMVFH SRE\WX RUD] NRQVXOWDQFL L QDXF]\FLHOH OXE MHVW XGRVW SQLDQD ]D SRPRF
OLFHQFMRQRZDQLD Z\PLDQ\ ZLHG]\ Z VSyáFH MRLQW YHQWXUH L ] X*\FLHP LQQ\FK NDQDáyZ WUDQVIHUX
WHFKQRORJLL :L NV]D F] ü WHM ZLHG]\ PD VWUXNWXU RWZDUW OXE VWDMH VL RF]\ZLVWD Z FKZLOL
IRUPDOQHJR MHM XMDZQLHQLD 2GSRZLHGQLR Z\NZDOLILNRZDQH RVRE\ L RUJDQL]DFMH PRJ

QS

Z\NRQDü RGZUyFRQ\ PRQWD* PDV]\Q\ OXE Z\NRU]\VWDü ZLHG]

Z FHOX RGNU\FLD MHM

ZáD FLZR FL 2VRE\ WH PRJ

QDVW SQLH XVSUDZQLü WHFKQRORJL

E\ QD SU]\NáDG ]ZL NV]\ü

Z\GDMQR ü L PR*OLZR FL XU] G]H Z SU]HP\ OH PDV]\QRZ\P OXE SRGQLH ü MDNR ü F]\ X]\VNDü
OHSV]H Z\QLNL SURGXNFML Z SU]HP\ OH FKHPLF]Q\P DOER IDUPDFHXW\F]Q\P : WUDNFLH SURFHVX
MHGQRVWNL ZSURZDG]DM FH XOHSV]HQLD VWDM

VL

ZáD FLFLHODPL NQRZ KRZ OXE SDWHQWyZ

MHGQRF]H QLH XUDVWDM F GR UDQJL NRQNXUHQWyZ 1DMEDUG]LHM ]DSHZQH MDVNUDZ\P SU]\NáDGHP
ZLHG]\ PLJUDF\MQHM RUD] ]ZL ]DQ\P ] QL SRZVWDZDQLHP NRQNXUHQFML MHVW V]\ENR ü ] MDN
NRPSXWHU\ RVRELVWH ,%0 L LFK Sy(QLHMV]H PRG\ILNDFMH E\á\ QDMSLHUZ LPLWRZDQH D QDVW SQLH
PRG\ILNRZDQH L XOHSV]DQH RVWDWHF]QLH ]DVW SXM F SURGXNW RU\JLQDOQ\ Z FDáR FL : QLHPDO
ND*G\P NUDMX V SU]HGVL ELRUF\ NWyU]\ PRJ

OHJDOQLH PRQWRZDü GRVNRQDáH PDV]\Q\ EH]

ZVSyáSUDF\ WHFKQLF]QHM ] F] FL NWyUH V áDWZH GR ]GRE\FLD QD FDá\P ZLHFLH

0DV]\Q\ PRJ

E\ü UyZQLH* (UyGáHP ZLHG]\ Z WDNLP ]QDF]HQLX *H RSURJUDPRZDQLH

NRPSXWHUyZ PR*H QD SU]\NáDG Z]ERJDFLü ZLHG] ]DZDUW Z ED]DFK GDQ\FK OXE Z WU\ELH
HNVSHUFNLP G]LDáDü MDNR XU] G]HQLH R V]WXF]QHM LQWHOLJHQFML 1D SU]\NáDG RSURJUDPRZDQLH
NRPSXWHURZH PR*H VWDQRZLü SU]\MD]Q X*\WNRZQLNRZL SRPRF SU]\ VSRU] G]DQLX NRQWUDNWyZ
OXE Z GLDJQRVW\FH OHNDUVNLHM 1DZHW MH OL ZLHG]D MHVW FL OH FKURQLRQD SRSU]H] WZRU]HQLH ILUP

background image

XIX - 16

]DOH*Q\FK ]OHFDQLH QD ]HZQ WU] Z\NRQDQLD F] FL Z\UREX OXE XVáXJ SU]\F]\QLD VL GR MHM
PLJUDFML

-DSRQLD Z\NRU]\VWDáD ZLHG]

PLJUDF\MQ

GR XVSUDZQLHQLD WHFKQRORJLL ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK L

VNRU]\VWDáD QD W\P HNRQRPLF]QLH D QDVW SQLH UR]SU]HVWU]HQLáD XGRVNRQDORQ WHFKQRORJL Z
FDáHM $]ML 3RVWDZLHQLH QD WHFKQRORJL XPR*OLZLáR -DSR F]\NRP WZRU]HQLH QRZ\FK WHFKQRORJLL
D QDVW SQLH ZSURZDG]DQLH LFK QD U\QNL Z W\FK VDP\FK UHJLRQDFK ] NWyU\FK VL RQD Z\ZRG]LáD
5HSXEOLND .RUHL 6LQJDSXU L 7DMZDQ QLHPDO UyZQLH VNXWHF]QLH NRU]\VWDá\ ] WHM VWUDWHJLL
:\NRU]\VWXM F NUDMRZH SUDZD Z ]DNUHVLH SU]HP\VáX L WZRU] F Z\NZDOLILNRZDQ WDQL VLá
URERF] SD VWZD WH SREXG]Lá\ PLJUDFM ZLHG]\ 1D SU]\NáDG 7DMZDQ Z\NRU]\VW\ZDá Z SRáRZLH
ODW

RFKURQ L VXEV\GLD Z FHOX SURPRZDQLD ORNDOQLH Z\WZDU]DQ\FK URGNyZ SURGXNFML

WDNLFK MDN NRPSRQHQW\ GR VDPRFKRGyZ F]\ WXUELQ\ : Z\QLNX WHJR G]LDáDQLD Z UyG REHFQ\FK
QDMZL NV]\FK HNVSRUWHUyZ SURGXNWyZ ] 7DMZDQX ]QDMGXM VL *HQHUDO (OHFWULF ,%0 +HZOHWW
3DFNDUG 0DWWHO RUD] LQQH ILUP\ DPHU\ND VNLH L MDSR VNLH NWyUH XGDáR VL QDNáRQLü GR RWZDUFLD
QD Z\VSLH ]DNáDGyZ SURGXNF\MQ\FK -HGQRF]H QLH 7DMZDQ VWDá VL

UHJLRQHP JHQHUXM F\P

ZLHG] L W\P VDP\P (UyGáHP NRQNXUHQFML

3RQLHZD*

ZLHG]D

PLJUDF\MQD

Z

SU]HFLZLH VWZLH

GR

SURGXNWX

PR*H

MHGQRF]H QLH

SU]HPLHV]F]Dü VL

Z NLONX NLHUXQNDFK WZRU]\ RQD ZLHOH RJQLVN ZLHG]\ LQQ\PL VáRZ\

SRZRGXMH Z]URVW NRQNXUHQFML 7R ] NROHL VW\PXOXMH LQQRZDFMH NWyUH PRJ SU]\M ü IRUP
PDWHULDOQ OXE QLHPDWHULDOQ

:D*Q LQQRZDFM QLHPDWHULDOQ V QRZH IRUP\ RUJDQL]DFML WDNLH

ZáD QLH MDN VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH NWyU\FK FHOHP MHVW UR]V]HU]HQLH ]DVL JX G]LDáDQLD ]ZL NV]HQLH
XG]LDáX Z U\QNX RUD] WZRU]HQLH QRZHM ZLHG]\

= SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD ]DVREyZ ILQDQVRZ\FK VWRM F\FK GR G\VSR]\FML RUJDQL]DFML LQQRZDF\MQHM
RVL JQL FLH JOREDOQHJR ]DVL JX QLH MHVW PR*OLZH SU]\ ]DVWRVRZDQLX MDNLHJRNROZLHN NODV\F]QHJR
UR]ZL ]DQLD W\SX MRLQW YHQWXUH OXE SU]HM FLD 1DWRPLDVW VRMXV]H ] ILUPDPL G]LDáDM F\PL MX* QD
U\QNDFK GRFHORZ\FK V VHQVRZQ\P UR]ZL ]DQLHP .ROHMQ\PL F]\QQLNDPL ]DFK FDM F\PL GR
WZRU]HQLD VRMXV]\ V

RSy(QLHQLD NRPSOLNDFMH L QLHXGDQH SU]\SDGNL RFKURQ\ SDWHQWRZHM L

DXWRUVNLHM )LUP\ PXV] G]LDáDü WDN V]\ENR L DJUHV\ZQLH MDN WR MHVW W\ONR PR*OLZH SyNL RND]MD
MHVW MHV]F]H RVL JDOQD 3DUWQHU VRMXV]QLN PD V]DQV

VNRU]\VWDü ] Z\QDOD]NX ]DUyZQR ]H

Z]JO GX QD MHJR G]LDáDQLH MDN L ]DZDUW Z QLP ZLHG]

=DOHWD VWUDWHJLF]QHJR NRPSRQHQWX WHJR W\SX VRMXV]\ SROHJD QD PR*OLZR FL X]\VNDQLD SU]H]
RE\GZLH VWURQ\ QLHPDO QDW\FKPLDVWRZ\FK NRU]\ FL NWyU\FK RVL JQL FLH Z LQQ\P SU]\SDGNX
Z\PDJDáRE\ ODW 6RMXV] PD ]QDF]HQLH VWUDWHJLF]QH UyZQLH* GODWHJR *H Z Z\QLNX HIHNWX
V\QHUJLL SRZVWDMH QRZD ZLHG]D 6WDMH VL WDN Z PLDU SU]\ELHUDQLD SU]H] SURGXNW QDOH* F\ GR
VRMXV]X QRZ\FK IRUP Z Z\QLNX SURMHNWRZDQLD REUyENL WHFKQLF]QHM OXE SUDF EDGDZF]R
UR]ZRMRZ\FK PDM F\FK QD FHOX VSURVWDQLH Z\PDJDQLRP U\QNyZ GRFHORZ\FK 7\P VDP\P
]DFKRG]L SURFHV ]DUyZQR Z\WZDU]DQLD ZLHG]\ MDN L MHM Z\PLHQLDQLD

2VWDWQLR XWZRU]RQR Z ,QGLDFK NLOND VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK 'ZD ] QLFK PRJ E\ü LQWHUHVXM FH
]H Z]JO GX QD ZDUWR ü MDN PDM GOD NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL G]L NL NRU]\ FLRP MDNLH PRJ LP
SU]\QLH ü 3LHUZV]\ ] W\FK VRMXV]\ ]RVWDá ]DZDUW\ Z

U SRPL G]\ 3URFWHU

*DPEOH

3 *

NWyU\ MHVW ZLDWRZ\P OLGHUHP QD U\QNX URGNyZ F]\VWR FL L GHWHUJHQWyZ D *RGUHM

6RDSV ORNDOQ\P Z\VRNR FHQLRQ\P SU]HGVL ELRUVWZHP PDM F\P NRQWDNW\ QD WHUHQLH FDá\FK
,QGLL L GRVNRQDOH UR]SR]QDZDOQ

PDUN

D WDN*H VSRU\ XG]LDá Z ORNDOQ\P U\QNX P\GáD

R XPLDUNRZDQHM FHQLH : UDPDFK WHJR VRMXV]X 3 * ,QGLD ILUPD Z

]DOH*QD Z\NXSLáD QD

PRF\ NRQWUDNWX FDá\ XG]LDá QD]Z *RGUHM 6RDSV W]Q ZV]\VWNLH QD]Z\ SURGXNWyZ *RGUHM
6RDSV VWDá\ VL ZáDVQR FL 3URFWHU

*DPEOH

Z FHOX SURPRZDQLD LFK SRG V]\OGHP 3 *

background image

XIX - 17

W ]DPLDQ ]D WR ILUPD 3 * SU]\VWDáD QD (a) NRU]\VWDQLH ] ]DNáDGyZ *RGUHM 6RDSV SRGF]DV
produkcji m\GáD (b) ]RERZL ]DáD VL GR NRU]\VWDQLD ] W\FK VDP\FK ]DNáDGyZ GR SURGXNFML
wyrobów P&G, w oparciu o dostarczony przez siebie know-how, (c) do promowania
wszystkich nazw produktów sojuszu oraz (d) do GRNRQ\ZDQLD SU]H] G]LDá\ EDGDZF]R
UR]ZRMRZH % 5 3URFWHU

*DPEOH XVSUDZQL ZV]\VWNLFK SURGXNWyZ SURFHVyZ Z\WZDU]DQLD

L LQQ\FK DVSHNWyZ EL]QHVX 6RMXV] WHQ XWZRU]RQ\ Z RGSRZLHG]L QD EDUG]R VLOQ

SR]\FM

8QLOHYHUD Z ,QGLDFK $E\ PyF EH]SR UHGQLR NRQNXURZDü ] 8QLOHYHUHP 3 * PXVLDáRE\
SRQLH ü ROEU]\PLH NRV]W\ EH] V]F]HJyOQHM JZDUDQFML VXNFHVX &KRFLD* WDN ]EXGRZDQ\ VRMXV]
PD FKDUDNWHU F]\VWR NRQWUDNWRZ\ L QLH PD ZáDVQHM QD]Z\ RVRERZR FL NRUSRUDF\MQH RE\GZX
RUJDQL]DFML

GHF\]MH ZH ZáDVQ\FK VWUHIDFK ZSá\ZyZ RUD] RERZL ]NL ZREHF ZáDVQ\FK

XG]LDáRZFyZ QLH XOHJá\ ]PLDQLH

'UXJL VRMXV] NWyU\ MHVW VSyáN W\SX MRLQW YHQWXUH XWZRU]\á\ SRG NRQLHF

URNX &RFD &ROD

,QF ] VLHG]LE Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK L 3DUOH ([SRUWV ILUPD QDOH* FD GR UG]HQQLH LQG\MVNLHM
3DUOH *URXS -RLQW YHQWXUH ] XG]LDáDPL ÄSyá QD Syá´ NWyUHJR SUH]HV SRFKRG]L ] 3DUOH E G]LH
NRU]\VWDü ]H ZVSyáSUDF\ SRQDG V]H üG]LHVL FLX ÄIUDQFKLVLQJRELRUFyZ´ NWyU\FK 3DUOH SRVLDGD Z
,QGLDFK ]DMPXM F\FK VL EXWHONRZDQLHP WU]HFK SURGXNWyZ &RFD &ROD ,QF &RFD &ROD 6SULWH L
)DQWD RUD] F]WHUHFK PDUHN 3DUOH :V]\VWNLH WH SURGXNW\ PDM E\ü ZSURZDG]DQH QD U\QHN
ZVSyOQLH OHF] PDUNL V Z\NXSLRQH SU]H] &RFD &RO

6RMXV] WHQ XPR*OLZLá NRQFHUQRZL &RFD

FROD SRQRZQH ZHM FLH QD U\QHN LQG\MVNL NWyU\ RSX FLá RQ Z

URNX 7R ZáD QLH ZyZF]DV

ILUPD 3DUOH ZHV]áD QD U\QHN FROL L ]GRPLQRZDáD JR Z

SRGF]DV JG\ 3HSVL RSDQRZDáD

U\QNX D 3XUH 'ULQNV ILUPD EXWHONXM FD RU\JLQDOQH Z\URE\ &RFD &ROD ,QF

PLDáD Z QLP

2EHFQ\ Z\JRGQ\ SRZUyW QD U\QHN NRQFHUQX &RFD &ROD EH] SRWU]HE\ WZRU]HQLD VLHFL ILUP
EXWHONXM F\FK QHXWUDOL]XMH SRZD*QHJR NRQNXUHQWD ± 3XUH 'ULQNV NWyUHJR 3HSVL QLH ]GRáDáD VL
SR]E\ü 1DWRPLDVW ILUPLH 3DUOH VRMXV] ]DSHZQLD *H MHM XG]LDá Z U\QNX QDJOH QLH ]PQLHMV]\ VL
XPR*OLZLDM F ]DUD]HP REHFQR ü QD U\QNDFK QD NWyU\FK &RFD &ROD PD GX*H ZSá\Z\ =DUyZQR
&RFD &ROD MDN L 3DUOH SU]\JRWRZDá\ VL GR SURGXNFML NRQFHQWUDWyZ NRU]\VWDM F ] RVREQ\FK
]DNáDGyZ SRáR*RQ\FK QD WHUHQLH ,QGLL D ILUPD PDUNHWLQJRZD E G]LH SURPRZDáD LFK Z\UREyZ
á F]QLH

3LHUZV]H VRMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH ]DZL ]DQH SU]H] ILUP\ DPHU\ND VNLH SU]HG RNRáR GZXG]LHVWX
ODW\ SRZVWDá\ Z RSDUFLX R SURGXNW : XPRZDFK W\FK SDUWQHU]\ VRMXV]QLF\ Z\WZDU]DOL F] FL
OLQLL SURGXNF\MQHM OXE ]áR*RQH NRPSRQHQW\ NWyUH ILUPD DPHU\ND VND ]GRE\ZDáD ZF]H QLHM RG
GRVWDZFyZ ]DOH*Q\FK OXE ORNDOQ\FK = GUXJLHM VWURQ\ VRMXV]QLN PyJá RWU]\PDü NQRZ KRZ L
Z\QHJRFMRZDü GRILQDQVRZDQLH D WDN*H GRVW S QD U\QNL $PHU\NL 3yáQRFQHM GOD QLHNWyU\FK
VZRLFK SURGXNWyZ %DGDUDFFR > @ SU]\SLVXMH WHJR URG]DMX PRW\ZDFMH NRQFHUQRP *HQHUDO
0RWRUV )RUG L &KU\VOHU NLHG\ REHMPRZDá\ RQH PQLHMV]R FLRZH XG]LDá\ Z WU]HFK MDSR VNLFK
ILUPDFK Z\WZDU]DM F\FK F] FL VDPRFKRGRZH ZH ZF]HVQ\FK ODWDFK VLHGHPG]LHVL W\FK
: ]DPLDQ ]D WR LFK MDSR VF\ VRMXV]QLF\ PRJOL RIHURZDü QD U\QNX 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK PDáH
VDPRFKRG\ FL *DUyZNL L F] FL 3y(QLHM Z PLDU Z]UDVWDQLD NRV]WyZ SUDF\ Z -DSRQLL ILUP\
MDSR VNLH VWZRU]\á\ VNRPSOLNRZDQH VLHFL SRGREQ\FK SRZL ]D

PDM F\FK QD FHOX Z\WZDU]DQLH

SURGXNWyZ ] LQQ\PL SDUWQHUDPL Z FDáHM $]ML Z FHOX SRZL NV]HQLD OXE RFKURQ\ VZRMHJR XG]LDáX
Z U\QNX

3HZLHQ V]F]HJyOQ\ V\VWHP VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK WZRU]RQ\ SU]H] *HQHUDO 0RWRUV LOXVWUXMH
SRGHM FLH GR WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL D WDN*H MHJR ]DOHW\ Z EL]QHVLH : FHOX FKURQLHQLD VZRMHJR
XG]LDáX QD U\QNX PDá\FK VDPRFKRGyZ F]XM F ]DJUR*HQLH QDMSLHUZ ]H VWURQ\ -DSRQLL D SRWHP
]H VWURQ\ 5HSXEOLNL .RUHL *HQHUDO 0RWRUV ]DZDUá F]WHU\ VRMXV]H REURQQH RSDUWH QD SURGXNFLH
z QLHZLHONLPL SURGXFHQWDPL PDá\FK VDPRFKRGyZ (a) na zasadzie joint-venture - z Isuzu
0RWRUV Z

URNX ] XG]LDáHP

(b) ] 6X]XNL 0RWRUV ]

XG]LDáHP Z ILUPLH (c) na

background image

XIX - 18

zasadzie joint-YHQWXUH ] 7R\RW

1800, Z

Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK ]

XG]LDáHP

]DPDZLDM F

PDá\FK VDPRFKRGyZ URF]QLH RUD] (d) z Daewoo w Republice Korei na

Z\WZDU]DQLH PDá\FK VDPRFKRGyZ QD U\QHN DPHU\ND VNL 3RQWLDF /H0DQV UR]SURZDG]DQH Z
VLHFL GHDOHUyZ ILUP\ 3RQWLDF

7D JUXSD VRMXV]\ XPR*OLZLáD *HQHUDO 0RWRUV VSU]HGD* SR

NRQNXUHQF\MQHM FHQLH SRQDG

VDPRFKRGyZ URF]QLH Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK QD

U\QNX QLH]Z\NOH G\QDPLF]Q\P L R EDUG]R GUDSLH*QHM NRQNXUHQFML 6]DFRZDQ\ ZNáDG *HQHUDO
0RWRUV Z WH VRMXV]H Z\QRVLá ]DOHGZLH

PLOLDUG GRODUyZ 6RMXV]H ]UHGXNRZDá\ UyZQLH* U\]\NR

*HQHUDO 0RWRUV SRZRGXM F *H *DGHQ ] SDUWQHUyZ QLH VWDQLH VL

NRQNXUHQWHP D WDN*H

]PQLHMV]HQLH VL ]DOH*QR FL RG SRMHG\QF]HJR SDUWQHUD 3DUWQHURP Z -DSRQLL L .RUHL VRMXV]
SU]\QLyVá RNUH ORQH NRU]\ FL VWDM F VL ]DUD]HP LQVWUXPHQWHP SU]H]Z\FL *DQLD SURWHNFMRQL]PX
Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK &R UyZQLH ZD*QH VRMXV]H WH VWDQRZLá\ RNQR SU]H] NWyUH *HQHUDO
0RWRUV PyJá VSRMU]Hü QD UR]ZyM WHFKQRORJLL Z $]ML RF]DPL VZRLFK SDUWQHUyZ *HQHUDO 0RWRUV
]DZDUá UyZQLH* NLOND VRMXV]\ RSDUW\FK QD SURGXNFLH ] GX*

JUXS

MDSR VNLFK L LQQ\FK

D]MDW\FNLFK ILUP Z FHOX ]DNXSX F] FL VDPRFKRGRZ\FK QS 1LKRQ 5DGLDWRU .\RULWVX +LSDUWV
0LWVXL 7RDWVX &KHPLFDO $NHERQR %UDNH L 1+. 6SULQJV ] NWyU\FK GZLH RVWDWQLH RGJU\ZDá\
JáyZQH UROH QD U\QNX F] FL

6SyáND ,%0 D Z V]F]HJyOQR FL ,%0 -DSDQ Z SRGREQ\ VSRVyE ]ZL ]DáD VL OLF]Q\PL VRMXV]DPL
] ZLHORPD SU]HGVL ELRUVWZDPL Z FHOX XWU]\PDQLD VZRMHJR XG]LDáX Z EUDQ*\ NRPSXWHURZHM
,%0 -DSDQ ]áDPDá WUDG\FM L SU]HNV]WDáFLá VL Z

URNX ]H ]Z\NáHM GX*HM NRUSRUDFML ]DOH*QHM

G\VSRQXM FHM ZáDVQ VLHFL VSU]HGD*\ Z NRQIHGHUDFM OLF] F Z

URNX MX*

VSyáHN W\SX

MRLQW YHQWXUH XWZRU]RQ\FK ] ILUPDPL MDSR VNLPL .RQIHGHUDFMD WD VSU]HGDZDáD VZRMH SURGXNW\
SU]H] VLHü

GHDOHUyZ L

VSU]HGDZFyZ MHGQRF]H QLH XWU]\PXM F NRQWDNW\ ] RNRáR

RUJDQL]DFMDPL SURGXNXM F\PL RSURJUDPRZDQLH L ZLDGF] F\PL XVáXJL

Znaczenie wiedzy „osadzonej” dla sojuszy strategicznych


Drugim trybem, w jaki wiedza pU]HNUDF]D JUDQLFH L ZFKRG]L Z VNáDG VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK
QD]\ZDQD MHVW SU]H] %DGDUDFFR > @ ZLHG]

RVDG]RQ

: SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR ZLHG]\

PLJUDF\MQHM ZLHG]D RVDG]RQD SU]HPLHV]F]D VL

SRZROL JG\* RVDG]RQD MHVW Z ]áR*RQ\FK

VWRVXQNDFK VSRáHF]Q\FK NWyUH QLH V WDN áDWZR PR*OLZH GR RNUH OHQLD DQL SU]HPLHV]F]HQLD
:LHG] RVDG]RQ MHVW ZVSyOQD NRPSHWHQFMD W]Z NOXF]RZH NRPSHWHQFMH OXG]L WZRU] F\FK
]HVSyá RGG]LDá OXE SU]HGVL ELRUVWZR WHM NRPSHWHQFML QLH PRJ SRVLDGDü MHGQRVWNL :LHG]D WD
PLH FL VL Z VSRVRELH Z MDNL GDQD MHGQRVWND Z\NRU]\VWXMH LQIRUPDFM Z G]LDáDQLDFK EDGDZF]R
UR]ZRMRZ\FK OXE EL]QHVRZ\FK Z MDNL EDGD VSUDZ L SRGHMPXMH GHF\]MH G]L NL NWyUHPX RVL JD
VXNFHV -HVW WR KROLVW\F]QH SRá F]HQLH NRPSHWHQFML IRUP\ ZLHG]\ L V\VWHPX SDPL FLRZHJR
VWUDWHJLF]QH L FHQQH

6\VWHPHP XPR*OLZLDM F\P WUDQVIHU NRPSHWHQFML MHVW RJQLZR MDNLH VWDQRZL ZLHG]D )LUPD PR*H
E\ü Z VWDQLH ]DFKRZDü ZLHG] RVDG]RQ G]LDáDM F VDPRG]LHOQLH SRQRV] F SU]\ W\P ]QDF]Q\
Z\VLáHN OXE Z GURG]H VRMXV]X *G\ ]RVWDMH RQD VSUHF\]RZDQD VWDMH VL PLHV]DQN PR*OLZR FL
XPLHM WQR FL NQRZ KRZ L ZLHG]\ QLH]E GQHM GR RVL JQL FLD VXNFHVX SR]RVWDMH Z SRVLDGDQLX R
ZLHOH GáX*HM QL* ZLHG]D PLJUDF\MQD L QLH Z\P\ND VL VSRG NRQWUROL WDN áDWZR FR SR F] FL
WáXPDF]\ GODF]HJR WHFKQRORJLD SURGXNFML PDá\FK VDPRFKRGyZ QLH UR]SU]HVWU]HQLáD VL WDN
V]\ENR MDN WHFKQRORJLD PLNURNRPSXWHUD ,QQ\ W\S VRMXV]X VWUDWHJLF]QHJR MHVW WZRU]RQ\ Z FHOX
]Já ELHQLD ZLHG]\ RVDG]RQHM NWyUD QLHVLH R ZLHOH Já EV]\ SRWHQFMDá VWUDWHJLF]Q\

%DGDUDFFR LOXVWUXMH WHQ V\VWHP ZLHG]\ UR]ZD*DM F PR*OLZR FL NRQFHUQX 7R\RWD 0RWRU
&RPSDQ\ E G FHJR LQWHUDNF\MQ ÄNRPELQDFM ´ SROLW\NL RSHUDF\MQHM WUDG\FML QRUP ZLHG]\
VSHFMDOLVW\F]QHM L UXW\QRZ\FK SUDNW\N NWyUH NRQFHUQ WHQ Z\SUDFRZDá Z FL JX RVWDWQLFK

ODW

background image

XIX - 19

G]L NL VZRLP PHQHG*HURP L GRVWDZFRP SRá F]RQ\FK ÄVLHFLRZR´VSHFMDOQ\PL NRQWDNWDPL > @
2EHMPXMH RQD V\VWHP ]DU] G]DQLD ]DVREDPL -,7

MXVW LQ WLPH

OXE kanban), stosunki

ZVSyáXF]HVWQLFWZD Z ]DU] G]DQLX SUDF

L GX*H ]DDQJD*RZDQLH VL

ILUP VWRZDU]\V]RQ\FK

SU]\F]\QLDM FH VL GR VXNFHVX URG]LQ\ 7R\RW\ ']L NL XGRVNRQDODQLX VZHM GURJL 7R\RWD VWDáD
VL

MHGQ

] QDMEDUG]LHM UHQWRZQ\FK L QDMSRW *QLHMV]\FK ILUP ZLDWD : SU]\SDGNX 7R\RWD

*URXS

7R\RWD 0RWRU &RPSDQ\ MHVW W\ONR RVL

JLJDQW\F]QHM VLHFL SRGZ\NRQDZFyZ R

SLHUZV]RU] GQ\P GUXJRU] GQ\P L WU]HFLRU] GQ\P ]QDF]HQLX SRá F]RQ\FK PL G]\ VRE VLHFL
]DOH*QR FL &KRFLD* ZLHOH ]RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK JUXS PD SRGREQ ZLHG]

*

DGQD ] QLFK QLH ZLH R

SURGXNFML VDPRFKRGyZ WHJR FR 7R\RWD

: SHZQ\FK RNROLF]QR FLDFK QDMZáD FLZV] RGSRZLHG]L QD SRWU]HE\ RUJDQL]DFML Z ]DNUHVLH
QRZ\FK PR*OLZR FL MHVW VRMXV] VWUDWHJLF]Q\ FKDUDNWHU\]XM F\ VL

Z\VW SRZDQLHP RJQLZD

ZLHG]\ 3RGVWDZRZ\P FHOHP WDNLHJR VRMXV]X MHVW XF]HQLH VL RG SDUWQHUD &KRFLD* MHVW RQR
PQLHM WUZDáH QL* SU]HM FLH F]\ IX]MD WR MHVW OHSLHM XNLHUXQNRZDQH QD RVL JQL FLH FHOX L EDUG]LHM
Z\GDMQH 3R]ZDOD SDUWQHURP VRMXV]QLNRP QD X]\VNDQLH SRWU]HEQHM ZLHG]\ EH] ]DNáyFDQLD
GHOLNDWQHM UyZQRZDJL VWRVXQNyZ VSRáHF]Q\FK Z NWyU\FK WD ZLHG]D MHVW ]DZDUWD 3DUWQHU]\
PRJ á F]\ü VZRMH VSHFMDOQH XPLHM WQR FL RVL JDM F G]L NL WHPX ZL NV] WUZDáR ü ZLHG]\
RVDG]RQHM QL* PLDáRE\ WR PLHMVFH Z SU]\SDGNX ZLHG]\ PLJUDF\MQHM 0R*QD G]L NL WHPX VWDZLü
F]RáD NRQNXUHQFML RVL JDM F SU]HZDJ Z ]DNUHVLH SURGXNWyZ RUD] XPLHM WQR FL

6RMXV] SRPL G]\ *HQHUDO 0RWRUV L 'DHZRR MHVW SU]\NáDGHP ]ZL ]NX RSDUWHJR QD ZLHG]\
SRá F]RQHM ] ]DOH*QR FL RSDUW QD SURGXNFLH *HQHUDO 0RWRUV V]\ENR VWZRU]\áR VRMXV] JG\
]GDáR VRELH VSUDZ

*

H VLOQLNL Z\WZDU]DQH Z 5HSXEOLFH .RUHL PRJá\E\ SU]HM ü F] ü U\QNX Z

6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK RUD] *H 'DHZRR PRJáRE\ RWU]\PDü RIHUW

SDUWQHUVWZD ]H VWURQ\

NRQNXUHQFML .RQFHUQ XWZRU]\á ]DWHP V]H ü VSyáHN MRLQW YHQWXUH ] 'DHZRR *URXS 2E\GZD
JLJDQW\

SU]HP\VáX

VDPRFKRGRZHJR

SODQRZDá\

RSUDFRZDü

QDMQRZRF]H QLHMV]\

VLOQLN

VDPRFKRGRZ\ L QDMQRZRF]H QLHMV] OLQL PRQWD*RZ G]L NL LQWHQV\ZQHM ZVSyáSUDF\ SRPL G]\
JUXSDPL LQ*\QLHUyZ ] SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ ]DOH*Q\FK NRQFHUQX *HQHUDO 0RWRUV Z 1LHPF]HFK
$GDP 2SHO L 'DHZRR =DSODQRZDQR RSUDFRZDQLH VDPRFKRGX NWyUHJR MHGHQ ] SRG]HVSRáyZ
á F]\áE\ GHVN

UR]G]LHOF]

NLHURZF\ NROXPQ

NLHURZQLF\ L NLHURZQLF

FR VWDQRZLáR

LQQRZDFM

] NWyU 'DHZRR 0RWRU &RPSDQ\ QLH VSRWNDáR VL Z ]DNáDGDFK DPHU\ND VNLFK

'DHZRR Z\SURGXNRZDáR SRF] WNRZR PRGHO /H0DQV NWyU\ E\á RGPLDQ

2SOD .DGHWWD

]Z\FL ]F\ HXURSHMVNLHM QDJURG\ 6DPRFKyG 5RNX

'OD *HQHUDO 0RWRUV VRMXV] WHQ E\á ]ZL ]NLHP RSDUW\P QD SURGXNFLH /HF] GOD 'DHZRR E\áD WR
ZVSyá]DOH*QR ü ]HVSDZDQD RJQLZHP ZLHG]\

: SU]\SDGNX SU]HGVL Z]L FLD 1800, ]ZL ]HN RSDUW\ QD ZLHG]\ MHVW ZDUWR FLRZ\ GOD
RE\GZX SDUWQHUyZ 7R\RWD NWyUD PLDáD PQLHMV]H GR ZLDGF]HQLH QL* +RQGD F]\ 1LVVDQ Z
]DU] G]DQLX ]DPRUVNLPL SU]HGVL ELRUVWZDPL QDXF]\áD VL

ZVSyáSUDFRZDü ] DPHU\ND VNLPL

]ZL ]NDPL ]DZRGRZ\PL 8QLWHG $XWR :RUNHUV

VLHFLDPL GHDOHUyZ ] XZ]JO GQLHQLHP LFK

]áR*RQ\FK VWRVXQNyZ ] SURGXFHQWDPL VDPRFKRGyZ

RUD] ] GRVWDZFDPL L ILUPDPL

VSHG\F\MQ\PL MHGQRF]H QLH SU]HVWU]HJDM F ORNDOQH L NUDMRZH ]DVDG\ SUDZQH 7R\RWD QDXF]\áD
VL

UyZQLH* ]DU] G]Dü GX*\PL DPHU\ND VNLPL RUJDQL]DFMDPL Z NWyU\FK UHODFMH VSRáHF]QH

NXOWXURZH L ]ZL ]DQH ] ]DZLHUDQLHP XPyZ Uy*QL VL ]QDF]QLH RG VSRW\NDQ\FK Z RUJDQL]DFMDFK
MDSR VNLFK 3y(QLHM ZLHG]D WD RND]DáD VL

FHQQD JG\ 7R\RWD ]DF] áD ]DU] G]Dü ZáDVQ\P

]DNáDGHP Z *UHHQILHOG Z .HQWXFN\ 3RGREQLH *HQHUDO 0RWRUV SU]\VZRLáR VRELH WHFKQLNL
]DU] G]DQLD 7R\RW\ 3URJUDP -DNR FL

GRZLDGXM F VL

R ]áR*RQ\FK ]ZL ]NDFK 7R\RW\ ]

GRVWDZFDPL MDSR VNLPL LWG

background image

XIX - 20

Badaracco wylicza QDVW SXM FH QL*HM SRGDQH ]DVDG\ WZRU]HQLD WHJR W\SX VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK
L ]DU] G]DQLD QLPL

1DOH*\ VIRUPXáRZDü MDVQ

VWUDWHJLF]Q

NRQFHSFM

VRMXV]X XZ]JO GQLDM F

DNWXDOQH L

RF]HNLZDQH Z SU]\V]áR FL NRU]\ FL GOD ZL * F\FK VL VRMXV]HP ILUP

1DOH*\ ]EDGDü NRU]\ FL L VWRSLH

HODVW\F]QR FL V]HURNLHJR ]DNUHVX VRMXV]\ á F]QLH ]

VRMXV]DPL

SRGOHJDM F\PL

HZHQWXDOQHPX

]DZDUFLX

]

GRVWDZFDPL

RUJDQL]DFMDPL

EDGDZF]\PL LWG

1DOH*\ SU]HDQDOL]RZDü ]DOHW\ L ]RERZL ]DQLD SRWHQFMDOQ\FK SDUWQHUyZ DE\ ]REDF]\ü GR
MDNLHJR VWRSQLD ILUP\ E G PLDá\ PR*OLZR ü VWRSLHQLD VL Z MHGHQ RUJDQL]P L G]LDáDQLD QD
]DVDGDFK Z]DMHPQHJR ]DXIDQLD

1DOH*\ RV]DFRZDü U\]\NR ]ZL ]DQH ] RSRUWXQL]PHP

Z\FLHNDPL LQIRUPDFML RUD]

VWDU]HQLHP VL SURGXNWX

1DOH*\ XQLNDü QLHSRWU]HEQHM ]DOH*QR FL RG VRMXV]\ NWyU\FK HIHNWHP E\áRE\ Z]ERJDFHQLH
ZLHG]\ RVDG]RQHM SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD D QLH MHM ]DVW SRZDQLH QRZ

1DOH*\ EXGRZDü VRMXV]H L ]DU] G]Dü QLPL MDN RVREQ\PL SU]HGVL ELRUVWZDPL NWyUH
SRZLQQ\ E\ü SURZDG]RQH QD ]DVDG]LH SU]\ZyG]WZD D QLH W\ONR ]DU] G]DQH

1DOH*\ XF]\ü VL RG WZRU]RQ\FK VRMXV]\ > @

Sojusze strategiczne a badania i rozwój


&KRü JOREDOL]DFMD ZLHG]\ MHVW SRGVWDZRZ\P F]\QQLNLHP UR]ZRMX EL]QHVRZ\FK VRMXV]\
VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK UR]ZLQ áD VL UyZQLH* LQQD LFK NDWHJRULD E G FD Z\QLNLHP FRUD] ZL NV]HM
ÄZLHG]RFKáRQQR FL´ SURGXNFML 0\WHOND F\WXMH GDQH ZLDGF] FH R W\P *H Z FL JX RVWDWQLFK
GZXG]LHVWX ODW > @ Z\GDWNL QD SUDFH EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZH Z]UDVWDá\ WU]\ UD]\ V]\EFLHM QL*
Z\GDWNL QD LQZHVW\FMH PDWHULDOQH 8G]LDá LQZHVW\FML QLHPDWHULDOQ\FK QS EDGD

L UR]ZRMX

V]NROH

RSURJUDPRZDQLD SURMHNWyZ Z NUDMyZ UR]ZLQL W\FK VWDOH UR QLH &R ZL FHM Z

]ZL ]NX ] JOREDOL]DFM

U\QNyZ L VNUDFDQLHP VL

F\NOL *\FLD SURGXNWyZ SRMHG\QF]H ILUP\

]PXV]RQH V GR Z\GDZDQLD GX*\FK VXP SR WR DE\ XWU]\PDü VL QD NRQNXUHQF\MQ\P SR]LRPLH
1D SU]\NáDG Z (XURSLH G]LHVL ü QDMZL NV]\FK ILUP IDUPDFHXW\F]Q\FK SU]H]QDF]\áR Z ODWDFK

QD G]LDáDOQR ü EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ

NZRW\ VWDQRZL FH UyZQRZDUWR ü

LFK

REURWyZ UyZQRF]H QLH SRGZDMDM F OLF]E RSUDFRZDQ\FK OHNyZ : -DSRQLL NRV]W\ EDGDZF]R
UR]ZRMRZH VWDQRZL MHGQ WU]HFL Z\GDWNyZ )XMLWVX 1LSSRQ 7HOHJUDSK DQG 7HOHSKRQH 177
SRWURLáR OLF]E ODERUDWRULyZ EDGDZF]\FK

7H GZD F]\QQLNL á F]QLH SU]\F]\QLá\ VL GR SRZVWDQLD QRZHM G\QDPLNL UR]ZRMRZHM FHFKXM FHM
VL Z]URVWHP NRV]WyZ U\]\NLHP L QLHSHZQR FL ]ZL ]DQ ] SUDFDPL EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\PL
'RSURZDG]Lá\ WDN*H GR Z]URVWX

]QDF]HQLD LQZHVW\FML QLHPDWHULDOQ\FK ]ZL NV]DM F\FK

Z\GDMQR ü L E G F\FK F]\QQLNLHP Z]URVWX 3RQDGWR SU]\F]\QLá\ VL

GR ]LQWHQV\ILNRZDQLD

NRQNXUHQFML Z\QLNDM FHM ] G *HQLD GR ]ZL NV]HQLD XG]LDáyZ Z U\QNX Z VNDOL JOREDOQHM
(IHNWHP W\FK ]PLDQ MHVW SRZVWDZDQLH QDSL ü VSRZRGRZDQ\FK ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ SRWU]HE
HODVW\F]QR FL ] GUXJLHM ]D SRWU]HE ]DSHZQLHQLD SHZQHM ÄPDV\ NU\W\F]QHM´ QLH]E GQHM GR WHJR
DE\ EDGDQLD L UR]ZyM SU]\QRVLá\ RGSRZLHGQLH Z\QLNL

&R MHV]F]H ZD*QLHMV]H F] FLRZR Z Z\QLNX JOREDOL]DFML ZLHG]\ Z QLHNWyU\FK JDá ]LDFK
SU]HP\VáX WUDG\F\MQD NROHMQR ü G]LDáD

SRF]\QDM F RG SUDF EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK % 5

SRSU]H] SURGXNFM

D* GR ZHM FLH QD U\QHN ]DVW SRZDQD ]RVWDMH SU]H] XNáDG V\QFKURQLF]Q\ Z

UDPDFK NWyUHJR VSHFMDOL FL ] ZV]\VWNLFK W\FK REV]DUyZ SUDFXM QDG SURGXNWHP MDNR MHGQD JUXSD
RG FKZLOL SRZVWDQLD L RSUDFRZDQLD MHJR NRQFHSFML D* GR PRPHQWX ZSURZDG]HQLD JR QD U\QNL
]E\WX

background image

XIX - 21

'OD ILUP R]QDF]D WR NRQLHF]QR ü ]QDOH]LHQLD UyZQRZDJL SRPL G]\

VNáRQQR FL

GR ]DP\NDQLD VL

ZH ZáDVQ\FK ZHZQ WU]Q\FK VWUXNWXUDFK ]ZL NV]DM F

LQHUFM ILUP\ D Z\*V]\PL NRV]WDPL WUDQVDNFML Z ]HZQ WU]Q\FK ZDUXQNDFK RJUDQLF]RQHJR
]DXIDQLD

NUyWNRWHUPLQRZ\P ]\VNLHP ILQDQVRZ\P L GáXJRWHUPLQRZ\PL NRU]\ FLDPL Z\QLNDM F\PL
] ]DMPRZDQHM SR]\FML QD U\QNX

VWDUV]\PL VWUXNWXUDPL ]DU] G]DQLD VNRQFHQWURZDQ\PL QD ]PQLHMV]DQLX QLHSHZQR FL D
QRZV]\P SRGHM FLHP XNLHUXQNRZDQ\P QD ]ZL NV]HQLH HODVW\F]QR FL RUD] QRZ\PL
IRUPDPL LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\PL G]L NL NWyU\P PR*QD ]DVSRNRLü RE\GZLH SRWU]HE\

$E\ PyF ]DPRUW\]RZDü NRV]W\ SUDF % 5 D MHGQRF]H QLH RVL JQ ü PDV

NU\W\F]Q

L

]PQLHMV]\ü QLHSHZQR ü EH] ]ZL NV]DQLD LQHUFML ILUP\ RSUDFRZDQR GZLH QRZH VWUDWHJLH
F] FLRZR ZVSLHUDQH SU]H] U] G\

decentralizacja prac B+R SROHJDM FD QD SRZLHU]DQLX LFK NUDMRZ\P L ]DJUDQLF]Q\P
XQLZHUV\WHWRP L LQVW\WXWRP EDGDZF]\P

UR]ZyM ZVSyáSUDF\ PL G]\ ILUPDPL Z ]DNUHVLH % L 5

Zdecentralizowane badania i rozwój


Decentralizacja prac badawczo-UR]ZRMRZ\FK QLH SU]\FKRG]L ILUPRP áDWZR JG\* ZL NV]R ü
] QLFK WUDG\F\MQLH SURZDG]LáD WH SUDFH Z REU ELH ZáDVQ\FK PXUyZ

: SRáRZLH ODW

VLHGHPG]LHVL W\FK

SUDF EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK Z ZLHORQDURGRZ\FK NRUSRUDFMDFK

SURZDG]RQR ZHZQ WU] ILUP\ 0\WHOND SRZRáDá VL QD

DPHU\ND VNLFK ILUP MRLQW YHQWXUH

PDM F\FK FKDUDNWHU SURGXNF\MQ\ SRZVWDá\FK Z ODWDFK

] NWyU\FK W\ONR

]DMPRZDáR VL

G]LDáDOQR FL

EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ

VNLHURZDQ

QD ZSURZDG]DQLH GUREQ\FK

PRG\ILNDFML SURGXNWX 2EHFQLH ]QDF]QD LOR ü QRZHM ZLHG]\ SRZVWDMH Z Z\QLNX SU]HQRV]HQLD
SUDF EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK GR ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK ODERUDWRULyZ

)LUP\ ,%0 )UDQFH ,%0 *HUPDQ\ L ,%0 6ZLW]HUODQG V VDPRG]LHOQ\PL SRW *Q\PL SRWHQWDWDPL
EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\PL F]HJR GRZRGHP MHVW QD SU]\NáDG WR *H QDGSU]HZRGQLFWZR Z Z\VRNLHM
WHPSHUDWXU]H ]RVWDáR SR UD] SLHUZV]\ ]DGHPRQVWURZDQH SU]H] QLHPLHFNLFK L V]ZDMFDUVNLFK
QDXNRZFyZ Z V]ZDMFDUVNLP ODERUDWRULXP ,%0 3RGREQLH Z SU]HP\ OH VDPRFKRGRZ\P 7R\RWD
SROHJD QD ZáDVQ\P VWXGLX SURMHNWRZ\P ]QDMGXM F\P VL Z SRáXGQLRZHM .DOLIRUQLL 5yZQLH* Z
SU]HP\ OH IDUPDFHXW\F]Q\P ILUPD *OD[R ]ZL NV]\áD VZyM SHUVRQHO ]

RVyE Z

URNX GR

SUDFRZQLNyZ Z

URNX ] F]HJR

]DáRJL SUDFRZDáR SR]D JUDQLFDPL :LHONLHM

%U\WDQLL Z

URNX ZV]\VF\ SUDFRZQLF\ E\OL ]DWUXGQLHQL Z JUDQLFDFK :LHONLHM %U\WDQLL

: URNX

]DREVHUZRZDQR *H ILUP\ FRUD] ZL FHM LQZHVWRZDá\ Z LQVW\WXFMH EDGDZF]H

]DU] G]DQH SU]H] XQLZHUV\WHW\ ]DUyZQR Z VZRLFK NUDMDFK MDN L ]D JUDQLF

1D SU]\NáDG Z

6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK Z\GDWNL QD SU]HP\VáRZH SUDFH EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZH ZHZQ WU]
NRUSRUDFML Z]URVá\ Z ODWDFK

R

SRGF]DV JG\ Z W\P VDP\P F]DVLH Z

XQLZHUV\WHWDFK L LQVW\WXFMDFK QRQ SURILW Z]URVW WHQ Z\QRVLá D*

:\GDWNL WH JZDáWRZQLH

Z]URVá\ Z ODWDFK

NLHG\ QD XQLZHUV\WHWDFK 3ULQFHWRQ &RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI

&DOLIRUQLD Z 6DQ 'LHJR RUD] 8QLYHUVLW\ RI ,OOLQRLV SRZVWDá\ FHQWUD VXSHUNRPSXWHUyZ ] F]\P
ZL ]Dá\ VL QDNáDG\ Z Z\VRNR FL

PLOLRQyZ GRODUyZ ] F]HJR SRáRZD SRFKRG]LáD ] WDNLFK

ILUP MDN ,%0 ([[RQ $7 7 7HOHSKRQH DQG 7HOHJUDSK RUD] /RFNKHHG -HGQRF]H QLH
XQLZHUV\WHW\ UR]SDWU\ZDQH MDNR FDáR ü VWDá\ VL EDUG]LHM RWZDUWH QD ZVSyáSUDF ] SU]HP\VáHP
FKRü Z QLHNWyU\FK NUDMDFK WDNLFK MDN 1LHPF\ ZVSyáSUDFD WHJR URG]DMX PLDáD MX* GáXJ
KLVWRUL

background image

XIX - 22

Partnerstwo strategiczne a badania i rozwój


3DWU] F QD WR ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ W\SRZHM ILUP\ VWDQGDUGRZD ZVSyáSUDFD PL G]\ ILUPDPL Z UDPDFK
SDUWQHUVWZD VWUDWHJLF]QHJR VWDQRZL FDáNRZLW\ RGZUyW RG GR ü GáXJLHM WUDG\FML EH]SR UHGQLHJR
]GRE\ZDQLD ZLHG]\ G]L NL ZHZQ WU]Q\P SUDFRP EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\P 6W G SRWU]HEQD MHVW
]PLDQD Z VSRVRELH P\ OHQLD MH*HOL ILUPD FKFH XVWDQRZLü WHJR URG]DMX VRMXV] Z G]LHG]LQLH
EDGD L UR]ZRMX

: VRMXV]DFK EL]QHVRZ\FK MDN WR MX* Z\*HM RSLVDQR ]ZL ]NL RSDUWH QD SURGXNFLH L QD ZLHG]\
VWDQRZL JáyZQ\ PRW\Z ZFKRG]HQLD Z XNáDG\ SDUWQHUVNLH =ZL ]NL RSDUWH QD ZLHG]\ PDMD QD
FHOX QLH W\OH Z\WZDU]DQLH ZLHG]\ FR QD G]LHOHQLH VL QL

:\WZDU]DQLH ZLHG]\ QS EDGDQLD L

UR]ZyM Z ]DNUHVLH SURGXNWyZ L SURFHVyZ SURMHNWRZDQLH SUDFH LQ*\QLHU\MQR WHFKQLF]QH
PDUNHWLQJ WHFKQLNL ]DU] G]DQLD RUD] RSUDFRZ\ZDQLH RSURJUDPRZDQLD MHVW SRGVWDZRZ\P
FHOHP VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK VáX* F\FK ]ZL NV]DQLX ]DVREyZ 2F]\ZL FLH ZLHG]D WD MHVW
QDVW SQLH Z\PLHQLDQD ] SDUWQHUHP 6RMXV]H VWUDWHJLF]QH Z ]DNUHVLH EDGD

L UR]ZRMX PDM

]D]Z\F]DM FKDUDNWHU NRQWUDNWRZ\ ] QDNáDGDPL NDSLWDáRZ\PL SU]H]QDF]RQ\PL UDF]HM QD WDNLH
FHOH MDN ILQDQVRZDQLH VSU] WX EDGDZF]HJR QL* VáX* F\PL SURVWHPX SU]HM FLX NRQWUROL -HGQ\P
] Z\UD]LVW\FK L ZD*Q\FK SU]\NáDGyZ VRMXV]X VWUDWHJLF]QHJR MHVW SU]\PLHU]H ]DZDUWH PL G]\
NRUSRUDFMDPL 'DLPOHU %HQ] QDMZL NV]D QLHPLHFND ILUPD L 0LWVXELVKL *URXS Z UDPDFK
NWyUHJR ZNáDG SLHUZV]HM ] QLFK Z\QLyVá

PLOLDUGyZ GRODUyZ ]D GUXJLHM

PLOLDUGyZ

GRODUyZ

] SU]H]QDF]HQLHP QD ZVSyáSUDF

Z EUDQ*\ VDPRFKRGRZHM

HOHNWURQLF]QHM

VDPRORWRZHM L LQQ\FK

: ED]LH GDQ\FK 0(5,7 &$7, 8QLZHUV\WHW Z /LPEHUJ 0DDVWULFKW ]HEUDQR QLHPDO
XPyZ GRW\F] F\FK ZVSyáSUDF\ Z ]DNUHVLH EDGD

L UR]ZRMX ]DZDUW\FK SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL

'RW\F] RQH RNRáR

ILUP PDWHN ]D REM WH QLPL G]LHG]LQ\ WR WHFKQRORJLH NRPSXWHURZH

PDWHULDá\ L ELRWHFKQRORJLD 6SR UyG W\FK XPyZ SRQDG SRáRZD WM

GRW\F]\ ZVSyáSUDF\

PL G]\QDURGRZHM /LF]ED XPyZ Z]URVáD ] RNRáR

URF]QLH Z ODWDFK

GR

URF]QLH Z RNUHVLH

D QDVW SQLH QLHPDO SRGZRLáD VL Z ODWDFK

: W\P OLF]ED

VRMXV]\ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK GRW\F] F\FK ELRWHFKQRORJLL Z\QRVLáD

WHFKQRORJLL NRPSXWHURZ\FK

L QRZRF]HVQ\FK PDWHULDáyZ

Konsorcja badawcze


: Z\QLNX SRZD*Q\FK Z\]ZD

NRQNXUHQF\MQ\FK ]H VWURQ\ WHFKQRORJLL MDSR VNLFK NWyU\FK

UR]ZyM ZVSLHUD U] G WHJR NUDMX U] G\ NLONX SD VWZ

Z UyG QLFK 86$ .DQDG\ L SD VWZ 8QLL

(XURSHMVNLHM

ZGUR*\á\ SURJUDP\ F] FLRZHJR GRILQDQVRZ\ZDQLD ZVSyáSUDF\ EDGDZF]HM Z

VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK JDá ]LDFK SU]HP\VáX : WHQ VSRVyE SRZVWDáD QRZD IRUPD VRMXV]X VWUDWHJLF]QHJR
Z NWyU\P ZLHOH ILUP DQJD*XMH VL

Z WZRU]HQLH L Z\PLDQ

ZLHG]\ (XURSHMVNL 3URJUDP

6WUDWHJLF]Q\ QD U]HF] %DGDQLD L 5R]ZRMX 7HFKQLN ,QIRUPDW\F]Q\FK (635,7 L SURJUDP
(85(.$ VWDQRZL GZD SU]\NáDG\ NRQVRUFMyZ EDGDZF]\FK

(635,7 MHVW MHGQ ] SLHUZV]\FK ZLHONLFK LQLFMDW\Z HXURSHMVNLFK XWZRU]RQ QD PRF\
DUW\NXáX 7UDNWDWX 5]\PVNLHJR Z FHOX SURPRZDQLD NRQNXUHQF\MQR FL SU]HP\VáX HXURSHMVNLHJR
'ZDQD FLH QDMZL NV]\FK HXURSHMVNLFK ILUP WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK ]RVWDáR ]DSURV]RQ\FK Z UDPDFK
(635,7 GR VSRU] G]HQLD SURJUDPyZ ZVSRPDJDM F\FK NRQNXUHQF\MQR ü HXURSHMVNLHJR
SU]HP\VáX : SLHUZV]HM ID]LH (635,7

XG]LDá Z]L áR SUDZLH

ILUP L

ODERUDWRULyZ EDGDZF]\FK ] 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM SUDFXM F QDG RNRáR

SRV]F]HJyOQ\PL

SURMHNWDPL %\á\ RQH SRF] WNRZR SU]HGPLRWHP SUDF EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK SURZDG]RQ\FK QD
]DVDGDFK ÄSU]HG NRQNXUHQF\MQ\FK´ SR]DU\QNRZ\FK SR WR DE\ ]QLHFK FLü ILUP\ GR ]DFKRZD

background image

XIX - 23

PRJ F\FK WáXPLü NRQNXUHQFM

: GUXJLHM ID]LH (635,7

ZLDGRPLH Z\EUDQR SURMHNW\ L

XWZRU]RQR NRPyUNL PDM FH QD FHOX EXGRZDQLH LFK SRWHQFMDáX U\QNRZHJR 3U]HG NRQNXUHQF\MQH
SUDFH EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZH VWDQRZLá\ RNRáR MHGQHM WU]HFLHM SURMHNWyZ ]D OLF]ED SURMHNWyZ
]RULHQWRZDQ\FK QD RNUH ORQH LFK Z\NRU]\VWDQLH L ZSURZDG]HQLH HIHNWyZ SUDF Z FL JX WU]HFK
ODW QD U\QHN Z]URVáD GR

7D GUXJD ID]D SURJUDPX E\áD Z PQLHMV]\P VWRSQLX VNLHURZDQD

SU]HFLZNR ]DFKRZDQLRP DQW\NRQNXUHQF\MQ\P ZHZQ WU] XJUXSRZDQLD

D EDUG]LHM QD

SU]\JRWRZDQLH SRGPLRWyZ REM W\FK SURJUDPHP GR VSURVWDQLD NRQNXUHQFML QD DUHQLH
PL G]\QDURGRZHM : (635,7 ND*G\ SURMHNW Z\PDJD ZVSyOQHM UHDOL]DFML FR QDMPQLHM SU]H]
GZLH ILUP\

SRFKRG] FH ] GZyFK Uy*Q\FK NUDMyZ 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM

] Zá F]HQLHP

XQLZHUV\WHWyZ DOER RUJDQL]DFML EDGDZF]\FK Z UROL SDUWQHUyZ OXE EH] LFK XG]LDáX MHGQDN SRQDG

SURMHNWyZ SU]\JRWRZDQR SU]\ ZVSyáSUDF\ ] WDNLP SDUWQHUHP 0\WHOND SLV]H *H

W\FK

SURMHNWyZ RSUDFRZ\ZDá\ PDáH L UHGQLH SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD NWyUH Z SRZD*Q\P VWRSQLX ]\VNDá\
QD XG]LDOH Z W\FK SU]HGVL Z]L FLDFK > @ :LHOH ] W\FK SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ XQLNQ áR Z WHQ VSRVyE
SU]HM FLD SU]H] GX*H DJUHV\ZQH NRUSRUDFMH

3URMHNW (85(.$ Z NWyU\P XG]LDá ELHU]H

SD VWZ HXURSHMVNLFK PD QD FHOX SRGREQLH MDN

(635,7

SURPRZDQLH

VRMXV]\

WUDQVJUDQLF]Q\FK

Z

FHOX

SRGQRV]HQLD

HXURSHMVNLHM

NRQNXUHQF\MQR FL

3URJUDP (85(.$ MHVW F] FLRZR ILQDQVRZDQ\ SU]H]

F]áRQNyZ

XWU]\PXM F VHNUHWDULDW Z %UXNVHOL L ZVSLHUDM F NUDMRZ\FK NRRUG\QDWRUyZ SURMHNWyZ RUD]
SHUVRQHO NWyU\ PR*H DOH QLH PXVL QDOH*Hü GR Z\V]NRORQ\FK SUDFRZQLNyZ DGPLQLVWUDFML
SXEOLF]QHM 3URJUDP (85(.$ SRG NRQLHF

URNX ZVSLHUDá

SURMHNWyZ ] NWyU\FK

PLDáR E\ü Z\NRU]\VWDQ\FK NRPHUF\MQLH Z FL JX F]WHUHFK ODW (85(.$ SDWURQXMH NLONX GX*\P
SURMHNWRP NWyU\FK IXQGXV] SU]HNUDF]D

PLOLRQyZ (&8 &KRFLD* ILUPRP SU]\]QDQR GX*

VZRERG Z GRERU]H SURMHNWyZ SRGHM FLH RGGROQH

NLOND SURMHNWyZ UHDOL]RZDQ\FK Z MDVQR

RNUH ORQ\FK REV]DUDFK WHFKQRORJLL XZD*DQ\FK SU]H] U] G\ SD VWZ L URGRZLVND EUDQ*RZH ]D
VWUDWHJLF]QLH ZD*QH GOD NRQNXUHQF\MQHM SR]\FML (XURS\ ± FLHV]\ VL V]F]HJyOQ\P SRSDUFLHP
: UyG QLFK ]QDMGXMH VL )$026 SURMHNW Z G]LHG]LQLH SURMHNWRZDQLD L Z\WZDU]DQLD URERWyZ

: SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR (635,7 Z UDPDFK SURJUDPX (85(.$ QLH UHDOL]XMH VL ]DPyZLH
=DLQWHUHVRZDQH ILUP\ L RUJDQL]DFMH EDGDZF]H VDPH ]QDMGXM SDUWQHUyZ SU]\JRWRZXM RIHUW
QHJRFMXM XPRZ ZVSyáSUDF\ SRPL G]\ VRE L RUJDQL]XM ILQDQVRZDQLH SURMHNWX .LHG\ MX*
]RVWDMH ]DZL ]DQH NRQVRUFMXP ND*G\ ] MHJR XF]HVWQLNyZ VNáDGD Z VZRLP NUDMX SURSR]\FM GR
LQVW\WXFML NRRUG\QXM FHM SURMHNW 1D W\P SR]LRPLH X]\VNXMH VL ]JRG OXE RWU]\PXMH RGPRZ
5yZQLH* QD W\P V]F]HEOX ]DSDGDM GHF\]MH GRW\F] FH ILQDQVRZDQLD SURMHNWX

'UXJ Uy*QLF MHVW WR *H LQDF]HM QL* Z SU]\SDGNX SURJUDPX (635,7 (85(.$ XGRVW SQLáD
PR*OLZR ü XF]HVWQLFWZD Z VZRLFK SURMHNWDFK NLONX XF]HVWQLNRP VSR]D (XURS\ QD SU]\NáDG
SRFKRG] F\P ] .DQDG\ $UJHQW\ VND ILUPD 9LOPD[ NWyUD PD

OHWQLH GR ZLDGF]HQLD Z

G]LHG]LQLH EDUZQLNyZ RUJDQLF]Q\FK L NWyUD MHVW SRVLDGDF]HP ZD*QHJR SDWHQWX GRW\F] FHJR
RU\JLQDOQHJR VSRVyEX LFK RWU]\P\ZDQLD D QDVW SQLH LFK SU]HNV]WDáFDQLD Z MHGQRURGQH
WUyMZ\PLDURZH SROLPHU\ SRá F]\áD VZRMH VLá\ ] ILUPDPL ,%) %LRWHFKQLFV ILUP ]DOH*Q 5KRQH
3RXOHQF

6PLWK.OLQH %HFKDP %LRORJLFDOV L 8QLZHUV\WHWHP Z 3DWUDV Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX

(8

'RW\F]\ RQ EDGDQLD EDUZQLNyZ L VRUEHQWyZ EDUZQLNyZ Z SURFHVLH RF]\V]F]DQLD

VXEVWDQFML ELRORJLF]Q\FK : Z\QLNX VRMXV]X EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZHJR ]DZDUWHJR SRPL G]\
ILUP ,%) D 9LOPD[ WD RVWDWQLD PRJáD XF]HVWQLF]\ü Z SURMHNFLH REM W\P SURJUDPHP (85(.$
&KRFLD* IRUPDOQH ]DVDG\ SURJUDPX (85(.$ GDM PR*OLZR ü ZSURZDG]DQLD LQQ\FK F]áRQNyZ
GR SURMHNWX SRG ZDUXQNLHP QLH ]JáRV]HQLD ZHWD SU]H] ILUP VSRQVRUXM F SURMHNW Z FL JX
GQL RG SRZLDGRPLHQLD MHM R W\P ]DPLDU]H WR MDN SRGDMH 0\WHOND ILUP\ SUHIHUXM ZL NV]
VZRERG Z\ERUX SDUWQHUyZ L RJUDQLF]DQLD ]DNUHVX G]LHOHQLD VL QRZ ZLHG] ] SDUWQHUDPL
SRSU]H] Z\QHJRFMRZDQH SRUR]XPLHQLD MDN LP GDMH SURJUDP (85(.$ > @

background image

XIX - 24

'

UyGáD

1.

Lynn Mytelka, „Technology transfer trends: an overview of strategic partnering”, TIES
Newsletter,
nr 45 i 46 (1992)

2.

Joseph L. Badacco, The Knowledge Link: How Firms Compete through Strategic Alliances,
(Cambridge, Massachusets, Harvard Business School Press, 1991)


BIBLIOGRAFIA


Bradley, S.P. Globalization, technology and competition; the fusion of computers and
telecommunications in the 1990s. Cambridge, Massachusets, Harward Business School Press,
1993.


Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
MODUL 01 Transfer%20technologii%20a%20rozwoj
MODUL 14 Ogolna%20struktura%20umow%20dotyczacych%20transferu%20technologii
MODUL 17 Gwarancje%20w%20transakcjach%20zwiazanych%20z%20transferem%20technologii%20
MODUL 11 Podstawowe%20pojecia%20prawne%20zwiazane%20z%20transferem%20technologii
43 pyffel partnerstwo strategiczne z chinami
Podstawowe metody transferu technologii
MODUL 02 Rynek%20technologii
Dziennik Ustaw z 2009 r nr 19 poz. 100 ustawa o partnerstwie publiczno-prywatnym, Administracja UKSW
Transfery technologii, europeistyka, międzynarodowe stosunki gospodarcze
Walka konkurencyjna przedsiębiorstw poprzez alianse strategiczne, Ekonomia-FiR
3 Partnerzy strategiczni
Transfer technolgji z?ni do Rosji
miedzynarodowy transfer technologii
19-litowceTECH, Technologia chemiczna PG, Chemia, I ROK, WYKŁADY, WYKŁADY

więcej podobnych podstron