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Morimoto, Iida, Sakagami The role of refections from behind the listener in spatial reflection

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The role of re¯ections from behind the listener in

spatial impression

$

Masayuki Morimoto

a,

*, Kazuhiro Iida

b

, Kimihiro Sakagami

a

a

Environmental Acoustics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada,

Kobe 657-8501, Japan

b

AVC Research Laboratory, Matsushita Communication Industry Co., Ltd., Saedo, Tsuzuki,

Yokohama 224-8539, Japan

Received 19 July 1999; received in revised form 11 October 1999; accepted 27 June 2000

Abstract

This paper describes the results of two subjective experiments to clarify the role of re¯ec-

tions arriving from behind the listener in the perception of spatial impression. The experi-

ments investigate the e€ects of re¯ections from behind the listener on both listener

envelopment (LEV) and auditory source width (ASW) and which is more e€ective for LEV,

the early or late re¯ections. The results of experiments clearly show that: (1) The listener can

perceive LEV and ASW as two distinct senses of a sound image. (2) The role of re¯ections

arriving from behind the listener is to increase LEV in spatial impression. Namely LEV

increases as the relative re¯ection energy of sound arriving from behind the listener increases.

(3) The early re¯ections also contributes to the perception of LEV, while (4) the late re¯ections

are more e€ective for LEV than the early ones. However, it cannot be de®nitely concluded

whether C

80

a€ects LEV or not. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

The auditory sensations associated with the acoustics of a space can be divided

into three groups. The ®rst group concerns temporal attribute (rhythm, durability,

reverberance, etc.). The second group involves the spatial one (direction, distance,

Applied Acoustics 62 (2001) 109±124

www.elsevier.com/locate/apacoust

0003-682X/01/$ - see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

PII: S0003-682X(00)00051-7

$

Portions of this paper were presented at the 125th (Ottawa, 1993) and 135th (Seattle, 1998) meetings

of the Acoustical Society of America.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-803-78-6035; fax: +81-78-881-2508.

E-mail address: mrmt@kobe-u.ac.jp (M. Morimoto).

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