The secrets of Sumerian letters = ideograms

	Sumerian	Akkadian	English
o 1'	[a-ŋar]-ŋar-ra	[ŠU<(agargarû])>	droppings
o 2'	[a-ŋar]-ŋar-ra	[piqannu]
o 3'	[a-ŋar]-ŋar-ra	bi-ni-[tum]	roe
o 4'	[a]-ŋar-ŋar-ra	KU-x-[...]
o 5'	[a] šag₄^? ŋar-ra	es-lum	constipated
o 6'	a-gal-la-ti-la	ka-ši im-tum	dropsy
o 7'	a-gal-la-ti-la	ma-li-a me-e	dropsy
o 8'	a a₂ ŋal₂	MIN<(ma-li-a me-e)>	dropsy
o 9'	a ḫul-a	3<(ma-li-a me-e)>	dropsy
o 10'	a bar-ra	ŠIM-tum
o 11'	a bar-ra	li^!-qu₂-u₂-tum	adoptive child
o 12'	a bar-ra	tar-bi-tum	rearling
o 13'	a bar-ra	re-ḫu-tum a-ḫi-tum	adoptive offspring
o 14'	a bar-ra	MIN<(re-ḫu-tum)> na-kar-tum	hostile offspring
o 15'	a bar-ra	MIN<(re-ḫu-tum)> pa-ra-su	to block the insemination
o 16'	a bar-bar-ra	nam-šu-u	dew
o 17'	a-bar bar-ra	zu^!(SU)-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum	rolling sweat
o 18'	a ḫal-ḫal	MIN<(zu-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum)>	rolling sweat
o 19'	a gir₅-gir₅	3<(zu-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum)>	rolling sweat
o 20'	a bar dug₄	pe₂-ḫu-u₂	to block the water
o 21'	a-bar-dug₄	iz-bu-um	malformed birth
o 22'	a-bar-dug₄	ku-bu-um	fetus
o 23'	a-bar-dug₄	a-ḫu-um	strange
o 24'	a-bar [x]	[zu-tum i-taq₂-ru]-ur-rum	rolling sweat
o 25'	a-bar [x]	[...]-tum
o 26'	a-bar kur₂-x	[...]-tum
o 27'	a-bar kur₂-x	[...]
o 28'	a-bar ŋa₂-x	[...]
r 1	a-ra-aḫ	ŠU<(araḫḫu)>	granary
r 2	a-ra-aḫ	na-ḫal-lum	wadi
r 3	a ra-aḫ	šu-um-qu₂-tum	to beat with water
r 4	a-ra-aḫ	ne-le^!-ep-tum	a cup
r 5	a-ra-ab	ŠU<(arabû)>	a cup
r 6	a-ra-ab	ne-le^!-ep-tum	a cup
r 7	[a]-ra-ab	ra-ab-bu-u₂	a cup
r 8	[a]-ra-zu	su-up-pu-u₂	prayer
r 9	[a-ra]-zu	te-es₃-li-tum	supplication
r 10	[a-ra]-zu	te-me-qum	petition
r 11	[...]	A^? it-tu-ur-re^?
r 12	[a-ra-an-gi₄]	[a]-ra^!-an-gu
r 13	[...]	[x]-a-an-nu
r 14	[...]	[x]-a-bu^?
	(traces of 1 line)

Sumerian	Akkadian	English
a-bar bar-ra	zu^!(SU)-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum	rolling sweat

kir [GROVEL] (1x: Old Babylonian) wr. kir₃ "to grovel, roll around" Akk. qarāru

[1]

kir3

1 distinct form attested; click to view forms table.

1. to grovel, roll around (1x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur [[girim]] = gi-ri-im = LAGAB = na-gar₃-ru-rum OB Aa 31:1.

Akk. qarāru "to writhe, grovel".

itaqruru [ROLLING] (AJ)

5 instances

Periods:Old Babylonian [1]; Middle Babylonian [4].

Written forms:i-ta-ag-ru-ru-um; i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum.

Normalized forms:itagrurum (i-ta-ag-ru-ru-um); itaqrurum (i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum).

1. rolling (5x/100%)

Akk. qarāru "to grovel, roll around" > Akk. itaqruru [ROLLING]

gur [CIRCLE] wr. gur₂ "loop, hoop, circle" Akk. kippatu; šumutu

[1]

gur2

gur [RIM] (2x: Ur III, Old Babylonian) wr. ^ĝešgur₂ "(circular) rim" Akk. kippatu

[1]

^ĝešgur2 (^gešgur2)

gur [SHIELD] (35x: Old Babylonian) wr. gur₂₁; ^kušburu₄^mušen; ^eur₂ "shield"

[1]		gur21
[2]		^kušburu4^mušen
[3]		^eur2

10 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. shield (35x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur [[^kuškuru₁₄]] = ku-ru = KUŠ-E.IB₂ = mi-si-ir-ru-um OB Diri Nippur Seg.9, 41; [[^kuškuru₁₄]] = = = a-ši-i-tum OB Diri Nippur Seg.9, 42. LEX/Old Babylonian/unknown [[^kušgur₂₁]] = = [KUŠ]-[E].IB₂ = mi-i-si₂-ir-ru-um OB Diri "Oxford" 573; [[^kušgur₂₁]] = = = ih-ze-e-tum OB Diri "Oxford" 574.

~ XLEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ^kušgur₂₁(E.IB₂) OB Nippur Ura 2 415; ^kušgur₂₁ da-GUD OB Nippur Ura 2 416.

~ huduš[status]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ^kušgur₂₁ huduš(TU) OB Nippur Ura 2 418.

~ kun[tail]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ^kušgur₂₁ kun OB Nippur Ura 2 417.

~ siki[hair] zi[cut]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ^kušgur₂₁ siki zid-da OB Nippur Ura 2 419.

~ ur[roof]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ^kušgur₂₁ ur₃-ra OB Nippur Ura 2 420.

[2003] M. Civil, JCS 55 52.

[1984] B. Eichler, AOS 65 100 wn38.

[1973] M. Civil, JNES 32 60.

See ETCSL: gur₂₁=shield.

gir [SLIP] (13x: Old Babylonian) wr. gir₅ "to slip (in or through), glide"

[1]

gir5

10 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. to slip (in or through), glide (13x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Sippar [[gigri₂]] = = = na-pa-gum OB Diri Sippar Seg.2.2, 7. LEX/Old Babylonian/unknown lu₂ a gir₅-gir₅ = ţe₃-[e-bu]-um OB Lu-Azlag A 169; lu₂ saĝ gir₅-gir₅ =ţe₃-e-bu-u₂ OB Lu-Azlag A 175.

We can see that the same writer wrote in Sumerian and Akkadian simultaneously. Sumerian cognates for wheel, circle, glide, round shield are kin to Akkadian cognates for rolling, circulating.

It is a solid proof that Sumerian was not an independent language but rather a rebus system to convey secret messages.

We can also see that the scribe created Sumerian words in bulk, meaning these words did not exit before they were writen down. These words were pure inventions.

Sumerian

gur [CIRCLE] wr. gur₂ "loop, hoop, circle"

gur [RIM] (2x: Ur III, Old Babylonian) wr. ^ĝešgur₂ "(circular) rim"

gur [SHIELD] (35x: Old Babylonian) wr. gur₂₁; ^kušburu₄^mušen; ^eur₂ "shield"

gir [SLIP] (13x: Old Babylonian) wr. gir₅ "to slip (in or through), glide"

These cognates are all derivatives of Akkadian i-ta-ag-ru-ru-um; i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum [rolling (sweat)].

Every writer actually created his own Sumerian words by simply cutting Akkadian words right in the middle. It is very easy to demonstrate this fact.

Sumerian	Akkadian	English
a-bar bar-ra	zu^!(SU)-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum	rolling sweat

Akakdian adjective i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum - rolling, was cut in the middle and a new Sumerian ideogram was created:

Sumerian word dag = taq₂ had never existed before the Semitic scribe cut the Akkadian adjective in several syllables and picked one at random to create a newly found Sumerian word.

DAG

barag₂ (bara₃ par₃ para₃ bar₃)

barag [SPREAD] (^babarag₂).

dag (tag₂ dak tak₂)

dag [DEMOLISH].

dag [DWELLING].

par₃

(see full listing)

tag₂

Akkadian workshop:

Full listing.

Also: da₈, daq, taq₂, ţak.

We can see that Sumerian a-bar bar-ra is associated to the word barag₂ (bara₃ par₃ para₃ bar₃) and to the root da₈, daq, taq₂, ţak, because of the Semitic expression

zu(SU)-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum

rolling sweat

barag₂ (bara₃ par₃ para₃ bar₃)

^babarag2

barag [SPREAD]

niĝ2-barag2

niĝbarag [QUILT]

dag (tag₂ dak tak₂)

dag	dag [DEMOLISH]
dag	dag [DWELLING]

dag-dug	dagdug [POTSTANDS]
dag-gi4	daggi [QUARTER]
dag-si	dagsi [HOOK]
dag-si-ru-um	dagsirum [REPAIR]
ĝa2-la dag	ĝala dag [CEASE]
šu dag	šu dag [ABANDON]
šu dag	šu dag [ROAM AROUND]

^gia-dag	adag [RAFT]
lu2-dag	ludag [OFFICIAL]

par₃

ĝeš-par3	ĝešpar [TRAP]
ĝi6-par3	ĝipar [CLOISTER]
sa-par3	sabar [NET]

tag₂

nam-tag2-ga

namtaga [SIN]

nam-tag2

namtaga [SIN]

The Sumerian word ba-ra-ge; ba-ra-ga; ^babarag₂ had never existed before the moment it was written down. It was a pure invention of the scribe. It was created after its association with the expression:

a-bar bar-ra

zu^!(SU)-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum

rolling sweat

barag [SPREAD] (76x: ED IIIb, Ur III) wr. BAD; ba-ra-ge; ba-ra-ga; ^babarag₂; KISAL^ra "to spread out" Akk. uşşû; šuparruru

[1]		BAD (bara4)
[2]		ba-ra-ge
[3]		ba-ra-ga
[4]		^babarag2
[5]		KISAL^ra

40 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. to spread out (76x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur [[bara₃]] = [ba]-ra = DAG = šu-pa-ru-ru-um OB Aa 237:1. LEX/Old Babylonian/Sippar [[bara₃]] = = DAG = še-e-ţu₂-u₂ MSL 14, 122-127 09 919; [[bara₃]] = = = wu-u₂-şu₂-u₂ MSL 14, 122-127 09 920; [[bara₃]] = = = šu-pa-ru-rum MSL 14, 122-127 09 921. ELA/Ur III/Drehem ba-BAD-BAD AfO 40-41, 52, 1 1. ELA/Ur III/Girsu u₄-de₃ BAD-a-bi šu-gar-[x] ba^!?-ab-x-zi^#-[x] AAS 176 8; engar šuku-ta BAD-a-me ASJ 04, 117 18 r iii 3; ki unu₃-ba-ka ba-a-BAD CT 09, 24 BM 019068 5. ELA/Ur III/Nippur lu₂ še šu nu-BAD NATN 287 7. ELA/Ur III/Umma kin^!?-EN-ke₄ ba-ra-gi-ne AnOr 07, 175 3; ŠU+LAGAB 1(barig) gur še sumun e₂ BAD-BAD AUCT 1, 026 3; suhuš gi ba-ra-gi-ne JCS 02, 196 NBC 1856 2; 1(aš) gur ba-da-BAD še Nik 2, 253 2; BAD-a₂-ta OrSP 47-49, 324 o ii 15; dumu lu₂-dingir-ra ba-BAD-me OrSP 47-49, 483 o ii 7. ELA/Ur III/Ur [...] ama^# du₆ BAD-še₃ UET 9, 0340 2. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown 1(u@c) ^geškaradin BAD-še₃ nu-ak TSA 28 r ii 4. unknown/Ur III/Umma zi₃-de₃ ba-ra-ga MVN 16, 1443 3; tug₂-ge ba-ra-gi-ne Princeton 1, 216 3; ba-ra-gi-ne UTI 4, 2960 4; ku₆ ba-ra-gi-ne SAT 3, 1467 2; 7(bur₃) 2(eše₃) GAN₂ še gu₄ a im im BAD-a SAT 3, 2157 2.

Akk. uşşû "to spread out, open wide"; šuparruru "to spread out".

[1964] M. Civil, Studies Oppenheim 80.

See ETCSL: barag₂=to spread out.

The ideogram DAG

serves as a letter of the alphabet, but since it is a full syllable it can be used to express words that have the sound G

We are used to alphabets that started with the required letter but Sumerian writing system had no rules and obviously a letter could also mark the last consonant not just the initial one as in modern alphabets.

But two Sumerian ideogram letters could be associated according to an expression where they were used, hence the Akkadian taq₂

= barag because they have the sound q/g in common but also because they were used in the same expression:

a-bar bar-ra

zu^!(SU)-tum i-taq₂-ru-ur-rum

rolling sweat

We can see the seeds of the Semitic alphabet in Sumerian but Akkadian writers did not obey to a central government body and each writer could create his own Sumerian alphabet and by default his own Sumerian tongue and grammar.

The Sumerian letters = ideograms are richer then the Semitic letters. They offer a myriad of possibilities unlike the strict Semitic 22-29 letters. Semitic letters are words that meet their respective sounds they represent at the initial sound of the representative word. Sumerian letters can meet their sounds at their initial consonant, middle vowel or final consonant. Now you can make the calculations and see for yourself that Sumerian ideograms are in fact Semitic inventions.

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