nonverbal comunication

Quoting after Richmond and McCroskey (2000:1) “communication is the process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another person by means of verbal and/or non-verbal messages”. While verbal communication is the process of speaking, the non-verbal communication is the process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another person or persons by means of nonverbal messages.

Verbal messages are dependant on the language, while nonverbal messages do not demand the presence of any language. This may suggest that nonverbal communication is a communication without words. As the language is a system of coding the meaning by words it may be understood only by people who share the common language. On the contrary, the nonverbal behavior in most cases is not the part of any coding system.

Verbal messages are discontinuous, which means that speaker says words and stops and than says again. Nonverbal behavior never stops. Even while asleep, human body sends nonverbal massages. The absence of behavior sends a message just as much as the presence.

In front of another human being one cannot not to communicate.

Nonverbal messages serve primarily an affective, relational or emotional function.

The content of what we say is communicated by the verbal message. Both types

of communication (verbal and nonverbal) are often important to the success

of the communication between persons. To create a positive attitude the verbal communication alone may not be enough. Therefore, verbal and nonverbal components

of communication are necessary for a receiver to get the entire message and understand

the meaning behind it.

William Dwight Whitney claimed that (in Załazińska 2006: 55) “language is a way

of expressing human's thoughts. It's unlimited and identified not only with verbal speech”. According to that definition, some scholars (Załazińska 2006: 56) state that there are four models

of communication.

First of them is the code model that base on presume that there are some sources and recipients of coded information that was sent through some kind of a channel. The recipient that is

a target point of sending information decodes the information included in the message due to the knowledge of the code. The source and the code are in some way included in the brain

--> of[Author:a] the sender. The process of deciding takes place in the brain of the recipient. This model presumes that information that is coded will be decoded. That is why communication is commonly called as a process of sending information.

This model, however, does not mirror the real communication. It does not consider that

the same information may be understood differently by its sender and recipient.

Code models do not take under consideration context that may have an impact on the change in meaning.

Therefore, intentional models have been defined. They assume that the meaning

of a message is dependant on speaker's intentions: he chooses from many different possibilities wording that expresses his intentions in a way that best gives what he meant. Recipient's role is to decode the meaning literally and in process of inference understanding speaker's communicative intensions. The role of context in such case is essential.

Perspective accepting model assumes that due to the subjectivism of the point of view

of communication participants, they have to work out a mutual context or understanding area in order to understand each other. To achieve this they accept the perspective of the other side. In other words - they try to imagine the situation that is the situation of the other conversation participant.

Dialogue model are different from others by focusing on the role that a target participant

of communication has. Modes mentioned before had two things in common. Firstly,

the speaker's aim was to create a speech that would adequately transfer the single meanings. Secondly, the task of a listener is to receive the speech - to identify the speaker's aim.

Dialogue model analyze communication always according to primal face to face dialogue. From this point of view communication is not information exchange between two identical speech transmitters but most of all it is a mutual work of participants that cooperate to achieve a communicational goal. This mutual understanding, meaning negotiating is being worked out in every communication all over from the beginning.

2.Proxemics

The study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them.

The space between the sender and the receiver of a message influences the way the message

is interpreted.

The perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures and different settings within cultures. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories:

intimate, social, personal, and public space.

The distance between communicators will also depend on sex, status, and social role.

Proxemics was first developed by Edward T Hall during the 1950s and 60s. The term territoriality is still used in the study of proxemics to explain human behaviour regarding personal space.

Hargie & Dickson (2004, p. 69) identify 4 such territories:

1) Primary territory: this refers to an area which is associated with someone who has exclusive use it. For example, a house that others cannot enter without the owner's permission.

2) Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no “right” to occupancy, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space. For example, someone may sit in the same seat on train every day and feel aggrieved if someone else sits there.

3) Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim. For example, it was found that people take longer to leave a parking space when someone is waiting to take that space.

4) Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting. For example, when a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around the group rather than disturb it.

3. Touch

Touch has been called the most potent nonverbal message in communication. Although this may not be an universal truth. It is generally true in such countries as United States where touch is commonly forbidden. Touch in this culture sends a truly potent message that can hardly be ignored. In this country especially it is treated as a taboo, whereas in other countries it less so.

Touching oneself is often a sign of uncertainty or discomfort. When a person is stressed one's muscles become tense and they may sweat and itch. Therefore they may rub the areas affected. Lying is often a stressful activity thus rubbing can be an indicator. However, it can also mean that the person is worried about something or that it is just hot.

4. Physical appearance

Communication as a whole is a process that involves a variety of messages within a given context. It is dynamic, ongoing and interactive process that is non-linear. This means that the same verbal or nonverbal behavior do not always produce the same outcome. Messages are processed by receivers within the context. There are several categories of nonverbal messages. One of them

is physical appearance, which is the first message we send to anyone who we see.

If this message is deplored by the receiver the further conversation may not continue.

There are many aspects of physical appearance that produce potential messages.

Among them are: body size, body shape, facial features, etc.

5. Body language

Messages generated by movements of hands, arms, posture and torso are often called body language. However, this terminology is misled due to the fact this is not a linguistic system that one can learn. The study of body movement and expression is known as kinesics. People move their bodies in the process of communication because, it helps to ease the mind when communication

is difficult.

Some researches show (Engleberg 2006: 137) that physical expressions uncover many aspects of the person's character and attitude towards the other speaker. One of the most basic body-language signals is crossing arms across the chest. This indicates that a person puts up an invisible barrier between the speakers. It can also simply imply that the person is being cold. This would also be acknowledged by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is friendly,

it means that a person is thinking deeply through the discussion.

But in a serious troublesome situation, this gesture expresses strong opposition.

It is notice worthy that some people with certain disabilities, but not only, use and understand body language in a different way, or not at all. Interpreting their gestures in the context of regular body language may lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations.

People from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways as well.

6. Face expression

The face shows the speaker's attitude towards the message he wants to pass.

This could be shown by examples below:

`Help! I can't swim!'

`Please help me with dishwashing.'

The word help used in two different situations have the same meaning, but the context gives the urgency of the situation.

According to politeness theory (Brown and Levinson 1987: 38), all speakers have both negative and positive face-wants which they try to respect. Negative face-wants are based

on a desire no to be restricted in one's freedom of action. As a result, a speaker will decrease the imposition implicit in the formulation of a request (“a face threat”) by encoding of an utterance that fronts deference. Camp talk threatens an addressee's negative face-wants with its on record request for solidarity and support. Positive face-wants, in contrast, are based upon the desire

to be appreciated and approved of. In Brown and Levinson's terms, camp can often be seen

to involve threats to an addressee's positive face-wants by indicating the speaker does not care about the addressee's positive self-image, therefore, the insult, ridicule, put-downs, etc.

7. Eyesight behavior

The behavior of eyes is also important. These messages are of a major influence

on expressing emotions and regulating interactions between people.

Consistent eye contact may suggest that a person has a positive attitude towards the speaker and what he is saying. Another meaning is that the person declines to trust the speaker enough

to take his eyes off him. Lack of eye contact can indicate negative attitude. On the other hand, people with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact due to discomfort.

Eye contact is often a misleading gesture because, in the childhood, people are usually taught to make eye contact while speaking. If a person sustains an eye contact and is making

the arms-across-chest signal, it may indicate that something is bothering the person, and that the talk needs to be made.

8. Summary and conclusions

Chapter one of this work treats about different aspects of communication. The main focus has been put to the non-verbal communication. The aim of the following part has been to present the non-verbal messages sent by speakers. It has been covered by means of physical appearance, body language and the touch.

Finally, this chapter has also considered the attitude of the speaker towards the topic. This has been described in positive and negative face as well as the eyesight --> behavior[Author:a] .

spelling

wyrównać marginesy

interlinia 1,5

cos się dzieje w tekscie z marginesami. trzeba teks zadiustowac i podzielic na wyrazne rowne paragrafy.

ten tekst mozemy potraktowac jako wstepny, roboczy. jest merytorynie sluszny, tj. na temat. stylistycznie i redakcyjnie jednak do duzych zmian. to juz do drugiego czytania. prosze poczytac WYTYCZNE i 1,2,3 CZYTANIE na mojej stronie w zakladce PRACA DYPLOMOWA.

0x01 graphic

Wyszukiwarka