’

- E

NGLISH

ICTIONARY

12.313

Compiled by Mark Miller (Markì) and Corey Scheideman (Tirea Aean)

www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: October 3

, 2011

This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for

James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.
Frommer.

Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained

throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.

Bold

indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-

tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-
sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or their
transitivity is unable to be deduced. Known modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syn-
tax are marked with vim, vtrm, or vm, depending upon transitivity according to the previous
note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words
are not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic as added, the root will
be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subject
only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful
appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary
+ = leniting morpheme boundary
« » = infix morpheme
adj. = adjective
adp. = adposition
adv. = adverb
conj. = conjunction
c.w. = compound word
dem. = demonstrative
intj. = interjection
inter. = interrogative
n. = noun
nfp. = not for people

num. = number
ofp. = only for people
part. = particle
ph. = phrase
pn. = pronoun
prop. n. = proper noun
v. = verb
svin. = stative intransitive verb
vtr. = transitive verb
vin. = intransitive verb
vm. = modal verb
vim. = intransitive modal verb
vtrm. = transitive modal verb

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are pro-

vided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian,
German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations in
other languages available.

Sources

We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after
the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictiona-
ry was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project

. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the can-

non lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive
affixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified
semantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer
• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = the Avatar Games
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which

are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-
merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved seve-
ral constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skx-
awng. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always

use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [

tsun] or [

tsUn],

but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI

], [aI

], [EU

], and [aU

Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions have been split in
accordance with the Maximum Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,

let us know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and we will correct them. As for version
number, we’ll change the first digit when there is a big change. We’ll update .0x0 when we
make a significant, but not large change. Finally, We’ll edit the .00x number when we’ve made
tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for explanation.

We would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental

in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First, thanks to Dr. Paul Frommer for his
monumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for
originally creating and maintaining this document. Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied signifi-
cant time and skills to put this dictionary into an online database to help other translators and
to make the process of updating this dictionary much easier. Finally, thanks to everyone in the
community on the Learn Na’vi web site who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Mark Miller (Markì), et alia

This page intentionally left blank.

’a’aw

: ["Pa.Paw]

P F

adj. a few, several (Used

with countable nouns in the singular form)

’akra

: ["Pak.ra]

P F

n. soil (fertile)

’aku

: ["P·a.k·u]

P F

vtr. remove, take away, take off

’ali’ä

: [Pa."liP.æ]

P F

n. collar / choker

’ampi

: ["P·am.p·i]

P F

vtr. touch

’ango

: ["Pa.No]

P F

adj. soft (of a sound)

’are

: ["Pa.RE]

P F

n. poncho, cape, shawl

’aw

: [Paw]

P F

num. one

’awkx

: [Pawk’]

P F

n. cliff

’awlie

: [Paw."li.E]

P F

adv. once (in the past)

’awlo

: ["Paw.lo]

P F

adv. once

’awm

: [Pawm]

P F

n. camp

’awnìm

: [P·"aw.nIm]

P F

vtr. avoid (c.w. from

’ì’awn remain

and alìm distance)

’awpo

: ["Paw.po]

P F

pn. one individual

’awsiteng

: [Paw.si."tEN]

P F

adv. together (c.w.

from ’aw one and teng same, equal)

’awstengyem

: [Paw.stEN."j·Em]

P F

vtr. join two

things together (ii) (c.w. from ’awsiteng to-
gether and yem put)

’awve

: ["Paw.vE]

P F

adj. first (ordinal) (derived

from ’aw one)

’ä’

: [PæP]

P F

intj. oops!

’änsyem

: [Pæn."sjEm]

P F

adj. complete

’ärìp

: ["P·æ.R·Ip^]

P F

vtr. move

’e’al

: ["PE.Pal]

P F

adj. worst

’efu

: ["P·E.f·u]

P F

vtr. feel, sense, perceive

’eko

: ["P·E.k·o]

P F

vtr. attack

’ekong

: ["PE.koN]

P F

n. beat (rhythmic)

’em

: [P·Em]

P F

vtr. cook

’emyu

: ["PEm.ju]

P F

n. cook, cooker (derived

from ’em cook)

’en

: [PEn]

P F

n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-

tuition

’engeng

: ["PEN.EN]

P F

adj. level

’en si

: ["PEn "s·i]

P F

vin. make an informed guess

(derived from ’en guess)

’eoio

: ["PE.o.i.o]

P F

adj. ceremonious

’etnaw

: ["PEt.naw]

P F

n. shoulder

’evan

: ["PE.van]

P F

n. boy (colloquial) (derived

from ’evengan boy)

’eve

: ["PE.vE]

P F

n. girl (colloquial) (derived

from ’evenge girl)

’eveng

: ["PE.vEN]

P F

n. child

’evengan

: ["PE.vE.Nan]

P F

n. boy (derived from

’eveng child

)

’evenge

: ["PE.vE.NE]

P F

n. girl (derived from

’eveng child

)

’evi

: ["PE.vi]

P F

n. kid (affectionate form of

’eveng child

)

’ewan

: ["PE.wan]

P F

adj. young

’ewll

: ["PE.wl

]

P F

n. plant

’eylan

: ["PEj.lan]

P F

n. friend

’eyng

: [P·EjN]

P F

v. answer, respond

’eyt

: [PEjt^]

P F

n. the symbol 8 (not the value

eight)

’i’a

: ["P·iP.·a]

P F

vin. end, conclude

’ia

: ["P·i.·a]

P F

vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)

’it

: [Pit^]

P F

n. bit, a small amount

’itan

: ["Pi.tan]

J C,P F

n. son

’ite

: ["Pi.tE]

J C,P F

n. daughter

’itetsyìp

: ["Pi.tE.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. little daughter (term

of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)

’ì’awn

: [P·I."P·awn]

P F

vin. remain, stay

’ìheyu

: [PI."hE.ju]

P F

n. spiral

’ìn

: [P·In]

P F

vin. be busy, be occupied

’o’

: [PoP]

P F

adj. bringing fun, exciting

’ok

: [Pok^]

P F

n. remembrance

’okrol

: [Pok."Rol]

P F

n. history (ancient) (deri-

ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)

’okvur

: [Pok."vuR]

P F

n. history (non-ancient)

(derived from ’ok remembrance and vur sto-
ry)

’om

: [Pom]

P F

adj. violet, purple, magenta

’ompin

: ["Pom.pin]

P F

n. violet, purple, magenta

(derived from ’om purple)

’ong

: [P·oN]

P F

v. unfold, blossom

’ongokx

: ["P·o.N·ok’]

P F

vin. be born (c.w. from

’ong unfold

and nokx give birth to)

’opin

: ["Po.pin]

P F

n. color, colour

’ora

: ["Po.Ra]

P F

n. lake

’otxang

: [Po"t’aN]

P F

n. musical instrument (ge-

neric term)

’u

: [Pu]

P F

n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)

’uo

: ["Pu.o]

P F

pn. something

’upe

: ["Pu.pE]

P F

inter. what (thing) (c.w. from

’u thing

and pe inter. marker)

’upxare

: [Pu."p’a.RE]

P F

n. message

: [a]

P F

sbd. which, that

–a–

: [a]

P F

affix adjectival attribution and

subordination marker

akrrmaw

: [a."kr

.maw

]

P F

conj. after (temporal)

allomorph of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time
and maw after)

akrrta

: [a."kr

.ta

]

P F

conj. since (temporal) allo-

morph of takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta
from)

alaksi

: [a."lak.si]

P F

adj. ready

alìm

: [a."lIm]

P F

adv. far away, at a distance (de-

rived from lìm far, be far)

alo

: ["a.lo]

P F

n. time, turn, instance, one of a

number of repeated or recurring actions

alu

: ["a.lu]

P F

conj. that is, in other words (deri-

ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for
adpositions)

alunta

: [a."lun.ta]

P F

conj. because, from the rea-

son

am’a

: [am."Pa]

P F

n. doubt

apxa

: [a."p’a]

P F

adj. large

asim

: [a."sim]

P F

adv. nearby, at close range (de-

rived from sim near, be near)

atan

: [a."tan]

J C

n. light

atanvi

: [a."tan.vi]

P F

n. ray (derived from atan

light)

atxkxe

: [at’."k’E]

P F

n. land

atxkxerel

: [at’."k’E.REl]

P F

n. map (c.w. from

atxkxe land

and rel picture)

: ["a.u]

J C

n. drum (made of skin)

: [a."u]

intj. exclamation of consternation

aungia

: [a."u.Ni.a]

P F

n. sign, omen

awnga

: [aw."Na]

P F

pn. we (derived from ayo-

eng we

)

ayfo

: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo]

P F

pn. they (derived

from po he, she)

aylaru

: [aj."la.Ru]

P F

pn. to the others (contrac-

tion of ay+lahe–ru)

aynga

: [aj."Na]

P F

pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived

from nga you)

ayoe

: [aj."o.E]

P F

pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived

from oe I)

ayoeng

: [aj."wEN]

P F

pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-

rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
es)

ayu

: [a."ju]

P F

n. things (derived from ’u thing)

(never plural u)

äie

: [æ."i.E]

P F

n. vision (spiritual)

äo–

: ["æ.o]

P F

adp. below

ätxäle

: [æ."t’æ.lE]

P F

n. request

ätxäle si

: [æ."t’æ.lE "s·i]

P F

vin. request (with

tsnì clause for object)

(derived from ätxäle

request)

eampin

: ["E.am.pin]

P F

n. blue, green (derived

from ean blue, green)

ean

: ["E.an]

P F

adj. blue, green

ekxan

: [E."k’an]

P F

n. barricade, obstruction

eltu

: ["El.tu]

P F

n. brain

eltu lefngap

: ["El.tu lE."fNap^]

P rr

n. computer

(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)

eltur tìtxen si

: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i]

P F

vin. be

interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)

eltu si

: ["El.tu s·i]

P F

vin. pay attention, quit goo-

fing off (derived from eltu brain)

emrey

: [Em."R··Ej]

P F

vin. survive

emza’u

: [Em."z·a.P·u]

P F

vtr. pass (a test), over-

come (c.w. from za’u come)

eo–

: ["E.o]

P F

adp. before, in front of (place)

etrìp

: ["Et.RIp^]

P F

adj. favourable, favorable,

auspicious

eyawr

: [E."jawR]

P F

adj. correct, right

eyk

: [·Ejk^]

J C,P F

vtr. lead

eyktan

: ["Ejk.tan]

J C

n. leader (derived from

eyk lead

)

fa–

: [fa]

P F

adp. with, by means of

fahew

: [fa."hEw]

P F

n. smell

fay+

: [faj]

P F

prefix these (c.w. from fì this and

ay+ plural

)

fayluta

: [faj."lu.ta]

P F

n. these words (contrac-

tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)

fäpa

: ["fæ.pa]

P F

n. top

fe’

: [fEP]

P F

adj. bad

fekem

: ["fE.kEm]

P F

n. accident (c.w. from fe’

bad and kem action)

few–

: [fEw]

P F

adp. across, aiming for the oppo-

site side of

fewi

: ["f·E.w·i]

P F

vtr. chase

fewtusok

: ["fEw.

tsok^

]

P F

adj. opposite, on the

opposite side (derived from few– across)

fì–

: [fI]

P F

prefix this

fì’u

: [fI."Pu]

P F

pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u

thing)

fìfya

: [fI."fja]

P F

adv. this way, like this (derived

from fya’o path)

fìkem

: [fI."kEm]

P F

pn. this (action) (derived

from kem action, deed)

fìpo

: ["fI.po]

P F

pn. this one (person or thing)

(derived from po he, she)

fìtrr

: [fI."tr

]

P F

adv. today (derived from trr day)

fìtseng(e)

: [fI."

tsEN(E)

]

P F

adv. here, this place

(derived from tseng place)

fìtxan

: [fI."t’an]

P F

adv. so, to such an extent (de-

rived from txan great, much)

fìtxon

: [fI."t’on]

P F

adv. tonight (derived from

txon night

)

fkarut

: ["fk·a.R·ut^]

P F

v. peel

fkay

: [fkaj]

P F

adj. hateful

fkew

: [fkEw]

P F

adj. mighty

fkeytok

: ["fkEj.t·ok^]

P F

vin. exist (derived

from kifkeyti tok be in the world)

fkip–

: [fkip^]

P F

adp. up among

fko

: [fko]

P F

pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-

specified agent)

fkxake

: ["fk’·a.k·E]

P F

v. itch

fkxen

: [fk’En]

P F

n. vegetable (food)

fkxile

: ["fk’i.lE]

P F

n. bib necklace

flä

: [fl·æ]

P F

vin. succeed

flew

: [flEw]

P F

n. throat

fmal

: [fm·al]

P F

vtr. sustain

fmawn

: [fmawn]

P F

n. news, something to report

fmawnta

: [fmawnta]

P F

n. that news (contrac-

tion of fmawn–it a)

fmetok

: ["fm·E.t·ok^]

P F

v. test

fmi

: [fm·i]

P F

vtrm. try, attempt (with the

subjunctive)

fnan

: [fn·an]

P F

vtr. be good at

fnawe’

: [fna."wEP]

P F

adj. cowardly

fnawe’tu

: [fna."wEP.tu]

P F

n. coward (derived

from fnawe’ cowardly)

fne–

: [fnE]

P F

prefix kind, type (derived from

fnel kind, type

)

fnel

: [fnEl]

P F

n. kind, type

fnepe

: ["fnE.pE]

P F

inter. which kind allomorph

of pefnel

fngap

: [fNap^]

P F

n. metal

fnu

: [fn·u]

P F

v. quiet, be quiet

: [fo]

P F

pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted

plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)

fpak

: [fp·ak^]

P F

v. hold off, suspend action

fpe’

: [fp·EP^]

P F

vtr. send

fpeio

: [fpE."i.o]

P F

n. challenge (ceremonial)

fpi+

: [fpi]

P F

adp. for the sake of, for the benefit

fpìl

: [fp·Il]

P F

vtr. think

fpìlfya

: ["fpIl.fja]

P F

n. thought pattern, way of

thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)

fpom

: [fpom]

P F

n. well-being, peace, happiness

fpomtokx

: [fpom."tok’]

P F

n. health (physical)

(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)

fpxäkìm

: ["fp’·æ.k·Im]

P F

v. enter

fra’u

: ["fRa.Pu]

P F

pn. everything (derived from

’u thing

)

frakrr

: ["fRa.kr

]

P F

adv. always, all the time (de-

rived from krr time)

fralo

: ["fRa.lo]

P F

adv. every time, every instance,

each time (derived from alo time)

frapo

: ["fRa.po]

P F

pn. everyone (derived from

po he/she

)

frato

: ["fRa.to]

P F

part. superlative marker than

all (behaves like an adp.)

fratrr

: [fRa."tr

]

P F

adv. daily, every day (derived

from trr day)

fratseng

: ["fRa.

tsEN

]

P F

adv. everywhere (deri-

ved from tseng place)

fratxon

: [fRa."t’on]

P F

adv. every night (derived

from txon night)

frawzo

: [fRaw."zo]

P F

intj. all is well, everything

is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything
and zo be well)

frìp

: [fR·Ip^]

P F

vtr. bite

frrfen

: ["f·r

.f·En

]

P F

vtr. visit

frrtu

: ["fr

.tu

]

P F

n. guest, visitor

ftang

: [ft·aN]

P F

vim. stop

ftawnemkrr

: [ftaw."nEm.kr

]

P F

n. past (c.w.

from ft«awn»em pass by (passive participle
form) and krr time)

ftär

: [ftæR]

P F

adj. left (not right)

fte

: [ftE]

P F

conj. so that, in order to (with

subjunctive verb in dependant clause)

fteke

: ["ftE.kE]

P F

conj. so that not, lest (c.w.

from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)

ftem

: [ft·Em]

P F

vtr. pass by (something)

ftia

: [ft·i.·"a]

P F

vtr. study

ftu–

: [ftu]

P F

adp. from (direction)

ftue

: ["ftu.E]

P F

adj. easy, simple

ftxavang

: ["ft’a.vaN]

P F

adj. passionate

ftxey

: [ft’·Ej]

P F

vtr. choose

ftxey

: [ft’Ej]

P F

conj. whether, or

ftxì

: [ft’I]

P F

n. tongue

ftxìlor

: [ft’I."loR]

P F

adj. delicious, good tasting

(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)

ftxìvä’

: [ft’I."væP]

P F

adj. bad tasting (c.w. from

ftxì tongue

and vä’ noisome)

ftxozä

: [ft’o."zæ]

P F

n. celebration, happy occa-

sion

ftxozä si

: [ft’o."zæ s·i]

P F

v. celebrate (derived

from ftxozä celebration)

: [fu]

P F

conj. or

fuke

: [fu."kE]

P F

conj. or not (c.w. from fu or

and ke not)

fula

: ["fu.la]

P F

pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul

this (agentive) and a subordinator)

furia

: ["fu.Ri.a]

P F

pn., sbd. that (c.w. from

fì’uri this (topical)

and a subordinator)

futa

: ["fu.ta]

P F

pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t

this (patientive) and a subordinator)

fwa

: [fwa]

P F

pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause

marker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and a
subordinator)

fwefwi

: ["fw·E.fw·i]

P F

vin. whistle

fwel

: [fwEl]

P F

adj. broken

fwew

: [fw·Ew]

P F

vtr. look for, seek, search

fya’o

: ["fja.Po]

P F

n. path, way, manner

fyape

: ["fja.pE]

P F

inter. how allomorph of pe-

fya

fyawìntxu

: [fja.w·In."t’·u]

P F

vin. guide (with

dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
and wìntxu show)

fyeyn

: [fjEjn]

P F

adj. ripe, mature, adult

fyeyntu

: ["fjEjn.tu]

P F

n. adult person (derived

from fyeyn ripe, mature)

: [ha]

P F

adv. so, in that case

ha’ngir

: [haP."NiR]

P F

n. afternoon

hahaw

: ["h·a.h·aw]

P F

vin. sleep

ham

: [ham]

P F

adj. previous

hamalo

: [ha."ma.lo]

P F

adv. last time (c.w. from

ham previous

and alo time)

hangham

: ["h·aN.h·am]

P F

vin. laugh

hapxì

: [ha."p’I]

P F

n. part

hapxìtu

: [ha."p’I.tu]

P F

n. member (derived

from hapxì part)

hasey

: [ha."sEj]

P F

adj. done, finished

hasey si

: [ha."sEj "s·i]

P F

v. accomplish, bring to

a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi-
nished)

hawl

: [h·awl]

P F

v. prepare

hawng

: [hawN]

P F

n. overabundance

hawngkrr

: ["hawN.kr

]

P F

adv. late (c.w. from

hawng overabundance

and krr time)

hawntsyokx

: [hawn."

tsjok’

]

P F

n. glove (c.w.

from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)

hawnu

: ["h·aw.n·u]

P F

vtr. protect, shelter

hawnven

: [hawn."vEn]

P F

n. shoe (c.w. from

hawnu protect

and venu foot)

hawre’

: [haw."REP]

P F

n. hat (c.w. from hawnu

protect and re’o head)

hawtsyìp

: ["haw.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. nap (derived from

hahaw sleep

)

hay

: [haj]

P F

adj. next

hayalo

: [ha."ja.lo]

P F

adv. next time (c.w. from

hay next

and alo time)

hek

: [h·Ek^]

P F

vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-

expected

hermeyp

: [hER."mEjp^]

P F

n. snow flurry (deri-

ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)

hertxayo

: ["hER.t’a.jo]

P F

n. snow field (derived

from herwì snow and txayo field)

herwì

: ["hER.wI]

P F

n. snow

herwìva

: ["hER.wI.va]

P F

n. snowflake (derived

from herwì snow and ìlva flake)

hewne

: ["hEw.nE]

P F

adj. soft (of an object)

heyn

: [h·Ejn]

P F

vin. sit

hiyìk

: ["hi.jIk^]

P F

adj. funny, strange

hì’ang

: ["hI.PaN]

P F

n. insect (c.w. from hì’i

small and ioang animal)

hì’i

: ["hI.Pi]

P F

adj. small, little (in size)

hìkrr

: ["hI.kr

]

P F

n. second, very short time (c.w.

from hì’i little, small and krr time)

hìm

: [hIm]

P F

adj. small (in quantity)

hìmtxampe

: [hIm."t’am.pE]

P F

inter. how much

allomorph of pìmtxan

hìmtxan

: [hIm."t’an]

P F

n. amount (c.w. from

hìm small

and txan much)

hìno

: [hI."no]

P F

adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-

cate (of things)

hìtxoa

: [hI."t’o.a]

P F

intj. excuse me (derived

from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)

hol

: [hol]

P F

adj. few

holpxay

: [hol."p’aj]

P F

n. number (c.w. from

hol few

and pxay many)

holpxaype

: [hol."p’aj.pE]

P F

inter. how many

(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)

hrrap

: ["hr

.ap^

]

P F

n. danger

hu–

: [hu]

P F

adp. with (accompaniment)

hufwa

: [hu."fwa]

P F

conj. although

hufwe

: [hu."fwE]

P F

n. wind

hufwetsyìp

: [hu."fwE.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. zephyr (deri-

ved from hufwe wind)

hultstxem

: [h·ul."

tst’·Em

]

P F

vtr. hinder

hum

: [h·um]

P F

v. leave, depart

i’en

: ["iP.En]

J C

n. stringed instrument

inan

: [·i."n·an]

P F

vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain

knowledge from sensory input (stress moves
to first syllable with infixation)

io–

: ["i.o]

P F

adp. above

ioang

: [i."o.aN]

P F

n. animal, beast

ioi

: [i."o.i]

P F

n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel

(item of)

ioi si

: [i."o.i s·i]

P F

vin. adorn (derived from ioi

adornment)

irayo

: [i."Ra.jo]

J C

n., intj. thank you, thanks

irayo si

: [i."Ra.jo "s·i]

P F

vin. thank, give thanks

(derived from irayo thanks)

ìì

: [I:]

P F

filler um, er

ìlä+

: ["I.læ] or [I."læ]

P F

adp. by, via, following

ìley

: [I."lEj]

intj. war cry

ìlva

: ["Il.va]

P F

n. flake, drop, chip

ìpxa

: [I."p’a]

RL,P F

n. fern

ka–

: [ka]

P F

adp. across, covering thoroughly

kakrel

: [kak."REl]

P F

adj. blind (derived from

rel image, picture

)

kalin

: [ka."lin]

P F

adj. sweet

kaltxì

: [kal."t’I]

P F

intj. hello

kaltxì si

: [kal."t’I "s·i]

P F

vin. say hello, greet (de-

rived from kaltxì hello)

kam–

: [kam]

P F

adp. ago

kame

: ["k·a.m·E]

P F

vtr. see, see into, understand,

know (spiritual sense)

kan

: [k·an]

P F

vm. aim

kan’ìn

: ["k·an.P·In]

P F

vtr. focus on, specialize in,

be particularly interested in (derived from ’ìn
be busy)

kangay

: [ka."Naj]

P F

adj. valid (cognate with

ngay true

)

kanu

: ["ka.nu]

P F

adj. smart, intelligent (for a

person)

kar

: [k·aR]

P F

vtr. teach

karyu

: ["kaR.ju]

P F

n. teacher (derived from kar

teach)

kato

: ["ka.to]

P F

n. rhythm

kavuk

: [ka."vuk^]

P F

n. treachery

kavuk si

: [ka."vuk^ "s·i]

P F

vin. betray (derived

from kavuk treachery)

kaw’it

: [kaw."Pit^]

P F

adv. at all, not at all (see

ke...kaw’it not...at all)

(c.w. from ke ’aw not

one and ’it bit)

kawkrr

: ["kaw.kr

]

P F

adv. never (c.w. from ke

’aw not one

and krr time)

kawng

: [kawN]

P F

adj. bad, evil

kawngsar

: ["kawN.s·aR]

P F

vtr. exploit

kawtseng

: ["kaw.

tsEN

]

P F

adv. nowhere (c.w.

from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)

kawtu

: ["kaw.tu]

P F

pn. no-one (c.w. from ke

’aw not one

and tute person)

kay–

: [kaj]

P F

adp. from now (in the future)

kaym

: [kajm]

P F

n. evening (before twilight), late

afternoon

kä

: [k·æ]

P F

vin. go

kä’ärìp

: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^]

P F

vtr. push (c.w. from

kä go

and ’ärìp move)

kämakto

: [kæ."m·ak.t·o]

P F

v. ride out (c.w.

from kä go and makto ride)

käpxì

: [kæ."p’I]

P F

n. rear (part or section) (c.w.

from kä go and hapxì part)

käsatseng

: [kæ."sa.

tsEN

]

P F

adv. out there (c.w.

from kä go and tseng place)

käteng

: ["k·æ.tEN]

P F

vin. spend time with, hang

out with

: [kE]

P F

adv. not

ke’aw

: [kE."Paw]

P F

adj. divided, torn apart,

strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)

ke’u

: ["kE.Pu]

P F

pn., adv. not a thing, nothing at

all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing)

kea

: ["kE.a]

P F

adj. no (before a noun)

keftxo

: [kE."ft’o]

P F

adj., intj. unhappy, upset,

’How sad!’

kefyak

: [kE."fjak^]

P F,P rr

part. isn’t it?, right?

(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-
tion marker)

kehe

: ["kE.hE]

P F

part., intj. no

kekem

: ["kE.kEm]

P F

pn., adv. no action or acti-

vity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)

kelfpomtokx

: [kEl."fpom.tok’]

P F

adj. unhealt-

hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)

kelku

: ["kEl.ku]

P F

n. home, house

kelku si

: ["kEl.ku "s·i]

P F

vin. live, dwell (deri-

ved from kelku home)

keltsun

: [kEl."

tsun

]

P F

adj. impossible (c.w.

from ke not and tsun be able)

kem

: [kEm]

P F

n. thing (action), deed

kemlì’u

: ["kEm.lI.Pu]

P F

n. verb (c.w. from kem

action and lì’u word)

kemlì’uvi

: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi]

P F

n. infix (derived

from kemlì’u verb)

kempe

: ["kEm.pE]

P F

inter. what (action) allo-

morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action,
deed)

kem si

: ["kEm "s·i]

P F

vin. do (derived from

kem action, deed

)

keng

: [kEN]

P F

adv. even, so much as

kenong

: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN]

P F

v. model, re-

present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and
nong follow

)

kerusey

: ["kE.Ru.sEj]

P F

adj. dead (c.w. from ke

not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))

keteng

: ["kE.tEN]

P F

adj. different (c.w. from ke

not and teng same, equal)

ketsuktswa’

: [kE.

tsuk."

tswaP^

]

P F

adj. unforget-

table (derived from tswa’ forget)

ketuwong

: ["kE.tu.woN]

P F

n. alien

kew

: [kEw]

P F

num. zero

kewong

: ["kE.woN]

P F

adj. alien

key

: [kEj]

P F

n. face

keyawr

: [kE."jawR]

P F

adj. incorrect, not right

(c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)

keye’ung

: [kE."jE.PuN]

P F

n. insanity

keyrel

: ["kEy.REl] n. facial expression (c.w. from

key face

and rel image)

: [ki]

P F

conj. but rather, but instead

kifkey

: [ki."fkEj]

P F

n. world (physical, solid)

kilvan

: [kil."van]

P F

n. river

kin

: [k·in]

P F

vtr. need

kinam

: [ki."nam]

P F

n. leg

kinamtil

: [ki."nam.til]

P F

n. knee (c.w. from ki-

nam leg

and til joint)

kinä

: ["ki.næ]

P F

num. seven

kintrr

: ["kin.tr

]

P F

n. week (derived from kinä

seven and trr day)

kintrram

: ["kin.tr

]

P F

n. last week (derived

from kintrr week)

kintrray

: ["kin.tr

]

P F

n. next week (derived

from kintrr week)

kip–

: [kip^]

P F

adp. among

kive

: ["ki.vE]

P F

adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived

from kinä seven)

kì’ong

: [kI."PoN]

P F

adj. slow

kìm

: [k·Im]

P F

v. spin

kìng

: [kIN]

P F

n. thread

kìte’e

: [kI.tE."PE]

P F

n. service

kìte’e si

: [kI.tE."PE "s·i]

P F

vin. serve (derived

from kìte’e service)

kllfro’

: [kl

."fR·oP

]

P F

vin. be responsible

kllkä

: [kl

."k·æ

]

P F

v. descend (c.w. from kä go)

kllkulat

: [kl

."k·u.l·at^

]

P F

vtr. dig up

kllkxem

: [kl

."k’·Em

]

P F

v. stand

kllpa

: ["kl

.pa

]

P F

n. bottom

kllpxìltu

: [kl

."p’Il.tu

]

P F

n. territory

kllte

: ["kl

.tE

]

P F

n. ground

klltseng

: ["kl

tsEN

]

P F

n. position (derived from

tseng place

)

kllvawm

: ["kl

.vawm

]

P F

adj. brown (c.w. from

kllte ground

and vawm dark)

: [ko]

P F

part. solicit agreement

koak

: ["ko.ak^]

P F

adj. old, aged (for living

things)

koaktan

: ["ko.ak.tan]

P F

n. old man (derived

from koak old, aged)

koakte

: ["ko.ak.tE]

P F

n. old woman (derived

from koak old, aged)

koaktu

: ["ko.ak.tu]

P F

n. old person (derived

from koak old, aged)

kop

: [kop^]

P F

adv. too, also

koren

: [ko."REn]

P F

n. rule, guideline

kosman

: [ko."sman]

P F

adj. wonderful, terrific,

fantastic

krr

: [kr

]

P F

n. time

krrnekx

: [kr

."n·Ek’

]

P F

v. take/consume time (ii)

(c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)

krrpe

: ["kr

.pE

]

P F

inter. when allomorph of pe-

hrr

(c.w. from krr time)

ku’up

: ["ku.Pup^]

P F

adj. heavy (physical weight)

kurakx

: [k·u."R·ak’]

P F

vtr. drive out

kxa

: [k’a]

P F

n. mouth

kxam

: [k’am]

P F

n. middle, midpoint

kxamlä–

: ["k’am.læ]

P F

adp. through (via the

middle of) (derived from kxam middle)

kxamtrr

: ["k’am.tr

]

P F

n. mid-day, noon (c.w.

from kxam middle and trr day)

kxamtrrmaw

: ["k’am.tr

.maw

]

P F

n. the time

immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w.
from kxamtrr noon and maw after)

kxamtseng

: ["k’am.

tsEN

]

P F

n. center, place in

the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
place)

kxamtxomaw

: ["k’am.t’o.maw]

P F

n. after mid-

night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after

)

kxamtxon

: ["k’am.t’on]

P F

n. midnight (c.w.

from kxam middle and txon night)

kxangangang

: ["k’aN.aN.aN]

P F

intj. boom (ono-

matopoeic)

kxanì

: ["k’a.nI]

P F

adj. forbidden

kxawm

: [k’awm]

P F

adv. perhaps, maybe

kxayl

: [k’ajl]

P F

adj. high

kxener

: ["k’E.nER]

P F

n. smoke

kxetse

: ["k’E.

tsE

]

P F

n. tail

kxeyey

: ["k’E.jEj]

P F

n. error, mistake

kxitx

: [k’it’]

P F

n. death

kxll

: [k’l

]

P F

n. charge, running attack

kxll si

: ["k’l

"s·i

]

P F

vin. charge (derived from

kxll charge

)

kxu

: [k’u]

P F

n. harm

kxuke

: ["k’u.kE]

P F

adj. safe (c.w. from kxu

harm and ke not)

kxutu

: ["k’u.tu]

P F

n. enemy (derived from kxu

harm)

lahe

: ["la.hE]

P F

adj. other, else

lam

: [l·am]

P F

vin. seem, appear

lapo

: ["la.po]

P F

pn. other one (person or thing)

(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)

laro

: ["la.Ro]

P F

adj. clean

latem

: ["l·a.t·Em]

P F

vin. change (l«eyk»atem

vtr. change)

latsi

: [l·a."

ts·i

]

v. keep up with someone

law

: [law]

P F

adj. clear, certain

lawk

: [l·awk^]

P F

vtr. discourse on, talk about,

say something concerning

lawr

: [lawr]

P F

n. melody

law si

: ["law "s·i]

P F

vin. make clear (derived

from law clear)

layompin

: [la."jom.pin]

P F

n. black (derived

from layon black)

layon

: [la."jon]

P F

adj. black

le–

: [lE]

P F

adjective deriving affix

le’aw

: [lE."Paw]

P F

adj. only

le’en

: [lE."PEn]

P F

adj. speculative, intuitive (of

an action, not a person) (derived from ’en
guess)

lefkrr

: [lE.f"kr

]

P F

adj. current (derived from

fìkrr this time

)

lefngap

: [lE."fNap^]

P F

adj. metallic (derived

from fngap metal)

lefpom

: [lE."fpom]

P F

adj. happy, peaceful, joy-

ous (not for people), pleasant (derived from
fpom happiness, peace

)

lefpomtokx

: [lE."fpom.tok’]

P F

adj. healthy (de-

rived from fpomtokx health)

lehawng

: [lE."hawN]

P F

adj. excessive (derived

from hawng overabundance)

lehawngkrr

: [lE."hawN.kr

]

P F

adj. late (derived

from hawngkrr late)

lehrrap

: [lE."hr

.ap^

]

P F

adj. dangerous (derived

from hrrap danger)

lek

: [l·Ek^]

P F

v. heed, obey

lekin

: [lE."kin]

P F

adj. necessary (derived from

kin need

)

lekoren

: [lE.ko."REn]

P F

adj. lawlike (derived

from koren rule)

lekye’ung

: [lEk."jE.PuN]

P F

adj. insane, crazy

(derived from keye’ung insanity)

lelì’fya

: [lE."lIP.fja]

P F

adj. concerning language,

regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-
guage)

lemrey

: [lEm."REj]

P F

adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-

ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-
rived from emrey survive)

lemweypey

: [lEm."wEj.pEj]

P F

adj. patient (de-

rived from maweypey be patient)

len

: [l·En]

P F

vin. happen, occur

leNa’vi

: [lE."naP.vi]

P F

adj. having to do with the

Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-
ople)

leno

: [lE."no]

P F

adj. thorough, detail-orientated

(of a person)

lenomum

: [lE."no.mum]

P F

adj. curious (deri-

ved from newomum be curious)

lepwopx

: [lEp."wop’]

P F

adj. cloudy (derived

from pìwopx cloud)

lerìk

: [lE."RIk^]

P F

adj. leafy (derived from rìk

leaf )

leronsrel

: [lE."Ron.sREl]

P F

adj. imaginary (deri-

ved from ronsrelngop imagine)

lertu

: ["lER.tu]

P F

n. colleague

lesar

: [lE."saR]

P F

adj. useful (derived from sar

use)

leskxir

: [le"sk’iR]

P F

adj. wounded (derived

from skxir wound)

letam

: [lE."tam]

P F

adj. sufficient (derived from

tam suffice

)

letokx

: [lE."tok’]

P F

adj. bodily, physical (deri-

ved from tokx body)

letrr

: [lE."tr

]

adj. daily (derived from trr day)

letrrtrr

: [lE."tr

.tr

]

P F

adj. ordinary (derived

from trr day)

letsranten

: [lE."

tsRan.tEn

]

P F

adj. important

(derived from tsranten matter)

letsunslu

: [lE."

tsun.slu

]

P F

adj. possible (deri-

ved from tsunslu may, be possible)

letwan

: [lEt."wan]

P F

adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a

person) (derived from tute person and wan
hide)

lew

: [lEw]

P F

n. cover, lid

lewäte

: [lE.wæ."tE]

P F

adj. disagreeable, argu-

mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte
argue)

lew si

: ["lEw "s·i]

P F

vin. cover (derived from

lew cover

)

leyapay

: [lE."ja.paj]

P F

adj. foggy, misty (deri-

ved from yapay fog)

leye’krr

: [lE."jEP.kr

]

P F

adj. early (derived from

ye’krr early

)

leyn

: [l·Ejn]

P F

vtr. repeat, do again

: [li]

P F

adv. already

lisre+

: ["li.sRE]

P F

adp. by, before, up to but not

after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)

lì’fya

: ["lIP.fja]

P F

n. language (c.w. from lì’u

word and fya’o way)

lì’fyaolo’

: ["lIP.fja.o."loP]

P F

n. language group,

language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and
olo’ clan

)

lì’fyavi

: ["lIP.fja.vi]

P F

n. expression, bit of lan-

guage (derived from lì’fya language)

lì’u

: ["lI.Pu]

P F

n. word

lì’upam

: ["lI.Pu.pam]

P F

n. accent, pronuncia-

tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)

lì’upe

: [lI."Pu.pE]

P F

inter. what (word, utteran-

ce) allomorph of pelì’u

lìm

: [l·Im]

P F

svin. far, be far

lìng

: [l·IN]

P F

vin. float in the air, hover

lok

: [l·ok^]

P F

v. approach

lok–

: [l·ok^]

P F

adp. close to

lom

: [lom]

P F

adj. missing, missed (as an absent

person who is longed for)

lomtu

: ["lom.tu]

P F

n. missed person (derived

from lom missing, missed)

lonu

: [l·o."n·u]

P F

vtr. release, let go

lor

: [loR]

P F

adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses

(for things or parts of a person)

lrrtok

: ["lr

.tok^

]

P F

n. smile

lrrtok si

: ["lr

.tok^ "s·i

]

P F

vin. smile (derived

from lrrtok smile)

: [l·u]

P F

vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-

tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)

luke–

: ["lu.kE]

P F

adp. without

lukpen

: [luk."pEn]

P F

adj. without clothing, na-

ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing
(plural))

lumpe

: ["lum.pE]

P F

inter. why allomorph of

pelun

lun

: [lun]

P F

n. reason

: [ma]

P F

part. O (vocative marker)

makto

: ["m·ak.t·o]

P F

vtr. ride

masat

: ["ma.sat]

P F

n. breastplate (armor)

maw–

: [maw]

P F

adp. after (time)

mawey

: [ma."wEj]

adj. calm

maweypey

: [ma."wEj.p·Ej]

P F

svin. be patient

(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)

mawkrr

: ["maw.kr

]

P F

adv. after, afterwards

(c.w. from maw after and krr time)

mawkrra

: [maw."kr

]

P F

conj. after (temporal)

allomorph of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time
and maw after)

mawl

: [mawl]

P F

n. half

may’

: [majP]

P F

vtrm. try, sample, evaluate,

check out, test-drive

mäkxu

: [m··æ."k’u]

P F

vtr. interrupt, throw out

of harmonious balance (derived from kxu
harm)

me’em

: [mE."PEm]

P F

adj. harmonious

mefo

: ["mE.fo]

P F

pn. they, those two (derived

from me+ dual marker and po he/she)

mekre

: ["mEk.RE]

P F

n. supplies

melo

: ["mE.lo]

P F

adv. twice (derived from me+

dual marker and alo time)

menari

: [mE."na.Ri]

P F

n. eyes (two) (derived

from me+ dual and nari eye)

meoauniaea

: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a]

P F

n. harmo-

ny, living at one with nature

meuia

: [mE."u.i.a]

P F

n. honor (honour)

meuianga’

: [mE."u.i.a.NaP^]

P F

adj. honourable,

honorably (derived from meuia honour, ho-
nor and nga’ contain)

meyp

: [mEjp^]

P F

adj. weak

: [mi]

P F

adv. yet, still, as before

miktsang

: ["mik.

tsaN

]

P F

n. earring (c.w. from

mikyun ear

and tsang piercing)

mikyun

: ["mik.jun]

J C

n. ear

mip

: [mip^]

P F

adj. new

mì+

: [mI]

P F

adp. in, on

mìfa

: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa]

P F

n., adv. inside

mìftxele

: [mI."ft’E.lE]

P F

adv. in this regard, re-

lated to this matter

mìkam–

: [mI."kam]

P F

adp. between

mìn

: [m·In]

P F

vin. turn, spin

mìnyu

: ["mIn.ju]

P F

n. turner (derived from

mìn turn

)

mìso

: [mI."so]

P F

adv. away (position) (derived

from mì in)

mll’an

: [m·l

."P·an

]

P F

vtr. accept

mllte

: [m·l

."t·E

]

P F

v. agree

moe

: ["mo.E]

P F

pn. we two, us two (exclusive)

(derived from me+ dual and oe I)

mok

: [m·ok^]

P F

vtr. suggest

mokri

: ["mok.Ri]

P F

n. voice

mowan

: [mo."wan]

P F

adj. pleasing, enjoyable

(physically, sexually)

mrr

: [mr

]

P F

num. five

mrrtrr

: ["mr

.tr

]

P F

n. five day work week (deri-

ved from mrr five and trr day)

mrrve

: ["mr

.vE

]

P F

adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived

from mrr five)

muiä

: [mu."i.æ]

P F

adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-

mun’i

: [m·un."P·i]

P F

v. cut

mune

: ["mu.nE]

P F

num. two

munge

: ["m·u.N·E]

P F

vtr. take, bring

mungwrr–

: [muN."wr

]

P F

adp. except

muntrr

: ["mun.tr

]

P F

n. weekend (derived from

mune two

and trr day)

muntrram

: ["mun.tr

]

P F

n. last weekend (de-

rived from muntrr weekend)

muntrray

: ["mun.tr

.aj

]

P F

n. next weekend (de-

rived from muntrr weekend)

muntxa

: [mun."t’a]

P F

adj. mated, married

muntxa si

: [mun."t’a "s·i]

P F

vin. mate (with so-

meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)

muntxatan

: [mun."t’a.tan]

P F

n. husband, male

spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)

muntxate

: [mun."t’a.tE]

P F

n. wife, female

spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)

muntxatu

: [mun."t’a.tu]

P F

n. spouse (derived

from muntxa mated)

muve

: ["mu.vE]

P F

adj. second (ordinal) (deri-

ved from mune two)

muwìntxu

: [mu.w·In."t’·u]

P F

vtr. introduce,

present (derived from wìntxu show)

na–

: [na]

P F

adp. like, as

na’rìng

: ["naP.RIN]

P F

n. forest

naer

: [na."ER]

P F

n. drink, something able to be

drunk

nafì’u

: [na.fI."Pu]

P F

adj. such (c.w. from na as

and fì’u this)

nang

: [naN]

P F

part. surprise, exclamation, en-

couragement (mirative)

nari

: ["na.Ri]

P F

n. eye

nari si

: ["na.Ri s·i]

P F

vin. watch out, be careful

(derived from nari eye)

natkenong

: [nat."kE.noN]

P F

conj. for example,

as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-
nong example

)

nawm

: [nawm]

P F

adj. great, noble

nawmtu

: ["nawm.tu]

P F

n. great person (deri-

ved from nawm great)

nayn

: [najn]

P F

n. the symbol 9 (not the value

nine)

näk

: [n·æk^]

P F

vtr. drink

ne–

: [nE]

P F

adp. to, towards (direction)

ne’ìm

: [nE."PIm]

P F

adv. back (direction)

nefä

: [nE."fæ]

P F

adv. up (direction)

nekll

: [nE."kl

]

P F

adv. down (direction)

nekx

: [n·Ek’]

P F

vtr. burn, consume

nemfa–

: ["nEm.fa]

P F

adp. into, inside (c.w.

from ne towards and mìfa inside)

nemrey

: [nEm."REj]

P F

adv.,intj. in a fashion as if

one’s life were at stake (derived from emrey
survive)

neto

: [nE."to]

P F

adv. away (direction) (derived

from ne to)

netrìp

: ["nEt.RIp^]

P F

adv. luckily, happily

new

: [n·Ew]

P F

vtrm. want

newomum

: [n·Ew."o.mum]

P F

vin. be curious,

want to know (c.w. from new want and
omum know

)

neympin

: ["nEjm.pin]

P F

n. light color (derived

from neyn light, shade of white)

neyn

: [nEjn]

P F

adj. light colors, shades of white

niä

: [n·i.·"æ]

P F

vtr. grab

nikre

: ["nik.RE]

P F

n. hair

nikroi

: [nik."Ro.i]

P F

n. hair adornment (c.w.

from nikre hair and ioi adornment)

nim

: [nim]

P F

adj. timid, shy

ninan

: ["ni.nan]

P F

adv. by reading (derived

from inan read)

nitram

: [nit."Ram]

P F

adj. happy (of people)

nì–

: [nI]

P F

adverbial deriving affix

nì’aw

: [nI."Paw]

P F

adv. only (derived from ’aw

one)

nì’awtu

: [nI."Paw.tu]

P F

adv. alone (as one per-

son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)

nì’awve

: [nI."Paw.vE]

P F

adv. first (derived

from ’awve first)

nì’en

: [nI."PEn]

P F

adv. making an informed

guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en
guess)

nì’eng

: [nI."PEN]

P F

adv. equally, on the same le-

vel (derived from ’engeng level)

nì’eoio

: [nI."PE.o.i.o]

P F

adv. ceremoniously (de-

rived from ’eoio ceremonious)

nì’eveng

: [nI."PE.vEN]

P F

adv. like a child, imma-

turely (derived from ’eveng child)

nì’eyng

: [nI."PEjN]

P F

adv. back, in response, in

answer (derived from ’eyng answer)

nì’i’a

: [nI."PiP.a]

P F

adv. finally, at long last (de-

rived from ’i’a end)

nì’it

: [nI."Pit^]

P F

adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-

stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)

nì’o’

: [nI."PoP]

P F

adv. in a manner which is en-

joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)

nì’ul

: [nI."Pul]

P F

adv. more

nìawnomum

: [nI.aw."no.mum]

P F

adv. as

you know, as is known (casual speech
[naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passi-
ve participle infix and omum know)

nìayoeng

: [nI.aj."wEN]

P F

adv. like us, as we do

(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-
eng us (inclusive)

)

nìfe’

: [nI."fEP]

P F

adv. badly (derived from fe’

bad)

nìfkrr

: [nI."fkr

]

P F

adv. lately, currently (deri-

ved from fìkrr this time)

nìfrakrr

: [nI."fra.kr

]

P F

adv. as always (derived

from frakrr always)

nìftue

: [nI."ftu.E]

P F

adv. easily (derived from

ftue easy

)

nìftxan

: [nI."ft’an]

P F

adv. so, to such an extent

(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)

nìftxavang

: [nI."ft’a.vaN]

P F

adv. passionately,

with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
nate)

nìfwefwi

: [nI."fwE.fwi]

P F

adv. by whistling, in

a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi
whistle)

nìfya’o

: [nI."fja.Po]

P F

adv. in a manner (deri-

ved from fya’o way)

nìfyeyntu

: [nI."fjEjn.tu]

P F

adv. like an adult,

maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)

nìhawng

: [nI."hawN]

P F

adv. too, excessively

(derived from hawng overabundance)

nìhay

: [nI."haj]

P rr

adv. next (derived from hay

next)

nìhek

: [nI."hEk^]

P F

adv. strangely, oddly (deri-

ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)

nìhol

: [nI."hol]

P F

adv. few, not many (derived

from hol few)

nìk’ong

: [nIk."PoN]

P F

adv. slowly (derived

from kì’ong slow)

nìkanu

: [nI."ka.nu]

P F

adv. intelligently, in a

smart way (derived from kanu smart)

nìkeftxo

: [nI.kE."ft’o]

P F

adv. unfortunately,

sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)

nìksman

: [nIk."sman]

P F

adv. wonderfully (de-

rived from kosman wonderful)

nìlam

: [nI."lam]

P F

adv. apparently (derived

from lam seem)

nìlaw

: [nI."law]

P F

adv. clearly (derived from

law clear

)

nìli

: [nI."li]

P F

adv. in advance (derived from li

already)

nìlkeftang

: [nIl.kE."ftaN]

P F

adv. continuously,

incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
without and ftang stop)

nìltsan

: [nIl."

tsan

]

P F

adv. well (derived from

sìltsan good

)

nìlun

: [nI."lun]

P F

adv. of course, logically,

following common sense

nìmun

: [nI."mun]

P F

adv. again

nìmwey

: [nIm."wEj]

P F

adv. calmly, peacefully

(derived from mawey calm)

nìmweypey

: [nIm."wEj.pEj]

P F

adv. patiently

(derived from maweypey be patient)

nìn

: [n·In]

P F

vtr. look at

nìNa’vi

: [nI."naP.vi]

P F

adv. like the Na’vi,

Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)

nìnäk

: [nI."næk^]

P F

adv. by drinking, in a liquid

way (derived from näk drink)

nìngay

: [nI."Naj]

P F

adv. truly (derived from

ngay true

)

nìno

: [nI."no]

P F

adv. in detail, expansively, tho-

roughly

nìprrte’

: [nI."pr

.tEP

]

P F

adv. pleasurably, wel-

come (assumed zola’u), gladly, with pleasure
(derived from prrte’ pleasurable)

nìpxay

: [nI."p’aj]

P F

adv. many, manily (deri-

ved from pxay many)

nìpxi

: [nI."p’i]

P F

adv. especially, pointedly, un-

ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)

nìpxim

: [nI."p’im]

P F

adv. erectly, rightly (deri-

ved from pxim erect, upright)

nìrangal

: [nI."Ra.Nal]

P F

adv. wish (contrary to

fact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive)
(derived from rangal wish)

nìronsrel

: [nI."Ron.sREl]

P F

adv. in imagination,

by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop
imagine)

nìslele

: [nI."slE.lE]

P F

adv. by swimming (deri-

ved from slele swim)

nìsngum

: [nIs."Num]

P F

adv. worryingly, fretful-

ly (derived from sngum worry)

nìsteng

: [nI."stEN]

P F

adv. similarly (derived

from steng similar)

nìsti

: [nI."sti]

P F

adv. angrily (derived from sti

be angry)

nìsung

: [nI."suN]

P F

adv. besides, additionally,

furthermore (derived from sung add)

nìswey

: [nI."swEj]

P F

adv. optimally, best (deri-

ved from swey best)

nìsyayvi

: [nI."sjaj.vi]

P F

adv. by chance or coin-

cidence (derived from syayvi luck)

nìsyen

: [nI."sjEn]

P F

adv. lastly (derived from

syen last

)

nìtam

: [nI."tam]

P F

adv. enough (after an adjecti-

ve) (derived from tam suffice)

nìteng

: [nI."tEN]

P F

adv. too, also, as well, likewi-

se (derived from teng same, equal)

nìtengfya

: [nI."tEN.fja]

P F

adv. as, same way as

(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
me way as (conj.))

nìtrrtrr

: [nI."tr

.tr

]

P F

adv. on a daily basis, regu-

larly (derived from trr day)

nìtsìsyì

: [nI."

tsI.syI

]

P F

adv. by whispering, in a

whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)

nìtut

: [nI."tut^]

P F

adv. continually (derived

from tut continuation marker)

nìtxan

: [nI."t’an]

P F

adv. much (abstract), very

(derived from txan much)

nìvingkap

: [nI."viN.kap]

P F

adv. by the way, in-

cidentally (derived from vingkap occur to
one, pop into one’s mind)

nìwan

: [nI."wan]

P F

adv. secretly, in hiding, by

hiding (derived from wan hide)

nìwawe

: [nI.wa."wE]

P F

adv. meaningfully, sig-

nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig-
nificance)

nìwä

: [nI."wæ]

P F

adv. on the contrary, conver-

sely

nìwäte

: [nI.wæ."tE]

P F

adv. disagreeably, be-

grudgingly (derived from wäte argue)

nìwin

: [nI."win]

P F

adv. fast (derived from win

fast)

nìwok

: [nI."wok^]

P F

adv. loudly (derived from

wok loud

)

nìwotx

: [nI."wot’]

P F

adv. all (of), in toto, com-

pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)

nìzawnong

: [nI."zaw.noN]

P F

adv. safely (deri-

ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
zong save

)

nokx

: [n·ok’]

P F

vtr. give birth to

nong

: [n·oN]

P F

v. follow, proceed after

nulkrr

: [nul."kr

]

P F

adv. longer (time) (derived

from krr time)

nulnew

: [nul."n·Ew]

P F

v. prefer (ii) (derived

from new want)

nume

: ["n·u.m·E]

P F

v. learn

numeyu

: ["nu.mE.ju]

P F

n. student (derived

from nume learn)

numtseng

: ["num.

tsEN

]

P F

n. school (c.w. from

nume learn

and tseng place)

numtsengvi

: ["num.

tsEN.vi

]

P F

n. classroom, di-

vision of a school (derived from numtseng
school)

nga

: [Na]

P F

pn. you

nga’

: [NaP^]

P F

vtr. contain

ngatsyìp

: ["Na.

tsjIp^

]

P F

pn. little you, you little

(derived from nga you)

ngawng

: [NawN]

P F

n. worm

ngay

: [Naj]

P F

adj. true

ngaytxoa

: [Naj."t’o.a]

P F

intj. sorry, my apologi-

es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)

ngäng

: [NæN]

P F

n. stomach

ngäzìk

: ["Næ.zIk^]

P F

adj. difficult, hard

ngenga

: [NE."Na]

P F

pn. you (honorific (honouri-

fic) form) (derived from nga you)

ngeyn

: [NEjn]

P F

adj. tired

ngian

: [Ni."an]

P F,SW

adv. however

ngim

: [Nim]

P F

adj. long (physical length)

ngimpup

: [Nim."pup^]

P F

n. length (derived

from ngim long and pup short)

ngop

: [N·op^]

P F

vtr. create

ngopyu

: ["Nop.ju]

P F

n. creator (derived from

ngop create

)

ngrr

: [Nr

]

P F

n. root

ngrrpongu

: [Nr

.po.Nu

]

P F

n. grassroots move-

ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party)

ngul

: [Nul]

P F

adj. grey, drab

ngulpin

: ["Nul.pin]

P F

n. grey (derived from

ngul grey, drab

)

nguway

: ["Nu.waj]

P F

n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-

rived from way song)

: ["o.E]

P F

pn. I, me

oeng

: ["wEN]

P F

pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-

sive), you and I (derived from oe I)

oetsyìp

: ["wE.

tsjIp^

]

P F

pn. little me, little I (de-

rived from oe I)

oeyk

: [o."Ejk^]

P F

n. cause

oeyktìng

: [o."Ejk.t·IN]

P F

v. explain (why) (ii)

(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)

ohakx

: [o."hak’]

P F

adj. hungry

ohe

: ["o.hE]

P F

pn. I (deferential or ceremonial

form)

oìsss

: [o.I"s:]

intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’

olo’

: [o."loP]

P F

n. clan

olo’eyktan

: [o.lo."PEjk.tan]

J C

n. clan leader

(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)

omum

: [·o."m·um]

P F

vtr. know (stress moves

to first syllable with infixation)

ontsang

: ["on.

tsaN

]

P F

n. nose ring (c.w. from

ontu nose

and tsang piercing)

ontu

: ["on.tu]

J C

n. nose

pa’o

: ["pa.Po]

P F

n. side

pak

: [pak^]

P F

part. disparagement

pam

: [pam]

P F

n. sound

pamrel

: [pam."REl]

P F

n. writing (c.w. from

pam sound

and rel image)

pamrelfya

: [pam."REl.fja]

P F

n. spelling (deri-

ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)

pamrel si

: [pam."REl "s·i]

P F

vin. write (derived

from pamrel writing)

pamtseo

: ["pam.

tsE.o

]

P F

n. music (c.w. from

pam sound

and tseo art)

pamtseo si

: ["pam.

tsE.o "s·i

]

P F

vin. play music

(with fa for instrument played) (derived from
pamtseo music

)

pamtseotu

: ["pam.

tsE.o.tu

]

P F

n. musician (de-

rived from pamtseo music)

pan

: [pan]

P F

n. third, one third

pate

: ["p·a.t·E]

v. get to a place, arrive

pawm

: [p·awm]

P F

v. ask

pay

: [paj]

P F

n. water, liquid

pay+

: [paj]

P F

prefix plural inter. marker

(from pe+ and ay+)

payfya

: ["paj.fja]

P F

n. stream (c.w. from pay

water and fya’o way)

payìva

: ["paj.I.va]

P F

n. drop of water (derived

from pay water and ìlva drop)

paynga’

: ["paj.NaP^]

P F

adj. moist, humid, damp

(derived from pay water and nga’ contain)

payoang

: [paj."o.aN]

P F

n. fish (c.w. from pay

water and ioang animal)

pähem

: ["p·æ.h·Em]

P F

vin. arrive

pängkxo

: [p·æN."k’·o]

P F

vin. chat, converse, ha-

ve a conversation

pängkxoyu

: [pæN."k’o.ju]

P F

n. chatter, conver-

ser (derived from pängkxo chat)

pängkxoyu lekoren

: [pæN."k’o.ju lE.ko."REn]

P F

n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter

and lekoren lawlike)

pänu

: ["pæ.nu]

P F

n. promise

pänutìng

: ["pæ.nu.t·IN]

P F

vtr. promise (a thing

to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and
tìng give

)

–pe+

: [pE]

P F

affix inter. marker

pe’un

: ["p·E.P·un]

P F

vtr. decide

pefnel

: [pE."fnEl]

P F

inter. which kind allo-

morph of fnepe

pefya

: [pE."fja]

P F

inter. how allomorph of fy-

ape

pehem

: [pE."hEm]

P F

inter. what (action) allo-

morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,
deed)

pehrr

: [pE."hr

]

P F

inter. when allomorph of krr-

(c.w. from krr time)

pelì’u

: [pE."lI.Pu]

P F

inter. what (word, utteran-

ce) allomorph of lì’upe

pelun

: [pE."lun]

P F

inter. why allomorph of

lumpe

peng

: [p·EN]

P F

vtr. tell

peseng

: [pE."sEN]

P F

inter. where allomorph of

tsengpe

pesomwew

: [pE.som."wEw]

P F

inter. what tem-

perature? (derived from somwew tempera-
ture)

pesu

: [pE."su]

P F

inter. who allomorph of tupe

peu

: [pE."u]

P F

inter. what (thing) allomorph of

’upe

pewn

: [pEwn]

P F

n. neck

pey

: [p·Ej]

P F

v. wait, wait for

piak

: [pi."ak^]

P F

adj. open, clear (for cloudless

skies)

piak si

: [pi."ak^ s·i]

P F

vin. open (derived from

piak open

)

pil

: [pil]

P F

n. facial stripe

pizayu

: ["pi.za.ju]

P F

n. ancestor

pìmtxan

: [pIm."t’an]

P F

inter. how much allo-

morph of hìmtxampe

pìwopx

: [pI."wop’]

P F

n. cloud

pllngay

: [p·l

."Naj

]

P F

vin. admit

plltxe

: [p·l

."t’·E

]

P F

v. speak

: [po]

P F

pn. he, she

poan

: [po."an]

P F

pn. he (no plural form: use

(ay)fo)

(derived from po he, she)

poe

: [po."E]

P F

pn. she (no plural form: use

(ay)fo)

(derived from po he, she)

polpxay

: [pol."p’aj]

P F

inter. how many (c.w.

from holpxay number and pe how)

pom

: [p·om]

P F

v. kiss

pongu

: ["po.Nu]

P F

n. group of people, party (de-

rived from po he/she)

prrkxentrrkrr

: [pr

.k’En.tr

.kr

]

Skxawng

n. day ti-

me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’vi
idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener
smoke, trr day and krr time)

prrnen

: ["pr

.nEn

]

P F

n. infant, baby

prrnesyul

: ["pr

.nE.sjul

]

P F

n. bud (c.w. from

prrnen baby

and syulang flower)

prrte’

: ["pr

.tEP

]

P F

adj. pleasurable (of an activi-

ty)

prrwll

: ["pr

.wl

]

P rr

n. moss (c.w. from prrnen

baby and ’ewll plant)

pukap

: ["pu.kap^]

P F

num. six

pum

: [pum]

P F

pn. one (place-holder pronoun

referring to a previously mentioned noun
or pronoun)

pup

: [pup^]

P F

adj. short (physical length)

puve

: ["pu.vE]

P F

adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived

from pukap six)

pxan

: [p’an]

P F

adj. worthy

pxasìk

: ["p’a.sIk^]

P F

intj. screw that!, no way!

(vulgar)

pxasul

: ["p’a.sul]

P F

adj. fresh, appealing as food

pxaw–

: [p’aw]

P F

adp. around

pxawpa

: ["p’aw.pa]

P F

n. perimeter, circumfe-

rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side

)

pxawpxun

: ["p’aw.p’un]

P F

n. armband (c.w.

from pxaw around and pxun arm)

pxay

: [p’aj]

P F

adj. many (used with singular

or plural noun forms)

pxel–

: [p’El]

P F

adp. like, as

pxelo

: ["p’E.lo]

P F

adv. thrice, three times (deri-

ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)

pxen

: [p’En]

P F

n. functional clothing (item of)

pxey

: [p’Ej]

P F

num. three

pxeyve

: ["p’Ej.vE]

P F

adj. third (ordinal) (deri-

ved from pxey three)

pxi

: [p’i]

P F

adj. sharp

pxim

: [p’im]

P F

adj. erect, upright

pximaw–

: [p’i."maw]

P F

adp. right after (c.w.

from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)

pxiset

: [p’i."sEt^]

P F

adv. right now (c.w. from

set now

and pxi sharp)

pxisre+

: [p’i."sRE]

P F

adp. right before (c.w. from

sre before (time)

and pxi sharp)

pxiswawam

: [p’i.swaw."am]

P F

adv. just a mo-

ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
past)

pxiswaway

: [p’i.swaw."aj]

P F

adv. in just a se-

cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
ay future marker

)

pxiye’rìn

: [p’i."jEP.RIn]

P F

adv. immediately (not

as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
and pxi sharp)

pxìm

: [p’Im]

P F

adv. often

pxor

: [p’·oR]

P F

vin. explode

pxorpam

: ["p’oR.pam]

P F

n. ejective consonant

(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)

pxun

: [p’un]

P F

n. arm

pxuntil

: ["p’un.til]

P F

n. elbow (c.w. from pxun

arm and til joint)

ral

: [Ral]

P F

n. meaning

ralpeng

: [Ral."p·EN]

P F

vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.

from ral meaning and peng tell)

ram

: [Ram]

P F

n. mountain

ramtsyìp

: ["Ram.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. hill (derived from

ram mountain

)

ramunong

: [Ra."mu.noN]

P F

n. well

rangal

: ["R·a.N·al]

P F

v. wish

raspu’

: [Ra."spuP]

P F

n. leggings (used in war)

rawke

: ["Raw.kE]

P F

intj. alarm cry, call to defen-

rä’ä

: [Ræ."Pæ]

P F

part. do not (for negative impe-

ratives, commands only)

re’o

: ["RE.Po]

P F

n. head

rel

: [REl]

P F

n. image, picture

reltseo

: ["REl.

tsE.o

]

P F

n. visual art (c.w. from

rel image

and tseo art)

reltseotu

: ["REl.

tsE.o.tu

]

P F

n. artist (derived

from reltseo art)

reng

: [REN]

P F

adj. shallow (physically)

renten

: ["REn.tEn]

P F

n. goggles, (made from in-

sect wings, carved from wood, etc)

renu

: ["RE.nu]

P F

n. pattern

rewon

: ["RE.won]

P F

n. morning

rey

: [R·Ej]

P F

vin. live

rey’eng

: [REj."PEN]

P F

n. the Balance of Life (de-

rived from rey live)

reypay

: ["REj.paj]

P F

n. blood (c.w. from rey live

and pay water)

rikx

: [R·ik’]

P F

vin. move, shift position

rim

: [Rim]

P F

adj. yellow

rimpin

: ["Rim.pin]

P F

n. yellow (derived from

rim yellow

)

rina’

: [Ri."naP]

P F

n. seed (derived from atoki-

rina’ seeds of the great tree

)

rì’ìr

: ["rI.Ir]

P F

n. reflection

rì’ìr si

: ["rI.Ir s·i]

P F

vin. reflect, imitate (derived

from rì’ìr reflection)

rìk

: [RIk^]

P F

n. leaf

rìkean

: ["RI.kE.an]

P F

adj. leaf green (c.w. from

rìk leaf

and ean green)

ro+

: [Ro]

P F

adp. at (locative)

rofa–

: ["Ro.fa]

P F

adp. beside, alongside

rol

: [R·ol]

P F

v. sing (r«eyk»ol play music, make

to sing (poetic))

rolun

: [Ro."lun]

P F

intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!

ronsem

: ["Ron.sEm]

P F

n. mind

ronsrel

: ["Ron.sREl]

P F

n. something imagined

(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)

ronsrelngop

: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^]

P F

vtr. imagi-

ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation
["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )

rum

: [Rum]

P F

n. ball

run

: [R·un]

P F

vtr. find, discover

rusey

: [Ru."sEj]

P F

adj., n. alive, living, living

thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)

rutxe

: [Ru."t’E]

P F

intj. please

sa’nok

["saP.nok^]

P F

mother

(from

sa’atenuk

)

sa’nu

: ["saP.nu]

P F

n. mum, mommy (affectiona-

te form of sa’nok mother)

sa’nutsyìp

: ["saP.nu.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. little mommy

(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu
mommy)

sa’sem

: ["saP.sEm]

P F

n. parent or set of parents

(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul
father)

saa

: ["sa:]

intj. threatening cry

salew

: [s·a."l·Ew]

P F

v. proceed, go

san

: [san]

P F

adv. saying, quote

sang

: [saN]

P F

adj. warm

sar

: [s·aR]

P F

vtr. use

sat

: [sat^]

P F

pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irre-

gularly lenited after ftu from)

sau

: [sa."u]

intj. exclamation upon exertion,

urgh

sayrìp

: ["saj.RIp^]

P F

adj. handsome, good looking

(normally used for men)

sä–

: [sæ]

P F

prefix instrumental noun (c.w. from

sänume teaching

and säspxin disease)

sä’o

: ["sæ.Po]

P F

n. tool, utensil

säfpìl

: [sæ."fpIl]

P F

n. idea

sänume

: [sæ."nu.mE]

P F

n. teaching, instruction

(derived from nume learn)

sänumvi

: [sæ."num.vi]

P F

n. lesson (derived

from sänume teaching)

säomum

: [sæ."o.mum]

P F

n. (piece of) informa-

tion (derived from omum know)

säplltxe

: [sæ.p·l

."t’·E

]

P F

n. statement

säplltxevi

: [sæ.p·l

."t’·E.vi

]

P F

n. comment (deri-

ved from säplltxe statement)

säspxin

: [sæ."sp’in]

P F

n. disease, sickness, ill-

ness (derived from spxin sick)

säspxintsyìp

: [sæ."sp’in.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. minor ail-

ment (derived from säspxin illness)

säsrätx

: [sæ."sræt’]

P F

n. annoyance (derived

from srätx annoy)

säsulìn

: [sæ."su.lIn]

P F

n. hobby, pleasure-

yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy
(positive sense))

sätsìsyì

: [sæ."

tsI.syI

]

P F

n. whisper (derived

from tsìsyì whisper, v.)

säwäte

: [sæ.wæ."tE]

P F

n. point of contention,

source of argument, thing disputed (derived
from wäte argue)

säzärìp

: [sæ."zæ.RIp^]

RL,P F

n. face lead, rein

(derived from za’ärìp pull)

sekrr

: ["sE.kr

]

P F

n. present (c.w. from set now

and krr time)

sempu

: ["sEm.pu]

P F

n. daddy (affectionate

form of sempul father)

sempul

: ["sEm.pul]

P F

n. father

set

: [sEt^]

P F

adv. now

sevin

: [sE."vin]

P F

adj. pretty (primarily of fema-

les, for people only)

seykxel

: [sEj."k’El]

P F

adj. strong (emotionally,

spiritually, not physical), confident

seyri

: ["sEj.Ri]

J C

n. lip

seysonìltsan

: [sEj.so.nIl."

tsan

]

P F

intj. well do-

ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-
plished well)

: [s·i]

P F

auxiliary verb, postpositional non-

bound verb do, make deriving affix

sim

: [s·im]

P F

svin. near, be near

sì

: [sI]

P F

conj. and (connects two things, can

be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)

sìk

: [sIk^]

P F

adv. unquote

sìlpey

: [sIl."p·Ej]

P F

vin. hope (with tsnì for thing

hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sìltsan good and pey wait)

sìlronsem

: [sIl."Ron.sEm]

P F

adj. clever, smart

(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
mind)

sìltsan

: [sIl."

tsan

]

P F

adj. good (of its kind), well

done

sìn–

: [sIn]

P F

adp. on, onto

ska’a

: [sk·a."P·a]

P F

vtr. destroy

skepek

: ["skE.pEk^]

P F

adj. formal

skien

: ["ski.En]

P F

adj. right (not left)

skxakep

: ["sk’a.kEp^]

P F

adj., adv. probable, pro-

bably

skxawng

: [sk’awN]

P F

n. moron, idiot

skxir

: [sk’iR]

P F

n. wound

skxir si

: ["sk’iR "s·i]

P F

vin. wound (derived

from skxir wound)

skxirtsyìp

: ["sk’iR.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. cut, bruise, minor

wound (derived from skxir wound)

skxom

: [sk’om]

P F

n. chance, opportunity

sla’tsu

: ["sl·aP.

ts·u

]

P F

vtr. describe

slä

: [slæ]

P F

conj. but

slele

: ["sl·E.l·E]

P F

vin. swim

sleyku

: [slEj."k·u]

P F

vtr. produce (derived from

slu become

and «eyk» causative infix)

sloan

: [sl·o."·an]

P F

vtr. pour

slu

: [sl·u]

P F

vin. become (noun predicate with

ne in ambiguous constructions)

smar

: [smaR]

P F

n. prey, hunted thing

smon

: [sm·on]

P F

vin. be familiar, be known

(with dative)

snaytx

: [sn·ajt’]

P F

vtr. lose

sngap

: [sN·ap^]

P F

vtr. sting

sngä’i

: ["sN·æ.P·i]

P F

vim. begin, start

sngä’ikrr

: ["sNæ.Pi.kr

]

P F

n. beginning, starting

time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)

sngä’iyu

: ["sNæ.Pi.ju]

P F

n. beginner (derived

from sngä’i begin)

sngel

: [sNEl]

P F

n. garbage, trash, rubbish

sngeltseng

: ["sNEl.

tsEN

]

P F

n. rubbish place, gar-

bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place

)

sngum

: [sNum]

P F

n. worry

sno

: [sno]

P F

pn. his own, her own, its own (re-

flexive, genitive form sneyä)

snumìna

: ["snu.mI.na]

adj. dim ofp. (refers

to a ’dim’ person)

soaia

: [so."a.i.a]

P F

n. family (irregular genitive

form soaiä)

sok

: [sok^]

P F

adj. recent

som

: [som]

P F

adj. hot

somwew

: [som."wEw]

P F

n. temperature (deri-

ved from som hot and wew cold)

somwewpe

: [som."wEw.pE]

P F

inter. what tem-

perature? (more common) (derived from
somwew temperature

)

sop

: [s·op^]

P F

vin. travel

sopyu

: ["sop.ju]

P F

n. traveller (derived from

sop travel

)

spaw

: [sp·aw]

P F

vtr. believe

spä

: [sp·æ]

P F

v. jump

spe’e

: [sp·E."P·E]

P F

vtr. capture

spe’etu

: [spE."PE.tu]

P F

n. captive (derived

from spe’e capture)

speng

: [sp·EN]

P F

v. restore

spule

: ["sp·u.l·E]

P F

vtr. propel

spuwin

: ["spu.win]

P F

adj. old (not for people),

former

spxam

: [sp’am]

P F

n. mushroom, fungus

spxin

: [sp’in]

P F

adj. sick

srak(e)

: ["sRak(E)]

P F

part. inter. marker for yes

or no questions

sran

: [sRan]

P F

part., intj. yes (colloquial)

srane

: ["sRa.nE]

P F

part., intj. yes

sraw

: [sRaw]

P F

adj. painful

srätx

: [sr·æt’]

P F

vtr. annoy, bother

sre+

: [sRE]

P F

adp. before (time)

sre’

: [sREP]

P F

n. tooth

srefey

: [sRE."f·Ej]

P F

vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from

sre+ before

and pey wait)

srekamtrr

: [sRE."kam.tr

]

P F

n. the time before

noon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtrr mid-
day)

srekamtxon

: [sRE."kam.t’on]

P F

n. before mid-

night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
midnight)

srekrr

: [sRE."kr

]

P F

adv. before, already, ahead of

time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)

srese’a

: [sRE.s·E."P·a]

P F

v. prophetize, prophesi-

ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’a
see)

sresrr’ong

: [sRE.sr

."PoN

]

P F

n. before dawn (c.w.

from sre before and trr’ong dawn)

sreton’ong

: [sRE.ton."PoN]

P F

n. dusk, evening

before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-
on’ong night-fall

)

srew

: [sR·Ew]

P F

vin. dance

srung

: [sRuN]

P F

n. help, assistance

srung si

: ["sRuN "s·i]

P F

vin. help (derived from

srung help

)

starsìm

: ["st·aR.s·Im]

P F

vtr. gather, collect

stawm

: [st·awm]

P F

vtr. hear

stä’nì

: ["st·æP.n·I]

P F

vtr. catch

steftxaw

: [st·E."ft’·aw]

P F

vtr. examine, check

steng

: [stEN]

P F

adj. similar

steyki

: [stEj."k·i]

P F

vtr. anger, make someone an-

gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
causative infix)

sti

: [st·i]

P F

vin. anger (intransitive), be angry

sto

: [st·o]

P F

v. refuse (to do something)

stum

: [stum]

P F

adv. almost

stxeli

: ["st’E.li]

P F

n. gift

stxenu

: ["st’E.nu]

P F

n. offer (c.w. from stxeli

gift and lonu release)

stxenutìng

: ["st’E,nu,t·IN]

P F

vtr. offer (derived

from stxenu offer, n.)

stxong

: [st’oN]

P F

adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-

nown

sulìn

: ["s·u.l·In]

P F

vin. be busy (positive sense),

be engrossed in something one finds especially
pleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn be
busy)

sung

: [s·uN]

P F

vtr. add

sunu

: ["s·u.n·u]

P F

vin. be pleasing or likeable,

bring enjoyment

sutx

: [s·ut’]

P F

vtr. track, follow, lock up

swaw

: [swaw]

P F

n. moment

swawtsyìp

: ["swaw.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. little moment,

second (derived from swaw moment)

swey

: [swEj]

P F

adj. best

sweylu

: ["swEj.lu]

P F

v. should (derived from

swey best

and lu is)

swirä

: [swi."Ræ]

P F

n. creature

swizaw

: [swi."zaw]

P F

n. arrow

swok

: [swok^]

P F

adj. sacred

swotu

: ["swo.tu]

P F

n. sacred place

syaw

: [sj·aw]

P F

vin. call

syay

: [sjaj]

P F

n. fate

syayvi

: ["sjaj.vi]

P F

n. luck, chance (derived

from syay fate)

syä’ä

: ["sjæ.Pæ]

P F

adj. bitter

syen

: [sjEn]

P F

adj. last, final

syep

: [sj·Ep^]

P F

vtr. trap

syo

: [sjo]

P F

adj. light (physical weight),

lightweight

syulang

: ["sju.laN]

P F

n. flower

syuve

: ["sju.vE]

P F

n. food (collective noun, can-

not be pluralised)

ta–

: [ta]

P F

adp. from (locative), from (temporal

sense with other time words)

ta’em

: [ta."PEm]

P F

adv. from above

ta’leng

: ["taP.lEN]

P F

n. skin

ta’lengean

: ["taP.lE.NE.an]

P F

adj. skin blue

(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)

tafkip–

: [ta."fkip^]

P F

adp. from up among (c.w.

from ta from and fkip– up among)

tafral

: [ta."fRal]

P F

adv. therefore, because of that

takip–

: [ta."kip^]

P F

adp. from among (c.w. from

ta from

and kip– among)

takrra

: [ta."kr

]

P F

conj. since (temporal) allo-

morph of akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta
from)

takuk

: ["t·a.k·uk^]

P F

vtr. strike

talun(a)

: [ta."lun(a)]

P F

conj. because, from the

reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)

tam

: [t·am]

P F

vin., intj. that will suffice, that

will do, OK

tam tam

: ["tam "tam]

intj. calm, be content,

there there

tangek

: ["ta.NEk^]

P F

n. trunk (of a tree)

tanhì

: [tan."hI]

P F

n. star, bioluminescent freckle

taron

: ["t·a.R·on]

J C,P F

vtr. hunt

taronyu

: ["ta.Ron.ju]

J C,P F

n. hunter (c.w. from

taron hunt

and –yu agent suffix)

taronyutsyìp

: ["ta.Ron.ju.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. little hun-

ter (derived from taronyu hunter)

tatep

: ["t·a.t·Ep^]

P F

vtr. lose track, lose aware-

ness of something

tatlam

: [tat."lam]

P F

adv. apparently (derived

from lam seem)

taw

: [taw]

P F

n. sky

taweyk(a)

: [ta."wEjk(a)]

P F

conj. because, based

on the cause

tawng

: [t·awN]

P F

vin. duck, dive

täftxu

: [t·æ."ft’·u]

P F

vtr. weave

täftxuyu

: [tæ."ft’u.ju]

P F

n. weaver (derived

from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)

tätxaw

: [t·æ."t’·aw]

P F

vin. return

: [tE]

J C

part. used in full names

tel

: [t·El]

P F

vtr. receive

telem

: [tE."lEm]

P F

n. cord

tem

: [t·Em]

P F

vin. shoot

temrey

: [tEm."REj]

P F

n. survival (derived from

emrey survive

)

teng

: [tEN]

P F

adj. same, equal

tengfya

: ["tEN.fja]

P F

conj. as, same way as (situ-

ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal
and fya’o path)

tengkrr

: [tEN."kr

]

P F

conj. while, same time as

(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)

teri–

: [tE."Ri]

P F

adp. about, concerning

terkup

: ["t·ER.k·up^]

P F

vin. die

teswotìng

: [tE."swo.t·IN]

P F

vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.

from tìng give)

tete

: ["tE.tE]

P F

adj. dull (as a blade)

tewng

: [tEwN]

P F

n. loincloth

tewti

: ["tEw.ti]

P F

intj. wow, expression of surpri-

se and pleasure

teya

: [tE."ja]

P F

adj. full

teya si

: [tE."ja "s·i]

P F

vin. fill (with dative of

thing filled) (derived from teya full)

teynga

: ["tEjN.a]

P F

n. that answer (contraction

of tì’eyng a)

teyngla

: ["tEjN.la]

P F

n. that answer (agentive)

(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)

teyngta

: ["tEjN.ta]

P F

n. that answer (patientive)

(contraction of tì’eyng–it a)

teyr

: [tEjR]

P F

adj. white

teyrpin

: ["tEjR.pin]

P F

n. white (derived from

teyr white

)

til

: [til]

P F

n. joint, hinge

tinan

: ["ti.nan]

P F

n. reading (derived from in-

an read

)

tirea

: [ti."RE.a]

P F

n. spirit

tireafya’o

: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po]

P F

n. spirit path (c.w.

from tirea spirit and fya’o path)

tireaioang

: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN]

P F

n. spirit animal

(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)

tireapängkxo

: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k’·o]

P F

v. commu-

ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)

tì’awm

: [tI."Pawm]

P F

n. camping (derived

from ’awm camp)

tì’awm si

: [tI."Pawm "s·i]

P F

vin. camp (derived

from ’awm camp)

tì’awpo

: [tI."Paw.po]

P F

n. individuality (nega-

tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
’awpo one individual

)

tì’efu

: [tI."PE.fu]

P F

n. feeling (derived from

’efu feel

)

tì’em

: [tI."PEm]

P F

n. the art of cooking (derived

from ’em cook)

tì’eylan

: [tI."PEj.lan]

P F

n. friendship (derived

from ’eylan friend)

tì’eyng

: [tI."PEjN]

P F

n. answer, response (deri-

ved from ’eyng answer)

tì’i’avay

: [tI."PiP.a.vaj]

P F

adv. until the end

(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)

tì’o’

: [tI."PoP]

P F

n. fun, excitement (derived

from ’o’ exciting)

tì’ong

: [tI."PoN]

P F

n. blooming, unfolding (deri-

ved from ’ong bloom)

tìfkeytok

: [tI."fkEj.tok"]

P F

n. state, condition,

situation (derived from fkeytok exist)

tìfmetok

: [tI."fmE.tok^]

P F

n. test (derived from

fmetok test

)

tìfnu

: [tI."fnu]

P F

n. quiet, silence (derived from

fnu quiet

)

tìftang

: [tI."ftaN]

P F

n. stopping, the glottal stop

(derived from ftang stop)

tìftang si

: [tI."ftaN s·]

P F

vin. stop (derived

from tìftang stopping)

tìftia

: [tI.fti".a]

P F

n. study (derived from ftia

study)

tìftia kifkeyä

: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ]

P F

n. science,

the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-
tia study

and kifkey world)

tìftxavang

: [tI."ft’a.vaN]

P F

n. passion (derived

from ftxavang passionate)

tìftxey

: [tI."ft’Ej]

P F

n. choice (derived from ftx-

ey choose

)

tìfyawìntxu

: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u]

P F

n. guidance

(derived from fyawìntxu guide)

tìfyeyn

: [tI."fjEjn]

P F

n. ripeness, maturity, full

fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)

tìhawl

: [tI."hawl]

P F

n. preparations, plan (deri-

ved from hawl prepare)

tìhawnu

: [tI."haw.nu]

P F

n. protection (derived

from hawnu protect, shelter)

tìhawnu si

: [tI."haw.nu "s·i]

P F

vin. protect (de-

rived from tìhawnu protection)

tìk’ìn

: [tIk."PIn]

P F

n. free time, the absence of bu-

siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)

tìkan

: [tI."kan]

P F

n. aim, goal, purpose, target

(derived from kan aim)

tìkangkem

: [tI."kaN.kEm]

P F

n. work (derived

from kem action, deed)

tìkangkem si

: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i]

P F

vin. work

(derived from tìkangkem work)

tìkangkemvi

: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi]

P F

n. project, pie-

ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)

tìkanu

: [tI."ka.nu]

P F

n. intelligence (derived

from kanu smart)

tìkawng

: [tI."kawN]

P F

n. evil (derived from

kawng bad

)

tìkenong

: [tI."kE.noN]

P F

n. example (derived

from kenong model)

tìketeng

: [tI."kE.tEN]

P F

n. difference (c.w. from

ke not

and teng same)

tìkin

: [tI."kin]

P F

n. need (derived from kin

need)

tìkusar

: [tI.ku."saR]

P F

n. teaching (the act) (de-

rived from kar teach)

tìkxey

: [tI."k’Ej]

P F

n. incorrectness, mistakeness

(derived from kxeyey mistake)

tìkxey si

: [tI."k’Ej "s·i]

P F

vin. mess up, foul, do

wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)

tìlam

: [tI."lam]

P F

n. appearance (derived from

lam seem

)

tìlen

: [tI."lEn]

P rr

n. event, happening (derived

from len happen)

tìlor

: [tI."loR]

P F

n. beauty (derived from lor

beautiful)

tìm

: [tIm]

P F

adj. low

tìme’em

: [tI."mE.PEm]

P F

n. harmony (general

sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)

tìmll’an

: [tI.ml

."Pan

]

P F

n. acceptance (derived

from mll’an accept)

tìmok

: [tI."mok^]

P F

n. suggestion (derived

from mok suggest)

tìmuntxa

: [tI.mun."t’a]

P F

n. mating, marriage

(derived from muntxa mated)

tìmweypey

: [tIm."wEj.pEj]

P F

n. patience (deri-

ved from maweypey be patient)

tìn

: [tIn]

P F

n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-

ved from ’ìn be busy)

tìng

: [t·IN]

P F

vtr. give

tìngay

: [tI."Naj]

P F

n. truth (derived from ngay

true)

tìngäzìk

: [tI."Næ.zIk^]

P F

n. difficulty, problem

(derived from ngäzìk difficult)

tìng lawr

: [t·IN lawr]

P F

vin. sing wordlessly, gi-

ve out a tune or melody (derived from lawr
melody)

tìng mikyun

: ["t·Im "mik.jun]

P F

vin. listen (de-

rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)

tìng nari

: ["t·IN "na.Ri]

P F

vin. look (derived

from tìng give and nari eye)

tìngop

: [tI."Nop^]

P F

n. creation (derived from

ngop create

)

tìng tseng

: ["t·IN "

tsEN

]

P F

vin. back down, gi-

ve ground (derived from tìng give and tseng
ground)

tìno

: [tI."no]

P F

n. thoroughness, attention to de-

tail

tìnomum

: [tI."no.mum]

P F

n. curiosity (derived

from newomum be curious)

tìoeyktìng

: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN]

P F

n. explanation (de-

rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)

tìohakx

: [tI.o."hak’]

P F

n. hunger (derived from

ohakx hungry

)

tìomum

: [tI."o.mum]

P F

n. knowledge (derived

from omum know)

tìpawm

: [tI."pawm]

P F

n. question (derived

from pawm ask)

tìpähem

: [tI."pæ.hEm]

P F

n. arrival (derived

from pähem arrive)

tìpängkxo

: [tI.pæN."k’o]

P F

n. conversation, di-

scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)

tìpängkxotsyìp

: [tI.pæN."k’o.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. little

conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-
versation)

tìpe’un

: [tI."pE.Pun]

P F

n. decision (derived

from pe’un decide)

tìprrte’

: [tI."pr

.tEP

]

P F

n. pleasure (derived

from prrte’ pleasurable)

tìran

: [t·I."R·an]

P F

vin. walk

tìrey

: [tI."REj]

P F

n. life (derived from rey live)

tìrol

: [tI."Rol]

P F

n. song (vocal) (derived from

rol sing

)

tìronsrel

: [tI."Ron.sREl]

P F

n. imagination (deri-

ved from ronsrelngop imagine)

tìska’a

: [tI.ska."Pa]

P F

n. destruction (derived

from ska’a destroy)

tìsla’tsu

: [tI."slaP.

tsu

]

P F

n. description (derived

from sla’tsu describe)

tìsnaytx

: [tI."snajt’]

P F

n. loss (derived from

snaytx lose

)

tìsom

: [tI."som]

P F

n. heat (derived from som

hot)

tìsop

: [tI."sop^]

P F

n. journey (derived from sop

travel)

tìspe’e

: [tI.spE."PE]

P F

n. capture (derived from

spe’e capture

)

tìspxin

: [tI."sp’in]

P F

n. the state of being ill, sick-

ness (derived from spxin sick)

tìsraw

: [tI."sRaw]

P F

n. pain (derived from sraw

painful)

tìsraw seyki

: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i]

P F

vtr. hurt (so-

meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain
and s«eyk»i make (causative))

tìsraw si

: [tI."sRaw "s·i]

P F

vin. hurt, be painful

(derived from tìsraw pain)

tìsrese’a

: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa]

P F

n. prophecy (derived

from srese’a prophetize)

tìsti

: [tI."sti]

P F

n. anger (derived from sti be

angry)

tìsung

: [tI."suN]

Lance

n. addition, post script

(P.S.) (derived from sung add)

tìtaron

: [tI."ta.Ron]

P F

n. hunting (derived from

taron hunt

)

tìtslam

: [tI."

tslam

]

P F

n. understanding, intelli-

gence (derived from tslam understand)

tìtstew

: [tI."

tstEw

]

P F

n. courage, bravery

tìtstewnga’

: [tI."

tstEw.NaP^

]

P F

adj. courageous,

brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave-
ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)

tìtstunwi

: [tI."

tstun.wi

]

P F

n. kindness (derived

from tstunwi kind)

tìtsyär

: [tI."

tsyær

]

P F

n. rejection (derived from

tsyär reject

)

tìtusaron

: [tI.tu."sa.Ron]

P F

n. hunting (derived

from taron hunt)

tìtxanew

: [tI."t’a.nEw]

P F

n. greed (derived

from txanew greedy)

tìtxen

: [tI."t’En]

P F

n. awakeness, the state of wa-

king (derived from txen awake)

tìtxula

: [tI."t’u.la]

P F

n. construction, construc-

ted thing (derived from txula build)

tìtxur

: [tI."t’uR]

P F

n. strength, power (derived

from txur strong)

tìvawm

: [tI."vawm]

P F

n. darkness (derived

from vawm dark)

tìväng

: [tI."væN]

P F

n. thirst (derived from

väng thirsty

)

tìve’kì

: [tI.vEP."kI]

P F

n. hatred (derived from

ve’kì hate

)

tìwan

: [tI."wan]

P F

n. obfuscation, cover up (de-

rived from wan hide)

tìwäte

: [tI.wæ."tE]

P F

n. dispute, argument (de-

rived from wäte argue)

tìwew

: [tI."wEw]

P F

n. coldness, cold (derived

from wew cold)

tìwusem

: [tI.wu."sEm]

P F

n. fighting (derived

from wem fight)

tìyawn

: [tI."jawn]

P F

n. love (derived from

yawne beloved

)

tìyawr

: [tI."jawR]

P F

n. correctness (derived

from eyawr correct)

tìyora’

: [tI.jo"RaP]

P F

n. victory, a win (derived

from yora’ win)

tìyusom

: [tI.ju."som]

P F

n. eating (the act) (de-

rived from yom eat)

: [to]

P F

part. comparative marker than (be-

haves like an adp.)

tok

: [t·ok^]

P F

vtr. be at, occupy a space

tokx

: [tok’]

P F

n. body

tolel

: [to."lEl]

P F

intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-

derstand! (synonym: tslolam)

toltem

: [t·ol."t·Em]

P F

vtr. shoot

tompa

: ["tom.pa]

P F

n. rain

tompameyp

: [tom.pa."mEjp^]

P F

n. drizzle (de-

rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)

tomperwì

: ["tom.pER.wI]

P F

n. sleet (derived

from tompa rain and herwì snow)

tompìva

: ["tom.pI.va]

P F

n. raindrop (derived

from tompa rain and ìlva drop)

tor

: [toR]

P F

adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived

from toruk last shadow)

toruk makto

: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to]

J C

n. toruk ri-

der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
ride)

trr

: [tr

]

P F

n. day

trr’awve

: [tr

."Paw.vE

]

P F

n. Sunday (c.w. from

trr day

and ’awve first)

trr’ong

: [tr

."PoN

]

P F

n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from

trr day

and ’ong unfold)

trr’ongmaw

: [tr

."PoN.maw

]

P F

n. dawn after

sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
ter)

trram

: [tr

."am

]

P F

adv. yesterday (derived from

trr day

and ham previous)

trray

: [tr

."aj

]

P F

adv. tomorrow (derived from

trr day

and hay next)

trrkive

: [tr

."ki.vE

]

P F

n. Saturday (c.w. from trr

day and kive seventh)

trrmrrve

: [tr

."mr

.vE

]

P F

n. Thursday (c.w. from

trr day

and mrrve fifth)

trrmuve

: [tr

."mu.vE

]

P F

n. Monday (c.w. from

trr day

and muve second)

trrpeve

: [tr

."pE.vE

]

P F

inter. which day (derived

from trr day and –pe interrogative marker
and –ve ordinal number marker)

trrpuve

: [tr

."pu.vE

]

P F

n. Friday (c.w. from trr

day and puve sixth)

trrpxeyve

: [tr

."p’Ej.vE

]

P F

n. Tuesday (c.w. from

trr day

and pxeyve third)

trrtsìve

: [tr

tsI.vE

]

P F

n. Wednesday (c.w. from

trr day

and tsìve fourth)

trrtxon

: [tr

.t’on

]

P F

n. the day and night cycle of

Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night)

tukru

: [tuk."Ru]

P F

n. spear

tul

: [t·ul]

P F

vin. run

tumpin

: ["tum.pin]

P F

n. red, orange (derived

from tun red, orange)

tun

: [tun]

P F

adj. red, orange

tung

: [t·uN]

P F

v. allow

tungzup

: [t·uN."z·up^]

P F

vtr. drop (ii) (c.w.

from tung allow and zup fall)

tup

: [tup^]

P F

conj. instead of, rather than

tupe

: ["tu.pE]

P F

inter. who allomorph of pesu

tut

: [tut^]

P F

part. continuation marker

tuté

: [tu."tE]

P F

n. female (person) (derived from

tute person

)

tutan

: [tu."tan]

P F

n. male (person) (derived

from tute person)

tute

: ["tu.tE]

P F

n. person

tuteo

: ["tu.tE.o]

P F

pn. somebody, someone (de-

rived from tute person)

tuvon

: ["t·u.v·on]

P F

v. lean

tsa–

: [

tsa

]

P F

prefix that

tsa’u

: ["

tsa.Pu

]

P F

dem. that (thing) (c.w. from

tsa that

and ’u thing)

tsafya

: [

tsa."fja

]

P F

adv. that way, like that (c.w.

from tsa- that and fya’o way)

tsa-hey

: ["

tsa."hEj

]

intj. expression of warning

or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’

tsaheyl si

: [

tsa."hEjl "s·i

]

P F

vin. bond with,

establish a neural connection (derived from

tsaheylu bond

)

tsaheylu

: [

tsa."hEj.lu

]

J C,P F

n. bond (neural con-

nection)

tsakem

: ["

tsa.kEm] or [

tsa."kEm

]

P F

dem. that

(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-
tion)

tsakrr

: [

tsa."kr

]

P F

dem. then, at that time (deri-

ved from tsa- that and krr time)

tsakrrvay

: [

tsa."kr

.vaj

]

P F

adv. until then, in the

meantime (c.w. from tsakrr then and vay up
to)

tsal

: [

tsal

]

P F

pn. that, it (transitive subject)

tsalsungay

: [

tsal.su."Naj

]

P F

adv. nevertheless,

even so

tsam

: [

tsam

]

P F

n. war

tsamopin

: ["

tsa.mo.pin

]

P F

n. warpaint (c.w.

from tsam war and ’opin color)

tsampongu

: ["

tsam.po.Nu

]

P F

n. war party (c.w.

from tsam war and pongu party)

tsamsiyu

: ["

tsam.si.ju

]

P F

n. warrior (derived

from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)

tsang

: [

tsaN

]

P F

n. a piercing

tsap’alute

: [

tsap."Pa.lu.tE

]

P F

n. apology

tsap’alute si

: [

tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i

]

P F

vin. apologi-

se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo-
gy)

tsapo

: ["

tsa.po

]

P F

pn. that one (for people only)

(c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)

tsaria

: ["

tsa.Ri.a

]

P F

pn., sbd. that (c.w. from

tsa’u-ri that (topical)

and a subordinator)

tsat

: [

tsat^

]

P F

pn. that, it (as object)

tsata

: ["

tsa.ta

]

P F

pn., sbd. that (c.w. from

tsa’u-t that (patientive)

and a subordinator)

tsatseng

: [

tsa."

tsEN] or ["

tsa.

tsEN

]

P F

dem. there,

that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place)

tsatu

: ["

tsa.tu

]

P F

dem. that person (c.w. from

tsa that

and tute person)

tsaw

: [

tsaw

]

P F

dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive

subject)

tsawa

: ["

tsa.wa

]

P F

pn., sbd. that (c.w. from

tsa’u that (subjective)

and a subordinator)

tsawke

: ["

tsaw.kE

]

P F

n. sun

tsawl

: [

tsawl

]

P F

adj. big (in size), tall

tsawlhì’

: [

tsawl."hIP

]

P F

n. size (c.w. from tsawl

big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))

tsawl slu

: ["

tsawl "sl·u

]

P F

vin. grow (c.w. from

tsawl big

and slu become)

tsay+

: [

tsaj

]

P F

prefix those (c.w. from tsa– that

and ay+ plural)

tsä’

: [

ts·æP

]

P F

v. squirt

tse

: [

tsE

]

P F

part. well (conversation starter)

tse’a

: [

ts·E."P·a

]

P F

vtr. see (physical sense)

tseng(e)

: ["

tsEN(E)

]

P F

n. place

tsengo

: ["

tsE.No

]

P F

pn. somewhere (derived

from tseng place)

tsengpe

: ["

tsEN.pE

]

P F

inter. where allomorph

of peseng

tseo

: ["

tsE.o

]

P F

n. art

tsewtx

: [

tsEwt’

]

P F

adj. dirty

tsim

: [

tsim

]

P F

n. source

tsìng

: [

tsIN

]

P F

num. four

tsìsyì

: ["

ts·I.sy·I

]

P F

vin. whisper

tsìve

: ["

tsI.vE

]

P F

adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived

from tsìng four)

tskalep

: ["

tska.lEp^

]

P F

n. crossbow

tsko

: [

tsko

]

P F

n. bow (weapon)

tsko swizaw

: ["

tsko swi."zaw

]

P F

n. bow and ar-

row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)

tskxaytsyìp

: ["

tsk’aj.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. hail (derived

from tskxepay ice)

tskxe

: [

tsk’E

]

P F

n. rock, stone

tskxekeng

: ["

tsk’E.kEN

]

P F

n. training, exercise

tskxekeng si

: ["

tsk’E.kEN "s·i

]

P F

vin. exercise,

train (derived from tskxekeng training)

tskxepay

: ["

tsk’E.paj

]

P F

n. ice (derived from

tskxe stone

and pay water)

tslam

: [

tsl·am

]

P F

vtr. understand

tsleng

: [

tslEN

]

P F

adj. false

tslolam

: [

tslo."lam

]

P F

intj. get it, I understand

(derived from tslam understand and «ol»
perfect aspect infix)

tsmìm

: [

tsmIm

]

P F

n. animal track

tsmuk

: [

tsmuk^

]

P F

n. sibling

tsmukan

: ["

tsmu.kan

]

P F

n. brother (derived

from tsmuk sibling)

tsmuke

: ["

tsmu.kE

]

P F

n. sister (derived from

tsmuk sibling

)

tsmuktu

: ["

tsmuk.tu

]

P F

n. sibling (derived

from tsmuk sibling)

tsngal

: [

tsNal

]

P F

n. cup

tsngan

: [

tsNan

]

P F

n. meat

tsngawvìk

: ["

tsN·aw.v·Ik^

]

P F

vin. cry, weep

tsnì

: [

tsnI

]

P F

sbd. that (function word) (with

subjunctive verb in dependant clause)

tsopì

: ["

tso.pI

]

P F

n. lung

tspang

: [

tsp·aN

]

P F

vtr. kill

tsranten

: ["

tsR·an.t·En

]

P F

vin. matter, be of im-

portance

tsray

: [

tsRaj

]

P F

n. village

tsre’i

: ["

tsR·E.P·i

]

P F

vtr. throw

tstal

: [

tstal

]

P F

n. knife

tstew

: [

tstEw

]

P F

adj. brave

tstu

: [

tstu

]

P F

adj. closed, shut, overcast (for

cloudy skies)

tstunwi

: ["

tstun.wi

]

P F

adj. kind, thoughtful,

considerate

tstu si

: ["

tstu "s·i

]

P F

vin. close (derived from

tstu closed

)

tstxo

: [

tst’o

]

P F

n. name

tstxolì’u

: ["

tst’o.lI.Pu

]

P F

n. noun (c.w. from

tstxo name

and lì’u word)

tsuk–

: [

tsuk

]

P F

prefix able to (c.w. from tsun

able and fko one)

tsuksìm

: ["

tsuk.sIm

]

P F

n. chin

tsuktswa’

: [

tsuk."

tswaP^

]

P F

adj. forgettable (de-

rived from tswa’ forget)

tsukyom

: [

tsuk."jom

]

P F

adj. edible (derived

from yom eat)

tsulfä

: [

tsul."fæ

]

P F

n. mastery

tsulfä si

: [

tsul."fæ "s·i

]

P F

vin. master (derived

from tsulfä mastery)

tsulfätu

: [

tsul."fæ.tu

]

P F

n. master of an art,

craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
mastery)

tsun

: [

ts·un

]

P F

vim. can, be able

tsunslu

: ["

ts·un.sl·u

]

P F

vin. may, be possible

(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)

tsurokx

: [

ts·u."R·ok’

]

P F

v. rest

tswa’

: [

tsw·aP^

]

P F

vtr. forget

tswayon

: ["

tsw·aj.·on

]

P F

vin. fly

tswin

: [

tswin

]

P F

n. queue, braid

tswintsyìp

: ["

tswin.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. little queue (de-

rived from tswin queue)

tsyafe

: ["

tsja.fE

]

P F

adj. mild, moderate, comfor-

table

tsyal

: [

tsjal

]

P F

n. wing

tsyär

: [

tsy·ær

]

P F

vtr. reject

tsyo

: [

tsjo

]

P F

n. flour

tsyokx

: [

tsjok’

]

P F

n. hand

tsyosyu

: ["

tsjo.sju

]

P F

n. food made from flour

(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

txa’

: [t’aP]

P F

adj. hard

txal

: [t’al]

P F

n. back (of the body)

txampay

: [t’am."paj]

P F

n. sea, ocean (c.w. from

txan great

and pay water)

txampxì

: [t’am."p’I]

P F

n. majority, most, large

part (derived from txan much)

txan

: [t’an]

P F

adj. much

txanatan

: ["t’a.na.tan]

P F

adj. bright, vivid (c.w.

from txan very and atan light)

txanew

: ["t’a.nEw]

P F

adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-

an much

and new want)

txanfwerwì

: [t’an."fwER.wI]

P F

n. blizzard (de-

rived from hufwe wind and herwì snow)

txankrr

: [t’aN."kr

]

P F

adv. for a long time (c.w.

from txan much and krr time)

txantsan

: ["t’an.

tsan

]

P F

adj. excellent

txantslusam

: ["t’an.

tslu.sam

]

P F

adj. wise (c.w.

from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)

txantstew

: ["t’an.

tstEw

]

P F

n. hero (c.w. from

txan very

and tstew brave)

txantur

: ["t’an.tuR]

P F

adj. powerful (c.w. from

txan much

and txur strong)

txanwawe

: [t’an.wa."wE]

P F

adj. personally me-

aningful, significant (c.w. from txan much
and wawe significance)

txasom

: ["t’a.som]

P F

adj. very hot (derived

from txan very and som hot)

txawew

: ["t’a.wEw]

P F

adj. very cold (derived

from txan very and wew cold)

txayo

: ["t’a.jo]

P F

n. field, open terrain, plain

txärem

: ["t’æ.REm]

P F

n. bone

txe’lan

: [t’EP."lan]

P F

n. heart

txele

: ["t’E.lE]

P F

n. matter (subject)

txen

: [t’En]

P F

adj. awake

txep

: [t’Ep^]

P F

n. fire

txepìva

: ["t’E.pI.va]

P F

n. ash, cinder (derived

from txep fire and ìlva flake)

txeptsyìp

: ["t’Ep.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. dear or cute little

fire (derived from txep fire)

txepvi

: ["t’Ep.vi]

P F

n. spark (derived from txep

fire)

txewk

: [t’Ewk^]

P F

n. club (weapon)

txey

: [t’·Ej]

P F

v. halt

txin

: [t’in]

P F

adj. main, primary

txintìn

: ["t’in.tIn]

P F

n. occupation, primary role

in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-
ty that keeps one busy)

txìm

: [t’Im]

P F

n. butt, rear end, ass

txìng

: [t’·IN]

P F

v. leave, abandon

txo

: [t’o]

P F

conj. if

txoa

: ["t’o.a]

P F

n. forgiveness

txokefyaw

: ["t’o.kE.fjaw]

P F

conj. if not, or else,

otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not
one path)

txon

: [t’on]

P F

n. night

txon’ong

: [t’on."PoN]

P F,P rr

n. night-fall, sun-

set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold

)

txon’ongmaw

: [t’on."PoN.maw]

P F

n. twilight,

the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
on’ong sunset

and maw after)

txonam

: [t’o."nam]

P F

adv. last night (derived

from txon night and ham previous)

txonay

: [t’o."naj]

P F

adv. tomorrow night (deri-

ved from txon night and hay next)

txopu

: ["t’o.pu]

P F

n. fear

txopu si

: ["t’o.pu "s·i]

P F

vin. be afraid (derived

from txopu fear)

txukx

: [t’uk’]

P F

adj. deep (physically)

txula

: ["t’·u.l·a]

P F

v. build, construct

txum

: [t’um]

P F

n. poison

txumnga’

: ["t’um.NaP^]

P F

adj. poisonous (deri-

ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)

txur

: [t’uR]

P F

adj. strong (physically)

: [uk^]

P F

n. shadow (derived from toruk last

shadow)

ukxo

: [u."k’o]

P F

adj. dry

ulte

: ["ul.tE]

P F

conj. and (clausal conjunction)

ultxa

: [ul."t’a]

P F

n. meeting

ultxarun

: [ul."t’a.R·un]

P F

vtr. encounter, meet

by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and
run find

)

ultxa si

: [ul."t’a "s·i]

P F

vin. meet with someone

intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-
txa meeting

)

unil

: ["u.nil]

J C

n. dream

uniltìrantokx

: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’]

J C,P F

n. ava-

tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu
dreamwalker and tokx body)

uniltìranyu

: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju]

P F

n. dreamwalker

(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)

uo–

: ["u.o]

P F

adp. behind

uran

: ["u.Ran]

P F

n. boat

utral

: ["ut.Ral]

P F

n. tree

utraltsyìp

: ["ut.Ral.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. bush (derived

from utral tree)

uvan

: [u."van]

P F

n. game, uvan letokx sport

uvan si

: [u."van "s·i]

P F

vin. play (a game) (deri-

ved from uvan game)

var

: [v·aR]

P F

vim. to persist in a state, to conti-

nue to perform an action

vawm

: [vawm]

P F

adj. dark

vawmpin

: ["vawm.pin]

P F

n. dark color (deri-

ved from vawm dark)

vay–

: [vaj]

P F

adp. up to

vaykrr

: [vaj."kr

]

P F

conj. until (c.w. from vay–

up to and krr time)

vä’

: [væP]

P F

adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-

väng

: [væN]

P F

adj. thirsty

ve’kì

: [v·EP."k·I]

P F

vtr. hate

venu

: ["vE.nu]

P F

n. foot

venzek

: ["vEn.zEk^]

P F

n. toe (c.w. from venu

foot and zekwä finger)

vewng

: [v·EwN]

P F

vtr. look after, take care of, be

responsible for

vey

: [vEj]

P F

n. food made from animal origin,

flesh

vin

: [v·in]

P F

vtr. request, ask for

vingkap

: ["v·iN.k·ap]

P F

vtr. occur to one, pop in-

to one’s mind, strike one

virä

: [v·i."R·æ]

P F

v. spread, proliferate

vitra

: [vit."Ra]

P F

n. soul

vol

: [vol]

P F

num. eight

volve

: ["vol.vE]

P F

adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived

from vol eight)

vospxì

: [vo."sp’I]

P F

n. month (derived from

vosìpxì twelfth

and zìsìtä of a year)

vospxìam

: [vo."sp’I.am]

P F

n. last month (deri-

ved from vospxì month)

vospxìay

: [vo."sp’I.aj]

P F

n. next month (deri-

ved from vospxì month)

vrrìn

: ["v·r

.·In

]

P F

vin. be busy (negative sense):

be tired out and overwhelmed by an activity
that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn be
busy)

vrrtep

: ["vr

.tEp^

]

P F

n. demon

vul

: [vul]

P F

n. branch (of a tree)

vur

: [vuR]

P F

n. story

vurvi

: ["vuR.vi]

P F

n. summary, synopsis (deri-

ved from vur story)

wan

: [w·an]

P F

vtr. hide

wawe

: [wa."wE]

P F

n. meaning, importance, sig-

nificance

way

: [waj]

P F

n. song (ancient, ceremonial)

way si

: ["waj "s·i]

P F

vin. sing (derived from

way song

)

waytelem

: ["waj.tE.lEm]

P F

n. song cord (c.w.

from way song and telem cord)

wä+

: [wæ]

P F

adp. against (as in: fight against)

wäte

: [wæ."t·E]

P F

vtr. argue, dispute

wätu

: ["wæ.tu]

P F

n. opponent (derived from

wä- against

)

wätx

: [w·æt’]

P F

vtr. be bad at

wem

: [w·Em]

P F

vin. fight

wempongu

: ["wEm.po.Nu]

P F

n. squad, milita-

ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and

pongu group

)

wew

: [wEw]

P F

adj. cold

weyn

: [w·Ejn]

P F

v. draw, illustrate

win

: [win]

P F

adj. fast

win säpi

: ["win sæ."p·i]

P F

vin. hurry (c.w. from

win fast

and s«äp»i do (reflexive))

win si

: ["win "s·i]

P F

vin. rush something, make

something fast (derived from win fast)

wiya

: ["wi.ja]

intj. expression of warning or

frustration, ’damn!’

wìntxu

: [w·In."t’·u]

P F

v. show

wok

: [wok^]

P F

adj. loud

wotx

: [wot’]

P F

n. totality, whole

wrrpa

: ["wr

.pa

]

P F

n., adv. outside

wur

: [wuR]

P F

adj. cool, chilly

wutso

: ["wu.

tso

]

P F

n. dinner, served meal

: [ja]

P F

n. air

yafkeyk

: ["ja.fkEjk^]

P F

n. weather (derived

from fkeytok exist)

yapay

: ["ja.paj]

P F

n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from

ya air

and pay water)

yawne

: ["jaw.nE]

P F

adj. beloved

yawnetu

: ["jaw.nE.tu]

P F

n. loved one (derived

from yawne beloved)

yawntu

: ["jawn.tu]

P F

n. loved one (derived

from yawne beloved)

yayayr

: [ja."jajR]

P F

n. confusion

yaymak

: ["jaj.mak^]

P F

adj. foolish, ignorant

yayo

: ["ja.jo]

P F

n. bird (c.w. from ya air and

ioang animal

)

yän

: [j·æn]

P F

vtr. fasten, tie down

: [jE]

P F

adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full

ye’krr

: ["jEP.kr

]

P F

adv. early (derived from

ye’rìn soon

and krr time)

ye’rìn

: ["jEP.RIn]

P F

adv. soon

yehakx

: ["jE.hak’]

P F

adj. satisfied from hunger,

full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)

yem

: [j·Em]

P F

vtr. put, place

yemfpay

: [jEm."fpaj]

P F

n. dipping, immersion

(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-
ter)

yemfpay si

: [jEm."fpaj "s·i]

P F

vin. dip into

liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)

yemstokx

: ["j·Em.stok’]

P F

vtr. put on (clot-

hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-
kx body

)

yeväng

: ["jE.væN]

P F

adj. satisfied from thirst by

drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
ye satisfied

and väng thirsty)

yey

: [jEj]

P F

adj. straight

yìm

: [j·Im]

P F

vtr. bind

yol

: [jol]

P F

adj. short (of time)

yom

: [j·om]

P F

vtr. eat

yomtìng

: ["jom.t·IN]

P F

vin. feed (with dative ob-

ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)

yora’

: [jo·."R·aP]

P F

vtr. win

yur

: [j·uR]

P F

vtr. wash

za’ärìp

: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^]

P F

vtr. pull (derived

from ’ärìp move)

za’u

: ["z·a.P·u]

P F

vin. come

zam

: [zam]

P F

num. sixty four

zamunge

: [za."m·u.N·E]

P F

vtr. bring (derived

from munge bring)

zapxì

: [za."p’I]

P F

n. front (part or section) (deri-

ved from hapxì part)

zawng

: [z·awN]

P F

vin. scream

zekwä

: ["zEk.wæ]

P F

n. finger

zene

: ["z·E.n·E]

P F

vim. must

zenke

: ["z·EN.kE]

P F

vim. must not (ii) (c.w.

from zene must and ke not)

zerok

: ["z·E.R·ok^]

P F

v. remember

zeyko

: [zEj."k·o]

P F

vtr. heal, fix (derived from

zo be well

and «eyk» causative infix)

zìma’uyu

: [zI."ma.Pu.yu]

P F

n. newcomer, some-

one who has just arrived on the scene

zìsìkrr

: ["zI.sI.kr

]

P F

n. season (derived from

zìsìt year

and krr time)

zìsìt

: ["zI.sIt^]

P F

n. year

: [z·o]

P F

vin. be well, be intact, be as it should

be, work correctly or as nature intended

zong

: [z·oN]

P F

v. save, defend

zongtseng

: ["zoN.

tsEN

]

P F

n. safe place, refuge

(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)

zoplo

: [zop."lo]

P F

n. offence, insult

zoslu

: ["zo.sl·u]

P F

vin. heal, become well, get fix-

ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)

zup

: [z·up^]

P F

vin. fall

zusawkrr

: [zu."saw.kr

]

P F

n. future (c.w. from

z«us»a’u coming

and krr time)

The Number System

The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.

Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a

grammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “You
two are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”
would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39

kew

vol

mevol

pxevol

tsìvol

’aw

volaw

mevolaw

pxevolaw

tsìvolaw

mune

vomun

mevomun

pxevomun

tsìvomun

pxey

vopey

mevopey

pxevopey

tsìvopey

tsìng

vosìng

mevosìng

pxevosìng

tsìvosìng

mrr

vomrr

mevomrr

pxevomrr

tsìvomrr

pukap

vofu

mevofu

pxevofu

tsìvofu

kinä

vohin

mevohin

pxevohin

tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63

mrrvol

puvol

kivol

mrrvolaw

puvolaw

kivolaw

mrrvomun

puvomun

kivomun

mrrvopey

puvopey

kivopey

mrrvosìng

puvosìng

kivosìng

mrrvomrr

puvomrr

kivomrr

mrrvofu

puvofu

kivofu

mrrvohin

puvohin

kivohin

Ordinal Numbers

Number + -ve

–

volve

’awve

volawve

muve

vomuve

pxeyve

vopeyve

tsìve

vosìve

mrrve

vomrrve

puve

vofuve

kive

vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

combining

x64

x512

x4096

’aw

-aw

vol

zam

vozam

zazam

mune

-mun

mevol

mezam

mevozam

mezazam

pxey

-pey

pxevol

pxezam

pxevozam

pxezazam

tsìng

-sìng

tsìvol

tsìzam

tsìvozam

tsìzazam

mrr

-mrr

mrrvol

mrrzam

mrrvozam

mrrzazam

pukap

-fu

puvol

puzam

puvozam

puzazam

kinä

-hin

kivol

kizam

kivozam

kizazam

Example Number

zamtsìvosìng

zam + tsìvo + sìng

64 + 4∗8 + 4

100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8

’eyt

nayn

Time

Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon

trr’ong

dawn

trr’ongmaw

after dawn

rewon

morning

srekamtrr

before noon

kxamtrr

noon

kxamtrrmaw

after noon

ha’ngir

early afternoon

kaym

late afternoon

sreton’ong

before nightfall

txon’ong

nightfall

txon’ongmaw

after nightfall

txon

night

srekamtxon

before midnight

kxamtxon

midnight

kxamtxomaw

after midnight

txon

night

sresrr’ong

before dawn

trr’ong

dawn

Days of the Terrestrial Week

Sunday

trr’awve

Monday

trrmuve

Tuesday

trrpxeyve

Wednesday

trrtsìve

Thursday

trrmrrve

Friday

trrpuve

Saturday

trrkive

Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì

: ["PIN.lI.sI]

P F

n. English language (loa-

ned from Eng. English)

’Rrta

: ["Pr

.ta

]

P F,P rr

prop.n. Earth (loaned

from Eng. Earth)

Europa

: [E.u."Ro.pa]

P F

prop.n. Europe (loaned

from Greek Europe)

hametsì

: [ha.mE.

tsI

]

P F

n. leavened bread (loa-

ned from Hebrew chametz)

Jakesully

: [ZEjk’su:l

]

n. moron, toruk mak-

toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor-
mally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic
rules)

kunsìp

: ["kun.sIp^]

P F

n. gunship (loaned from

Eng. gunship)

matsa

: [ma.

tsa

]

P F

n. matsa, crackers (loaned

from Hebrew matsa)

nìFranse

: [nI."fRan.sE]

P F

adv. French, in French

(loaned from Eng. French)

nìToitsye

: [nI."to.i.tsjE]

P F

adv. German,

Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German)

Pari

: [pa.Ri]

P F

prop.n. Paris (loaned from

French Paris)

päsketpol

: [pæ.skEt.pol]

P F

n. basketball (loa-

ned from Eng. basketball)

pätsì

: ["pæ.

tsI

]

P F

n. badge (loaned from Eng.

badge)

pìlok

: [pI."lok^]

P F

n. blog (loaned from Eng.

blog)

puk

: [puk^]

P F

n. book (loaned from Eng. book)

puktsyìp

: ["puk.

tsjIp^

]

P F

n. pamphlet, booklet

(derived from puk book)

pxir

: [p’iR]

P F

n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bi-

er)

skxaypxe

: ["sk’aj.p’E]

P F

n. Skype (loaned from

English Skype)

Sweriye

: [swERijE]

P F

prop.n. Sweden

tawsìp

: ["taw.sIp^]

P F

n. sky-ship (loaned from

Eng. ship)

Toitslan

: ["to.i.

tslan

]

P F

prop.n. Germany (loa-

ned from German Deutschland)

Toitsye

: ["to.i.

tsjE

]

P F

adj. German (language)

(loaned from German Deutsch)

toktor

: ["tok.toR]

P F

n. doctor (loaned from

Eng. doctor)

tsyänel

: [

tsjæ.nEl

]

P F

n. TV channel (loaned

from Eng. channel)

tsyìräfì

: [

tsjI.Ræ.fI

]

P F

n. giraffe (loaned from

Eng. giraffe)

wou

: ["w·o.·u]

P F

svin. be amazing, fascinating

(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)

Yeysu

: [jEj.su]

P F

prop.n. Jesus (loaned from

Italian Jesu)

Yu.E.Sey

: [ju.E.sEj]

P F

prop.n. USA (loaned

from Eng. USA)

Na’vi Proper Nouns

Akwey

: [ak."wEj]

J C

prop.n. male Na’vi

Amhul

: [am."hul]

P F

prop.n. female Na’vi

Ateyitan

: [a.tEj.i.tan]

J C

prop.n. son of Ateyo

(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan
son)

Ateyo

: [a."tE.jo]

J C

prop.n. male Na’vi

ayRam aLusìng

: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN]

P F

prop.n.

the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram
mountain and lìng hover)

ayVitrayä Ramunong

: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]

J C

prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul

and ramunong well)

Änsìt

: ["æn.sIt^]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi

Entu

: ["En.tu]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi

Eytukan

: ["Ej.tu.kan]

J C

prop.n. male leader of

the Omatikaya

Eywa

: ["Ej.wa]

J C

prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-

rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw)

Eywa’eveng

: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN]

J C,P F

prop.n.

Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)

Iknimaya

: ["ik.ni."ma.ja]

J C

prop.n. Stairway to

Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi

Ìstaw

: [I."staw]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi

Kamun

: ["ka.mun]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-

tionate form Kamtsyìp)

Kelutral

: ["kE.lut.Ral]

P F

prop.n. Hometree (c.w.

from kelku home and utral tree)

Li’ona

: [li.Po.na]

G,P F

prop.n. a clan

Loak

: ["lo.ak^]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi

Mo’at

: ["mo.Pat^]

J C

prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-

tikaya (also pronounced Moat)

Mo’at’ite

: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE]

J C

prop.n. daughter of

Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
daughter)

Na’vi

: ["naP.vi]

P F

prop.n. the People, indige-

nous Pandoran sentient race

Newey

: [nE."wEj]

P F

prop.n. female Na’vi

Neytiri

: [nEj.ti.Ri]

J C

prop.n. female Na’vi of the

Omatikaya

Ninat

: [ni.nat^]

J C

prop.n. female singer of the

Omatikaya

Omatikaya

: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja]

J C

prop.n. Blue

Flute Clan

Otranyu

: [ot."Ran.ju]

J C

prop.n. name

Peyral

: [pEj."Ral]

P F

prop.n. female of the Oma-

tikaya

Ralu

: ["Ra.lu]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi

Rini

: ["Ri.ni]

P F

prop.n. female Na’vi

Rongloa

: ["RoN.lo.a]

J C

prop.n. a clan

Seze

: ["sE.zE]

prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee

Silwanin

: [sil.wa.nin]

J C

prop.n. Neytiri’s sister

Sorewn

: [so."REwn]

P F

prop.n. female Na’vi

Swotulu

: ["swo.tu.lu]

P F

prop.n. sacred river

(derived from swotu sacred place)

Tawtute

: ["taw.tu.tE]

P F

prop.n. Sky-person,

human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)

Tsahìk

: ["

tsa.hIk^

]

J C

prop.n. matriarch, high

priestess, interpreter

Tsenu

: ["

tsE.nu

]

P F

prop.n. female Na’vi

Tskaha

: ["

tska.ha

]

J C

prop.n. a tribe or clan

Tsu’tey

: [

tsuP."tEj

]

J C

prop.n. male of the Oma-

tikaya

Tsumongwi

: [

tsu.moN.wi

]

J C

prop.n. original

name for the Omatikaya

Tuke

: ["tu.kE]

P F

prop.n. female Na’vi

Txewì

: ["t’E.wI]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi

Txilte

: ["t’il.tE]

P F

prop.n. female Na’vi

Uniltaron

: [u.nil."ta.Ron]

P F

prop.n. Dream

Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)

Utral Aymokriyä

: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ]

J C,P F

prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri

)

Va’ru

: ["vaP.Ru]

P F

prop.n. male Na’vi

Flora and Fauna

Flora

’ampirikx

: ["Pam.pi.Rik’]

P F

n. leaf pitcher plant

(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)

’ä’o

: ["Pæ.Po]

P F

n. pitcher plant

’ele’wll

: ["PE.lEP.wl

]

P F

n. thorny paw, cactus

(derived from ’ewll plant)

anìheyu

: [a.nI."hE.ju]

P F

n. fibonacci, blue spiral

plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)

apxangrr

: [a."p’a.Nr

]

P F

n. delta tree (c.w. from

apxa large

and ngrr root)

atokirina’

: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP]

J C

n. seeds of the gre-

at tree

awaiei

: [a.wa.i."E.i]

P F

n. banshee of paradise

eanean

: ["E.an."E.an]

P F

n. cheadle, herbaceous

plant (c.w. from ean blue)

eyaye

: [E."ja.jE]

P F

n. warbonnet

fkxakewll

: ["fk’a.kE.wl

]

P F

n. itch plant (c.w.

from fkxake itch and ’ewll plant)

flefle

: ["flE.flE]

P F

n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic

plant

fngapsutxwll

: ["fNap.sut’.wl

]

P F

n. metal-

following plant (c.w. from fngap metal and
sutx follow

)

fwäkìwll

: ["fwæ.kI.wl

]

P F

n. mantis orchid (c.w.

from fwäkì mantis and ’ewll plant)

hìrumwll

: [hI."Rum.wl

]

P F

n. puffer plant

kllpxiwll

: [kl

."p’i.wl

]

P F

n. lionberry (c.w. from

kllte ground

and pxiwll sharp plant)

kxaylte

: ["k’ajl.tE]

P F

n. cillaphant (derived

from kxayl high)

loreyu

: [lo."RE.ju]

P F

n. helicoradian, beautiful

spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-
ral)

mìnyu

: ["mIn.ju]

P F

n. turner, twisted lily (deri-

ved from mìn turn)

mulpxar

: [mul."p’aR]

P F

n. roosterhead plant

pa’liwll

: ["paP.li.wl

]

P F

n. direhorse pitcher plant

(c.w. from pa’li direhorse and ’ewll plant)

pamtseowll

: ["pam.

tsE.o.wl

]

P F

n. cat ear, mu-

sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewll
plant)

paywll

: ["paj.wl

]

P F

n. water plant, dapophet

(c.w. from pay water and ’ewll plant)

penghrrap

: [pEN."hr

.ap^

]

P F

n. binary sunshine,

fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrap
danger)

pxayzekwä

: [p’aj."zEk.wæ]

P F

n. spiny whips

(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)

pxiut

: ["p’i.ut^]

P F

n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.

from pxi sharp and utral tree)

pxiwll

: ["p’i.wl

]

P F

n. hermit bud plant (c.w.

from pxi sharp and ’ewll plant)

pxorna’

: ["p’oR.naP]

P F

n. episoth, exploding seed

(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)

pxorna’lor

: ["p’oR.naP."loR]

P F

n. sari, beautiful

exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-
ploding seed and lor beautiful)

rawp

: [Rawp^]

P F

n. bladder polyp

rumut

: ["Rum.ut^]

P F

n. ball tree (c.w. from rum

ball and utral tree)

seze

: ["sE.zE]

P F,ZS

n. blue flower

smaoe

: [sma."o.E]

P F

n. phalanxia, heavily thor-

ned plant

sngukx

: [sNuk’]

P F

n. grub plant

somtìlor

: ["som.tI.loR]

P F

n. popsicle, hot beauty

(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)

syeptute

: ["sjEp.tu.tE]

P F

n. hyneman, person

trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)

tautral

: ["ta.ut.Ral]

P F

n. sky tree (c.w. from taw

sky and utral tree)

tawtsngal

: ["taw.

tsNal

]

P F

n. panopyra, sky cup

(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)

tìhawnuwll

: [tI."haw.nu.wl

]

P F

n. spartan, pro-

tection plant (c.w. from tìhawnu protection
and ’ewll plant)

tompawll

: ["tom.pa.wl

]

P F

n. geode, rain plant

(c.w. from tompa rain and ’ewll plant)

torukspxam

: ["to.Ruk.sp’am]

P F

n. octoshroom,

great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)

tsawlapxangrr

: ["

tsawl.a.p’a.Nr

]

P F

n. unidelta

tree, lit. tall large root (c.w. from tsawl big
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)

tstxa’a

: ["

tst’a.Pa

]

P F

n. canalyd

tsyorina’wll

: [

tsjo.Ri."naP.wl

]

P F

n. cycad, flour

seed plant (c.w. from rina’ seed and ’ewll
plant)

txll’u

: ["t’l

.Pu

]

P F

n. hookagourd

txumpaywll

: ["t’um.paj.wl

]

P F

n. scorpion

thistle, poison water plant (c.w. from txum
poison and paywll water plant)

txumtsä’wll

: [t’um."

tsæP.wl

]

P F

n. Baja tickler,

poison-squirting plant (c.w. from tsä’ squirt
and ’ewll plant)

väfewll

: ["væ.fE.wl

]

P F

n. Centipede, bad-smell

plant (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant and fahew
smell)

värumut

: ["væ.Ru.mut^]

P F

n. vein pod (c.w.

from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)

Vitrautral

: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral]

P F

prop.n. Tree of

Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

yomhì’ang

: [jom."hIP.aN]

P F

n. small ani-

mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
and hì’ang insect)

yomioang

: [jom.i."o.aN]

P F

n. chalice plant (c.w.

from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna

’angtsìk

: ["PaN.

tsIk^

]

P F

n. hammerhead

eltungawng

: ["El.tu.NawN]

P F

n. brainworm

(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)

fkio

: ["fki.o]

P F

n. tetrapteron

fpxafaw

: ["fp’a.faw]

P F

n. medusa

fwampop

: ["fwam.pop^]

P F

n. tapirus

fwäkì

: ["fwæ.kI]

P F

n. mantis

ikran

: ["ik.Ran]

J C

n. banshee

ikranay

: ["ik.Ra.naj]

ASG

n. forest banshee (Not

PF)

kali’weya

: [ka.liP.wE.ja]

ASG

n. species of poiso-

nous arachnid

kenten

: ["kEn.tEn]

P F

n. fan lizard

lonataya

: [lo.na.ta.ja]

ASG

n. medusa

nantang

: ["nan.taN]

J C,P F

n. viperwolf Canifer-

ratus costatus, striped armored wolf

pa’li

: ["paP.li]

P F

n. direhorse

palulukan

: [pa.lu."lu.kan]

J C

n. thanator (col-

loquial [pa."lu.kan])

riti

: ["Ri.ti]

J C

n. stingbat

syaksyuk

: [sjak."sjuk^]

P F

n. prolemuris

talioang

: ["tal.i.o.aN]

J C

n. sturmbeest (derived

from ioang animal)

teylu

: ["tEj.lu]

J C

n. beetle larva

toruk

: ["to.Ruk^]

J C

n. great leonopteryx, last sha-

dow

yerik

: ["jE.Rik^]

P F

n. hexapede

zize’

: [zi."zEP]

P F

n. hellfire wasp

Useful Phrases

These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp

: []

P F

ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit

’efu ohakx

: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’]

P F

ph. be hungry

’ivong nìk’ong

: []

P F

ph. slow is fine

’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr

: []

P F

ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?

Aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?

: []

P F

ph. How are things in your part of the world?

ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur

: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR]

P F

ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì

smarit livonu

; “Ask a thanator to release it’s prey”, it’s a foregone conclusion

etrìpa syayvi

: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi]

P F

ph. good luck

Eywa ngahu

: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu]

P F,J C

ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you

fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw

: []

P F

ph. this is Ìstaw

Fnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.

: []

P F

ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking

a nap. Let her rest.

ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx

: []

P F

ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!

ftxey...fuke

: [ft’Ej fu."kE]

P F

ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)

fwäkì ke fwefwi

: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i]

P F

ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against

someone’s or something’s nature

fyape fko syaw ngar?

: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR]

P F

ph. what are you called, what is your name

hayalo ta oe (oeta)

: [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)]

P F

ph. next time from me

hayalovay

: [ha."ja.lo.vaj]

P F

ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)

irayo

: [i."Ra.jo]

P F

intj. thanks, thank you

kaltxì

: [kal."t’I]

P F

intj. hello (casual)

kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw

: []

P F

ph. say hello, Ìstaw

kea tìkin

: ["kE.a tI."kin]

P F

ph. no need (for thanks)

kefya srak

: [kE."fja "sRak^]

P F

ph. isn’t that so? right? no?

ke...kaw’it

: [kE kaw."Pit^]

P F

ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)

ke pxan

: [kE p’an]

P F

ph. I’m not worthy

ke tslolam

: []

P F

ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand

ke zene win säpivi

: []

P F

ph. take your time, don’t rush

kìyevame

: [kI.jE."va.m·E]

P F

intj. good-bye, see you again soon

krro krro

: ["kr

.o "kr

]

P F

ph. at times, on occasion

kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe

: ["k’E.

tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl

."t’E

]

LN,P F

ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:

“the tail and ears also speak”, body language is important

ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey

: []

P F

ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to

you) my sister, Newey

makto zong

: ["mak.to zoN]

P F

ph. take care, travel safely

ne kllte

: ["nE "kl

.tE

]

P F

ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)

nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko

: []

P F

ph. tell me a bit more about yourself

nga läpivawk nìno ko

: []

P F

ph. tell me all about yourself

nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr

: []

P F

ph. who do you normally spend time with?

ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt

: []

P F

ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?

ngari txe’lan mawey livu

: ["Na.Ri t’EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu]

P F

ph. don’t worry, may your heart be

calm

ngaru lu fpom srak?

: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^]

P F

ph. How are you? are you well?

ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr

: []

P F

ph. what is your primary role in society?

ngaru oeyä lertut

: []

P F

ph. allow me to introduce my colleague

ngaru tsulfä

: ["Na.Ru

tsul."fæ

]

P F

ph. to your the mastery

ngaru tut

: ["Na.Ru tut^]

P F

ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)

nga yawne lu oer

: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER]

P F

ph. I love you, you are beloved to me

nga z(ol)a’u ftu peseng

: []

P F

ph. where are you from?

ngenga lu tupe

: []

P F

ph. who are you?

ngeyä kxetse lu oeru

: ["NEj.æ "k’E.

tsE l·u "wE.Ru

]

P F,J C

ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,

you’re going down!

nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato

: []

P F

ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the

leaders are the most beautiful

nìprrte’

: [nI."pr

.tEP

]

P F

adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure

oe ’olongokx mì sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral

: []

P F

ph. I was born in a

town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree

oe irayo si ngaru

: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru]

P F

ph. I give thanks to you, thank you

oel ngati kameie

: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E]

P F

ph. I see you, hello (familiar)

oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol

: []

P F

ph. I am 24 years old

oeru meuia

: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a]

P F

ph. an honor to me, it was an honour

oeru syaw (fko) Txewì

: []

P F

ph. my name is Txewì

oeru teya si

: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i]

P F

ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy

oeru txoa livu

: ["wE.Ru "t’o.a li."vu]

P F

ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me

oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw

: []

P F

ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery

oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit

: []

P F

ph. my central role in society is to catch fish

pum ngeyä

: [pum "NE.jæ]

P F

ph. yours, I should thank you

rutxe läpivawk nì’it

: []

P F

ph. please talk a little bit about yourself

rutxe liveyn

: []

P F

ph. could you repeat that please?

rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo

: []

P F

ph. Your attention, please, everyone!

säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng

: []

P F

ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”

seykxel sì nitram

: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram]

P F

ph. strong and happy!, congratulations

smon nìprrte’

: [smon nI."pr

.tEP^

]

P F

ph. nice to know you

srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi

: []

P F

ph. are you good at Na’vi?

srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun

: []

P F

ph. do you know my friends Entu and

Kamun?

srefereiey nìprrte’

: []

P F

ph. looking forward to it

stum ke

: [stum kE]

P F

ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of ‘ ‘hardly", ‘ ‘barelyör ‘ ‘scarcely".)

taronyut yom smarìl

: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il]

P F

ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a

totally botched situation, chaos

tì’efumì oeyä

: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ]

P F

ph. in my opinion

tì’i’avay krrä

: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr

.æ

]

P F

ph. forever, until the end of time

tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato

: []

P F

ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?

tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga

: []

P F

ph. what do you do in your free time?

tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx

: []

P F

ph. I was completely swamped at work

tìkxey ngaru

: [tI."k’Ej "Na.Ru]

P F

ph. you’re wrong

tìomummì oeyä

: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ]

P F

ph. to my knowledge

tìyawr ngaru

: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru]

P F

ph. you’re right

tokx eo tokx

: ["tok’ "E.o "tok’]

P F

ph. face to face, in person

Tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe

: []

P F

ph. what does X mean?

tstunwi

: ["

tstun.wi

]

P F

adj. kind, that was kind of you to say

tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak

: []

P F

ph. may I interrupt a moment?

tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak

: []

P F

ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that

further?

txon lefpom

: [t’on lE."fpom]

P F

ph. good night, peaceful night

X-(ì)ri peral

: []

P F

ph. what does X mean?

X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u

: []

P F

ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?

za’u nì’eng

: ["za.Pu nI."PEN]

P F

ph. share an interest in common

zola’u nìprrte’

: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr

.tEP

]

P F

ph. come pleasurably, welcome

The Alphabet

Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet

’

tìFtang

KeK

Sä

Kxekx

TeT

LeL

TxeTx

’Ll

Tsä

MeM

NeN

Vä

NgeNg

Wä

Yä

Fä

PeP

Zä

Hä

PxePx

ReR

’Rr

Inflections

Verbal Infixes

alm

: [al.m]

perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (

PERF

PAST

), derived from am +

: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.

aly

: [al.j]

perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (

PERF

FUT

.), derived from ay + ol:

Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.

: [a.m]

past tense verbal infix in position 1 (

PAST

.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.

arm

: [aR.m]

imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (

IMPF

PAST

.), derived from am

+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.

ary

: [aR.j]

imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (

IMPF

FUT

.), derived from ay

+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.

asy

: [a.sj]

P F

future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (

FUT

.): Oel tsp«asy»ang

palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.

ats

: [a.

]

inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position

2 (

INFR

.): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)

awn

: [aw.n]

P F

passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (

PART

.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.

I am a hunted person.

: [a.j]

future tense verbal infix in position 1 (

FUT

.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the

yerik.

äng

: [æ.N]

pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (

PEJ

.): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).

äp

: [æ.p]

P F

reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (

REFL

.): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.

: [E.i]

laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (

LAUD

.): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).

: [E.R]

P F

imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (

IMPF

.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.

eyk

: [Ej.k]

P F

causative verbal infix the pre-first position (

CAUS

.): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused

him to die.

ilv

: [il.v]

P F

present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (

PRES

PER

SUBJ

.): Oe new

tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.

imv

: [im.v]

P F

past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (

PAST

SUBJ

.): Oeyä swizaw nìngay

timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.

irv

: [iR.v]

P F

present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (

PRES

IMPF

SUBJ

.): Oe

new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.

: [i.v]

subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (

SUBJ

.): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You

want this thing: for me to fight.

iyev

: [i.jE.v]

P F

future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (

FUT

SUBJ

.): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.

I will see you soon.

ìlm

: [Il.m]

perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (

PERF

REC

PAST

.), derived

from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.

ìly

: [Il.j]

perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (

PERF

IMM

FUT

.), deri-

ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.

ìm

: [I.m]

recent past verbal infix in position 1 (

REC

PAST

.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.

ìrm

: [IR.m]

imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (

IMPF

REC

PAST

.), derived

from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.

ìry

: [IR.j]

imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (

IMPF

IMM

FUT

.),

derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

ìsy

: [I.sj]

P F

immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (

IMM

FUT

.):

Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.

ìy

: [I.j]

immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (

IMM

FUT

.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.

I will hunt the yerik soon.

ìyev

: [I.jE.v]

P F

future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (

FUT

SUBJ

.): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.

I will see you soon.

: [o.l]

P F

perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (

PERF

.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished

action).

: [u.s]

active participle verbal infix in position 1 (

PART

.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a

hunting person.

: [u.j]

P F

honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (

HON

.): Na’viyä,

l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä

: [æ]

P F

genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)

(

GEN

.): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.

–it

: [it^]

P F

patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-

morph of t, ti) (

PAT

.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.

–ìl

: [Il]

P F

agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel

(allomorph of l) (

ERG

.): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.

–ìri

: [IRi]

P F

topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-

morph of ri) (

TOP

.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.

–l

: [l]

agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (

ERG

.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.

–ri

: [Ri]

P F

topical for nouns ending in a vowel (

TOP

.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.

–ru

: [Ru]

dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (

DAT

.): Oel syuvet

ngaru tìng. I give food to you.

–t

: [t^]

patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (

PAT

.): Oel ngat

kame. I see you.

–ti

: [ti]

patientive for pronouns and nouns (

PAT

.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.

–ur

: [uR]

P F

dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-

morph of –ru) (

DAT

.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.

–y

: [j]

P F

genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (

GEN

.): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.

Your toruk is good.

–ya

: [ja]

P F,M

vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.

–yä

: [jæ]

genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (

GEN

.): Oel

yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik.

(Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:

may look like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect

of the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivi-
ty, where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated
they can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of
speech that aren’t specified - for instance, attaching the clusivity marker –ng would make no
sense on the word for blue, ean. All of the verbal infixes and case markers, above, are entirely
productive.

–a–

: [a]

P F

(pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean

tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.

–an

: [an]

masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.

ay+

: [aj]

P F

(pro.) plural for nouns (

.): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.

–e

: [E]

P F

feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.

fay+

: [faj]

P F

(pro.) these for nouns (

THESE

): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.

fì–

: [fI]

P F

(pro.) this for nouns (

THIS

): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.

–fkeyk

: [fkEjk^]

P F

(pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?

What’s the condition of the river today?

fne–

: [fnE]

P F

(pro.) kind, type for nouns (

KIND

): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?

fra–

: [fRa]

P F

(pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.

kaw–

: [kaw]

P F

not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.

–lo

: [lo]

P F

multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.

me+

: [mE]

(pro.) dual for nouns (

.): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.

–ng

: [N]

clusivity for first person pronouns (

CLUS

.): Ayoeng rol. We all sing.

–o

: [o]

P F

(pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone

for years.

pay+

: [paj]

P F

(pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?

–pe+

: [pE]

(pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?

pxe+

: [p’E]

P F

(pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (

TRI

.): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three

children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)

tsa–

: [

tsa

]

P F

(pro.) that for nouns (

THAT

): Oel kame tsanantangit. I see that nantang.

tsay+

: [

tsaj

]

P F

(pro.) those for nouns (

THOSE

): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.

–tsyìp

: [

tsjIp^

]

P F

(pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.

Come here, little daughter.

–ve

: [vE]

P F

(pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule

of living together.

–vi

: [vi]

P F

partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical

speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.

le–

: [lE]

P F

adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.

–nga’

: [NaP^]

P F

adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.

nì–

: [nI]

adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for

adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate
adjective or relative clause)

sä–

: [sæ]

P F

instrumental noun deriving affix Oel sänumet nume. I learn the teaching.

: [s·i]

postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I

home make in Hometree.)

tì–

: [tI]

noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.

tì– –us–

: [tI us]

P F

(pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching

is interesting.

–tu

: [tu]

P F

(pro.) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an

artist.

–yu

: [ju]

(pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

Non-Frommerian Words

These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the
extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. They are, for the most part, spu-
rious inventions for the Activist’s Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None
of these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus
is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not
know what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use
is highly discouraged. Many of them flout Na’vi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.
Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.

’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]

Amanti

: [a.man.ti]

prop.n. female of the Tipa-

Anurai

: [a.nu.Ra.i]

prop.n. clan name

ar’lek

: [arPlEk^]

n. a seed-bearing plant

Beyda’amo

: [bEjdaPamo]

prop.n. male warri-

or of the Tipani

chan’tu gor’ek nuuto

: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]

ASG

n. stone jar

chey

: [tSEj]

ASG

n. possesions rack (derived from

P’ah s’ivil chey rack

)

Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta

: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-

briPsta

]

ASG

n. hammock, from Eywa cradles

everyone

Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi

: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-

kit^nivi

]

ASG

Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to all

of us

Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta

: [Ejwa tEP

tanP-

sEj makPta

]

ASG

n. ikran queue harness, lit.

the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personal
name)

feru m’predu’k

: [fEru mPpREduPk^]

ASG

n. bas-

ket

Fmilam

: [fmi.lam]

prop.n. female of the Tipani

Gro’lryc

: [gRoPlRjc]

prop.n. a series of caves

Hukato

: [hu.ka.to]

prop.n. male of the Tipani

Ikalu

: [i.ka.lu]

prop.n. male of the Tipani

iveh k’nivi s’dir

: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir]

ASG

n. ba-

by sling

k’sey nivi

: [kPsEj nivi]

ASG

n. group sleep

Kaoliä Tei

: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i]

prop.n. the plains

of Goliath

Koo Tsura

: [ko:

tsu.Ra

]

prop.n. a Tipani vil-

lage

Kusati

: [ku.sa.ti]

prop.n. female warrior of the

Tipani

Kyuna

: [kjuna]

prop.n. female of the Anurai

lenay’ga

: [lEnajPga]

ASG

n. slinger, predatory

animal

Lompo

: [lom.po]

prop.n. male of the Tawkami

Lungoray

: [lu.No.Raj]

prop.n. shaman of the

Tipani

m’resh’tuyu

: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]

ASG

n. shield

Malimi

: [ma.li.mi]

prop.n. male of the Tawka-

malmoks

: [malmoks]

n. rings of stone

Marali

: [ma.Ra.li]

prop.n. female of the Tipani

mas’kit nivi sa’nok

: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]

ASG

mother loom

Maweytakuk

: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^]

prop.n. male

Na’vi

Mekanei

: [mE.ka.nE.i]

prop.n. male of the Ti-

pani

Mendala

: [mEn.da.la]

prop.n. male of the Ti-

pani

meresh’ti cau’pla

: [mERESPti

kauPpla]

[meReshPti kauPpla

]

ASG

n. banshee catcher,

bola, lit. nothing to see

mesh’kai huru

: [mESPkai huRu]

P N D

n. cooking

pot

mreki u’lito

: [mREki uPlito]

ASG

n. fire pit

Mukata

: [mu.ka.ta]

prop.n. male of the Taw-

kami

na’hla buk’ne

: [naPhla bukPnE]

ASG

n. direhor-

se lead, lit. face pull

Naalot

: [na:.lot^]

prop.n. male of the Tipani

Nera’nak

: [nE.RaP.nak^]

prop.n. female of the

Tawkami

nikt’chey

: [niktP

tshEj] or [niktPtSEj

]

ASG

small bit of food, packed lunch

nivi

: [ni.vi]

ASG

n. hammock (informal), us (de-

rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewya
cradles everyone)

Nok

: [nok^]

prop.n. male of the Tawkami

Oloniwin

: [o.lo.ni.win]

prop.n. male elder of

the Tipani

Omati

: [o.ma.ti]

prop.n. male of the Tawkami

omati s’ampta

: [omati sPampta]

ASG

n. blue

flute

Onantu

: [o.nan.tu]

prop.n. male of the Tawka-

Otamu

: [o.ta.mu]

prop.n. male of the Tipani

P’ah s’ivil chey

: [pPah sPivil tSEj]

ASG

n. perso-

nal belongings rack

pxtxawng

: [p’t’awN]

J C

n. douchebag

Rai’uk

: [Ra.i.Puk^]

prop.n. male of the Anurai

Raltaw

: [Ral.taw]

prop.n. male hunter of the

Tipani

Sänume

: [sæ.nu.mE]

prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-

pani (derived from sänume teaching)

Seyvaro

: [sEj.va.Ro]

prop.n. male of the Taw-

kami

shah-tell

: [Sah.tEl]

ASG

n. shuttle (loaned from

Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under
Na’vi phonotactic rules)

su’shiri t’acto sa

: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or

[suPshiri tPacto sa

]

ASG

n. toy ikran

sumin’sey hulleh

: [suminPsEj hul

]

ASG

slee-

ping outside of the group

sumin jiit’luy

: [sumin ZiitPluy]

ASG

n. leaf plate

Swawta

: [swaw.ta]

prop.n. male of the Tipani

t’riti so jahmka

: [tPRiti so Zahmka]

ASG

n. pen-

dulum drum

Ta’antasi

: [ta.Pan.ta.si]

prop.n. Tantalus,

rocky place on Pandora

Tan Jala

: [tan jala]

prop.n. male of the Tipani

Tasun

: [ta.sun]

prop.n. male hunter of the

Lì’ona

Tawkami

: [taw.ka.mi]

prop.n. a clan (c.w.

from taw sky and kame see)

Tilikaru

: [ti.li.ka.Ru]

prop.n. a Tipani village

Tipani

: [ti.pa.ni]

prop.n. a clan

tìtakuk

: [tI."ta.kuk^]

n. strike (derived from

takuk strike

)

tmi nat’sey

: [tmi natPsEj]

ASG

n. bladder lan-

tern, from food here

Tsa’law

: [

tsaP.law

]

prop.n. male of the Tawka-

Tsaro

: [

tsa.Ro

]

prop.n. male of the Tipani

Tsmuke

: [

tsmu.kE

]

prop.n. a Tipani village

txei

: [t’E.i]

n. plain

u’imi

: [u.Pi.mi]

ASG

n. streamer, pendant

U’imi huyuticaya

: [uPimi hujutikaja]

ASG

prop.n. a clan

Ukamtsu

: [u.kam.

tsu

]

prop.n. male of the Ti-

pani

ulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to

: [Ulivi mariP

tsEj

makPdiniPto

]

ASG

loom, lit. branches of the

tree look to each other for strength, or many
branches together are strong

ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi

: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-

]

ASG

n. leaf plate

Umkansa

: [um.kan.sa]

prop.n. a Tipani vil-

lage

Unipey

: [u.ni.pEj]

prop.n. female of the Tipani

utral utu mauti

: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti]

ASG

push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu
mauti push fruit

)

utu mauti

: [u.tu ma.u.ti]

ASG

n. banana fruit,

push fruit

Va’erä Ramunong

: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN]

prop.n. Vaderas Hollow

Vayaha

: [va.ja.ha]

prop.n. a Tipani village

The Changelog

Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 12.313 - Corrected entries for adpositions kam and kay. Also corrected IPA for irayo (how

did we miss this for so long?)

• 12.312 - Incredibly, even more typographical and transitivity errors corrected.

• 12.311 - Typographical errors and transitivity of various words corrected. Credit to Blue

Elf and Plumps for these.

• 12.31 - Added new vocabulary and phrases from naviteri.org September 24, 2011 post.

’ampi corrected as vtr., nfp. and ofp. abbreviated markers added.

• 12.301 - Added contractions from naviteri.org September 4, 2001 post and corrections

suggested by ’Oma Tirea

• 12.3 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, September 4, 2011 post.

• 12.29 - Added lukpen

• 12.283 - Added loan words Toitslan and Toitsye. Corrected kurakx as vtr. Credit to Plumps

for these.

• 12.282 - Corrected typos in the pronunciation of several words

• 12.281 - Added mawkrra, corrected definition for sa’sem

• 12.28 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, August 3, 2011 post; corrected ngop as

vtr.

• 12.274 - Corrected may’ as vtrm. Added example for K.Pawl’s “Numbers Principle” in

the intro to the numbers section.

• 12.273 - Corrected tìftang si as vin., atxkxerel stress marker error and tung as v.

• 12.272 - Added ftxozä si (thanks to Plumps) and kekem

• 12.271 - Added sample phrase for hawtsyìp

• 12.27 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 24, 2011 post.

• 12.262 - Added stress marking for sulìn and kan’ìn; remarked mìn as vin.

• 12.261 - Deleted duplicate entry

• 12.26 - Added ’etnaw. Added phrase “taronyut yom smarìl”.

• 12.25 - Added fwefwi. Added phrase “fwäkì ke fwefwi”. Corrected infix position marker

for fkeytok.

• 12.242 - Corrected ultxarun to be vtr.

• 12.241 - Edited syaw definition

• 12.24 - Edited srane, sran and kehe to be part., intj.

Document Outline

The Number System
Time
Na'vi Loan Words
Na'vi Proper Nouns
Flora and Fauna
Useful Phrases
The Alphabet
Inflections
Non-Frommerian Words
The Changelog

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