grammar reference

82

•

Eighty-two

CZAS

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORMY TWIERDZÑCE (PEŁNE)

FORMY TWIERDZÑCE (SKRÓCONE)

I am working.

I’m working.

You are working.

You’re working.

He is working.

He’s working.

She is working.

She’s working.

It is working.

It’s working.

We are working.

We’re working.

You are working.

You’re working.

They are working.

They’re working.

FORMY PRZECZÑCE (PEŁNE)

FORMY PRZECZÑCE (SKRÓCONE)

I am not working.

I’m not working.

You are not working.

You aren’t working.

He is not working.

He isn’t working.

She is not working.

She isn’t working.

It is not working.

It isn’t working.

We are not working.

We aren’t working.

You are not working.

You aren’t working.

They are not working.

They aren’t working.

FORMY PYTAJÑCE

KRÓTKIE ODPOWIEDZI

Am I working?

Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

Are you working?

Yes, you are. / No, you aren’t.

Is he working?

Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.

Is she working?

Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.

Is it working?

Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.

Are we working?

Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t.

Are you working?

Yes, you are. / No, you aren’t.

Are they working?

Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

WHAT’S + PODMIOT + LIKE?

JeÊli chcemy zapytaç o czyjÊ wyglàd lub o wyra˝enie opinii na czyjÊ temat, u˝ywamy
konstrukcji What’s + podmiot + like?, np.:

What’s your teacher like?

82-85_Grammar_reference.indd 82

12/27/12 11:40:25 AM

Eighty-three

•

83

PRESENT SIMPLE

vs

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Present Simple

It often rains in wet

season.

CzynnoÊç powtarzajàca si∂,
wyst∂pujàca regularnie.

Present Continuous

It is raining now.

CzynnoÊç, która dzieje si∂
w momencie, gdy o niej mówimy.

Czasowniki live, like, hate, want wyst∂pujà tylko w czasie Present Simple.

CZASOWNIK

MUST

FORMA TWIERDZÑCA

I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They must go.

FORMA PRZECZÑCA

I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They mustn’t go.

PYTANIE

Must I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they go?

SHALL

Shall stosujemy tylko z I lub We. Zazwyczaj shall u˝ywamy, kiedy coÊ planujemy lub proponujemy, np.:

Shall I call you tomorrow?

CZASOWNIK

HAVE TO

FORMA TWIERDZÑCA

FORMA PRZECZÑCA

PYTANIE

KRÓTKA ODPOWIEDè

I have to go.

I don’t have to go.

Do I have to go?

Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.

You have to go.

You don’t have to
go.

Do you have to go?

Yes, you do.
No, you don’t.

He has to go.

He doesn’t have to
go.

Does he have to
go?

Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.

She has to go.

She doesn’t have to
go.

Does she have to
go?

Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.

It has to go.

It doesn’t have to
go.

Does it have to go?

Yes, it does.
No, it doesn’t.

We have to go.

We don’t have to
go.

Do we have to go?

Yes, we do.
No, we don’t.

You have to go.

You don’t have to
go.

Do you have to go?

Yes, you do.
No, you don’t.

They have to go.

They don’t have to
go.

Do they have to
go?

Yes, they do.
No, they don’t.

82-85_Grammar_reference.indd 83

12/27/12 11:40:25 AM

grammar reference

84

•

Eighty-four

RZECZOWNIKI POLICZALNE I NIEPOLICZALNE:

A, SOME, ANY

POLICZALNE (COUNTABLE)

NIEPOLICZALNE (UNCOUNTABLE)

LICZBA POJEDYNCZA (SINGULAR)

LICZBA MNOGA (PLURAL)

a sausage

sausages

sugar

POLICZALNE W LICZBIE MNOGIEJ

NIEPOLICZALNE

Have you got any mushrooms?

Have you got any water?

Yes, we’ve got some mushrooms.

Yes, we’ve got some water.

No, we haven’t got any mushrooms.

No, we haven’t got any water.

MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF, A FEW, A LITTLE, SOME, ANY

CZAS

PAST SIMPLE

–

TO BE

FORMA TWIERDZÑCA

FORMA PRZECZÑCA

PYTANIE

KRÓTKA ODPOWIEDè

I was at home.

I wasn’t at home.

Was I at home?

Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.

You were at home.

You weren’t at
home.

Were you at home?

Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.

He was at home.

He wasn’t at home.

Was he at home?

Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.

She was at home.

She wasn’t at home.

Was she at home?

Yes, she was.
No, she wasn’t.

It was at home.

It wasn’t at home.

Was it at home?

Yes, it was.
No, it wasn’t.

We were at home.

We weren’t at
home.

Were we at home?

Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.

You were at home.

You weren’t at
home.

Were you at home?

Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.

They were at home.

They weren’t at
home.

Were they at
home?

Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.

ZDANIE TWIERDZÑCE

ZDANIE PRZECZÑCE

PYTANIE

Rzeczowniki

policzalne

a lot of/lots of/some/a few
There are a lot of/lots of cars.
There are some cars.
There are a few cars.

many/any
There aren’t many
eggs.
There aren’t any eggs.

many/any
How many eggs are
there?
Are there any eggs?

Rzeczowniki

niepoliczalne

a lot of/lots of/some/a little
There’s a lot of/lots of sugar.
There’s some sugar.
There’s a little sugar.

much/any
There isn’t much
sugar.
There isn’t any sugar.

much/any
How much sugar is
there?
Is there any sugar?

82-85_Grammar_reference.indd 84

12/27/12 11:40:25 AM

Eighty-fi ve

•

85

CZAS

PAST SIMPLE

FORMA TWIERDZÑCA

FORMA PRZECZÑCA

PYTANIE

KRÓTKA ODPOWIEDè

I worked/swam
yesterday.

I didn’t work/swim
yesterday.

Did I work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.

You worked/swam
yesterday.

You didn’t work/
swim yesterday.

Did you work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, you did.
No, you didn’t.

He worked/swam
yesterday.

He didn’t work/
swim yesterday.

Did he work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t.

She worked/swam
yesterday.

She didn’t work/
swim yesterday.

Did she work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, she did.
No, she didn’t.

It worked/swam
yesterday.

It didn’t work/swim
yesterday.

Did it work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, it did.
No, it didn’t.

We worked/swam
yesterday.

We didn’t work/
swim yesterday.

Did we work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.

You worked/swam
yesterday.

You didn’t work/
swim yesterday.

Did you work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, you did.
No, you didn’t.

They worked/swam
yesterday.

They didn’t work/
swim yesterday.

Did they work/swim
yesterday?

Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.

THERE WAS/WERE

FORMA

TWIERDZÑCA

FORMA

PRZECZÑCA

PYTANIE

KRÓTKA

ODPOWIEDè

LICZBA

POJEDYNCZA

There was

There wasn’t

Was there …?

Yes, there was.
No, there wasn’t.

LICZBA

MNOGA

There were

There weren’t

Were there …?

Yes, there were.
No, there weren’t.

CZAS

PAST SIMPLE

Z

WHEN, WHAT, WHERE, HOW,

WHO, WHY

SŁOWO

PYTAJÑCE

DID

PODMIOT

CZASOWNIK

When

did

the train

leave?

What

did

she

do

yesterday?

82-85_Grammar_reference.indd 85

12/27/12 11:40:25 AM