Walter Dinivan 1 Bournemouth, England, 1939 Walter Dinivan Wealthy Skull crushed Died without regaining consciousness 2 Problem Only one witness Dead Had to rely on forensic evidence 3 Police found 2 3 1 Crumpled Cigarette Safe and up brown butts on pockets paper bag the floor emptied Friends? Robbery Held murder weapon? 4 Investigation Suspect Joseph Poor Williams Came into money From Walter Dinivan? 5 Few years ago Discovery Use saliva to determine blood type True for most of the population 6 Using new technology Cigarette Test the Saliva butts blood group Rare Blood type AB 7 Investigation Suspect Blood Joseph Poor group? Williams Came into money From Walter Dinivan? 8 Joseph Williams Police followed him into a pub Bought him beer Gave him cigarettes Collected glasses & cigarette ends Extracted saliva Analyzed blood group 9 Investigation Suspect AB Blood Joseph Poor group? Williams Came into money From Walter Dinivan? 10 Investigation Motive Reasonable evidence Joseph Williams arrested, charged and taken to court Police presented evidence 11 Defense Saliva Cannot be used to determine blood group Jury persuaded to disbelieve forensic evidence Not guilty Verdict 12 After the trial Williams went Confessed Drunk celebrating to a journalist Published story after Williams death 13 Madam Jetkor Miang Singh 14 Singapore, 1996 Madam Singh Murdered Stabbed in the neck Evidence Cigarette butts No technology Evidence stored away 15 Singapore, 2005 Saliva DNA Cigarette extracted extracted butts Zulkarnian Verdict: Evidence Kemat Guilty presented 16