SIPRI
YEARBOOK
2009
Armaments,
Disarmament and
International
Security
Summary
STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL
PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an independent
international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of
arms control and disarmament. SIPRI was established in 1966 to commemorate 150 years
of unbroken peace in Sweden.
GOVERNING BOARD
Ambassador Rolf Ek�us, Chairman (Sweden)
Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia)
Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi (Algeria)
Jayantha Dhanapala (Sri Lanka)
Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt)
Professor Mary Kaldor (United Kingdom)
Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger (Germany)
The Director
DIRECTOR
Dr Bates Gill (United States)
Signalistgatan 9
SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden
Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Internet: www.sipri.org
� SIPRI 2009
THE SIPRI YEARBOOK
The SIPRI Yearbook was first published in 1969 and is now in its 40th edition. SIPRI
Yearbook 2009 presents a combination of original data in areas such as world military
expenditure, international arms transfers, arms production, nuclear forces, major armed
conflicts and multilateral peace operations with state-of-the-art analysis of important
aspects of arms control, peace and international security. The Yearbook is written by both
SIPRI researchers and invited outside experts.
This booklet summarizes the contents of SIPRI Yearbook 2009 and gives samples of the
data and information in its appendices and annexes.
CONTENTS
Introduction. International security, armaments and disarmament in 2008 2
Part I. Security and conflicts, 2008
1. Mass displacement caused by conflicts and one-sided violence: national and 3
international responses
2. Trends in armed conflicts: one-sided violence against civilians 4
3. The legitimacy of peace operations 6
4. Security and politics in Afghanistan: progress, problems and prospects 8
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2008
5. Military expenditure 10
6. Arms production 12
7. International arms transfers 14
8. World nuclear forces 16
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2008
9. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation 17
10. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials 18
11. Conventional arms control 19
12. Controls on security-related international transfers 20
Annexes 22
INTRODUCTION. INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, ARMAMENTS AND
DISARMAMENT IN 2008
bates gill
The year 2008 saw increasing threats to that will be. The fragmentation of
security, stability and peace in nearly violence in weak states of the
every corner of the globe. The effects of developing world appears set to
the global financial crisis will be likely continue and carry with it protracted
to exacerbate these challenges as suffering for civilians and further
governments and non-governmental regional instabilities. The security
organizations struggle to respond situation in Afghanistan is likely to
effectively. The conflicts in Afghanistan worsen before long-hoped-for stability
and Iraq continued, with moderate and development can be achieved, with
improvements to the security situation the security situation in neighbouring
in the latter and worsening conditions Pakistan arguably a more important
in the former. A total of 16 major armed long-term concern for regional and
conflicts raged on, with many gathering global security also taking a turn for
intensity over the course of 2008. the worse.
Deliberate violence against civilians by Russia and the USA may be able to
warring parties was increasingly and improve relations quickly in the coming
appallingly common. year, including cooperation on arms
The year also saw some promising control and non-proliferation.
developments. High expectations Nonetheless, a successful Non-
probably overly so generated by the Proliferation Treaty Review Conference
election of Barack Obama as US in 2010 and progress on disarmament
President carried with them hopes for a and tightened controls against
sound exit strategy from Iraq, would-be proliferators seems far from
stabilizing Afghanistan and changes in certain, even as high-profile efforts are
the way that the USA engages with the mobilized to assure such progress.
international community. Expectations Attacks by non-state actors with
are also high that President Obama will chemical, biological, radiological or
seek to rebuild transatlantic relations, nuclear weapons remain an ominous
establish more productive relations prospect.
with Russia, reach out to the Muslim These and other challenges may be
world and devote more time and energy exacerbated by the effects of the world
to improving the security situation in financial crisis as key countries find it
Afghanistan, the Middle East and difficult to muster the necessary
Pakistan, and relations with Iran. political and economic will to
Looking ahead, SIPRI Yearbook 2009 collectively address global and regional
underscores just what a difficult task security problems.
2 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
1. MASS DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY CONFLICTS AND ONE-SIDED
VIOLENCE: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES
roberta cohen and francis m. deng
Massive displacement of people within Nonetheless, concepts of sovereignty
countries and across borders has as responsibility and the responsibility
become a defining feature of the post- to protect (R2P) remain far ahead of
cold war world. It is also a major feature international willingness and capacity
of human insecurity in which genocide, to enforce them. The failure of states to
terrorism and egregious human rights protect their citizens has often met with
violations wreak havoc on civilians. The a weak international response. It is
underlying causes of mass displacement critical that the United Nations,
are conflicts over power, wealth and concerned governments, regional
resource sharing. Opportunities bodies and civil society (a) assist states
therefore exist for both national and in developing their own capacities and
international authorities to address the (b) press for the development of the
deeper structural divisions in societies tools needed to enable the international
when trying to end conflict and community to take assertive action
displacement through peace processes. when persuasive measures fail and
The need of internally displaced masses of people remain under the
persons (IDPs) for international threat of violence and humanitarian
protection was one of the factors that tragedy.
prompted a shift in global policy and Recent peace agreements have made
thinking on state responsibility. Over some provisions for the return,
the past two decades, a state-centred resettlement and reintegration of those
system in which sovereignty was uprooted. Involving IDPs and returning
absolute has evolved into one in which refugees in discussions can avert
the behaviour of states towards their violence, prevent continued
citizens has become a matter of exploitation and abuse, create greater
international concern and scrutiny. The trust and promote the recovery of local
human rights movement has long economies.
championed the view that the rights of Governments must assume their
people transcend frontiers and that the responsibility towards IDPs, and the
international community must hold a UN Peacebuilding Commission should
government to account when it fails to work more actively with them to ensure
meet its obligations. The deployment of secure and sustainable returns,
more humanitarian and peacekeeping eliminate the marginalization of
operations to protect civilians reflects different groups and address the root
this new reality as do preventive and causes of disputes by redressing past
peacebuilding efforts. injustices.
security and conflicts, 2008 3
2. TRENDS IN ARMED CONFLICTS: ONE-SIDED VIOLENCE AGAINST
CIVILIANS
ekaterina stepanova
In contrast to battle-related violence
MAJOR ARMED CONFLICTS, 2008
that may harm civilians
In 2008, 16 major armed conflicts were indiscriminately, much  one-sided
active in 15 locations around the world, violence against civilians takes place in
2 more than in 2007. the context of armed conflicts and
targets civilians directly and
Conflict location
intentionally. Although it may be hard
Africa Burundi!
to establish the intent behind the
Somalia
violence and, sometimes, to distinguish
Sudan!
between one-sided and indiscriminate
Americas Colombia
violence, data shows that campaigns of
Peru
USA* one-sided violence have significantly
Asia Afghanistan*
increased since the early 1990s. In
India (Kashmir)
contrast, the number of armed conflicts
Myanmar (Karen State)
declined in the same period.
Pakistan!
The scale, motivation and type of
Philippines
perpetrator of massacres, terrorist
Philippines (Mindanao)
attacks and other acts of one-sided
Sri Lanka ( Tamil Eelam )
Middle East Iraq violence vary in the conflicts in 2008 in
Israel (Palestinian territories)
Somalia, Sri Lanka, South Ossetia
Turkey (Kurdistan)*
(Georgia) and Colombia. The cases of
Where a conflict is over territory, the disputed Somalia and Sri Lanka reaffirm the
territory appears in parentheses after the country
dominant pattern of one-sided violence
name. All other conflicts are over government.
in armed conflicts: constant, almost
* Fighting in these conflicts also took place in other
routine, violence against civilians that
locations.
Increase in battle-related deaths from 2007.
falls short of mass atrocities but is
Decrease in battle-related deaths from 2007.
perpetrated by all armed actors,
! Conflict inactive or not defined as  major in 2007.
including government forces, non-state
All of these conflicts are intrastate: for actors and others. Even when fatalities
the fifth year running, no major number in the low hundreds, as in the
interstate conflict was active in 2008. conflict over South Ossetia, a
However, troops from another state combination of indiscriminate attacks
aided one of the parties in four conflicts: by governments with incidents of one-
USA, Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia. sided violence, especially by irregulars,
Over the past decade, the total number may result in disproportionately large-
of conflicts has declined overall from 21 scale displacement of civilians.
4 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
Colombia, on the other hand, shows in 1999. However, the decline has been
signs of a reversal of its embedded uneven, with increases in 2005 and 2008.
pattern of one-sided violence.
Major armed conflicts, 1999 2008
These cases illustrate that
indiscriminate violence is more deadly
25 Conflicts in: Asia
Africa Europe
Americas Middle East
when perpetrated by government
20 The bar graph shows the total number of conflicts
forces. However, fatalities from one-
15
sided violence by states have been in
10
relative decline in the present decade,
5
as compared to the 1990s. This trend is
partly counterbalanced by:
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
i i li i
THE GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2009
insurgency campaigns on
government-aligned militia a form The Global Peace Index (GPI) seeks to
of  outsourcing direct violence and determine what cultural attributes and
abuses against civilians; institutions are associated with states of
i l l i i peace. It ranks 144 countries by their
civilian fatalities through one-sided relative states of peace using
violence, including terrorist attacks, 23 indicators.
which are increasingly employed as
The most and least peaceful states, 2009
a tactic in asymmetrical
confrontation with the state.
Rank Country Score
i
1 New Zealand 1.202
the fragmentation of violence and
2 Denmark 1.217
the diversification of armed actors 2 Norway 1.217
4 Iceland 1.225
especially in weak and dysfunctional
5 Austria 1.252
states some of the worst violations
against civilians may be committed
2.922
140 Sudan
by local power brokers, armed 3.035
141 Israel
3.257
142 Somalia
irregulars and criminal gangs with
3.285
143 Afghanistan
no explicit political agendas.
3.341
144 Iraq
If a relative decline of one-sided Small, stable and democratic countries
violence in specific cases is not a short- are consistently ranked highly. Island
term effect of mass displacement it is states also generally fare well.
more likely to result from the rise of
These facts and data are taken from appendix 2A,
minimally functional local governance
 Patterns of major armed conflicts, 1999 2008 , by
structures, often with questionable
Lotta Harbom and Peter Wallensteen, Uppsala
human rights record, than from the
Conflict Data Program (UCDP), based on the UCDP
Database, ; and
parties compliance with the norms of
appendix 2B,  Global Peace Index 2009 , by Clyde
international humanitarian law.
McConaghy, Institute for Economics and Peace.
security and conflicts, 2008 5
No. of conflicts
3. THE LEGITIMACY OF PEACE OPERATIONS
sharon wiharta
Sixty years after the launch of the first
PEACE OPERATIONS, 2008
United Nations peacekeeping operation,
In 2008, as in 2007, 60 multilateral peace there are concerns that peacekeeping is
operations were conducted. A record headed into crisis. Questions over the
187 586 personnel were deployed, an legitimacy of peace operations are
11 per cent increase over 2007. Of these, important factors in these problems.
166 146 were military and 21 440 civilian, Perceived shortfalls in an operation s
including police. legitimacy can seriously undermine its
The International Security Assistance effectiveness. Legitimacy comprises
Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan continued three interlinked and mutually
to be the largest peace operation, with reinforcing elements: political
51 356 troops, an increase of around 9600 consensus, legality and moral authority.
over the 2007 figure. MONUC in the
li i l
Democratic Republic of the Congo and
agreement, or acquiescence, among
UNAMID in Darfur, Sudan, were the
external actors and the host
second and third largest missions.
government that a peace operation is
required and appropriate.
Peace operations, by region, 2008
i i l i i i i l
No. of Total personnel
as determined by political consensus
operations deployed
and international legality.
Africa 19 78 975
i l l l
Americas 2 9 621
determines the moral authority of a
Asia 10 55 542
peace operation.
Europe 19 26 797
Middle East 10 16 651
The legality of the European Union
Total 60 187 586
(EU) Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo
(EULEX Kosovo) was seen as directly
As of the end of December 2008, a total linked to Kosovo s disputed
of 137 countries contributed uniformed independence. EULEX Kosovo testifies
personnel (i.e. troops, military observers to the centrality of political consensus
and civilian police) to peace operations. surrounding an operation s legality and
Of those countries, 115 contributed its legitimacy. Conversely, the
military personnel, with the top 10 experience of the EU military operation
contributors, in descending order, being in Chad and the Central African
the USA, France, Pakistan, the UK, Republic (EUFOR Tchad/RCA)
Bangladesh, India, Italy, Germany, underscores how the appropriateness
6 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
and execution of a mandate determine Nigeria and Rwanda. The top Asian and
the mandate s legitimacy, and how this African contributors sent their military
can be undermined by political personnel exclusively to UN operations
compromise international or local. (including UNAMID).
The cases of the UN Mission in the
Peace operations, by conducting
Democratic Republic of the Congo
organization, 2008
(MONUC), the African Union (AU)
Mission in Somalia and the AU/UN
No. of
Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) No. of deployed
operations personnel
show that the moral authority of an
operation is crucial to securing local United Nations 23* 98 614
African Union 2 3 560
legitimacy. If an operation is perceived
CEEAC 1 504
to lack moral authority, this may affect
CIS 3 5349
countries decisions to deploy
European Union 12 7932
personnel. Reluctance to provide the
NATO 3 65 978
reinforcement requested by MONUC at
OAS 1 40
the end of 2008 was probably influenced
OSCE 9 461
by the misconduct scandals that have Ad hoc coalitions 6 5 148
surrounded the mission.
Total 60 187 586
The demand for effective
* Including UNAMID.
peacekeeping outstrips the availability
of human and other resources. In 2008, The annual total of active peace
23 UN missions fell around 22 800 operations has risen steadily since 2002.
personnel short of authorized strength. Total personnel deployments have also
Ensuring that missions enjoy sound increased, from a low of 110 789 in 2003.
political, legal and moral standing
Peace operations and personnel deployed,
should be a priority. Legitimacy is
1999 2008
desirable in principle and fundamental
to the ability of multilateral
70 200
180
peacekeeping to promote and secure
60
160
sustainable peace. 50
140
120
40
100
30
80
60
20
40
10
20
0 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Bar graph/left axis: number of operations; line
graph/right axis: personnel deployed.
These facts and data are taken from appendix 3A,
 Multilateral peace operations, 2008 , by Kirsten
Soder, and are based on the SIPRI Multilateral Peace
Operations Database, .
security and conflicts, 2008 7
No. of operations
No. of personnel deployed (thousands)
4. SECURITY AND POLITICS IN AFGHANISTAN: PROGRESS, PROBLEMS
AND PROSPECTS
tim foxley
The debate about Afghanistan s future concern, the insurgents. The next two
takes place against a backdrop of or three years may well see a
increasingly confident insurgent redefinition of  success that will enable
attacks, slow political and economic international forces to start to pull out.
progress and negative perceptions A rushed declaration of Afghan
about the country s prospects. Although Government and security force
the efforts and commitment of capability followed by a hasty
international organizations remain international exit would risk leaving
crucial for Afghanistan, their lack of behind a dangerously messy political
coordination and strategy hampers and security situation.
progress and frustrates the Afghan Regrettably, Afghanistan s fate over
Government and people. In 2008 there the next few years still looks to be finely
was a significant media and analytical balanced. Progress will continue to be
shift towards perceiving the war as slow, flawed and fragile. Any number of
 unwinnable . The long-term prospects factors, such as a political assassination,
for Afghanistan continue to look bleak. a mass-casualty incident (whether
It is encouraging that the caused by the International Security
international community, and the Assistance Force or Afghans) or a shift
United States in particular, is in warlord allegiances, could
reassessing motivations, goals and individually or in combination quickly
resources. The sense of international cause progress to unravel. Although
war-weariness and willingness to much of the Obama Administration s
compromise on expectations appear encouragingly  regional thinking on
strong. Despite optimism following the Afghanistan hinges on Pakistan, there
election of US President Barack Obama, are arguably even greater problems in
judgement is only being temporarily that country.
suspended. The  new strategy looks Perhaps the only real guarantee for
very similar to old ones and much the new US strategy, based on the
depends on how effectively the Obama international community s experience
Administration can apply itself over the over the past seven years, is that future
next year or two, before individual political, military and development
states start to withdraw their troops. efforts in and around Afghanistan will
The wavering commitment of the be more complex, will take longer and
international community is not going the results will be more fragile than the
unnoticed by the Afghan Government, original expectations.
the Afghan people and, perhaps of most
8 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
TRANSLATIONS OF THE SIPRI YEARBOOK
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Summaries of the SIPRI Yearbook in other languages
This summary of the Yearbook will be translated into
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security and conflicts, 2008 9
5. MILITARY EXPENDITURE
sam perlo-freeman, catalina perdomo, petter st�lenheim and
elisabeth sk�ns
Global military expenditure in 2008 is
MILITARY EXPENDITURE, 2008
estimated to have totalled $1464 billion.
SIPRI military expenditure figures are This represents an increase of 4 per cent
based on information available in open in real terms compared to 2007, and of
sources, primarily supplied by 45 per cent since 1999. Military
governments. They represent a low expenditure comprised approximately
estimate; the true level of military 2.4 per cent of global gross domestic
spending is certainly higher, due to product (GDP) in 2008. All regions and
omitted countries and items of spending. subregions have seen significant
Nonetheless, SIPRI estimates capture increases since 1999, except for Western
the great majority of global military and Central Europe.
spending and accurately represent During the eight-year presidency of
overall trends. George W. Bush, US military
expenditure increased to the highest
Military expenditure, by region, 2008
level in real terms since World War II,
mostly due to the wars in Afghanistan
Spending, Increase,
Region 2008 ($ b.) 1999 2008 (%) and Iraq. This increase has contributed
to soaring budget deficits. The conflicts
Africa 20.4 +40
North Africa 7.8 +94 in Afghanistan and Iraq have been
Sub-Saharan 12.6 +19
funded primarily through emergency
Americas 603 +64 supplemental appropriations outside
Caribbean . .
the regular budgetary process and have
Central America 4.5 +21
been financed through borrowing. The
North America 564 +66
use of supplemental appropriations has
South America 34.1 +50
raised concerns about transparency and
Asia and Oceania 206 +52
congressional oversight. These conflicts
Central Asia . . . .
will continue to require major
East Asia 157 +56
budgetary resources in the near future,
Oceania 16.6 +36
even supposing early withdrawal of US
South Asia 30.9 +41
troops from Iraq.
Europe 320 +14
In Western and Central Europe
Eastern 43.6 +174
West and Central 277 +5 spending remained fairly flat in 2008,
although some recent and prospective
Middle East 75.6 +56
NATO members increased military
World total 1226 +45
spending substantially. In Eastern
To allow comparison over time, the above spending
figures are in US dollars at constant (2005) prices. Europe, Russia continued to increase
10 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
spending and is maintaining plans for The top 10 military spenders, 2008
further increases despite severe
Spending World
economic problems.
Rank Country ($ b.) share (%)
Spending increased across most of
1 USA 607 41.5
Asia. China, India, South Korea and
2 China [84.9] [5.8]
Taiwan accounted for the bulk of the
3 France 65.7 4.5
increase.
4 UK 65.3 4.5
Algeria s spending increased by 18 per 5 Russia [58.6] [4.0]
6 Germany 46.8 3.2
cent in real terms to $5.2 billion, the
7 Japan 46.3 3.2
highest in Africa, driven by strong
8 Italy 40.6 2.8
economic growth and a growing
9 Saudi Arabia 38.2 2.6
insurgency.
30.0 2.1
10 India
In South America, Brazil continued
World total 1464
to increase spending as it seeks greater
[ ] = SIPRI estimate. The spending figures are in
regional power status.
current US dollars.
Military spending in the Middle East
fell slightly in 2008, although this is The 10 biggest spenders in 2008 are the
probably temporary, with many same as in 2007, although some rankings
countries in the region planning major have changed. In particular, in 2008
arms purchases. In contrast, there was China was for the first time the world s
a large rise in Iraq, whose 2008 military second highest military spender and
budget was 133 per cent higher in real France narrowly overtook the UK.
terms than its 2007 spending. While SIPRI uses market exchange rates to
previously most funding for the Iraqi convert national military expenditure
security forces came from the United figures into US dollars, as this provides
States, this has been increasingly the most easily measurable standard by
replaced by domestic funding. Iraq which international comparisons of
remains highly dependent on the USA military spending can be made. An
for arms supplies, with numerous major alternative would be to convert figures
orders planned. using purchasing power parity (PPP)
exchange rates. If GDP-based PPP rates
were used in the above table, Russia
would move up to third place, India to
fourth and Saudi Arabia to sixth, after
the UK. While the USA would still be far
ahead, its relative dominance would
diminish.
These facts and data are taken from chapter 5 and
appendix 5A,  Military expenditure data, 1999
2008 , by Petter St�lenheim, Noel Kelly, Catalina
Perdomo, Sam Perlo-Freeman and Elisabeth Sk�ns,
and are based on the SIPRI Military Expenditure
Database, .
military spending and armaments, 2008 11
6. ARMS PRODUCTION
sam perlo-freeman
Global arms production continued to
THE SIPRI TOP 100
increase in 2007. The combined arms
The SIPRI Top 100 list ranks the largest sales of the SIPRI Top 100 arms-
arms-producing companies in the world producing companies reached
(outside China) according to their arms $347 billion, an increase of 11 per cent in
sales. The 10 largest companies in 2007 nominal terms and 5 per cent in real
are listed below. terms over 2006. Since 2002 the value
of the Top 100 arms sales has increased
The 10 largest arms-producing companies,
by 37 per cent in real terms.
2007
Forty-four US companies accounted
for 61 per cent of the Top 100 s arms
Company Arms sales Profit
(country) ($ m.) ($ m.) sales in 2007, while 32 West European
companies accounted for 31 per cent of
1 Boeing 30 480 4 074
2 BAE Systems (UK) 29 850 1 800 the sales. Russia, Japan, Israel and India
3 Lockheed Martin 29 400 3 033
accounted for most of the rest.
4 Northrop Grumman 24 600 1 803
Thirty companies increased their
5 General Dynamics 21 520 2 080
arms sales by more than 30 per cent.
6 Raytheon 19 540 1 474
Most fell into one of three groups:
7 EADS (West Europe) 13 100  610
8 L-3 Communications 11 240 756
i i l
9 Finmeccanica (Italy) 9 850 713
heavily in demand by the United
10 Thales (France) 9 350 1 214
States and other overseas forces in
Companies are US-based, unless indicated
Afghanistan and Iraq, and especially
otherwise. The profit figures are from all company
activities, including non-military sales. producers of Mine-Resistant
Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles;
Eight companies entered the Top 100
i i i
in 2007, seven of them for the first time.
greatly expanded their US presence
The same five companies have appeared
through acquisitions; and
at the top of the SIPRI Top 100 since
i i i
2002, only the order has changed. The
military services, as well as some
only change in the top 10 companies since
military electronics companies.
2002 has been the replacement of United
Technologies by L-3 Communications. The US presidency of George W.
This is a symptom of the high degree of Bush during which US military
continuity that has prevailed in the expenditure increased sharply was a
structure of the Euro-Atlantic arms period of continuity in the arms
industry in recent years. industry. This followed a period of rapid
12 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
consolidation in the 1990s and early National or regional shares of arms sales
2000s. Indeed, the level of for the SIPRI Top 100 for 2007
concentration in the industry, as
Region/ No. of Arms sales
measured by the share of the Top 100
country companies ($ b.)
arms sales accounted for by the top five
USA 44 212.4
companies, has gradually declined since
Western Europe 32 107.6
2002.
Russia 7 8.2
The global financial crisis has yet to
Israel 3 5.0
have an impact on major arms Japan 4 4.8
India 3 3.7
companies revenues, profits and order
South Korea 4 2.9
backlogs, which generally continued to
Singapore 1 1.1
increase in 2008. However, their share
Canada 1 0.6
prices have fallen in line with the major
Australia 1 0.5
stock markets. Arms companies may
Total 100 346.9
face reduced demand in the future if
Figures for a country or region refer to the arms
governments cut military spending in
sales of Top 100 companies headquartered in that
country or region, including those in its foreign
response to rising budget deficits.
subsidiaries, and thus do not reflect the sales of arms
Russian companies have experienced
actually produced in that country or region.
particular cash-flow difficulties and are
receiving government aid.
ARMS INDUSTRY ACQUISITIONS, 2008
The two largest acquisitions of arms-
producing companies in 2008 were the There were four acquisitions of arms-
acquisition of the IT services company producing companies worth over
EDS by Hewlett-Packard for $1 billion in 2008, down from seven in
$13.9 billion, and the $5.2 billion 2007.
acquisition of the US military
The largest acquisitions in the OECD arms
electronics firm DRS Technologies by
industry, 2008
Finmeccanica of Italy. The latter of
these was the first major acquisition of a
Deal
US company by a continental European Buyer Acquired value
company company ($ m.)
company. British companies also made
numerous US acquisitions. Most major Hewlett-Packard EDS 13 900
Finmeccanica DRS Technologies 5 200
British arms companies now have a
Candover Stork 2 160
significant US presence, and several
Dassault Aviation 20.8% of Thales 2 200
now have more assets and employees in
the USA than in the UK.
These facts and data are taken from chapter 6,
appendix 6A,  The SIPRI Top 100 arms producing
companies, 2007 , by Sam Perlo-Freeman and the
SIPRI Arms Industry Network, and appendix 6B,
 Major arms industry acquisitions, 2008 , by Sam
Perlo-Freeman.
military spending and armaments, 2008 13
7. INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS
siemon t. wezeman, mark bromley and pieter d. wezeman
Since 2005 there has been an upward
THE SUPPLIERS AND RECIPIENTS OF
trend in deliveries of major
MAJOR CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
conventional arms. The annual average
for 2004 2008 was 21 per cent higher
The trend in transfers of major
than for 2000 2004.
conventional weapons, 1999 2008
The United States and Russia
30
remained by far the largest exporters,
25
followed by Germany, France and the
20
United Kingdom. Together these five
15
countries accounted for 79 per cent of
10
the volume of exports for 2004 2008.
5
They have been the top five suppliers
0 since the end of the cold war and have
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
accounted for at least three-quarters of
Bar graph: annual totals; line graph: five-year
all exports annually.
moving average (plotted at the last year of each five-
East Asia, Europe and the Middle
year period).
East continued to be the largest
The five largest suppliers of major
recipient regions for 2004 2008, each
conventional weapons, 2004 2008
accounting for about 20 per cent of all
imports. China remained the single
Share of Main recipients
largest recipient for the period 2004
global arms (share of supplier s
2008, followed by India, the United
Supplier exports (%) transfers)
Arab Emirates (UAE), South Korea and
USA 31 South Korea (15%)
Greece.
Israel (13%)
UAE (11%) China has been a major recipient of
Russia 25 China (42%)
weapons since the early 1990s and has
India (21%)
been the largest importer for several
Algeria (8%)
years. Most Chinese arms imports
Germany 10 Turkey (15%)
originate from Russia. However,
Greece (13%)
Russian deliveries to China dropped
South Africa (12%)
significantly in 2007 and 2008. China
France 8 UAE (32%)
has used its access to Russian
Singapore (13%)
Greece (12%)
technology to develop indigenous
UK 4 USA (21%)
weapons, in some cases using illegally
India (14%)
copied Russian components. Both
Chile (9%)
countries agreed in 2008 to abide by
14 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
SIPRI trend-indicator value (b.)
intellectual property laws specifically The five largest recipients of major
for military equipment. conventional weapons, 2004 2008
India is seen as probably the most
Share of Main supplier
important single country market for
global arms (share of recipient s
weapons in the near future. A large part
Recipient imports (%) transfers)
of Indian arms imports also originates
China 11 Russia (92%)
from Russia. Based on current orders
India 7 Russia (71%)
Russia will remain India s most
UAE 6 USA (54%)
important supplier. However, Russian South Korea 6 USA (73%)
Greece 4 Germany (31%)
demands for increased payments for
weapons on order and quality problems
with delivered weapons have soured
THE FINANCIAL VALUE OF THE ARMS
relations. Unlike China, India has the
TRADE, 2007
option of using other suppliers, such as
France, Israel or the UK. Recently, It is not possible to ascribe a precise
relations with the USA have improved financial value to the international arms
and two large orders for high-tech US trade. However, by aggregating financial
weapons were signed in 2008. data from the main suppliers, it is
The war between the Sri Lankan possible to make an indicative estimate.
Government and the Liberation Tigers The estimated financial value of the
of Tamil Eelam (LTTE or Tamil Tigers) international arms trade in 2007 was
demonstrates how even small deliveries $51.1 billion, which represents 0.3 per
of weapons and ammunition can have a cent of world trade. This figure is below
major negative impact. Acquisition of a the true figure because a number of
few maritime systems gave the significant exporters, including China,
government the ability to stop arms do not release data on the financial value
smuggling by the LTTE. Together with of their arms exports.
imports of stocks of ammunition this According to national data, the USA
changed the military balance in favour was the largest arms exporter in 2007,
of the government to the extent that it with exports worth $12.8 billion; Russia
could decide to aim for a military was in second place, with $7.4 billion;
solution, leading to one of the bloodiest France was in third place, with
conflicts of 2008. $6.2 billion; Israel was in fourth place,
with $4.4 billion; and the UK was in fifth
place, with $4.1 billion.
These facts and data are taken from chapter 7,
appendix 7A,  The suppliers and recipients of major
conventional weapons , by the SIPRI Arms
Transfers Project, and appendix 7B,  The financial
value of the arms trade , by Mark Bromley, and are
based in part on the SIPRI Arms Transfers
Database, .
military spending and armaments, 2008 15
8. WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES
shannon n. kile, vitaly fedchenko and hans m. kristensen
In January 2009, eight states possessed
WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES, 2009
a total of more than 23 300 nuclear
Deployed warheads, January 2009 weapons, including operational
warheads, spares, those in both active
Non- Total
and inactive storage, and intact
Strategic strategic deployed
warheads scheduled for dismantlement.
Country warheads warheads warheads
The five legally recognized nuclear
USA 2 202 500 2 702
weapon states, as defined by the 1968
Russia 2 787 2 047 4 834
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
UK 160  160
France 300  300 China, France, Russia, the USA and the
China 186 . . 186
UK are all either deploying new
India   60 70
nuclear weapon systems or have
Pakistan   60
announced their intention to do so in
Israel   80
the future. At the same time, Russia and
Total 8 392
the USA are in the process of reducing
All estimates are approximate.
their operational nuclear forces from
North Korea conducted nuclear test cold war levels as a result of the 1991
explosions in October 2006 and May START Treaty and the 2002 SORT
2009. It is not publicly known whether it Treaty. Russia and the USA have also
has built nuclear weapons. announced their intention to negotiate
a new agreement that would bring
GLOBAL STOCKS OF FISSILE
about deeper reductions.
MATERIALS, 2008
India and Pakistan, which along with
As of 2008, global stocks of highly Israel are de facto nuclear weapon
enriched uranium totalled states outside the NPT, continue to
approximately 1379 tonnes (not including develop new missile systems capable of
297 tonnes to be blended down). Global delivering nuclear weapons and are also
military stocks of separated plutonium expanding their capacities to produce
totalled approximately 255 tonnes and fissile material. Israel appears to be
civilian stocks totalled 246 tonnes. waiting to assess how the situation with
Iran s nuclear programme develops.
North Korea is believed to have
produced enough plutonium to build a
These facts and data are taken from chapter 8 and
appendix 8A,  Global stocks of fissile materials, small number of nuclear warheads,
2008 , by Alexander Glaser and Zia Mian,
although it is unclear whether it has
International Panel on Fissile Materials, Princeton
manufactured an operational weapon.
University.
16 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
9. NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND NON-PROLIFERATION
shannon n. kile
In 2008 Iran s nuclear programme Controversy continued over US and
remained at the centre of international Israeli allegations that North Korea had
controversy. Iran continued to install provided covert technical assistance to
gas centrifuges at its main uranium- Syria for building an undeclared
enrichment plant at Natanz, leading the nuclear reactor.
United Nations Security Council to Elsewhere, Russia and the USA
adopt two new resolutions, 1803 and continued preliminary talks on a new
1835, demanding that Iran suspend all bilateral nuclear arms reduction
enrichment-related and reprocessing agreement to succeed the 1991 Treaty
activities. The International Atomic on the Reduction and Limitation of
Energy Agency (IAEA) made efforts to Strategic Offensive Arms (START
investigate allegations of research and Treaty) and the 2002 Strategic
other activities that point to a possible Offensive Reduction Treaty (SORT).
military dimension to Iran nuclear The START Treaty, which contains the
programme. The resulting impasse verification provisions by which the
highlighted shortcomings in the IAEA s USA and Russia monitor each other s
power to investigate suspected nuclear strategic nuclear forces, is scheduled to
weaponization activities. expire in December 2009. The two sides
The year ended with a breakdown of continued to disagree over rules for
the agreement reached in the Six-Party limiting warhead deployments on long-
Talks between China, Japan, North range missiles and aircraft and over the
Korea, South Korea, Russia and the status of warheads removed from
United States on a multi-phase plan operational deployment.
under which North Korea would shut A resurgence of interest in nuclear
down and disable  for the purpose of disarmament continued in 2008 as
eventual dismantlement its nuclear leading former statesmen in the UK and
facilities in return for economic and Germany urged action towards creating
political benefits. A dispute arose a nuclear weapon-free world. The
between North Korea and the USA over re-emergence of nuclear disarmament
measures to verify North Korea s as a topic for mainstream public debate
declaration of its plutonium production helped to spur the launching of several
programme. It centred on whether new initiatives by governments, some in
inspectors would be allowed to visit conjunction with leading non-
sites not included in North Korea s governmental organizations, to
declaration and to use environmental promote progress towards nuclear
sampling and other forensic techniques. disarmament.
non-proliferation, arms control, disarmament, 2008 17
10. REDUCING SECURITY THREATS FROM CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
john hart and peter clevestig
In 2008 policymakers continued to Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,
broaden prevention and response continues. Recommendations have been
measures against perceived chemical made that the Financial Action Task
and biological warfare (CBW) threats. Force shut down terrorist financing,
These threats have been addressed by that further port and airport security be
overlapping initiatives and measures, developed and that the International
including attempts to define those Maritime Organization should develop
posed by bioterrorism and chemical a new mandatory long-range tracking
terrorism. and identification system to follow and
The parties to the 1972 Biological and register ships globally.
Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) CBW prevention strategies include
held the second political and expert the establishment of effective national
meetings under a 2007 10 inter- implementation, codes of conduct and
sessional programme agreed in 2006. chemical and pathogen security
The Second Review Conference of the regulations, and awareness-raising
1993 Chemical Weapons Convention activities. This has been reflected by an
(CWC) was also held in 2008. For the increasing number of regional
first time the Conference of the States activities, workshops and training
Parties was unable to agree a final activities.
document by consensus. The BTWC and CWC are moving
The US Government announced that closer to achieving greater universality,
a US defence establishment scientist, but some states continue to refuse to
Bruce E. Ivins, was solely responsible join. The increase in membership
for the 2001 anthrax letter attacks. He reflects the increased recent focus on
committed suicide shortly before he establishing and implementing national
was to be arrested and some analysts legislation to prohibit CBW as a means
and former colleagues expressed doubt of raising barriers against CBW
that Ivins was responsible or had acted terrorism. These efforts have been
alone. The case highlighted the carried out partly under the auspices of
importance of microbial forensics in UN Security Council Resolution 1540,
support of criminal investigations. various action plans, European Union
The trend towards more joint actions, government-to-
comprehensive international reporting government contacts, and regional
and tracking of information on the workshops and seminars on effective
activities of non-state actors, including national implementation of laws
within the framework of the 2006 UN prohibiting CBW.
18 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
11. CONVENTIONAL ARMS CONTROL
zdzislaw lachowski and svenja post
The effort to control  inhumane return. On the other hand, the current
weapons at the global level achieved a crisis creates an opportunity to rethink
remarkable breakthrough in 2008. The the pertinence of the CFE regime to the
Oslo process, which was launched in new realities of European security. A
2006 to stigmatize and effectively future conventional arms control
tackle cluster munitions, resulted in a regime, if it is to be relevant, will
legally binding convention, the demand much improved security
Convention on Cluster Munitions cooperation in the Euro-Atlantic area,
(CCM). Despite continued claims of the which is currently lacking.
military usefulness of cluster munitions In contrast to the plight of the CFE
and the limited effect of the convention Treaty regime, the subregional arms
due to the non-participation of major control framework in the Western
users, producers and stockpilers, it is Balkans continued to operate smoothly.
hoped that the CCM will contribute to Confidence- and security-building
the moral and political stigmatization measures in Europe are now focused on
of cluster munitions to such an extent select areas, while similar initiatives
that governments which are not party elsewhere have not progressed
to the convention will be increasingly satisfactorily. The Organization for
reluctant to use such weapons. Security and Co-operation in Europe
The situation in European (OSCE) community strives to counter
conventional arms control in 2008 multidimensional threats, increasingly
remained troubling. After Russia s of a non-state nature. The practical
decision to  suspend its participation in assistance given to the OSCE
the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed participating states through the
Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty) in implementation of projects on small
December 2007, the treaty was in arms and light weapons and on
abeyance during 2008. The Western stockpiles of conventional ammunition
states  parallel actions proposal as well as the updating and
remained on the negotiating table, streamlining of the 1994 Code of
while Russia sent vague signals about a Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of
broader European security treaty. All of Security are considered a key
the CFE states parties except Russia component in the improvement of
have thus far fully implemented the security and stability in the OSCE
treaty s provisions but, despite goodwill region.
on their part, the treaty s continuing
erosion risks reaching a point of no
non-proliferation, arms control, disarmament, 2008 19
12. CONTROLS ON SECURITY-RELATED INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS
ian anthony and sibylle bauer
States meet in various forums to discuss
MULTILATERAL ARMS EMBARGOES,
how to maintain effective export
2008
controls on items that may be used in
There were 27 mandatory multilateral nuclear, biological and chemical
arms embargoes in force in 2008, weapons, and missile delivery systems
directed at a total of 15 targets. Twelve of for them. The main export control
the embargoes were imposed by the regimes are:
United Nations and 15 by the European U.
li
For the second year in a row, the UN
i il l l
Security Council did not impose any new
Regime (MTCR),
arms embargoes. The UN arms embargo
l li
on non-governmental forces in Rwanda
and
was lifted in 2008 and significant

amendments were made to the UN arms
Export Controls for Conventional
embargoes on the Democratic Republic
Arms and Dual-use Goods and
of the Congo (DRC), Iran and Somalia.
Technologies (WA).
The UN extended its arms embargoes on
al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated In 2008 the NSG modified the way in
individuals and entities, C�te d Ivoire, which supplier guidelines are applied to
non-governmental forces in the DRC, exports of controlled items to India by
Iran, Liberia, and Somalia. stepping back from its previous
Nine of the 15 EU embargoes are agreement that the application of
straightforward implementations of UN comprehensive International Atomic
arms embargoes. The EU did not impose Energy Agency safeguards would be an
any new arms embargo in 2008 but it did objective condition of supply.
repeal and replace its arms embargo on These decisions and initiatives are
the DRC as a result of changes to the UN eveidence that export controls are
arms embargo. It also extended its arms gradually evolving away from a system
embargoes on C�te d Ivoire, Myanmar based on clear rules for general
and Uzbekistan. application and towards a system in
During 2008 UN arms embargoes were which the controls are tailored for
explicitly threatened against Georgia different categories of countries. The
and Zimbabwe by at least one of the five most powerful participating states in
permanent members of the UN Security the NSG believe that there is a political
Council. For only the second time since imperative to strengthen ties with India
the end of the cold war, a permanent and most countries with leading nuclear
20 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
industries are convinced that there are member vetoed a draft UN Security
compelling economic and Council resolution proposing the
environmental arguments for imposition of an arms embargo: China
engagement and cooperation with and Russia both vetoed the imposition of
India. a UN arms embargo on Zimbabwe.
In 2008 the European Union (EU)
Multilateral arms embargoes in force
finally adopted an updated and
during 2008
strengthened version of the politically
binding 1998 EU Code of Conduct on
United Nations arms embargoes
Arms Exports as a legally binding
Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated
common position. The decision
individuals and entities
incorporates several important changes C�te d Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo (NGF)
into a set of Common Rules Governing
Iran (technology related to nuclear weapon
Control of Exports of Military
delivery systems)
Technology and Equipment that EU
Iraq (NGF)
member states are obliged to implement
Lebanon (NGF)
nationally. These changes to EU export
Liberia
control rules and procedures inside the
North Korea
EU in 2008 highlight the general Rwanda (NGF)
Sierra Leone (NGF)
importance of dedicating sufficient
Somalia
resources to implement and enforce
Sudan (Darfur)
export controls across the EU.
Several initiatives to develop European Union arms embargoes
simplified procedures to facilitate the
Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated
movement of defence goods and articles individuals and entities
China
within trusted communities have been
C�te d Ivoire
made in recent years. The first is the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
development of new rules to facilitate
Iran
the movement of defence goods inside
Iraq (NGF)
the EU. The second is the attempt, so far
Lebanon (NGF)
unsuccessful, to bring into force
Liberia
bilateral treaties that have been signed
Myanmar
between Australia and the USA and North Korea
Sierra Leone (NGF)
between the UK and the USA. These
Somalia
treaties require ratification in the US
Sudan
Senate before entry into force.
Uzbekistan
Zimbabwe
NGF = non-governmental forces.
These facts and data are taken from appendix 12A,
 Multilateral arms embargoes , by Paul Holtom and
Noel Kelly.
non-proliferation, arms control, disarmament, 2008 21
ANNEXES
nenne bodell
Annex A,  Arms control and Space and Under Water (Partial
disarmament agreements , contains Test-Ban Treaty, PTBT)
summaries of multi- and bilateral 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing
treaties, conventions, protocols and the Activities of States in the
agreements relating to arms control and Exploration and Use of Outer
disarmament, and lists of their Space, Including the Moon and
signatories and states parties. Other Celestial Bodies (Outer
Annex B,  International security Space Treaty)
cooperation bodies , describes the main 1967 Treaty for the Prohibition of
international and intergovernmental Nuclear Weapons in Latin
organizations, treaty-implementing America and the Caribbean
bodies and export control regimes (Treaty of Tlatelolco)
whose aims include the promotion of 1968 Treaty on the Non-proliferation
security, stability, peace or arms control of Nuclear Weapons (Non-
and lists their members or participants. Proliferation Treaty, NPT)
Annex C,  Chronology 2008 , lists the 1971 Treaty on the Prohibition of the
significant events in 2008 related to Emplacement of Nuclear
armaments, disarmament and Weapons and other Weapons of
international security. Mass Destruction on the Seabed
and the Ocean Floor and in the
Treaties in force, 1 January 2009
Subsoil thereof (Seabed Treaty)
1925 Protocol for the Prohibition of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of
Use in War of Asphyxiating, the Development, Production and
Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Stockpiling of Bacteriological
Bacteriological Methods of (Biological) and Toxin Weapons
Warfare (1925 Geneva Protocol) and on their Destruction
1948 Convention on the Prevention and (Biological and Toxin Weapons
Punishment of the Crime of Convention, BTWC)
Genocide (Genocide Convention) 1974 Treaty on the Limitation of
i l i Underground Nuclear Weapon
to the Protection of Civilian Tests (Threshold Test-Ban
Persons in Time of War Treaty, TTBT)
1959 Antarctic Treaty 1976 Treaty on Underground Nuclear
1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Explosions for Peaceful Purposes
Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer (Peaceful Nuclear Explosions
Treaty, PNET)
22 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
1977 Convention on the Prohibition of 1996 Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms
Military or Any Other Hostile Use Control (Florence Agreement)
of Environmental Modification 1997 Inter-American Convention
Techniques (Enmod Convention) Against the Illicit Manufacturing
1977 Protocols I and II Additional to of and Trafficking in Firearms,
the 1949 Geneva Conventions: Ammunition, Explosives, and
Relating to the Protection of Other Related Materials
i i i l 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of
Conflicts, and Relating to the the Use, Stockpiling, Production
i i i and Transfer of Anti-Personnel
International Armed Conflicts Mines and on their Destruction
1980 Convention on the Physical (APM Convention)
Protection of Nuclear Material 1999 Inter-American Convention on
and Nuclear Facilities Transparency in Conventional
1981 Convention on Prohibitions or Weapons Acquisitions
Restrictions on the Use of Certain i
Conventional Weapons which Confidence- and Security-
may be Deemed to be Excessively Building Measures
Injurious or to have 2002 Treaty on Strategic Offensive
Indiscriminate Effects (CCW Reductions (SORT)
Convention, or  Inhumane 2006 Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Weapons Convention) Zone in Central Asia (Treaty of
1985 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Semipalatinsk)
Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga)
Treaties not in force, 1 January 2009
1987 Treaty on the Elimination of
Intermediate-Range and Shorter- 1972 Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-
Range Missiles (INF Treaty) Ballistic Missile Systems (ABM
1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Treaty)
Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty) 1993 Treaty on Further Reduction and
1991 Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive
Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START II Treaty)
Arms (START I Treaty) 1996 African Nuclear-Weapon-Free
1992 Treaty on Open Skies Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)
1993 Convention on the Prohibition of 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban
the Development, Production, Treaty (CTBT)
Stockpiling and Use of Chemical 1999 Agreement on Adaptation of the
Weapons and on their CFE Treaty
Destruction (Chemical Weapons 2006 ECOWAS Convention on Small
Convention, CWC) Arms, Light Weapons, their
1995 Treaty on the Southeast Asia Ammunition and Other Related
Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone Materials
(Treaty of Bangkok) 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions
annexes 23
RECENT SIPRI PUBLICATIONS
Enforcing European Union Law on Exports of Dual-Use Goods
SIPRI Research Report No. 24
By Anna Wetter
Oxford University Press, 2009
Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the International Criminal Court
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Ashley Dallman
SIPRI, May 2009
Air Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows
SIPRI Policy Paper No. 24
By Hugh Griffiths and Mark Bromley
SIPRI, May 2009
Chemical and Biochemical Non-lethal Weapons: Political and Technical Aspects
SIPRI Policy Paper No. 23
By Ronald G. Sutherland
SIPRI, November 2008
Transparency in Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons: Reports to the United
Nations Register of Conventional Arms, 2003 2006
SIPRI Policy Paper No. 22
By Paul Holtom
July 2008
SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
Oxford University Press, 2008
Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects
SIPRI Research Report no. 23
By Ekaterina Stepanova
Oxford University Press, 2008
The Effectiveness of Foreign Military Assets in Natural Disaster Response
By Sharon Wiharta et al.
SIPRI, 2008
Information on all SIPRI publications is available at .
24 sipri yearbook 2009, summary
HOW TO ORDER
SIPRI Yearbook 2009: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
Published in June 2009 by Oxford University Press on behalf of
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ISBN 978-0-19-956606-8, hardback, 594 pp., Ł85/$150
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STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL
PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SIPRI YEARBOOK 2009
Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
The SIPRI Yearbook is a compendium of data and analysis in the areas of
" Security and conflicts
" Military spending and armaments
" Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament
This booklet summarizes the 40th edition of the SIPRI Yearbook, which includes
coverage of developments during 2008 in
" mass displacement caused by conflicts
" trends in armed conflicts
" peacekeeping
" the conflict in Afghanistan
" military expenditure
" arms production
" international arms transfers
" world nuclear forces and stocks of fissile materials
" nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
" the control of chemical and biological materials
" conventional arms control
" controls on security-related international transfers
" multilateral arms embargoes
The SIPRI Yearbook also has extensive annexes on arms control and disarmament
agreements and international security cooperation bodies, and a chronology of
events during 2008 in security and arms control.