REPORTED SPEECH (relacjonowanie wypowiedzi własnej lub innej osoby)
Say &Tell.
1. Direct Speech: Jerry said, `I need some money.'
Reported Speech: Jerry said he needed some money.
2. Direct Speech: Jerry said to me, `I need some money.'
Reported Speech: Jerry said to me he needed some money.
3. Direct Speech: Jerry told me, `I need some money.'
Reported Speech: Jerry told me he needed some money.
Reported Statements.
Zmiany dotyczące czasów i czasowników modalnych (tylko w przypadku jeżeli w zdaniu nadrzędnym występuje czas Past Simple):
DIRECT SPEECH |
REPORTED SPEECH |
Present Simple `I want to find a better job,' he said. |
Past Simple He said he wanted to find a better job. |
Present Continuous `They are playing table tennis,' he said. |
Past Continuous He said they were playing table tennis. |
Present Perfect `I have ordered a new fridge,' she said. |
Past Perfect She said she had ordered a new fridge. |
Past Simple `Jack left the country,' they said. |
Past Perfect They said Jack had left the country. |
Past Continuous `I was working at four o'clock,' Tim said. |
Past Perfect Continuous Tim said he had been working at four o'clock. |
Future (will) `I will send you a letter,' he told me. |
Conditional (would) He told me he would send me a letter. |
Can `I can speak French,' she said. |
Could (w odniesieniu do teraźniejszości) She said she could speak French. |
Can He said, `We can meet tomorrow.' |
Could/Would be able to (w odniesieniu do przyszłości) He said we could/would be able to meet the next day. |
May He said, `I may call you.' |
Might He said he might call us. |
Shall He said, `What time shall we leave?' |
Would (w przypadku pytania o informację) He asked what time we would leave. |
Shall He said, `Where shall I come?' |
Should (w przypadku prośby o radę) He asked where he should come. |
Shall He said, `Shall I help you?' |
Offer (w przypadku oferty) He offered to help me. |
Must He said, `You must finish this.' |
Must/Had to (wyrażając przymus, obowiązek lub zobowiązanie) He said I must/had to finish it. |
Must He said, `You must be happy.' |
Must (w przypadku logicznych założeń) He said I must be very happy. |
Needn't He said, `You needn't hurry.' |
Needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to (w odniesieniu do teraźniejszości) He said I needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hurry. |
Needn't He said, `You needn't come to work on Friday.' |
Wouldn't have to (w odniesieniu do przyszłości) He said I wouldn't have to go to work on Friday. |
Czasy Past Perfect i Past Perfect Continuous nie ulegają zmianie.
Jeżeli w zdaniu nadrzędnym występują czas Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect lub Future Simple, czas w zdaniu podrzędnym nie ulega zmianie.
Direct Speech: She says, `I don't like him.'
Reported Speech: She says she doesn't like him.
Past Simple & Past Continuous nie ulegają zmianie w zdaniach czasowych.
Direct Speech: `I left when it was getting dark,' he said.
Reported Speech: He said he left when it was getting dark.
Mówiąc o prawach natury, regułach naukowych, stanach o charakterze stałym, czas w zdaniu podrzędnym może ulec zmianie ale nie musi.
Direct Speech: The teacher said, `Paris is the capital of France.'
Reported Speech: The teacher said that Paris is/was the capital of France.
Przytaczając czyjeś słowa wkrótce po ich wypowiedzeniu, czas w zdaniu podrzędnym może ulec zmianie ale nie musi.
Direct Speech: `The car has broken down again,' my sister said.
Reported Speech My sister said that the car has/had broken again.
Czasowniki would, could, might, should, ought to, used to, mustn't, had better nie ulegają zmianie.
Direct Speech: `I might talk to her,' Tom said.
Reported Speech: Tom said he might talk to her.
Czasy w okresie warunkowym typu 2 i 3 nie ulegają zmianie.
Direct Speech: `If I had more time, I would take up a hobby,' Eric said to me.
Repoted Speech: Eric told to me if he had more time, he would take up a hobby.
Zmiany dotyczące określników i zaimków.
DIRECT SPEECH |
REPORTED SPEECH |
tonight, today, |
that night, that day, |
now |
then, at that time, at once, immediately |
yesterday, last night/week/month/year ... |
the day before/the previous day, the previous night/week/month/year ..., the night/week/month/ year ... before |
tomorrow, next week/month/year ... |
the day after/the following/the next day, the next/ following week/month/year ... |
two days/months/years ... ago |
two days/months/years ... before |
the day before yesterday |
two days before |
the day after tomorrow |
in two days' time |
here |
there |
come |
go |
this week/month/year ..., these weeks/months/ years ... |
that week/month/year ..., those weeks/months /years ... |
this/that/these/those (as adjectives) |
the |
this/that (as pronouns) |
it |
these/those (as pronouns) |
they/them |
Zaimki i przymiotniki dzierżawcze również ulegają zmianie.
Direct Speech: `I saw you,' she said to George.
Reported Speech: She said to George she had seen him.
Reported Questions (w pytaniach zależnych, poza zmianą czasu, należy również pamiętać o zmianie szyku pytającego na twierdzący; w zdaniu nadrzędnym stosuje się następujące czasowniki: to ask, to want to know, to wonder, to inquire, itp. )
Pytania ogólne.
Direct Speech: `Have you seen this man before?' he asked me.
Reported Speech: He asked me if/whether I had seen the man before.
Pytania szczegółowe.
Direct Speech: `Why are you late?' mother asked me.
Reported Speech: Mother asked me why I was late.
Reported Orders/Instructions/Requests (polecenia, rozkazy i prośby ulegają zmianie na konstrukcje bezokolicznikowe, przy czym są one poprzedzone odpowiednimi czasownikami: to tell, to ask, to order, to beg, itp. ).
Direct Speech: `Give me your money!' he said to me.
Reported Speech: He ordered me to give him my money.
Direct Speech: `Listen to me, please,' Laura said to Bob.
Reported Speech: Laura asked Bob to listen to her.
Direct Speech: `Don't tell anyone about this,' she asked them.
Reported Speech: She asked them not to tell anyone about it.
Introductory Verbs (patrz Enterprise Grammar str.29)