The Native Voice

1. James Welch, Winter in the Blood

2. Leslie Silko, Ceremony

3. Louise Erdrich, Love Medicine

4. N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn

5. Linda Hogan, a Chikasaw poet

6. Simon Ortiz, an Acoma poet

The Literature of Discovery and Exploration

Christopher Columbus, letters ( written 1492-1503)

Hernan Cortes, letters to Charles V (written 1519-1526)

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Relacion (1542)

John Cabot of Genoa; Giovanni de Verazzano of Florence visited New York Bay in 1524

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557), an account of his voyages in 1545, published in 1598.

Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), The Voyages of 1632

Richard Hakluyt (1552-1616)

Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582); The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589)

John Smith (1579-1631)

Generall Historie of Virginia (1624)

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618)

The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana (1596); History of the World (1614)

Sieur de La Salle (1643-1687)

Protestantism

The four main Protestant traditions that emerged from the Reformation:

the Lutheran,

the Calvinist,

the Anabaptist

the Anglican.

rejecting the authority of the pope

emphasizing instead the authority of the Bible and the importance of individual faith. In the late 1990s there were about 500 million Protestants worldwide, constituting about one-fourth of all Christians.

Martin Luther,

Ninety-five Theses attacking the indiscriminate sale of indulgences by the church.

assurance of salvation in the doctrine of justification by divine grace through faith

Swiss pastor Huldreich Zwingli and French theologian John Calvin.

Beliefs and Practices
Most Protestant churches retained:

the Trinity, the atonement and resurrection of Christ, the authority of the Bible, and the sacramental character of baptism and the Eucharist.

Salvation does not depend on human effort or merit but only on the freely given grace of God, which is accepted in faith. This doctrine of justification by grace through faith became a fundamental tenet of Protestant churches.

Protestants affirm the authority of the Bible, which is considered the sole source and standard for their teachings; they reject the Roman Catholic position giving ultimate authority to the pope in matters of faith and morals.

Priesthood

the Roman Catholic priest is seen as a mediator of God's grace through his administration of the sacraments,

the Protestant minister is regarded as one of the laity who has been trained to perform church functions.

Protestant church government is generally democratic

Protestant liturgies are simpler and place greater emphasis on preaching.

All the Protestant traditions reduced the number of sacraments from the seven in Roman Catholicism to two, baptism and the Eucharist.

Congregationalism

individual congregation is fully self-governing

Predestination

the elect

the preterites

Bradford, William (1590-1657)

The first Thanksgiving Day celebration in New England was organized by Bradford in 1621.

History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, was published in 1856

Winthrop, John (1588-1649)

Winthrop sailed from Yarmouth in March 1630, and landed at Salem, Massachusetts, on June 12.

His journals were published in 1825-1826 as

The History of New England 1630-1649.

Edward Johnson (1598 - 1672)

The Wonder-Working Providence (of Sion's Savior in New England)

Thomas Morton (15 ?-1647)

New English Canaan (1637)

The Antinomian Controversy

Anne Hutchinson (1590-1643)

Roger Williams (1603-1683)

A Key into the Languages of America (1643)

John Eliot (1604-1690)

Translation of the Bible into Algonquian (166)

Indian Primer and Indian grammar Begun

The Christian Commonwealth (1659)

Samuel Sewall (1652-1730)

Diary

Sarah Kemble Knight (1666-1727)

The Journal

PURITAN POETRY

Ann Bradstreet (1612-1672)

The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung up in America (1655)

Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)

The Day of Doom (1662)

Edward Taylor (1645-1729)

Indian Captivities

Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1635-1678)

Captain John Gyles

Richard Mather (1596-1669)

Increase Mather (1639-1723)

Cotton Mather (1663-1728)

Diary

Bonifacius, Essays To Do Good (1710)

Magnalis Christi Americana (1702)

Quakerism

simplicity of manner, pacificism, humanitarianism, inner quiet

John Woolman (1720-72)

Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes (1754, 1762)

Journal (1774)

William Penn (1644-1718)

The Great Cause of Liberty of Conscience

promotional tracts

Phillis Wheatley (1753-84)

Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773)

VIRGINIA

Class distinction

Plantation system

Poor education

Robert Beverley (1673-1722)

The History and Present State of Virginia (1705)

William Byrd (1674-1744)

of Westover

Diary

The History of the Dividing Line (1728)

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