Health

Diseases

Human body

Maturitní téma z anglického jazyka

Gymnázium F. X. Šaldy

Hana Kyselová

4.A

Medical care

Medical care of any type in our country is free of charge, although there are now many private doctors. We do not pay for prescriptions or for some medicines. As to financial help after giving birth, mothers get benefits for three years after the birth of a child. For the first 26 weeks she gets 90 per cent of her pay and for the rest of her maternity leave she gets fewer benefits. Then comes medical and social care during the pre-school and school age, up to old age. Employers pay health insurance for their employees but everybody can pay extra money for his/her health insurance. If we fall ill or if we have an accident, we go to the Health Centre, Policlinic, Hospital or to some Private Doctor. There are various types of medical treatment for our different types of troubles.

It is true that prevention is better than a cure. We should try to live a healthy way of life, which means we should have a good proportion of work to leisure time. We should practice sports, at least swim or go for walks, we should eat healthy food with lots of vitamins, we should not smoke or drink too much alcohol.

At the doctor's

We visit doctors when we feel ill or if we have any health problem. We can go to the Health centre, policlinic, hospital or to private doctor, many factories and offices have their own doctors.

First of all we enter the waiting room. Then the nurse says „next please“ and invited us into the consulting room. She wants to see our insurance card. Doctors may ask you to strip to the waist before they examine your chest and throat. They can also check our blood pressure, feel the pulse or put our blood or urine through lab-tests. Doctors usually prescribe some medicine for us - pills, antibiotics, eye drops, sleeping pills, ointments or they tell us to go on a diet. Sometimes they may X-ray our lungs or bones. They may also tell us to go on a diet. We must go through many types of vaccination during our lives. Dentists may check our teeth and sometimes pull out or drill and fill them. There are various types of physicians: GP (general practitioners). Each person should undergo a regular check-up at least once a year. Dentists, surgeons, internist, oculists, paediatricians, gynaecologists, psychiatrists, orthopaedics, dermatologists, ear and throat specialists. I most often visit the doctor with my allergy.

I do not know any alternative approaches. But I heard about acupuncture. It is medical stitching special needles to some parts of human body. It has an affect on our central nervous system and it helps to banish aches. It is initially Chinese medical method.

The first aid

When you see an accident you may phone the ambulance (in our country it is 155) or you may accord first aid. If you are bleeding you must stop the bleeding, elevate the injury above the heart ad press with sterile compress. If you see a car accident, check if they are breathing, stop the bleeding, if there is any, do not move with the victims unless it is absolutely necessary, keep them warm, loosen any tight clothes and of course call the doctor. If you have any smaller wound you may dress it yourself, but if it is any larger wound you may go to the doctor.

Human body

Human body is composed from the same organs as body of a mammal. But human being differs from other mammals by having intellect, having ability to think and speak. Finally, he is able to work and invent new things of all qualities. He lives social life and he should be and feel equal to all other human beings without any national, religious or racial prejudice. Human body consists of bones, muscles and organs. All three parts are made from cells.

There is over 5 litres of blood circulating in our body. „The pump“, which helps the circulation is our heart. It oxidises our blood and sends it all around our body via arteries. Afterwards it goes back to the heart, without any oxygen, via veins. Our heart is supplied with oxygen by our lungs via small blood circulation.

Bones are made from living tissue, composed of special cells. Bone-making (ossification) is a gradual process. Adults have 207 bones. The basic part of skeleton is the spine. It carries the weight of the body and protects the delicate spinal cord. The skull shelters the brain while the ribs protect the heart and lungs. Bones are fit together at the joints and are held firm by ligaments.

No part of our body is completely insensitive to pain because nerves are to be found in every part of our human body.

The brain directs and coordinates our movements and reflexes, registers sensations and is the supreme nervous organ, by which man acquires knowledge and the power to use it. It shapes our personalities, and without it we would be more helpless than the tiniest human baby.

Human being has 5 senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch. Of course we can exist without them, but our life would be much more difficult then. Sight helps us moving around and see people we meet; smell gives us an idea of every thing's quality; taste makes us enjoy our meal even more so and warns us when the thing we eat may make us sick; hearing gives sense to speaking and touch helps us to look out for dangerous things. Blind people often walk with a stick or a dog beside. Their hearing and touch is better than usually.

Our body is covered with skin. It protects body form cold and is important for the water circulation on our body, too. It is also important for the contact of the body with outside. We should take care of it by washing daily and putting on some body milk.

Kidneys perform four functions, of which the most obvious is the ejection of waste materials from the body. They are bean-shaped and lie just above the waist, one on each side of the spine. A human being can survive without kidneys for only 2-3 weeks.
Liver is important for our metabolism and it is the largest gland in our body. It lies on the right side under the midriff, protected by ribs. It also has other functions, as for example supplying our body with vitamins, destroying dangerous waste, producing gall or hormones.

Vocabulary

Head	face, hair, eye, eye lid, ears, cheeks, chin, mouth, lips, tooth/teeth, tongue, neck/throat, forehead, eye brows, eye lashes, temple (skráň)
Trunk	back, bottom/backside/buttocks (spodek/zadek, zadnice/hýždě), waist, hips, belly/tummy, navel (pupek), chest, breast, abdomen (břicho)
Limbs	leg, thigh (stehno), knee, calf/calves (lýtka), shin (holeň), ankle, foot/feet, heel, sole (chodidlo), toe, big toe
	arm, shoulders, armpit (podpaží), elbow, forearm (předloktí), wrist, hand, palm (dlaň), fingers (thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger)
	skeleton, backbone, bone, joint, rib, skull
Internal organs	nervous system, nerve, brain, spinal chord circulation of blood, blood vessels (cévy), arteries, veins, blood cell muscle, tendon (šlacha), ligament, gland, thyroid gland (štítná žláza) heart, lungs, bronchus, trachea, stomach, intestines (střeva), large and small intestine, appendix, liver, gall bladder, kidneys, bladder (močový měchýř), spleen (slezina) blood, urine, stool (stolice), saliva (slina), bile (žluč)

Health and diseases

We can suffer from various illnesses beginning with common childhood diseases. Usually we suffer from common infections such as colds, influenza, or the "stomach flu". In such cases we usually stay in bed, drink herbal teas, take pills, drops or vitamins and after a week or two we feel well again. However the situation may sometimes be more serious and need special treatment in the hospital, e.g. heart attack, breaking an arm or leg. There are still diseases which cannot be cured such as cancer or AIDS.

Recent medical science, by help of disinfection, managed to suppress many dangerous and fast-spreading diseases as plague or cholera. By vaccination other ones like small-pox or infantile paralysis were suppressed. Furthermore, with help of antibiotics, it is possible to cure diseases which a few decades ago were mortal or serious health problems remained after them. These are, for example, pneumonia, scarlet fever or boreliosis.

Antibiotics should be always used strictly according to the instructions of our doctor. Otherwise the disease may become resistant to the medicine as we can see on malaria or TB (tuberculosis) recently.

The medical research also tries to find a successful medicine to cancer and other incurable diseases.

Vocabulary

Healthy, ill	be healthy/well, patient, fall/become ill, feel ill/unwell, be down with flu, catch a cold, catch some infection, sick child, feel sick, airsick, carsick, seasick, get better/well/rid of, be gone, go away, grow worse, recover (uzdravit se, vzpamatovat) from, recovery, disorder, illness, disease, ailment, feverish sickness, fatal disease, hypochondriac
Pain and signs	- pain (noun; I've got a pain in my wrist) - hurt (verb; with all parts of body - I hurt myself) - ache (noun & verb; continuous pain - I've got a headache) - sore (adjective; I've got a sore feet) - slight/severe (drobný/vážný) pain, painful, painless, sneeze (kýchat), sweat (pocení, pot), have a running nose, blow one's nose, have a poor/good appetite
Medical examination (prohlídka)	prenatal care, check up, medical supervision (dohled), general practitioner (GP), physician, nurse, doctor, works doctor, surgery time (office hours, US), surgery (doctor's consulting room/office, US), waiting room, make/have an appointment with, strip to the waist, examine the chest, take a deep breath, take/check the blood pressure, take/feel the pulse, take the blood count, throat culture, put urine through lab tests, take the temperature, I have/run a temperature/fever, I have 38.5 (thirty eight point five Celsius), his temperature has risen/dropped
Treatment (léčba)	treat, cure, to cure, incurable, therapy, diagnose, prescribe a medicine, take medicine/drug, injection/shot/jab, inhalation, swallow (polknout) a tablet, stay in bed, lie down, be on a diet, be on the pill (women), use pills, have a complete rest, in works wonders, it was no good, there's nothing like..., after-effects, be vaccinated, hygiene, sickness benefit
Children's diseases	mumps (příušnice), measles (spalničky), rubella (zarděnky), chicken-pox (plané neštovice), scarlet fever, be a scarlet fever carrier (přenašeč), vaccination certificate, tuberculosis, tetanus, polio (obrna), smallpox, diphtheria (záškrt), whooping cough (černý kašel), rabies (vzteklina)
People's diseases	have a cold, flu, cough, a sore throat, to cough, bronchitis, tonsillitis (zánět mandlí), pneumonia, be hoarse (ochraptělý), lack (nedostatek) of appetite, vomit (zvracet), have stomach ache, heartburn (pálení žáhy), nausea (zvedání žaludku), indigestion (porucha trávení), constipation (zácpa), diarrhoea, ulcer (vřed), bilious attack (žlůčníkový záchvat), appendicitis (zánět slepého střeva), jaundice (žloutenka), backache, slipped disc (ploténky), rheumatism, earache, encephalitis, be dizzy (mít závrať), venereal (pohlavní) disease, typhoid (břišní tyfus) fever, plague, cholera
"Civilization diseases"	a/ mental disorders: nervous breakdown (zhroucení), stress, depression, a headache, insomnia (nespavost), suffer from nerves b/ diseases of the blood system: high blood pressure, a heart attack, anaemia, leukaemia, varicose veins (křečové žíly) c/ skin diseases: rash (vyrážka), acne, eczema, itch (svrbět, svrab), scratch (škrábat), pimple, scurvy (kurděje) d/ others: backache, defective hearing, allergy, overweight, asthma, diabetes, malignant (zhoubný) tumours, cancer, drug addiction (závislost), drug addict, be addicted to alcohol, die of an overdose, break the habit, venereal diseases, AIDS (Acquired Immune Defiance Syndrome), hectic life style, lack of vitamins, polluted environment, unhealthy daily routine, insufficient (nedostatečný) sleep
Injuries	be injured, be wounded, hurt oneself, have/get a bruise (modřina), bruise one's arm, black eye (monokl), get a bump (bouchnout se), bumped head, bump one's head against a beam (úsměv), have/get a blister (puchýř), pinch (štípnout) one's finger, run/get a splinter (tříska) into a finger, cut one's finger on a knife, burn one's hand on a iron, a nasty (vážné) burn, be scalded (opařit se), swell (swelled, swollen = otékat), swollen ankle, inflamed (podebraný) finger, sprain (vyvrknout) an ankle, sprained ankle, dislocate a leg, stretch a ligament, tear a leg muscle, scrape (odřít) a knee, cramps, brain shake/concussion, be concussed, be bitten (pokousaný, štípnutý) by, blood poisoning, faint (omdlít), be airsick/seasick/carsick, sunstroke (úžeh, úpal), heatstroke, have/get frostbite (omrzliny), slip (uklouznout), fall over, fall off (svalit se, skácet se), stumble (zakoupnout) over sth., a fracture, break/fracture a bone, a rib, split bone
Serious injuries	have a fracture, break one's leg, a fractured/broken arm, fix the leg in plaster, fix/put the finger in splints, have/put an arm in a sling (páska), an/to X-ray, walk on crutches, faint, be unconscious, regain (vrátit se, znovu nabýt) consciousness, bring/come round (přivést k vědomí), put a patient on a stretcher (nosítka), call an ambulance, operate on a patient for appendicitis, operating theatre, give/get an anaesthetic, breath a narcotic, to anaesthetize a patient, cleanse the wound, sew up (sešít) the wound, take out the stitches (stehy), scar (jizva), scar over, heal (zahojit), dress the wound, bandage, rebandage, blood transfusion, blood donor, give first aid, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, artificial (umělé) breathing, stop bleeding, fix a fracture, apply a plaster cast (sádra), be badly hurt, get injured, injure one's hand, hurt oneself, death by drowning, die of wounds, die of an overdose, moan (sténat), groan (zasténat), cry in a pain
Dentist & Oculist	dental check up, have a toothache, a painful tooth, drill a rotten tooth, fill the tooth, crown a tooth, make/fix a denture (chrup), make/fix a brace (podpěra, svorka), uneven (křivé) teeth, wisdom tooth, the tooth comes loose, sound teeth, eyesight (zrak), be short-sighted, colour-blind, wear glasses, my eyes are sore (bolavé)/smart (pálí), strain one's sight, dust irritates my eyes, jab (udeřit) one's eye, have a sty

Healthy life style

It is necessary to get as much energy as we burn during our daily routine. If we don't, we lose on weight. Extreme diets may cause lots of problems. That's why we should eat balanced food, including enough vitamins, saccharide, proteins and fats.
We should avoid eating too much fatty and sweet food. It is not good for our stomach, neither figure and teeth. It is better to eat steamed, boiled or grilled meat than friend one and we should prefer poultry and fish or sea-food. It is good to eat a bit of all. It is also better to eat dark bread, as it contains more vitamins and is better for our digestive system.
We should also drink enough - about 3 litres a day. The best drinks for us are spring or mineral water, tea, fresh-pressed juice and milk. Alcohol, coffee and sweetened drinks should be drank minimally. In addition, drinks containing caffeine are not considered drinks because they dry up our organism.

Vocabulary:

Healthy life style

have a regular daily routine, sufficient sleep, take a rest, overwork, avoid excitement, get excited, no smoking, no or little alcohol, healthy wholesome food, be on a diet, physical training, go in for sports, go for a walk, jogging, harden the body

Wholesome food

- enough vitamins, eat fruit and raw vegetables, drink good water - eat slowly, take time to eat, eat more times a day in a small amounts, eat at a nicely set table - not eat smoked meat and sausages (or a little), not drink spirits, little salt and spices, little or no caffeine - eat preferably lean meat, fish, poultry, cereals, fibrous food, dark bread instead of white flour pastries (rolls, buns, cakes), vegetable oil and butter - avoid fat meat, animal fat and high calorie dishes

léčení, léčba, ošetření

„přístupová cesta“

obvázat

buňky

pomocí, přes

tepny

žíly

zásobováno

mícha

lebka

vazivo

nejvyšší

nejmenší

nejzřejmější

žláza

bránice

žluč

trpět

chřipka

střevní chřipka

být vyléčen

potlačit, zastavit

dětský

kromě toho

desetiletí

spála

odolný

vyvarovat se

drůbeží

trávicí

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