PHILOSOPHY OF CIVIL DISOBIEDIENCE - refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of opposition; its usual purpose is to force concessions ( ustępstwa ) from the government or occupying power. Civil disobedience has been a major tactic and philosophy of nationalist movements in Africa and India, in the civil rights movement of U.S. blacks, and of labour and anti-war movements in many countries.
THE BRITISH RAJ - primarily refers to the British rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. This rule was over what is now three countries, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. At the time of British Raj, they were one empire.
EMPIRE WINDRUSH - was a ship that is an important part of the history of multiracialism in the United Kingdom. The Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury on 22 June 1948, carrying 492 passengers from Jamaica wishing to start a new life in the United Kingdom. The passengers were the first large group of West Indian immigrants to the UK after the Second World War.
EARLY POST-WAR MINORITIES IN BRITAIN - Indians began arriving in the UK in large numbers shortly after their country gained independence in 1947. More than 60,000 arrived before 1955, many of whom drove buses, or worked in foundries or textile factories. Later arrivals opened corner shops or ran post offices. Following the end of World War II, substantial groups of people from Soviet-controlled territories settled in Britain, particularly Poles and Ukrainians. There was also an influx of refugees from Hungary.
COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS - is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies, or dependencies of these colonies. The Commonwealth is an international organisation through which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds co-operate within a framework of common values and goals, outlined in the Singapore Declaration.[1] These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace.
DOME OF DISCOVERY - was a temporary building designed by architect Ralph Tubbs for the Festival of Britain celebrations which took place on London's South Bank in 1951. It was at the time the largest dome in the world. It was constructed in a modernist style and housed many of the festival attractions (galleries, exhibitions etc.)
MAU MAU REBELLION - The Mau Mau were a militant African nationalist movement active in Kenya during the 1950s whose main aim was to remove British rule and European settlers from the country.
MALAYAN EMERGENCY - The Malayan Emergency was the only war the West won against Communism. Many people remember Western failures like Korea and Vietnam but few nowadays recall the victory in Malaya. It was an intense 12-year jungle war fought by the British, British Commonwealth and Malay forces against the army of the Malayan Communist Party led by Communist fanatic Chin Peng. The result of the war was the establishment of the independent democractic nation of Malaya, later to become the present day Malaysia.