piramida IPA

§ 9. (3) in English we can distinguish between so-całled short and long voweIs, like [i, i:] in bit, beat, [u, u:l iafoot,food, [o, o:] in pot, port, etc.

§ 10 (4) in English the pronunciation of a vowel depends on whether it occura in a stressed or unstressed syllable.

Compare:

man, but: Engtuhman, gentleman, i.e. [mani, but [HngU/man, 'djentlm.nl land, but: Engiond, Poland, Holland.

Similarty:

Yet, I must, but: / mutt go. i.e. fies ai Wat], |a m.st feau]

Yes, ! eon, but: / eon go, le. ('je* ai 'kani, [ai kan ‘gaul.

§ 11. In other words, stressed syllables in English have a different vowel realization than unstressed syllables.

Stressed syllables can have:

SHORT VOWELS: [i, e.a.A, o, u], aa in 6* bet, bat, but, pot, put.

LONG V0WELS: [i:, a:,o:, o:, u:|, as in 6eo4, bird, bard, ford, food,

DIPHTHONGS:    |ei. ai, oi, au, au, ia, ea, ual, as in bakę, bike, boy, bout, boat,

beer, bare, boor.

§ 12. Unstressed syllables often have one of the two weak vowds: [i] or [a], as in the last syllables of pity, letter.

§ 13. This multitude of English vowels may, with sotne simplification, be marked on the familiar Polish vowel triangie. The tongue positions of Polish voweis are marked with dots •, and those of English vowels with smali circles O. The tongue positions of diphthongB are not marked here.

Fig. 6a. Engiish voweU in the Polish »owel Ińangle

The simplification here Iies in the fact that, for instance, [ae] is ,not only higher than Polish a but also morę front than the diagram implies. That is why for a morę accurate presentation of Engjish vowds a quadragonal-idiaped diagram is used in morę detailed works. Compare the above triangie with the romboid diagram below.

Fig. 6b. English and Polish vowels in a rhomboid diagram

| 14. It is important to remember that a vowd diagram, whatever its nlui|>c, indicates merely the tongue positions for different vowels. The |||i positions have to be described separately, and for English vowels, •s w< sliall see below, they vary from stronny spread for [i:], through len-neutral for [a:], to closely rounded and protruding for [u:].

n

Short and long vowełs

§ 15. In English we can distinguish between so^alled short and long yowels, e.g. bit and beat, fuli and fool, pot and port, cut and cart, but (In difference between them lies not so much in.- their relative length hut priinarily in the ąuality of their sound, which in tum results from iliffercnccs in the tongue and lip positions between the given short and )ong vowds.

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