2
27-29 2549
STIRLING

Potential of Solar Dish Stirling Engine for Electricity Generation in Thailand
1
2 3
1
. . 12120
0-2986-9009 2206 0-2986-9009 2201 Email: [e-mail]
2
10900
3
10140
Bundit Limmeechokchai1, Pachern Jansa2, and Chumnong Sorapipatana2
1
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
Tel: [phone] ext. 2206 Fax: [phone] ext. 2201 Email: [e-mail]
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sripatum University, Bangkok 10900, Email: [e-mail]
3
The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, KMUTT, Bangkok 10140, Email: [e-mail]
2553-2558
US$1,500/kWe

US$ 0.05/kWh
18.2 MJ/m2-day

0.42


STIRLING
STIRLING
25 kW 10 kW 17.7%

13.6% 25 kW

23,739 kWh Plant Capacity Factor (PCF)

8.8% 10 kW 8,715 kWh

PCF 8.0%
STIRLING
STIRLING




STIRLING





4
Renewable Portfolio Standard
STIRLING

5-50 kWe
STIRLING
Abstract

The average total solar radiation within Thailand is found to
10 MWe
be 18.2 MJ/m2-day with a fraction of the diffuse radiation is about

0.42. It implies high potential of the application in terms of
$3,000-$5,000/kWe . .
thermal energy. This paper reviews and concludes a study of the
ENETT 49-066-2
status of solar dish Stirling engine for electricity generation, which
is available in developed countries, and concludes the
assessment on performance of this technology within the weather
condition of Thailand. The assessment is done by simulation. Stirling
Results are based on the weather data of four main regions of
Thailand; namely, northern, southern, eastern and western
regions. Furthermore, this paper presents the assessment of
social impacts and environmental impacts of using this 1-3 Solar Dish Stirling Engine
technology. From the study in Thailand and other countries, it is Direct
found that the present Stirling engine technology for power Normal Insolation (DNI)
generation is not competitive to the present conventional power
700-800°C
generation technologies; but it is an environmental friendly

technology and utilizing renewable energy. However, this

technology is found to be in the beginning of the research and

development stage and the breakthrough system could be
2
achieved in the near future.

Generally, a solar dish Stirling engine consists of 4 main
parts: a concentrator, a solar tracking component, a receiver or
heat exchanger, a mechanical Stirling engine and a generator.
Normally, the capacity of a solar dish Stirling engine for power
generation ranges from 5 to 50 kWe. Therefore, this system is
suitable for rural application where it is far away from the grid.
The system cost is about $3,000-$5000/kWe and it will be
reduced to about $1,500/kWe in the year 2010-2015. The energy
production cost will be about $0.05/kWh.
System simulation based on the weather data in the four
regions in Thailand shows that the solar dish Stirling engines of
capacity of 25 kW and 10 kW have annual system efficiency
about 17.7% and 13.6%, respectively. The 25 kW system can
1
produce energy of 23,739 kWh per year with a plant capacity
factor (PCF) of 8.8% and the 10 kW system can produce energy
Stirling
of 8,715 kWh per year with PCF of 8.0%

However, the application of solar dish Stirling engine for
(module)
electricity generation needs only direct radiation, which is limited

in Thailand, for powering the Stirling engine. Therefore, a hybrid
Solar Dish Stirling Engine
system using both solar energy and fossil fuel may be the
( 29.4%)
optimum system for conserving commercial fuels and for

promoting the use of renewable energy to meet the Renewable (module)

Portfolio Standard (RPS) of the country.


1.
Stirling Robert
Stirling (1790-1878) Stirling

Stirling
ENETT 49-066-3
2 SBP (a) SBP EuroDish
Germany
(b) DOE Multifaceted Concentrators
3 USA
4 Stirling
2. Stirling
3. Solar Dish Stirling Engine
Solar Dish Stirling Engine 4


Solar Dish Stirling Engine
" Parabolic Solar Concentrator

"
SES Kockums 4-95
"
McDonnell Douglas USA ADDS
Receiver
SOLO 161
" Stirling 5 6

parabolic


SES

7

Stirling 650ºC
Stirling


2


Striling
5
SES
ENETT 49-066-4
. . 2543
3 4 SES 5 6
ADDS SES Projection Area
87.7 m2 ADDS Projection Area
41.2 m2
3 Kockums 25
kWe SES


( . .
(kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
6
2543) (kWh)
ADDS
1,794 2,748 1,115 1,815 1,868
1,279 2,622 1,780 1,955 1,909
1,351 2,790 1,962 2,018 2,030
2,048 1,184 2,721 2,405 2,090
1,118 2,122 1,261 1,633 1,533
475 1,867 628 1,149 1,030
733 2,231 518 1,310 1,198
1,817 1,453 1,047 1,367 1,421
1,975 1,120 564 1,441 1,275
2,347 1,313 769 1,231 1,415
2,267 2,381 1,512 675 1,709
2,997 1,909 1,338 691 1,734
(kWhe) 20,201 23,739 15,217 17,689 19,212
5
7 Solar Dish Stirling SES
(kWhe) 14,543 15,870 15,158 17,850 15,855
(2539-2543)
2
Kockums 25 kWe SES ( 4 Kockums
27 . . 2543) SES
Direct normal System
Net power ( . .
radiation efficiency
(kW) 2543) (%) (%) (%) (%)
(W/m2) % (%)
6:00-7:00 . 33 0 0 18.2 21.5 15.6 19.0 18.6
7:00-8:00 . 136 0 0 14.6 20.6 16.3 17.7 17.3
8:00-9:00 . 382 5.71 17.0 16.6 21.0 18.9 20.9 19.3
9:00-10:00 . 600 12.5 23.7
20.0 15.4 21.2 21.1 19.4
10:00-11:00 . 879 21.1 27.4
15.8 18.9 18.1 18.2 17.8
11:00-12:00 . 968 23.9 28.1
11.1 17.5 13.6 17.1 14.8
12:00-13:00 . 1014 25.3 28.4
15.3 18.6 12.9 16.7 15.9
13:00-14:00 . 969 23.9 28.1
17.5 17.5 16.9 17.5 17.4
14:00-15:00 . 819 19.2 26.8
18.9 16.9 14.0 18.0 16.9
15:00-16:00 . 605 12.6 23.8
20.1 17.5 14.5 17.1 17.3
16:00-17:00 . 384 5.7 17.1
20.1 20.7 18.6 16.0 18.8
17:00-18:00 . 155 0 0
22.1 20.1 17.2 15.7 18.8
/ 25.04/m2-day 144.2 kWh 24.5%
(%) 17.5 18.9 16.5 17.9 17.7
( 2)

ENETT 49-066-5
5 SOLO 10 kWe 1. SES 22.1% ADDS
ADDS 17.6% Availability Factor 100%
(Peak Efficiency)

( . .
29.4% 24.5%
2543) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh)
2. SES Kockums
(kWh)
17.7% SOLO ADDS
645 1,024 380 661 677
455 982 651 727 704 13.6% SES
475 1,042 720 761 750
(250 W/m2)
753 404 1,019 898 769
ADDS (300 W/m2) SES 91 m2
394 773 458 596 555
ADDS 42.9 m2 Annual
160 678 212 409 365
Efficiency SES 24.6% 18.9%
260 822 179 464 431
ADDS
652 531 375 495 513
3. Plant capacity factor (PCF)
713 399 193 520 457
9% 18%
869 473 257 434 508
4. SES
839 882 545 239 626
23,739 kWh/y PCF=8.8% 25 kW
1,118 706 468 239 633
ADDS 8,715 kWh/y PCF=8.0%
(kWhe) 7,334 8,715 5,456 6,445 6,988
10 kW
5
(kWhe) 5,185 5,651 5,409 6,525 5,692
5.
(2539-2543)
)
) )
6 SOLO 10 kWe

ADDS
6.
( . .
2543) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 7.
13.9 17.1 11.3 14.8 14.3 ( )
11.1 15.2 12.7 14.0 13.3
. . . .

12.4 16.7 14.7 16.8 15.2
15.6 11.2 16.9 16.8 15.1
5.
11.9 14.7 14.0 14.1 13.7

8.0 13.6 9.8 12.9 11.1

11.5 14.6 9.5 12.6 12.0
Stirling
13.4 13.7 12.8 13.5 13.3
14.5 12.8 10.2 13.9 12.8 Stirling
15.8 13.4 10.3 12.9 13.1

15.8 16.3 14.3 12.0 14.6
Stirling
17.6 15.8 12.8 11.6 14.4

(%) 13.5 14.6 12.4 13.8 13.6
Solar Dish
Stirling Engine 15

4. Stirling



Solar Dish Stirling

Engine
hybrid
( ) ( )

( ) (
hybrid cogeneration
)
ENETT 49-066-6
Dish Stirling 4. Diver, R.B., C.E. Andraka, J.B. Moreno, D.R. Adkins, and T.A.
7.5-10 Moss, Trend in Dish-Stirling Solar Receiver Design ,
Proceedings of the IECEC, Reno, NV (1990).
Dish 5. SBP (Schlaich Bergermann und Partner), EuroDish Stirling ,
Stirling Company s information, Germany, 2001.
6. German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR), Solar
Electricity Generation-A Comparative View of Technologies,
5. Costs and Environmental Impact , Stuttgart, Germany.
7. Kreith, F., and J.F. Kreider. 1978. Principles of Solar
Solar Dish
Engineering , McGraw-Hill, New York.
Stirling Engine
8. Sandia National Laboratory, Stirling Energy Systems ,

Information dated December, 2005.

9. SBP (Schlaich Bergermann und Partner), htpp://www.stirling-
. . 2002 EuroDish
engines.de, 2005.
Karnataka
10. SBP (Schlaich Bergermann und Partner), Envirodish and
Energy Management Services Vellore Institute of Technology
Eurodish System and Status , Stuttgart, Germany.
(VIT) EuroDish Milan
11. Stine Diver, A Compendium of Solar Dish/Stirling
Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano
Technology , CREST, USA, 2006.
(CESI)
12. SunLab, Concentrating Solar Power Program ,
EuroDish
http://www.eren.doe.gov/sunlab, 2006.

13. Thomas Mancini et al, Dish-Stirling Systems: An Overview of
Solar Dish Stirling Engine
Development and Status , Journal of Solar Energy Engineering,

ASME, 2003.

20
. . 2010-2015
10


6.

( .)
( .)
(JGSEE),



1. Bancha Kongtragool and Somchai Wongwises, A review of
solar-powered Stirling engines and low temperature differential
Stirling engines , Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,
7(2003).
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Agency, 2003.
3. David Faiman et al., PETAL: A Research Pathway to Fossil-
Competitive Solar Electricity , IEEE, 2002.