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<8 LOKESH CHANDRA

there came to Siiiihala and then to South India. Hui-ning (* 25, Cha. 60, La. 36), reached the South Sea (here Sumatra) in A. D. 665. He took a boat to Ho-ling and lived there with the very leamed monk JflSmabhadra and translated Sanskrit texts into Chinese. From here Hui-ning left for India. T'an-jun 36, Cha. 77, La. 46) embarked towards the South, to go to western India. When he reached Po-p’en to the north of Ho-ling, he fell sick and died at the tender age of thirty years. Tao-lin (* 42, Cha. 100, La. 63) took a long route to reach the South Sea, and on the way crossed Ho ling to reach India. Fa-chen (* 53, Cha. 158, La. 102) had an insatiable desire to visif India to pay homage to the sacred shrines. He embarked a ship, reached the north of Ho-ling, and after Crossing many islands arrived at Kcdah. Fa lang (* 60, Cha. 190, La. 122) crossed the seas in the company

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of I-tsing and stayed wilh him at Srivijaya, where he studied logie and abhidharma. After some time, Fa lang left for Ho-ling where he fell sick and died. His companions Chcn-ku, Tao-hung and two olhers stayed back

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in Snvijaya, studied the sacred books for three years, as well as the correlation of Sanskrit and Chinese. Thus Ho-ling was a very importanl port for sailing to India. Whcatlcy (1961:44,54,56) equates Ho-ling with Java, and on p.192 he says that Ho-ling is applied to an ancient Javanese Kingdom.

IV. KEDAH (MALAYSIA) TO 1NDONESIA

Ho-ling, Srlvijaya, Kedah, Lankasukha, Nicobar, Simhala, Nagapattinam and Tfimralipti were linked by the persuasive bonds of trade and prosperity. These entrepots linked Indonesia, Malaya, SrTlańkS and India in commerce, culture and polity. The sailing routes in the scventh century as shown in the biographics of sixty monks from China on a pilgrimage to India are mapped by Whcatlcy (1961:44). The route travcrsed by I-tsing is

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Canton-Srivijaya-Malayu-Kedah-Luo-len-Tamralipti.

Kedah was the'most important entrepot, famed for its wealth and prosperity, felicitics and elegances, situated at the northernmost point of the Peninsula, and being the prime node in the maritime trade with India. From Kedah a route led to Patani, the nucleus of the ancient kingdom of Lankasukha (Whealley 1961: 195). Lankasukha passed into Malay folklore, and Kedah peasanlry interpreted the realm of Alang-kah-suka as the doinain of a fairy princess (ibid. 262). Lankasukha was connected with Tambralinga in the Ligor districl (ibid. 67). This kingdom was foundcd in the first century A. D. (ibid. 194) on the east coasl. The Kedah peasanlry retains folk - memories of the coming of Indians in the early centuries of the Christian era in the legend of Marong Mahawangsa (ibid. 263). Migrants from South India would find their first Iandfall on the Malayan coast around modem Kedah. The most ancient archaeological evidence of Indian influence has bcen discovered in