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Multi-storey frame buildings
COMPLEX STEEL STRUCTURES
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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LECTURE PLAN
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
LITERATURE
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
Building years: 1930-31
Height to roof: 381,0 m
Total height
(with a spire)
: 448,7 m
Number of storeys: 103
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spire
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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JOHN HANCOCK CENTER
Building years: 1965-69
Height to roof : 343,5 m
Total height : 457,2 m
Number of storeys: 100
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
WARSAW TRADE TOWER
(old name :DAEWOO BUILDING)
Building years: 1997-1999
Height to roof : 184 m
Total height: 208 m
Number of storeys: 43
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE TALL BUILDINGS [2]:
- smaller cross-section of elements and weight of structure in
comparison to masonry and RC structures – easier foundations on
weak soils,
- better utility of building lot area (eg Empire State Building – lot area
7800 m
2
, volume 1 000 000 m
3
),
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE TALL BUILDINGS [2]:
- fast and easy construction, not influenced by weather conditions,
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE TALL BUILDINGS [2]:
- not large area is needed for construction and storage of structural
elements – tall buildings are usually built in city centres,
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE TALL BUILDINGS [2]:
- high resistance to dynamic forces (earthquake, explosions) – usually
partitions are destroyed but the main structure is safe,
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neostrada.pl
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE TALL BUILDINGS [2]:
- easy refurbishment,
- flexible architectural design (shape of building, windows, floor plan
etc).
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE TALL BUILDINGS [2]:
- need corrosion protection,
- need fire protection.
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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Store
y number
Steel use [kg/m
2
]
STEEL DEMAND
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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LOADS
IMPOSED LOADS
(acc to. PN-EN 1991-1-1)
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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WIND LOAD (acc to. PN-EN 1991-4-1)
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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TERRAIN CATEGORIES
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WIND LOAD - WIND TUNNEL TESTS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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VIBRATIONS RELATED TO WIND LOAD
H
o
rizonta
l def
lect
ion
[cm]
Vibration period [s]
NO
FEELABLE
FEELABLE
TIRING
EXHAUSTING
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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TYPES OF IGH BUILDINGS STRUCTURES:
- Rigid frames
- Pinned frames with bracings
- Core structures
- Shell-like structures
- other
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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RIGID FREAMES
Źródło [2]
- High bending moments in rigid joints,
- Small stiffness to horizontal forces (large horizontal deflections –
large cross-section of columns),
- complicated assembly (rigid joints),
- flexible floor plan design (no additional partitions).
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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EFFECT OF DEFORMED GEOMETRY
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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EFFECT OF DEFORMED GEOMETRY
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
6,000
H=6,000
3,300
3,300
3,300
3,300
3,300
V=16,500
EXAMPLE NO. 1
EFFECT OF DEFORMED GEOMETRY
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Data:
Frame with the rigid joints,
fixed at base
Beams section : HEB 240
Columns section : HEB 240
UDL=30 kN/m
UDL=30 kN/m
UDL=30 kN/m
UDL=30 kN/m
UDL=30 kN/m
W
IN
D
LOAD (W
) = 3
kN
/m
W
IN
D
LOAD (L)
=
-1 kN/
m
WIND
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
EXAMPLE NO. 1 cont.
u
1
=0,0398 m
u
2
=0,0369 m
u
3
=0,0306 m
u
4
=0,0208 m
u
5
=0,0086 m
u
6
=0,0000 m
V
Ed
= 180 kN ; H
Ed
= 13,2 kN ; α
cr
= 84,3 > 15
V
Ed
= 360 kN ; H
Ed
= 26,4 kN ; α
cr
= 38,4 > 15
V
Ed
= 540 kN ; H
Ed
= 39,6 kN ; α
cr
= 24,7 > 15
V
Ed
= 720 kN ; H
Ed
= 52,8 kN ; α
cr
= 19,8 > 15
V
Ed
= 900 kN ; H
Ed
= 66,0 kN ; α
cr
= 28,1 > 15
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BUCKLING LENGTH OF COLUMN IN MULTI-STOREY FRAME
(
)
2
1
;
κ
κ
µ
µ
=
0
K
K
K
C
C
+
=
κ
c
c
c
H
J
K
=
∑
⋅
=
b
b
L
J
K
η
0
- Flexibility of joint
(Z1-3)
- stiffness of column:
where: J
c
; H
c
– moment of inertia ; length of column
- stiffness of connection
where: J
b
; L
b
– moment of inertia ; length of beam,
η - coefficient for support condition of a beam on the far
end.
- Buckling length coefficient
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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COEFFICIENT
η
:
No-sway frames:
η
= 1,5 – for pinned,
η
= 2 – for rigid.
Sway frames:
η
= 0,5 – for pinned,
η
= 1,0 – for rigid.
For rigid footings K
0
=K
c
; for other footings K
0
=0,1 K
c
.
BUCKLING LENGTH OF COLUMN IN MULTI-STOREY FRAME
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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EXAMPLE NO. 2 – sway frame:
Beams: IPE 300 (L
b
=600 cm ; J
b
=8360 cm
4
)
Columns:
HEB 240 (H
c
=350 cm ; J
c
=11260 cm
4
)
1
,
32
350
11260 =
=
=
c
c
c
H
J
K
0,
0,5 8360
2
13,9
600
b
g
b
J
K
L
η
⋅
⋅
=
= ⋅
=
∑
0,
0,1
3, 2
d
c
K
K
=
⋅
=
Źródło [2]
BUCKLING LENGTH OF COLUMN IN MULTI-STOREY FRAME
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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EXAMPLE NO. 2 cont.
1
0,
32,1
0, 70
32,1 13,9
C
C
g
K
K
K
κ
=
=
=
+
+
2
0,
32,1
0,91
32,1 0,32
C
C
d
K
K
K
κ
=
=
=
+
+
(
)
0,70;0,91
2,5
µ µ
=
=
Hence from Z1-3 can be obtained:
Źródło [3]
BUCKLING LENGTH OF COLUMN IN MULTI-STOREY FRAME
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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PINNED FRAMES WITH BRACINGS
Źródło [2]
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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Two structural systems:
- for vertical forces – beams connected to columns with pins,
- for horizontal forces – rigid floor plates distributing the loads on
vertical bracings.
It is used up to 30 storeys.
PINNED FRAMES WITH BRACINGS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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ADVANTAGES:
- simple structure with pinned joints (fast assembly).
DISADVANTAGES:
- Floor plan influenced by bracing system.
PINNED FRAMES WITH BRACINGS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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BRACINGS
Źródło [2]
PINNED FRAMES WITH BRACINGS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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Źródło [2]
BRACINGS (IN A FLOOR PLAN):
PINNED FRAMES WITH BRACINGS
VERTICAL BRACINGS
HORIZONTAL BRACINGS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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BRACING DESIGN RULES [2]:
- bracings should go from top to basement in one section,
- bracings must secure the structure during every stage of errection,
- floor plates must be able to distribute the loads to bracings,
- horizontal deflections of the building must be less then 1/500
building heigth,
- the bracings should be arranged in three nonparallel sections.
PINNED FRAMES WITH BRACINGS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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CORE BUILDINGS
Ź
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ło [4]
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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Ź
ród
ło [4]
CORE BUILDINGS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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CORE BUILDINGS – CANTILEVER FLOORS
Źródło [2]
Problem – deflection of cantilevers
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
cantilever
floors
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CORE BUILDINGS – MAIN CANTILEVER (I)
Źródło [2]
Problem - complicated and expensive
structure of the main cantilever
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
main
cantilever
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Źródło [2]
CORE BUILDINGS – MAIN CANTILEVER (II)
Problem - complicated and expensive
structure of the main cantilever
The max. number of floors hanging on one
tendon is 15 (due to tendon extention)
The lack of columns means better utility of
the area (up to 89% is free in comparison
to traditional design with columns where
75-80%)
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
main
cantilever
tendon
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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Źródło [2]
The max. number of floors hanging on
one tendon is 15 (due to tendon
extention)
Up to 20% of steel weigth savings in
comparison to traditional design with
columns.
CORE – TENDON BUILDINGS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
tendon
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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SHELL-LIKE STRUCTURES
The highest buildings are the shell-
like structure.
They are the most rigid and resistant
to wind forces
They are structures with beam to
column rigid joints. The structure is
like a perforated pipe fixed in
basement
John Hancock Center
in Chicago
Źródło [4]
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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DESIGN RULES FOR TALL BUILDINGS [2]:
- resistance and stability of steel elements and joints and a stability of
the whole building (ULS – ultimate limit state),
- stiffness (horizontal deflection) of a whole structure and deflection of
beams (SLS – serviceability limit state).
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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MAIN BEAMS (GIRDERS) AND SECONDARY BEAMS
Źródło [2]
FLOORS
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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FLOOR PLATES
Źródło [2]
Źródło [2]
- RC
- COMPOSITE FLOOR
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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FLOOR PLATES – SLIM FLOOR
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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FLOOR PLATES
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21
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PARTITIONS AND WALLS
Źródło [2]
MULTI-STOREY FRAME BUILDINGS
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LITERATURE
1. K. Rykaluk „Konstrukcje stalowe. Kominy, wieże, maszty” Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr,
Wrocław 2004
2. M. Łubiński, W. Żółtowski „Konstrukcje metalowe. Część II” Wydawnictwo Arkady,
Warszawa 2007
3. PN-90/B-03200 „Konstrukcje stalowe. Obliczenia statyczne i wymiarowanie
4. Materiały edukacyjne ESDEP
Konstrukcje metalowe - Wykład 21