Models of Translation

Models of Translation

Criticism

Criticism

Juliane

Juliane

House

House

jhouse@uni

jhouse@uni

-

-

hamburg.de

hamburg.de

http://www.uni

http://www.uni

-

-

hamburg.de/fachbereiche

hamburg.de/fachbereiche

-

-

einrichtungen/sfb538/

einrichtungen/sfb538/

Structure

Structure

1. Different Approaches to

1. Different Approaches to

Assessing Translation Quality

Assessing Translation Quality

2.

2.

A Functional

A Functional

-

-

Pragmatic Model of

Pragmatic Model of

Translation Quality Assessment

Translation Quality Assessment

3. Linguistic Description vs. Social

3. Linguistic Description vs. Social

Evaluation in Translation Quality

Evaluation in Translation Quality

Assessment

Assessment

1. Different Approaches to

1. Different Approaches to

Assessing Translation Quality

Assessing Translation Quality

„

„

Mentalist

Mentalist

Views

Views

:

:

Global anecdotal judgements such as

Global anecdotal judgements such as

“

“

the translation does justice to the

the translation does justice to the

original

original

”

”

or

or

“

“

the tone of the original

the tone of the original

is lost in the translation

is lost in the translation

”

”

. Revived in

. Revived in

neo

neo

-

-

hermeneutic, subjective

hermeneutic, subjective

interpretations of the worth of a

interpretations of the worth of a

translation

translation

Response

Response

-

-

based Approaches

based Approaches

„

„

Behavioristic

Behavioristic

Views

Views

•

•

Tests using

Tests using

behavioral

behavioral

criteria

criteria

(e.g.

(e.g.

intelligibility and

intelligibility and

informativeness

informativeness

)

)

based on the belief that a

based on the belief that a

„

„

good

good

“

“

translation is one that would lead to

translation is one that would lead to

“

“

equivalent responses

equivalent responses

“

“

taken

taken

as

as

yardstick

yardstick

for

for

the

the

quality

quality

of a

of a

translation

translation

•

•

The

The

source

source

text

text

is

is

largely

largely

ignored

ignored

„

„

Functionalistic,"Skopos"

Functionalistic,"Skopos"

-

-

Related

Related

Approach

Approach

•

•

The "

The "

skopos

skopos

" of a translation is of

" of a translation is of

overriding importance in evaluating the

overriding importance in evaluating the

translation

translation

•

•

Crucial also: Whether and how target

Crucial also: Whether and how target

culture norms are heeded in a translation

culture norms are heeded in a translation

The translator or more frequently the

The translator or more frequently the

translation brief decides on the function

translation brief decides on the function

which the translation should fulfil in its new

which the translation should fulfil in its new

environment

environment

Text and Discourse Oriented

Text and Discourse Oriented

Approaches

Approaches

„

„

Descriptive

Descriptive

Translation

Translation

Studies

Studies

•

•

Translation is evaluated in terms of its

Translation is evaluated in terms of its

forms and functions inside the historically

forms and functions inside the historically

developed systems of the receiving

developed systems of the receiving

culture and literature

culture and literature

•

•

Original

Original

is

is

of

of

subordinate

subordinate

importance

importance

•

•

Main

Main

focus

focus

on

on

"actual translations"

"actual translations"

and

and

the textual phenomena that have come to

the textual phenomena that have come to

be known in the target culture as

be known in the target culture as

characteristic features of translations

characteristic features of translations

„

„

Postmodernist and

Postmodernist and

De

De

-

-

constructionist

constructionist

Thinking

Thinking

•

•

Translation practices are examined

Translation practices are examined

from a psycho

from a psycho

-

-

philosophical and socio

philosophical and socio

-

-

political stance

political stance

•

•

Attempts to unmask unequal power

Attempts to unmask unequal power

relations

relations

which

which

may

may

appear

appear

as a

as a

certain skewing in the translation and

certain skewing in the translation and

should be exposed as such

should be exposed as such

„

„

Linguistically

Linguistically

-

-

oriented

oriented

Approaches

Approaches

•

•

Relationship between source and

Relationship between source and

translation text taken seriously

translation text taken seriously

•

•

Differ in their capacity to provide

Differ in their capacity to provide

detailed procedures for analysis and

detailed procedures for analysis and

evaluation

evaluation

•

•

Most

Most

promising

promising

:

:

Approaches that stress

Approaches that stress

the inextricable link between context and

the inextricable link between context and

text

text

in

in

translation

translation

•

•

Such a

Such a

view

view

characterises

characterises

the

the

evaluation

evaluation

model

model

by

by

House (1977; 19979

House (1977; 19979

2. A Functional

2. A Functional

-

-

Pragmatic Model

Pragmatic Model

of Translation Evaluation

of Translation Evaluation

Based on a Theory of Translation as Re

Based on a Theory of Translation as Re

-

-

contextualisation

contextualisation

Translation texts are doubly contextually

Translation texts are doubly contextually

bound: To their originals and to the

bound: To their originals and to the

new recipients

new recipients

’

’

contextual conditions.

contextual conditions.

This double linkage is the basis of the

This double linkage is the basis of the

equivalence relation

equivalence relation

–

–

the conceptual

the conceptual

heart of translation

heart of translation

„

„

Since appropriate use of language in

Since appropriate use of language in

communicative performance is what

communicative performance is what

matters most in translation, it is

matters most in translation, it is

functional pragmatic equivalence

functional pragmatic equivalence

which is crucial.

which is crucial.

This type of

This type of

equivalence underpins this functional

equivalence underpins this functional

translation model.

translation model.

The model explicates the way semantic,

The model explicates the way semantic,

pragmatic and textual meaning are re

pragmatic and textual meaning are re

-

-

constituted across different contexts.

constituted across different contexts.

„

„

Translation is conceived as the

Translation is conceived as the

replacement of an L1 text by a

replacement of an L1 text by a

semantically and pragmatically equivalent

semantically and pragmatically equivalent

L2 text. An adequate translation is then a

L2 text. An adequate translation is then a

pragmatically and semantically equivalent

pragmatically and semantically equivalent

one.

one.

„

„

A first requirement for this equivalence is

A first requirement for this equivalence is

that

that

a translation text have a function

a translation text have a function

equivalent to that of its original

equivalent to that of its original

.

.

„

„

If we use a concept such as

If we use a concept such as

‘

‘

function

function

’

’

of

of

a text, we must be sure that there are

a text, we must be sure that there are

elements in a text which can reveal a

elements in a text which can reveal a

text

text

’

’

s function.

s function.

„

„

Function here is

Function here is

NOT

NOT

identical with

identical with

‘

‘

functions of language

functions of language

’

’

as suggested by

as suggested by

philosophers and linguists such as

philosophers and linguists such as

B

B

ü

ü

hler

hler

,

,

Jakobson

Jakobson

, Ogden and Richards, Popper

, Ogden and Richards, Popper

and many others.

and many others.

„

„

Different language functions always co

Different language functions always co

-

-

exist in a text, there is no simple equation

exist in a text, there is no simple equation

of language function and textual type.

of language function and textual type.

„

„

The

The

function of a text

function of a text

–

–

with its

with its

ideational and interpersonal components

ideational and interpersonal components

-

-

is simply

is simply

the application of a text in a

the application of a text in a

particular context,

particular context,

and there is a

and there is a

systematic relationship between context

systematic relationship between context

and the functional organization of

and the functional organization of

language

language

-

-

in

in

-

-

text, which can be revealed

text, which can be revealed

by breaking down context into a

by breaking down context into a

manageable set of

manageable set of

‘

‘

contextual

contextual

parameters

parameters

’

’

. To grasp a text

. To grasp a text

’

’

s meaning, it

s meaning, it

must be referred to the particular

must be referred to the particular

‘

‘

context

context

of situation

of situation

’

’

which envelops it

which envelops it

„

„

Such a view of function and context

Such a view of function and context

-

-

text

text

underlies the analytic framework of the

underlies the analytic framework of the

model

model

Analytic

Analytic

framework

framework

for

for

analysing

analysing

and

and

comparing

comparing

originals

originals

and

and

translations

translations

„

„

Based on

Based on

Hallidayan

Hallidayan

systemic

systemic

-

-

functional

functional

theory

theory

,

,

Prague school linguistics, speech act

Prague school linguistics, speech act

theory, pragmatics, discourse analysis and

theory, pragmatics, discourse analysis and

corpus

corpus

-

-

based distinctions between spoken

based distinctions between spoken

and written language (

and written language (

Biber

Biber

et al 1999)

et al 1999)

„

„

Breaking

Breaking

down

down

‚

‚

context

context

of

of

situation

situation

‘

‘

into

into

manageable

manageable

parts

parts

,

,

i.e

i.e

.,

.,

the

the

categories

categories

of

of

Register:

Register:

Field

Field

–

–

Tenor

Tenor

–

–

Mode

Mode

Genre

Genre

„

„

in

in

between

between

“

“

register

register

categories

categories

and

and

the

the

textual

textual

function

function

„

„

The analysis of the original results in a

The analysis of the original results in a

text

text

-

-

context profile that reflects the

context profile that reflects the

original text

original text

’

’

s function.

s function.

„

„

Crucial in the ensuing comparison of

Crucial in the ensuing comparison of

original and translated texts is whether

original and translated texts is whether

and how this textual function is, or

and how this textual function is, or

indeed can be, maintained. This

indeed can be, maintained. This

critically depends on the type of

critically depends on the type of

translation.

translation.

Two Types of Translation:

Two Types of Translation:

Overt and Covert Translation

Overt and Covert Translation

„

„

Overt

Overt

and

and

covert translation

covert translation

are

are

outcomes of

outcomes of

different types of re

different types of re

-

-

contextualisation

contextualisation

. They make

. They make

qualitatively different demands on translation

qualitatively different demands on translation

criticism: overt translation is more straightforward,

criticism: overt translation is more straightforward,

covert more complex

covert more complex

„

„

These types resemble Schleiermacher

These types resemble Schleiermacher

’

’

s famous

s famous

distinction between

distinction between

“

“

verfremdende

verfremdende

und

und

einb

einb

ü

ü

rgernde

rgernde

Ü

Ü

bersetzungen

bersetzungen

”

”

(

(

‘

‘

alienating

alienating

’

’

and

and

‘

‘

integrating

integrating

’

’

translations) whose many imitators used different,

translations) whose many imitators used different,

but essentially similar terms

but essentially similar terms

„

„

What sets the overt

What sets the overt

-

-

covert distinction apart, is the

covert distinction apart, is the

fact that it is integrated into a coherent theory of

fact that it is integrated into a coherent theory of

translation, within which these terms are explicated.

translation, within which these terms are explicated.

Overt

Overt

translation

translation

„

„

Recipients are quite

Recipients are quite

‘

‘

overtly

overtly

’

’

NOT

NOT

directly addressed

directly addressed

„

„

Not a

Not a

‘

‘

second original

second original

’

’

„

„

Embedded in a new context but still

Embedded in a new context but still

signaling its

signaling its

“

“

foreign

foreign

”

”

origin

origin

„

„

Translator

Translator

’

’

s work is visible, translation

s work is visible, translation

a case of

a case of

‘

‘

language mention

language mention

’

’

„

„

Enabling L2 members to observe and

Enabling L2 members to observe and

judge the original

judge the original

’

’

s impact

s impact

“

“

from

from

outside

outside

”

”

„

„

Overt translation and original are

Overt translation and original are

equivalent at levels of

equivalent at levels of

Language/Text,

Language/Text,

Register, Genre

Register, Genre

„

„

But

But

:

:

only

only

second

second

-

-

level

level

functional

functional

equivalence possible: giving new

equivalence possible: giving new

addressees opportunity to appreciate

addressees opportunity to appreciate

original

original

’

’

s function in new guise

s function in new guise

Contextual switch, new speech event

Contextual switch, new speech event

„

„

Original

Original

‘

‘

s

s

context

context

however

however

co

co

-

-

activated

activated

-

-

psycholinguistically

psycholinguistically

complex

complex

Covert

Covert

translation

translation

„

„

Enjoys status of an original text in a

Enjoys status of an original text in a

new context

new context

„

„

Not marked as a translation, case of

Not marked as a translation, case of

‘

‘

language use

language use

’

’

„

„

Pragmatically of equal concern for L1

Pragmatically of equal concern for L1

and L2 addressees

and L2 addressees

„

„

Recreation

Recreation

of an

of an

equivalent

equivalent

speech

speech

event

event

,

,

reproducing

reproducing

original

original

‘

‘

s

s

function

function

„

„

No

No

co

co

-

-

activation

activation

of

of

original

original

‘

‘

s

s

context

context

-

-

psycholingistically

psycholingistically

simpler

simpler

„

„

Translator

Translator

‘

‘

s

s

task

task

: to

: to

„

„

betray

betray

“

“

the

the

orginal

orginal

, to

, to

hide

hide

behind

behind

‚

‚

crossing

crossing

‘

‘

and

and

transformation

transformation

„

„

Goal:

Goal:

true

true

functional

functional

equivalence

equivalence

„

„

Manipulation on

Manipulation on

levels

levels

of

of

Language

Language

/Text

/Text

and

and

Register

Register

„

„

Translator

Translator

takes

takes

new

new

context

context

into

into

account

account

:

:

via

via

application

application

of a CULTURAL FILTER

of a CULTURAL FILTER

The

The

‘

‘

Cultural Filter

Cultural Filter

’

’

„

„

Construct capturing differences in expectation norms

Construct capturing differences in expectation norms

between recipients in L1 and L2 contexts. Important

between recipients in L1 and L2 contexts. Important

for translation criticism: The nature of cultural filtering

for translation criticism: The nature of cultural filtering

helps differentiate between a covert translation and a

helps differentiate between a covert translation and a

covert version

covert version

„

„

Cultural filtering ideally in line with results of empirical

Cultural filtering ideally in line with results of empirical

cross

cross

-

-

cultural research which needs to complement

cultural research which needs to complement

native speaker intuition

native speaker intuition

„

„

Example: Research on German

Example: Research on German

-

-

English communicative

English communicative

norms to explain changes in re

norms to explain changes in re

-

-

contextualisation

contextualisation

processes in covert translation

processes in covert translation

The

The

Cultural

Cultural

Filter (German

Filter (German

–

–

English)

English)

The

The

Cultural

Cultural

Filter:

Filter:

Examples

Examples

Sign at Frankfurt Airport at a building site:

Sign at Frankfurt Airport at a building site:

Damit die Zukunft schneller kommt!

Damit die Zukunft schneller kommt!

[Such that the future comes more quickly!]

[Such that the future comes more quickly!]

vs. English translation:

vs. English translation:

We apologize for any inconvenience work on

We apologize for any inconvenience work on

our building site is causing you!

our building site is causing you!

FILM TITLES

FILM TITLES

(Original ENGLISH

(Original ENGLISH

-

-

Backtranslation

Backtranslation

(BT) from GERMAN)

(BT) from GERMAN)

„

„

Where are the children?

Where are the children?

----

----

Limitless Suffering of a

Limitless Suffering of a

Mother

Mother

„

„

Jack the Bear

Jack the Bear

----

----

My Dad

My Dad

-

-

a totally incredible father

a totally incredible father

„

„

The

The

Surrogate

Surrogate

----

----

Murder

Murder

after

after

Birth

Birth

„

„

Whatever happened to Aunt Alice

Whatever happened to Aunt Alice

----

----

A widow kills

A widow kills

softly

softly

„

„

Silent

Silent

victim

victim

…

…

.

.

Accusation

Accusation

:

:

Abortion

Abortion

„

„

Backlash

Backlash

…

…

..The secret of the five graves

..The secret of the five graves

„

„

Shadow of the Past

Shadow of the Past

----

----

The corpse in the boot

The corpse in the boot

„

„

etc.

etc.

„

„

Michel Bond

Michel Bond

’

’

s classic book

s classic book

“

“

A Bear called

A Bear called

Paddington

Paddington

”

”

in German translation

in German translation

“

“

Paddington

Paddington

unser

unser

kleiner

kleiner

B

B

ä

ä

r

r

”

”

„

„

An example of massive cultural filtering in

An example of massive cultural filtering in

children

children

’

’

s literature.

s literature.

(Mr Brown offers Paddington some cakes)

(Mr Brown offers Paddington some cakes)

I

I

’

’

m sorry they haven

m sorry they haven

’

’

t any marmalade ones, but these

t any marmalade ones, but these

were the best I could get

were the best I could get

BT

BT

There

There

is

is

nothing

nothing

with

with

marmalade

marmalade

(Paddington in a shop)

(Paddington in a shop)

Mr Gruber took Paddington into his shop and after

Mr Gruber took Paddington into his shop and after

offering him a seat.

offering him a seat.

…

…

.

.

BT Then he pulled the little bear into the shop:

BT Then he pulled the little bear into the shop:

„

„

Sit

Sit

down!

down!

”

”

(Small Talk)

(Small Talk)

“

“

Hallo Mrs Bird

Hallo Mrs Bird

”

”

said Judy

said Judy

“

“

It

It

’

’

s nice to see you again.

s nice to see you again.

How

How

’

’

s the rheumatism?

s the rheumatism?

”

”

“

“

Worse than it

Worse than it

’

’

s ever been

s ever been

”

”

began Mrs Bird

began Mrs Bird

…

…

.

.

(Zero

(Zero

-

-

Realization in the German Translation

Realization in the German Translation

…

…

)

)

CULTURAL FILTERING IN SCIENCE TEXTS

CULTURAL FILTERING IN SCIENCE TEXTS

„

„

HIV

HIV

Vaccines

Vaccines

:

:

Prospects

Prospects

and

and

Challenges

Challenges

“

“

Scientific

Scientific

American

American

,

,

July

July

1998/ BT

1998/ BT

from

from

Spektrum der Wissenschaft

Spektrum der Wissenschaft

,

,

October

October

1998

1998

„

„

Most vaccines

Most vaccines

activate what is

activate what is

called the

called the

humoral

humoral

arm of the immune

arm of the immune

system.

system.

„

„

Most vaccines

Most vaccines

activate the so

activate the so

-

-

called

called

humoral

humoral

arm of the

arm of the

immune system

immune system

„

„

(after Latin

(after Latin

humor

humor

,

,

liquid.

liquid.

Buchbinder, S.

Buchbinder, S.

„

„

Avoiding

Avoiding

Infection

Infection

after

after

HIV

HIV

Exposure

Exposure

“

“

Scientific

Scientific

American

American

July

July

1998;

1998;

Backtranslation

Backtranslation

from

from

German Spektrum der

German Spektrum der

Wissenschaft

Wissenschaft

October

October

1998

1998

„

„

Prevention

Prevention

after

after

HIV

HIV

Contact

Contact

“

“

„

„

Treatment may reduce

Treatment may reduce

the chance of

the chance of

contracting HIV

contracting HIV

infection after a risky

infection after a risky

encounter.

encounter.

„

„

An immediate

An immediate

treatment after contact

treatment after contact

reduces under certain

reduces under certain

circumstances the

circumstances the

danger that the human

danger that the human

immuno

immuno

-

-

deficiency

deficiency

-

-

virus establishes itself

virus establishes itself

in the body.There is no

in the body.There is no

guarantee for this,

guarantee for this,

moreover new risks

moreover new risks

arise.

arise.

Suppose YOU are a

Suppose YOU are a

doctor in an emergency

doctor in an emergency

room and a patient tells

room and a patient tells

YOU she was raped two

YOU she was raped two

hours earlier. She is

hours earlier. She is

afraid she may have

afraid she may have

been exposed to HIV, the

been exposed to HIV, the

virus that causes AIDS

virus that causes AIDS

but has heard that there

but has heard that there

is a "morning

is a "morning

-

-

after pill"

after pill"

to prevent HIV infection.

to prevent HIV infection.

Can YOU in fact do

Can YOU in fact do

anything to block the

anything to block the

virus from replicating and

virus from replicating and

establishing infection?

establishing infection?

In the emergency room

In the emergency room

of a hospital a patient

of a hospital a patient

reports that she had

reports that she had

been raped two hours

been raped two hours

ago and was now

ago and was now

worrying that she had

worrying that she had

been exposed to the

been exposed to the

AIDS

AIDS

-

-

Virus. She said she

Virus. She said she

had heard that there was

had heard that there was

an "After

an "After

-

-

Pill", which

Pill", which

might prevent an HIV

might prevent an HIV

-

-

infection. Can THE

infection. Can THE

DOCTOR in fact do

DOCTOR in fact do

anything which might

anything which might

prevent potentially

prevent potentially

existing viruses from

existing viruses from

replicating and

replicating and

establishing themselves

establishing themselves

permanently in the body?

permanently in the body?

M.F. Perutz,

M.F. Perutz,

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

structure and respiratory

structure and respiratory

transport,

transport,

Scientific American,

Scientific American,

December 1978,

December 1978,

Backtranslated

Backtranslated

from German, February 1979

from German, February 1979

Spektrum

Spektrum

der

der

Wissenschaften

Wissenschaften

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

carries

carries

oxygen

oxygen

from

from

the

the

lungs

lungs

to

to

the

the

tissues

tissues

and

and

helps

helps

to

to

transport

transport

carbon

carbon

dioxide

dioxide

back to

back to

the

the

lungs

lungs

.

.

It

It

fulfils

fulfils

this

this

dual

dual

role

role

by

by

clicking

clicking

back and

back and

forth

forth

between

between

two

two

alternative

alternative

structures

structures

.

.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

, the substance responsible for the blood

, the substance responsible for the blood

’

’

s

s

red

red

color

color

, carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

, carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

and facilitates the

and facilitates the

backtransport

backtransport

of carbon dioxide to

of carbon dioxide to

the lungs. The molecule fulfils this double function

the lungs. The molecule fulfils this double function

because it changes between two structures.

because it changes between two structures.

“

“

Why the

Why the

grass is green and our blood red, are secrets which

grass is green and our blood red, are secrets which

nobody will ever know. In this dim state, poor soul,

nobody will ever know. In this dim state, poor soul,

what will you do?

what will you do?

”

”

(John Donne

(John Donne

“

“

On the soul

On the soul

’

’

s

s

progress

progress

”

”

)

)

„

„

David

David

Hounshell

Hounshell

,

,

“

“

Two Paths to the Telephone,

Two Paths to the Telephone,

Scientific American

Scientific American

”

”

, June 1981

, June 1981

As Alexander Graham Bell was developing the

As Alexander Graham Bell was developing the

telephone, Elisha Gray was doing the same. Bell got

telephone, Elisha Gray was doing the same. Bell got

the patent, but the episode is nonetheless an

the patent, but the episode is nonetheless an

instructive example of simultaneous invention.

instructive example of simultaneous invention.

„

„

Back

Back

Translation

Translation

from

from

German

German

„

„

The

The

Race

Race

for

for

the

the

Telephone

Telephone

Patent

Patent

“

“

, Spektrum der Wissenschaft,

, Spektrum der Wissenschaft,

August 1981.

August 1981.

Independent of

Independent of

each

each

other

other

Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell

and

and

Elisha

Elisha

Gray

Gray

handed

handed

in

in

nearly

nearly

identical

identical

construction

construction

plans

plans

for

for

a

a

telephone

telephone

in 1976

in 1976

–

–

but

but

only

only

Bell

Bell

received

received

the

the

patent and

patent and

became

became

rich

rich

and

and

famous

famous

.

.

Gray on the other hand had misjudged the

Gray on the other hand had misjudged the

importance of his invention and had moreover been

importance of his invention and had moreover been

badly advised.

badly advised.

Over and above distinguishing

Over and above distinguishing

between two translation types, the

between two translation types, the

model also distinguishes between

model also distinguishes between

translations and versions

translations and versions

„

„

Versions result from a deliberate

Versions result from a deliberate

turning away from the original

turning away from the original

„

„

Re

Re

-

-

evaluation, often outright

evaluation, often outright

renunciation of the original

renunciation of the original

„

„

New purposes are superimposed on

New purposes are superimposed on

a translation

a translation

Overt version

Overt version

„

„

A special function is explicitly, overtly

A special function is explicitly, overtly

added to a translation text

added to a translation text

(

(

e.g

e.g

.

.

special

special

editions

editions

for

for

children

children

)

)

„

„

The

The

„

„

translation

translation

”

”

is given a special added

is given a special added

purpose (

purpose (

e.g

e.g

.

.

resum

resum

é

é

s

s

,

,

abstracts

abstracts

)

)

Covert

Covert

version

version

„

„

Manipulation of original text:

Manipulation of original text:

Translator

Translator

has

has

applied

applied

cultural

cultural

filter

filter

randomly

randomly

3. Linguistic Description vs. Social

3. Linguistic Description vs. Social

Evaluation in Translation Quality

Evaluation in Translation Quality

Assessment

Assessment

„

„

Crucial difference between (linguistic)

Crucial difference between (linguistic)

analysis and (social) judgment

analysis and (social) judgment

„

„

The functional

The functional

-

-

pragmatic approach

pragmatic approach

outlined here focuses on the make

outlined here focuses on the make

-

-

up of

up of

texts rather than on vague categories

texts rather than on vague categories

such as

such as

intuitions

intuitions

,

,

opinions

opinions

,

,

beliefs

beliefs

„

„

Evaluative judgments of a translation

Evaluative judgments of a translation

depend on a multitude of factors

depend on a multitude of factors

„

„

One important factor is that they

One important factor is that they

emanate from the analytic,

emanate from the analytic,

comparative process of linguistic

comparative process of linguistic

translation criticism

translation criticism

„

„

Two methodological steps:

Two methodological steps:

1. L

1. L

inguistic

inguistic

-

-

textual

textual

intersubjectively

intersubjectively

verifiable

verifiable

analysis, description, explanation, and

analysis, description, explanation, and

comparison

comparison

2. V

2. V

alue

alue

judgments, social, personal and ethical

judgments, social, personal and ethical

questions of socio

questions of socio

-

-

political and psychological

political and psychological

relevance, ideological stance or individual taste

relevance, ideological stance or individual taste

To

To

judge

judge

is

is

easy

easy

, to

, to

understand

understand

less

less

so. To

so. To

take

take

the

the

second

second

step

step

before

before

the

the

first

first

one

one

is

is

therefore

therefore

tempting

tempting

.

.

However

However

,

,

if

if

translation

translation

criticism

criticism

is

is

to

to

be

be

compatible

compatible

with

with

accepted

accepted

scientific

scientific

procedure

procedure

,

,

2

2

had

had

better

better

follow

follow

1....

1....