Atatürk University College of Agriculture Publication
Number: 66
Prof. Dr. Ziya YURTTAŞ
INTEGRATED ENGLISH
REFERENCE NOTES
ERZURUM - 1999
2
FOREWORD
This booklet was prepared only as a source of reference for the intermediate level
intensive English courses that had been held annually in the College of Agriculture at
Atatürk University between 1978 and 1998. The details, explanations and exercises were
omitted, on purpose, for they were intended to be taken up during the courses.
Generally in schools, different parts of certain subjects are taught at different times
in the courses of English as a foreign language. A learner at intermediate level has to
integrate and consolidate these parts in order to establish a solid base for improvement.
In this booklet, the essentials of English Grammar are integrated by presenting related
parts together and simplified by sacrificing some details for the sake of practicality. It is
intended to provide a practical guideline for intermediate learners to reach to an advanced
level and for the advanced learners to maintain their level of proficiency in English. This
integrated approach makes it possible for learners to know what they already know and
they need to know.
Four basic skills, i.e., reading comprehension, listening comprehension, written
expression, and oral expression must be developed in learning a language. These skills are
based on Grammar and Vocabulary. A special attention must be given to each one of these
six basic components of linguistics in learning a foreign language in an efficient way. This
modest booklet has a limited objective of providing guidance for mainly one of them,
namely Grammar. The other components need to be dealt with separately to facilitate a
systematic learning.
Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM
ÖNSÖZ
Bu kitapcık, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde 1978 yılından beri
düzenlenmekte olan orta düzey yoğun Đngilizce kursları için, yalnızca bir hatırlatma notu
olarak hazırlanmıştır. Kurslar sırasında ele alınacağı düşünülerek, bu kitapçıkta ayrıntılara,
açıklamalara ve alıştırmalara yer verilmemiştir.
Genellikle, okullarda yabancı dil derslerinde, belirli bir konunun değişik bölümleri
değişik zamanlarda verilmektedir. Orta düzeyde bir öğrencinin, ilerleme sağlayacak
sağlam bir temel oluşturabilmesi için bu bölümleri birleştirip bütünleştirmesi ve
pekiştirmesi gereklidir. Bu kitapcıkta Đngilizce gramerinin temel konuları ile ilgili
bölümler bir araya getirilerek bütünleştirilmiş ve bazı ayrıntılar ihmal edilerek
basitleştirilmiştir. Bu bütünleştirilmiş yaklaşım bir öğrencinin belirli bir konuda neler
bildiğini ve daha neler öğrenmesi gerektiğini kolaylıkla gösterebilir.
Bir dil öğreniminde dört temel becerinin geliştirilmesi gerekir. Bu beceriler okuma,
yazma, anlama ve konuşmadır. Bunlar gramer ve kelime bilgisine dayanır. Yabancı dil
öğreniminde etkinlik sağlayabilmek için dil biliminin bu altı temel bölümüne ayrı ayrı
çalışmak ve önem vermek gerekir. Sınırlı bir amaç için hazırlanmış olup, geçtiğimiz
yıllarda düzenlenen kurslara katılanların da katkıları ile geliştirilmiş olan bu notların
yabancı dil öğrenimi ile ilgilenenlere yararlı olmasını dilerim.
Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FIRST PART- ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY ................................................1
1. TENSES (Zamanlar) .......................................................................................................1
2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller) ..............................................................................7
3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen) .............................................................................8
4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı Đfadeler) ................................................................9
5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Đlgi Zamirleri)..................................................................10
6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı) .........................................................................11
7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları)................................................................................11
8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım) ........................................................................................11
9. NOUNS (Đsimler) ...........................................................................................................12
10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler)..............................................................................................14
11. VERBS (Fiiller)............................................................................................................15
12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar) ............................................................................................19
13. ADVERBS (Zarflar)....................................................................................................21
14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar).........................................................................................24
15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar) ...................................................................................26
16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler)...........................................................................28
17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler)................................................................................................31
18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler) ...............................................................................................31
19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif) .................................................................................32
Odds and Ends...................................................................................................................34
SECOND PART – IDIOMS..............................................................................................37
THIRD PART - PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS .........................................40
FOURTH PART - QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS ..........................................................42
FIFTH PART-LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES.........................................................52
SIXTH PART - VOCABULARY.....................................................................................57
A Poem................................................................................................................................67
1
FIRST PART
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY
1. TENSES (Zamanlar)
1.1. Simple Tenses
1.1.1
Present Tense
I go
1
Giderim
1.1.2
Past Tense
I went
Gittim
1.1.3
Future Tense
I will go
Gideceğim
1.1.4
Conditional T.
I would go
Gidecektim
1.2. Continuous Tenses (C.T.)
1.2.1
Present C.T.
I am going
Gidiyorum
1.2.2
Past C.T.
I was going
Gidiyordum
1.2.3
Future C.T.
I will be going
Gidiyor olacağım
1.2.4
Conditional C.T.
I would be going
Gidiyor olacaktım
1.3. Perfect Tenses (P.T.)
1.3.1
Present P.T.
I have gone
Gitmişim (Gittim)
1.3.2
Past P.T.
I had gone
Gitmiştim
1.3.3
Future P.T.
I will have gone
Gitmiş olacağım
1.3.4
Conditional P.T.
I would have gone.
Gitmiş olacaktım
1.4. Perfect Continuous Tenses (P.C.T.)
1.4.1
Present P.C.T.
I have been going
Gitmekteyim
1.4.2
Past P.C.T.
I had been going
Gitmekteydim
1.4.3
Future P.C.T.
I will have been
going
Gitmekte
olacağım
1.4.4
Conditional P.C.T.
I would have been going
Gitmekte olacaktım
I am going to go
I am gonna go
I will go
I was going to go
I was gonna go
I would go
I used to go
Giderdim (Alışkanlık)
I would go
Giderdim (Şarta bağlı)
1
Other verbs to be conjugated: to do, to be, to see, to have, to make. (to smoke for P.C.T.).
2
SAMPLE SENTENCES
1.
I go to school every day in the morning at 8 o’clock with my friends by bus.
2.
I went to school 10 minutes late yesterday.
3.
I will go to school at one o’clock this afternoon.
4.
I would go to school today, if I had completed my homework in time.
5.
I am going to Istanbul now.
6.
I was going to Istanbul, when I met him at the airport.
7.
I will be going to Istanbul tomorrow afternoon at two o’clock.
8.
I would be going to Istanbul at this moment, if had not missed the plane.
9.
I have gone to Antalya three times in the past.
10.
I had gone to Antalya two months before I met you.
11.
I will have gone to Antalya the day after tomorrow.
12.
I would have gone to Antalya by now, if I had not had an accident on Sunday.
13.
I have been smoking for 3 years now.
14.
I had been smoking for 10 years, when I stopped smoking.
15.
I will have been smoking for 6 years by the end of this year.
16.
I would have been smoking for 15 years now, if I had not stopped smoking 5 years
ago.
I’m gonna go to downtown. Are you gonna come with me?
I was gonna go to theatre, if you had come earlier.
I used to go to movies at least three times a week, when I was a student.
I would go to see him and apologize to him, if I were in your place.
If I go to Istanbul,
I will see him
Istanbul'a gidersem
onu göreceğim.
If I had gone to Istanbul,
I would see him
Istanbul’a gitmiş olsaydım,
onu görürdüm.
If I had gone to Istanbul,
I would have seen him.
O zaman Istanbul'a gitmiş olsaydım,
Onu görmüs olacaktım.
3
CONJUGATION OF TENSES
1.1.1. Simple Present Tense (do, does) (go) (-s)
I go.
I do not go.
Do I go?
Do I not go?
You go.
You do not go.
Do you go?
Do you not go?
(He, She, It) goes.
- does not go.
Does - go?
Does - not go?
We go.
We do not go.
Do we go?
Do we not go?
You go.
You do not go.
Do you go?
Do you not go?
They go.
They do not go.
Do they go?
Do they not go?
1.1.2. Simple Past Tense (did) (go) (went)
I went.
I did not go.
Did I go?
Did I not go?
You went.
You did not go.
Did you go?
Did you not go?
- went.
- did not go.
Did - go?
Did - not go?
We went.
We did not go.
Did we go?
Did we not go?
You went.
You did not go.
Did you go?
Did you not go?
They went.
They did not go.
Did they go?
Did they not go?
1.1.3. Simple Future Tense (will) (go)
I will go.
I will not go.
Will I go?
Will I not go?
You will go.
You will not go.
Will you go?
Will you not go?
- will go.
Will not go.
Will - go?
Will - not go?
We will go.
We will not go.
Will we go?
Will we not go?
You will go.
You will not go.
Will you go?
Will you not go?
They will go.
They will not go.
Will they go?
Will they not go?
1.1.4. Simple Conditional Tense (would) (go)
I would go
I would not go.
Would I go?
Would I not go?
You would go.
You would not go.
Would you go?
Would you not go?
- would go.
- would not go.
Would - go?
Would - not go?
We would go.
We would not go.
Would we go?
Would we not go?
You would go.
You would not go.
Would you go?
Would you not go?
They would go.
They would not go.
Would they go?
Would they not go?
Do not
Don't
Will not
Won't
Did not
Didn't
Would not
Wouldn't
4
1.2.1. Present Continuous Tense (am, are, is) (- ing)
I am going
I am not going
Am I going?
Am I not going?
(1)
(1) Aren't I going?
1.2.2. Past Continuous Tense (was, were) (- ing)
I was going
I was not going.
Was I going?
Was I not going?
1.2.3. Future Continuous Tense (will be) (- ing)
I will be going
I will not be going
Will I be going?
Will I not be going?
1.2.4. Conditional Continuous Tense (would be) (-ing)
I would be going
I would not be
going
Would I be going? Would I not be
going?
5
1.3.1. Present Perfect Tense (have, has) (gone)
I have gone
I have not gone*
Have I gone?
Have I not gone?
*Have not: Haven't
1.3.2. Past Perfect Tense (had) (gone)
I had gone
I had not gone
Had I gone?
Had I not gone?
1.3.3. Future Perfect Tense (will have) (gone)
I will have gone
I will not have gone
Will I have gone?
Will I not have
gone?
1.3.4. Conditional Perfect Tense (would have) (gone)
I would have gone
I would not have
gone
Would I have gone?
Would I not have
gone?
6
1.4.1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have been, has been) (- ing)
I have been going
I have not been
going
Have I been
going?
Have I not been
going?
1.4.2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been) (- ing)
I had been going
I had not been
going
Had I been going?
Had I not been
going?
1.4.3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (will have been) (- ing)
I will have been
going
I will not have
been going
Will I have been
going?
Will I not have
been going?
1.4.4. Conditional Perfect Continuous Tense (would have been) (- ing)
I would have been
going
I would not have
been going
Would I have been
going?
Would I not have
been going?
7
2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller)
2.1
Can
Đ
ktidar belirten yardımcı fiil
2.2
May
Mezuniyet belirten yardımcı fiil
2.3
Must
Mecburiyet belirten yardımcı fiil
I can go
Gidebilirim
(Muktedirim)
I could have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim
I may go
Gidebilirim
(Mezunum)
I might have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim
I must go
Gitmeliyim
(Mecburum)
I must have gone Gitmiş olmalıydım
Can
be able to
Must
have to, have got to, be obliged to, need to, be to, be compelled
to, be supposed to, should, ought to.
To be able to (muktedir olmak, yapabilmek)
I am able to go
Gidebilirim
I will be able to go
Gidebileceğim
I was able to go
Gidebildim
(Gitmeye muktedirdim)
I would be able to go
Gidebilecektim
To have to (Mecbur olmak, Zorunda olmak)
I have to go
Gitmek zorundayım
I will have to go
Gitmek zorunda
olacağım
I had to go
Gitmek
zorundaydım
I would have to go
Gitmek zorunda
olacaktım
If I go, I will be able to see him.
If I had gone, I would have been able to see him.
If you had fallen, you could have broken your leg.
If you had started then, you could have finished it by now.
If I go, I will have to see him.
If I had gone, I would have had to see him.
He must have studied really well (his grade is good).
He should have studied really well (his grade is bad).
I need two hundred dollars so that I can go there.
I bought the car so that you would not have to walk.
Do you have to go? I may have to go.
8
3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen)
Active Voice
2
Passive Voice
3
1
She writes a letter
A letter is written by her
2
She wrote a letter
“ was
“
3
She will write a letter
“
will be
“
4
She would write a letter
would be
“
5
She is writing a letter
"
is being
“
6
She was writing a letter
"
was being
“
7
She will be writing a letter
"
will be being
“
8
She would be writing a letter
"
would be being
“
9
She has written a letter
"
has been
“
10
She had written a letter
"
had been
“
11
She will have written a letter
"
will have been
“
12
She would have written a letter
"
would have been “
13
She has been writing a letter
"
has been being
“
14
She had been writing a letter
"
had been being
“
15
She will have been writing a letter
"
will have been being
“
16
She would have been writing a letter "
would have been being
“
He can write a letter.
A letter can be written by him.
He may write a letter.
A letter may be written by him.
He must write a letter.
A letter must be written by him.
Let him write a letter.
Let a letter be written by him.
Architect Ali has designed it.
It has been designed by architect Ali.
He had broken a window.
A window had been broken by him.
4
______________________________________________________________________
A. Someone gave me a present.
P. I was given a present.
P. A present was given to me.
A. They made him believe that she died.
P. He was made to believe that she died.
2
S+V+O (Subject + verb + object)
3
O+ to be+ V3+ S (Object + to be fiilinin uygun hali + esas fiilin 3. yani past participle hali + subject)
4
Geçişli fiiller (transitive verbs) yani nesne alan fiiller veya neyi ve kimi sorularına cevap alınabilen fiiller
için P.V. yapılabilir. Geçişsiz fiiller (intransitive verbs, to go gibi) için P.V. yapılamaz.
9
4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı Đfadeler)
Direct Statement Indirect Statement
5
1. "I go".
6
He said that
He went.
2. "I went".
"
He went.
3. "I will go".
"
He would go.
4. "I would go".
"
He would go.
5. "I am going".
He said that
He was going.
6. "I was going".
"
He was going.
7. "I will be going".
"
He would be going.
8. "I would be going".
"
He would be going.
9. "I have gone".
He said that
He had gone.
10. "I had gone".
"
He had gone.
11. "I will have gone".
“
He would have gone.
12. "I would have gone".
"
He would have gone.
13. "I have been going".
He said that
He had been going.
14. "I had been going".
"
He had been going.
15. "I will have been going".
"
He would have been going.
16. "I would have been going".
"
He would have been going.
"What are you doing”?
He asked me what
I was doing.
"Where were you going”?
" where
I was going.
"Can you help me”?
" if
I could help him.
"May I come in”?
" if
He might come in.
"Will you be able to go”?
" if
I would be able to go.
"Do you have to go”?
" if
I had to go.
"Did you have to go”?
" if
I had to go.
“Do you go?”
“ if
I went
“Did you go?”
“ if
Iwent
“Go” !
He told me to go
“Don’t go”!
He told me not to go
if = whether
today-that day
tomorrow-the next day
now - then
this-that
yesterday-the day before
5
Present tenses become past, past tenses remain the same.
Future tenses become conditional, conditional tenses remain the same.
6
When the introductory verb is in present or future tenses, the tense of the narrated part
may not change.
10
5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Đlgi Zamirleri)
Who
Ki o
Which (What, that) Ki o
Where
Ki orada
Whose
Ki onun
Of which
Ki onun When
Ki o zaman
Whom
Ki ona (onu)
To which
Ki ona
Of whom
Ki onun
Who
•
I saw the man who came to school on Sunday.
•
The man who is coming toward us is a doctor.
•
He who comes late deserves punishment.
•
Those who were late missed the opening ceremony.
Whose
•
I saw the man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon.
•
The man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon is a lawyer.
•
Did you see the lady whose car was without a license plate?
Whom
•
I saw the man whom you gave money in the bank.
•
The man whom I saw yesterday was quite tired and anxious.
•
The man with whom I played billiards is a champion in...
Which (what, that)
•
I picked up the pen which (that) was on the floor.
•
I do not understand what you say.
•
That is not what I want.
•
This is the knife with which I cut the rope.
•
The car to which you threw stone is a Cadillac Aldorado.
Where
This is the place where they had met first.
When
There will be a time when Turkey will be full a member of the European Union.
•
He is the man, about whom you were talking = He is the man, whom you were
talking about = He is the man, you were talking about.
•
He who comes early sits down.
•
Atatürk is to Turkey what Washington is to U.S.A.
•
Those who are coming now will have to go back soon.
11
6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı)
To have something done
To make somebody do something
To get something done
To get somebody to do something
I have my shoes polished...
I had my shoes polished...
I will have my shoes polished...
I would have my shoes polished...
I make Ali study English...
I made Ali study English...
I will make Ali study English
I would make Ali study English...
I got my shoes polished
I will get Ali to study English
7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları)
You go to school, don't you?
You went to school, didn't you?
You will go to school, won't you?
You would go to school, wouldn't you?
You do not go to school, do you?
You did not go to school, did you?
You will not go to school, will you?
You would not go to school, would you?
8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım)
A. Affirmative Agreements
B. Negative Agreements
Ali goes to zoo.
I do too.
He does not go to zoo. I don't either.
Ali went to zoo.
I did too.
He did not go to zoo.
I didn't either.
Ali will go to zoo.
I will too.
He will not go to zoo.
I won't either.
Ali would go to zoo. I would too.
He wouldn't go to zoo. I wouldn't either.
I do too
So do I
I don't either
Neither do I
It is a pen, isn’t it?
You have to go, don't you?
He may go, may he not?
He has to go, doesn't he?
Let's go, shall we?
Open the door will you?
I am going, aren't I?
He was made to study for four hours.
She was made to pay for her mistake.
I was made to believe that he was innocent.
I will get him to accept the conditions
12
9. NOUNS (Đsimler)
9.1. Proper Nouns (Özel Đsimler)
Ali, Mary, January, Ankara, London, Canterbury
9.2. Common Nouns (Cins Đsimler)
cook, book, sinister, minister
9.3. Countable Nouns (Sayılabilir Đsimler)
apple, box, ranch, table
9.4. Uncountable Nouns (Sayılamayan Đsimler)
bread, butter, salt, water
9.5. Masculine Nouns (Eril Đsimler)
boy, man, prince, king
9.6. Feminine Nouns (Dişil Đsimler)
girl, woman, princess, queen
9.7. Neuter Nouns (Nötr Đsimler)
Things and animals whose sexes are not known
stone, steel, pots and pans
9.10. Nouns with the Same Form for M. and F.
child, parent, artist, painter, cousin
9.11. Nouns with Different Forms for M. and F.
father-mother, brother-sister, nephew-niece,
bull-cow, horse-mare, cock-hen
9.12 Plural Forms (Çoğul Şekilleri)
9.12.1. Regular Form
cat-cats, dog-dogs
9.12.2. Special Forms
9.12.2.1. Nouns Ending in O, ss, sh, ch, X
tomatoes, kisses, watches, boxes
exceptions: pianos, photos
9.12.2.2. Nouns Ending in fe, f,
wife-wives, life-lives,
wolf-wolves, self-selves,
9.12.2.3. Nouns Ending in y
9.12.2.3.1. Following a Consonant
baby-babies, lady-ladies
9.12.2.3.2. Following a vowel
day-days, boy-boys.
13
9.12.2.4. Nouns that are in plural form and take singular verbs :
Mathematics, Statistics, Athletics, Economics
9.12.2.5. Nouns that are in plural form and take plural verbs:
pants, trousers, pajamas, glasses,
pliers, shears, scissors, scales, tweezeers
9.12.3. Irregular Forms
fish-fish, trout-trout, sheep-sheep
news-news, baggage-baggage, information-information
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet
mouse-mice, louse-lice, ox-oxen
tooth-teeth, child-children
9.12.4. Original Latin or Greek Nouns
thesis-theses, crisis-crises,
alumnus-alumni, phenomenon-phenomena
erratum-errata, radius-radii
memorandum-memoranda, datum- data
basis-bases, axis-axes, nucleus nuclea
9.12.5. Others
sister in law-sisters in law
man student - men students
VIP- VIPs, MP MPs, UFO-UFOs
9.13. Possessive Forms (Đyelik Şekilleri)
Ahmet's apples, man's fob
Jone's house, Jones’s house
Shakespeare's plays, the plays of Martha X
A week's holiday ; a week holiday
A stone's throw, ten dollar gas
Three dollars worth of gas
For heaven's sake, for goodness sake
The keys of the car, the names of the cities
9.14. Articles (Tanıtıcılar
7
)
9.14.1. The Definite Article (Belirli Tanıtıcı) The
The boy, the girl, the sky, the old
The rich, the Alps, the U.S.S.R., the Netherlands, the U.S.A.
The North Pole, the Smiths
9.14.2. The Indefinite Article (Belgisiz Tanıtıcı) a, an
A boy, a girl, an apple, an hour, a university
7
Tanıtıcılar özel isimlerden önce kullanılmaz.
14
10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler
8
)
( A )
( B )
( C )
( D)
( E )
I
Me
My
Mine
Myself
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourself
He
Him
His
His
Himself
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
It
It
Its
Its
Itself
We
Us
Our
Ours
Ourselves
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourselves
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Themselves
A.
Personal Pronouns (Şahıs Zamirleri) (Özne)
B.
Objective Pronouns (Nesne Zamirleri)
C.
Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri)
D.
Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri)
E.
Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns (Dönüştürme ve Pekiştirme Zamirleri)
F.
Interrogative Pronouns (Soru Zamirleri)
Who? Whose? Whom? Which? What? How? When?
G. Relative Pronouns (Đlgi Zamirleri)
Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What, That.
H.
Demonstrative Pronouns (Đşaret Zamirleri)
This, That, These, Those
Đ
.
Indefinite Pronouns (Belgisiz zamirler)
One, Someone, Anyone, Somebody, Anybody, None, No One, Everyone, Everybody,
All.
______________________________________________________________________
I want nothing: I don't want anything
No: not any
Is everybody ready?
8
Zamirler özne yerine kullanılan sözcüklerdir
15
11. VERBS (Fiiller)
11.1. Infinitive Form
to go
11.2. Present Form
go
11.3. Past Form
went
11.4. Past Participle
gone
11.5. Regular Verbs
(Düzenli Fiiller) (ask, asked, asked)
11.6. Irregular Verbs
(Düzensiz Fiiller)
11.6.1.
Present
Past
Past Participle
Bet
Bet
Bet
Bahse Girmek
Cast
Cast
Cast
Atmak
Cost
Cost
Cost
Malolmak
Hit
Hit
Hit
Vurmak
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Incitmek
Let
Let
Let
Bırakmak
Set
Set
Set
Kurmak
Spread
Spread
Spread
Yaymak
Put
Put
Put
Koymak
Quit
Quit
Quit
Terketmek
Shut
Shut
Shut
Kapatmak
11.6.2.
Build
Built
Built
Inşa Etmek
Lend
Lent
Lent
Ödünç Vermek
Send
Sent
Sent
Göndermek
Spend
Spent
Spent
Sarfetmek
11.6.3.
Get
Got
Got
Elde Etmek
Go
Went
Gone
Gitmek
Forget
Forgot
Forgotten
Unutmak
Hang
Hung
Hung
Asmak
Ring
Rang
Rung
(Zil) Çalmak
Sing
Sang
Sung
Ş
arkı Söylemek
Spring
Sprang
Sprung
Sıçramak
Sit
Sat
Sat
Oturmak
Win
Won
Won
Kazanmak
16
11.6.4.
Hear
Heard
Heard
Duymak
Read
Read
Read
Okumak
Pay
Paid
Paid
Ödemek
Say
Said
Said
Söylemek
11.6.5.
Feed
Fed
Fed
Beslemek
Lead
Led
Led
Yol Göstermek
Hold
Held
Held
Tutmak
11.6.6.
Feel
Felt
Felt
Hissetmek
Keep
Kept
Kept
Saklamak
Sleep
Slept
Slept
Uyumak
Weep
Wept
Wept
Ağlamak
Leave
Left
Left
Bırakmak
Meet
Met
Met
Karşılaşmak
Lose
Lost
Lost
Kaybetmek
11.6.7
Bind
Bound
Bound
Bağlamak
Find
Found
Found
Bulmak
Shine
Shone
Shone
Parlamak
Strike
Struck
Struck
Vurmak, Grev
Yapmak
11.6.8.
Bring
Brought
Brought
Getirmek
Buy
Bought
Bought
Satın Almak
Fight
Fought
Fought
Dövüşmek
Think
Thought
Thought
Düşünmek
Catch
Caught
Caught
Yakalamak
Teach
Taught
Taught
Öğretmek
Sell
Sold
Sold
Satmak
Tell
Told
Told
Anlatmak
Make
Made
Made
Yapmak
Stand
Stood
Stood
Durmak
17
11.6.9.
Ride
Rode
Ridden
Binmek
Write
Wrote
Written
Yazmak
Rise
Rose
Risen
Kalkmak
Bite
Bit
Bitten
Isırmak
Hide
Hid
Hidden
Saklamak
11.6.10.
Bear
Bore
Born
Taşımak
Swear
Swore
Sworn
Yemin Etmek
Tear
Tore
Torn
Yırtmak
Wear
Wore
Worn
Giymek
Break
Broke
Broken
Kırmak
Speak
Spoke
Spoken
Konuşmak
Choose
Chose
Chosen
Seçmek
Steal
Stole
Stolen
Çalmak
11.6.11.
Grow
Grew
Grown
Büyümek
Know
Knew
Known
Bilmek
Throw
Threw
Thrown
Atmak
Fly
Flew
Flown
Uçmak
Slay
Slew
Slain
Katletmek
See
Saw
Seen
Görmek
11.6.12
Take
Took
Taken
Almak
Shake
Shook
Shaken
Sarsmak
11.6.13.
Beat
Beat
Beaten
Dövmek
Eat
Ate
Eaten
Yemek
Fall
Fell
Fallen
Düşmek
Do
Did
Done
Yapmak
Go
Went
Gone
Gitmek
Lie
Lay
Lain
Yatmak, Uzanmak
Lay
Laid
Laid
Yatırmak, Uzatmak
Lie
Lied
Lied
Yalan Söylemek
18
11.6.14
Forbid
Forbade
Forbidden
Yasaklamak
Give
Gave
Given
Vermek
Begin
Began
Begun
Başlamak
Drink
Drank
Drunk
Içmek
Run
Ran
Run
Koşmak
11.7. Verbs Followed by the Gerund
admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, deny, dislike, dread,
enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss,
pardon, postpone, prevent, propose, remember, resent, resist,stop, suggest
To object to, to confess to, to get used to, to look forward to
He objected to joining the army.
He admitted robbing the bank.
She appreciated receiving letters from her fans.
I enjoy calling her once in a while.
I don't mind walking to my office.
I don't remember seeing her.
I can't help laughing when I think of that joke.
Stop talking, l can't stop loving you.
I am looking forward to hearing from you.
I can't stand listening to a loud music.
11.8. Verbs Followed By the Gerund or Infinitive
Start, begin, continue, intend
I started studying. (I started to study!)
11.9. Verbs Followed By That and Verb-1
Suggest, recommend, insist, demand
He suggested that we go.
What do you suggest that we do?
The kidnappers demanded that the father pay the ransom in small dollar bills.
11.10. Verbs Followed by the Gerund or Infinitive Taking a Different Meaning
try + gerund
denemek
I tried solving the problem.
try + to infinitive çabalamak
I tried to pick up the stone.
stop + gerund
bırakmak
I stopped smoking.
stop + to infinitive için durmak
I stopped to smoke.
19
12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar)
12.1. Definitive, Comparative and Superlative Forms Of Adjectives
12.1.1. Regular One or Two Syllable Adjectives
Long
Longer
The Longest
Short
Shorter
The Shortest
Heavy
Heavier
The Heaviest
Old
Older
The Oldest
Weak
Weaker
The Weakest
Strong
Stronger
The Strongest
12.1.2. Regular Multi Syllable Adjectives
Beautiful
More Beautiful
The Most Beautiful
Important
More Important
The Most Important
Eccentric
More Eccentric
The Most Eccentric
Tiring
More Tiring
The Most Tiring
Tired
More Tired
The Most Tired
Boring
More Boring
The Most Boring
Bored
More Bored
The Most Bored
12.1.3. Irregular Adjectives
Good
Better
The Best
Bad
Worse
The Worst
Much
More
The Most
Little
Less
The Least
12.2. Comparisons
1. as.............. as
I am as old as you are.
He is twice as old as she is.
2. more .......... than
I am older than you are.
I am more important than you are.
I am better than you are.
3. The most.... among (in)
He is the best runner among students.
She is the most beautiful girl in town. (... in the world)
20
•
The sun is one million times as big as the Mars is.
•
The population of Erzurum is about twice as much as that of Kars.
•
The statue of Atatürk in Erzurum is twice as big as the one in Kars.
•
Ahmet spends half as much money as Mehmet does.
•
There are more than twice as many people in the world now as there were 25 years
ago.
•
There are as many students in Erzurum as there are people in Kars.
•
I have studied for as many years as you have lived.
•
I am not as tired as you are: I am not tired as much as you are.
•
A is 100 times richer than B.
•
A is as tall as B. A is not as tall as B. A is not so tall as B.
•
I am as generous as you are miser.
21
13. ADVERBS (Zarflar
9
)
13.1. Adverbs of Manner (Hal Zarfları)
Slowly
Yavaşça
Smoking kills slowly.
Quickly
Hızlıca
……
Well
Iyice
Badly
Kötüce
Altogether
Birlikte
Separately
Ayrıca
Generally
Genellikle
Particularly
Özellikle
Deliberately
Kasden
Accidentally
Kazaen
Naturally
Doğal Olarak
Artificially
Yapay Olarak
Similarly
Aynı Şekilde
Conversely
Tersine Olarak
Apparently
Görünüş Olarak
Certainly
Muhakkak
Evidently
Görünüşe Göre
Obviously
Açık Olarak
Presumably
Farazi Olarak
Fortunately
Iyiki
Especially
Özellikle
Actually
Gerçekten
Mostly
Çoğunlukla
Personally
Ş
ahsen
Undoubtedly
Ş
üphesiz
Clearly
Açıkça
Surely
Emin Olarak
Definitely
Muhakkak
Positively
Kesin Olarak
9
Zarflar, bir fiilin veya sıfatın anlamını belirten veya kuvvetlendiren kelimelerdir
22
13.2. Adverbs of Time (Zaman Zarfları)
Now
Ş
imdi
It is time to go now.
Then
O zaman, ondan sonar
Earlier
Daha önce
Later
Daha sonra
The day before
yesterday
Önceki gün
The day after
tomorrow
Öbür gün
Every third day Üç günde bir
All of a sudden
Aniden
A while ago
Biraz önce
A moment ago
Biraz önce
A little later
Biraz sonra
Right now
Hemen şimdi (önce)
He was here right now.
Right away
Hemen şimdi (sonra)
He will be here right away.
At the beginning
Başlangıçta
At the end
Sonunda
Until now
Bu zamana kadar
From now on
Bundan sonra (artık)
From then on
Ondan sonra
Sooner or later
Er veya geç
Eventually
Sonunda (nihayet)
Lately
Son zamanlarda
Recently
Son zamanlarda
Soon
Yakın zamanda
Immediately
Derhal
In the meanwhile
Bu arada
Every other day
Gün aşırı
13.3. Adverbs of Place (Yer Zarfları)
Here
Burada, burası, buraya
He is here. It is here. Come here.
There
Orada, orası, oraya
13.4. Adverbs of Frequency (Sıklık Zarfları)*
Once
Bir kez
I went there once.
Twice
Iki kez
Three times
Üç kez
All the time
Her zaman
Always
Her zaman
Frequently
Sık sık
23
Occasionally
Arada sırada
Periodically
Periodik olarak
Once in a while
Arada bir
Rarely
Nadiren
Once in a blue
moon
Çok nadir
Repeatedly
Mükerrer olarak
Continually
Sürekli olarak
Intermittently
Kesintili olarak
* (Sıklık zarfları yardımcı fiillerden sonra, asıl fiillerden önce gelir) (I am always late)
13.5. Adverbs of Degree (Derece Zarfları)
Almost
Hemen hemen
It is almost completed.
Nearly
Neredeyse
Quite
Oldukça
Too
Haddinden fazla
Enough
Yeterli
Extremely
Aşırı şekilde
Only
Sadece
Just
Sadece
13.6. Words with the Same Adjective and Adverb Forms
Fast
Hızlı
Don’t go too fast.
Late
Geç
Hard
Sert
Early
Erken
Friendly
Dostça
Low
Düşük
24
14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar
10
)
In
Içinde, içine
It is in the box. Put it in your pocket.
Out
Dışında, dışına
On
Üstünde, üstüne
Off
Uzağında, uzağına
At
De, da, e, a
Over
Üzerinde, üzerine
Under
Altında, altına
In front of
Önünde, önüne
At the back of
Arkasında, arkasına
At the bottom of
Dibinde
On the top of
Üstünde
Around
Çevresinde, çevresine
Across
Karşısında, karşısına
Against
Karşısında, karşısına
Along
Boyunda, boyuna
Among
Arasında, arasına
(ikiden fazla şey)
After
Sonra
Before
Önce
Behind
Arkasında, arkasına
Below
Altında, altına
Between
Arasında, arasına
(iki şey)
Beyond
Ötesinde, ötesine
By
Yanında, yanına
Up
Yukarıda, yukarıya
Down
Aşağıda, aşağıya
From
Den, dan
Into
Içine
Near
Yakınında, yakınına
Opposite
Karşısında, karşısına
Outside
Dışında, dışına
10
Edatlar bir nesnenin diğer bir nesneye göre konumunu belirten kelimelerdir.
25
Past
Den öteye
Through
Içinden, arasından
Until, till
E kadar
To
E doğru
With
Ile
Without
Ile olmaksızın
ABOVE
OVER
ON
TO
FROM
OUT
IN
THROUGH
INTO
OUT OF
BY
BELOW
UNDER
A diagram of the most commonly used prepositions
26
15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar)
And
Ve
George and Jack go to bed at ten.
Or
Veya
But
Fakat
For
Için, den dolayı
Yet
Henüz, yine de
If
Eğer
Although (though)
E rağmen
Notwithstanding
E rağmen
Nevertheless
Yine de
Because
Çünkü
Because of
Den dolayı
In spite of
E rağmen
In stead of
Yerine
Due to
Den dolayı
Besides
Zaten, ayrıca, den başka
Except
Den başka, hariç
Like
Gibi
Likewise
Aynı şekilde
As
Gibi, ken (giderken)
Therefore
Bunun için
However
Buna rağmen
Whereas
Halbuki
In fact
Gerçekte, nitekim
As a matter of fact
Aslında, zaten, nitekim
Not to mention the
fact that
Kaldı ki
In as much as
Madem ki, den dolayı
Since
Madem ki, den dolayı
About
Hakkında
= (pertaining to, regarding, with
regard to in connection with, , related
to pursuant to, in relation to)
27
Either .......or
Ya ........ya da......
Either you or your friend will have to
go there.
Neither.....nor
Ne ........ne de.......
Neither you noır your friend can pay
for that.
Both ........and
Hem ....hem de......
Both you and your girl friend were
seen there.
Not only....but also
Yalnızca ...değil, fakat
aynı zamanda .......da
Not only you but also your friends
are not wanted here.
Whether ....or
…..ip ........mediğini
....se de .....mese de
I don’t know whether or not he is in
Erzurum.
She will have to go there
Whether she wants it or not
The more ....the more
Ne kadar çok ..........
O kadar çok ............
The more you study the higher grade
you get.
The more you work, the more you
earn.
The higher you go, the harder you
fall
Just as ......so
Nasıl ki .......ise, ayni
ş
ekilde........
-Just as Kosovo is sacred land to
the Serbs, so is Krajina to Croatians.
-Just as Chechenia is an internal
matter of Russia so is Karabag for
Azerbeijan.
28
16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler)
16.1. Gerund (Đsim Fiil)
16.1.1. Present
Swimming is a good exercise.
I like swimming in a warm pool.
She likes teaching tap dance.
I can't stand waiting in lines.
Being alone in a trip is boring.
I like your speaking with an accent
16.1.2. Past
Having been alone on that trip was boring.
He denied having been late for work.
16.2. Infinitive (Mastar)
16.2.1. Present
To exercise in the morning is good for health.
I like to swim in heated pools.
She has a lot of work to do.
I felt the earth move.
He saw him go into the building.
16.2.2. Past
To have seen him doesn't mean much.
It is unfortunate for him to have met her.
I am sorry to have met you.
I wish I had never met you.
16.3. Participle (Sıfat ve Zarf Fiiller)
16.3.1. Adjective Participle (Sıfat fiiller)
16.3.1.1. Present
The movie is exciting.
It is a very exciting movie indeed.
People living in the country are lucky.
The energy needed by all living things comes from the sun.
The lecture was interesting and informing.
29
16.3.1.2 Past
He is a retired teacher. (tired, disappointed etc.)
The broken chair will be repaired.
I will borrow the required money from the bank.
I am excited.
16.3.2. Adverb Participle (Zarf Fiiller)
16.3.2.1. Zaman Bildiren Adverb Participle
16.3.2.1.1. Present
Watching TV, he fell asleep (while...)
Entering the room, I saw the burglar (while...)
I saw him crossing the street (while)
16.3.2.1.2. Past
Having watched the game he left the stadium (... after that.)
Having finished his work, he went home (... after that..)
16.3.2.2. Sebep Bildiren Adverb Participle
16.3.2.2.1. Present
Being very hungry, I ate a lot. (Because ...)
Knowing him well, she did not believe him (Because...)
16.3.2.2.2. Past
(Having been) Wrapped in a blanket, he didn't mind spending the night
outside.
(Because...) Having been very hungry, I had eaten a lot.
Having received no letter from her for a long time, he was worried.
30
VERBALS
Gerund
Infinitive
Participle
Present
Past
Present
Past
Adjective
Adverb
Present
Past
Time
Cause
Present
Past
Present
Past
31
17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler)
Aboard
: (Gemide, gemiye) Welcome aboard.
Abroad
: (Yurt dışında, yurt dışına) I have not been abroad yet.
Archbishop
: (Başpiskopos) Archbishop Makarios had been involved in politics.
Enrich
: (Zenginleştirme) Protein can be used to enrich the flour.
Impossible
: (Đmkansız) When something is not possible it is impossible.
Semiofficial
: (Yarı resmi) AA is a semiofficial news agency.
Prehistoric
: (Tarih öncesi) People did not know much in prehistoric times.
Post election
: (Seçim sonrası) Post election politics has been quite complicated
Vice-president
: (Başkan yardımcısı) Vice-president Johnson had an heart attack.
18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler)
Drinkable
: (Đçilebilir) This water is drinkable.
Kingdom
: (Krallık) The United Kingdom is ruled by Elizabeth II.
Enriched
: (Zenginleştirilmiş) This food has been enriched by extra protein.
Employed
: (Đşçi, müstahdem) The employees will strike to raise their wages.
Childish
: (Çocukça) It is childish to cry over simple things.
Civilized
: (Medenileştirilmiş) The wild tribes are civilized now.
Americanize : Amerikalılaştırmak
Booklet
: (Kitapçık) That booklet consists of only 30 pages.
Lakelet
: (Gölcük) Van is a lake but Küçükçekmece is a lakelet.
Payment
: (Ödeme) The size of the payment is determined by the
purchase power.
Careful
: (Dikkatli) You have to be careful when you cross the street.
Careless
: (Dikkatsiz) He fell on the ice because he was careless.
Carefulness
: (Dikkatlilik) That job requires complete carefulness.
Carelessness
: (Dikkatsizlik) The accident happened as a result of carelessness.
Separately
: (Ayrı olarak) Place the pieces separately.
Naturally
: (Doğal olarak) Naturally they will refuse the offer.
Personally
: (Kişisel olarak) Personally, I hate cold weather.
Strong
: güçlü
Strength
: güç, kuvvet (sıfattan isim)
Smoke
: duman
Smoky
: Dumanlı (isimden sıfat)
Simple
: basit
Simplify
: Basitleştirmek (sıfattan fiil)
32
19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif)
Three lane highway
Üç şeritli karayolu
Hundred page book
100 sayfalık kitap
The tea is too hot to drink
Çay içilmeyecek kadar sıcak
The tea is hot enough to drink
Çay içilebilecek kadar sıcak
There is no body in the room
There is not any body in the room
The movie is not interesting, I would rather (I'd
rather) watch TV tonight
…televizyon seyretmeyi tercih ederim.
I had better (I'd better) start studying, or else I
will flunk the exam.
…çalışmaya başlasam iyi olur. Yoksa
sınavda çakarım.
They talk to each other.
(2 persons)
They talk to one another.
(More than 2 persons)
You can go whenever (or wherever) you want
Her ne zaman istersen…
You can take whatever (or whichever) you
want
Her ne istersen…
No matter what, I will go there
Ne olursa olsun...
Sooner or later I'm gonna get you
Er veya geç…
They came here one after another
Onlar buraya birbiri peşine geldiler.
They came here one at a time
Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.
They came here one by one
Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.
They came here in a group of two
Onlar buraya ikişer ikişer geldiler.
The more you study, the more you learn
Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…
The more you work, the more you earn
Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…
Did you happen to meet Mr. President
Hiç (tesadüfen) başkanla karşılaştınız
mı
I happened to be passing by the scene when
the accident happened.
Kaza olduğunda oradan tesadüfen
geçiyordum….
You don't get into this, mind your own
business:
Bu işe karışma. Kendi işine bak.
That is none of your business
Bu iş seni ilgilendirmez.
You have to take a taxi in order to get there in
time (... so, as to ..., so as not to...)
Oraya zamanında varabilmek için taksi
ile gitmen gerekir.
You have to study hard in order that (so that)
you can learn English well
Đ
ngilizceyi iyi öğrenebilmen için…
Has what happened to you happened to them
too
Senin başına gelen onların başına da
geldi mi?
33
•
Open the door.
•
Please open the door (open the door please).
•
Will you please open the door?
•
Would you please open the door?
•
Would you be so kind as to open the door please?
•
The cars were travelling bumper to bumper.
•
Put the boxes one on top of the other to save room (on top of one another)
•
The workers put the rails end to end and welded them.
•
The fishermen laid the fish side by side in the market.
•
If it weren't for the umbrella, we would get wet.
•
If it had not been for you, I would not have been able to go there.
•
Had it not been for you, she would have died. (Inversion)
•
Should one day you come here, please stop by my office.
•
Should I hear from him, I will let you know.
•
Did you use to go there?
•
No. I didn't use to go there.
•
Let us (me, him, her, it, , them) go. Shall we?
•
Let's stay here. Let's not stay here. Shall we go?
•
This is the first time I have seen such a thing.
•
If you had not been a stupid, you would not have listened to the same thing
every Sunday.
•
You can’t have seen him yesterday, he was with me all day.
•
Someone came here, didn't they?
•
I am a doctor, aren't I?
•
I heard him sing.
•
I heard him singing.
•
You can't go there until you have finished your work.
•
Don't stick your neck out.
•
He suggested that I see the doctor.
•
To arrive in Istanbul.
•
To arrive at the airport.
•
To arrive on the scene.
34
•
We will take turns.
•
Whose turn is it?
•
It is my turn.
•
Sit at the table.
•
Hold it tight, so that you won't fall
•
He held it tight so that he wouldn't fall
•
It is made of gold.
•
It is made from (out of) packing cases.
•
To fall in (out of) love with sb.
•
Would you honorable MPS come to order please?
•
To take a chance: to take a risk.
•
To give a chance: to give an opportunity.
•
Ski slopes in Erzurum are steeper than those in Sarıkamış.
•
The population of Erzurum is twice as much as that of Kars.
•
On behalf of : adına
•
In behalf of : yararına
•
20 % of the students who passed the exams are girls.
•
Half of those that were sent there were donkeys.
•
I saw Ahmet go to school. (Action completed)
•
I saw Ahmet going to school. (The action may not have been completed.)
•
You have to be a little bit crazy to keep your sanity.
•
Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards.
•
Don't bite the hand that feeds you.
•
May god give you twice as much as what you want for me!
•
Every body must account for his actions.
•
There are two sides to a coin.
•
There are more to things than meets the eye.
•
There is nothing to it.
•
Every criminal must stand trial, and get a fair trial.
Odds and Ends
-
to rank first
-
to put someone to shame
-
council of Higher Education
-
ICBMs, airborne bombers, submarine based missiles
-
a duplicate copy of important documents
-
special thanks are due to those who...
-
his philosophy is moderation in everything
35
-
Jack of all trades, but master of none
-
Don’t let this chance slip away.
-
boil, grill, bake, fry,
-
pots and pans, garnish
-
extant X extinct
-
poker, bridge, black jack, chess, backgammon
-
heart, club, spade, diamond
-
citius, altius, fortius
-
wrestling, boxing, running, high-jumping, long-jumping, skating, skiing,
swimming, diving, riding, hammer-throwing, discus-throwing, javelin,
tennis, ping-pong, pole-vaulting, golf, football, voleyball, basketball, soccer,
etc.
-
Five Pillars of Islam: praying, fasting, pilgrimage, almsgiving, confirmation
of faith. (the sixth one, they say, is knowing your boundries)
-
Mental Abilities : Intelligence, memory, perception, reasoning, orientation,
willpower stability, attention, sensitivity.
-
Acrophobia: fear of height.
-
Acrobat: acts in the heights.
-
To pass (fail, flunk) the test
-
To stand the test of time.
-
To chant nursery rhymes.
-
At ease, attention, fire.
-
Open shed barns
-
Honest to God : Vallahi
-
Duplication, multiplication, replication, reproduction.
-
Liberty, equality, fraternity.
-
Dilemma: A difficult situation.
-
Paradox: strange but true.
-
Enigma: Muamma, esrar, şifre
-
To be vulnerable to pressure
-
To take somebody at his word.
-
The theory of Lambrazo on the nature of man
-
On the spur of the moment.
-
To tell a lie
-
To lie ander a tree
-
To lay a wreath, (a foundation stone and a L)
36
Addition
2 + 3 = 5
Two plus three equals five.
Two plus three is five.
Subtraction
5-3 = 2
Five minus three equals two.
Multiplication
5 x 6 = 30
Five multiplied by six equals thirty.
Five times six is thirty.
Division
30 : 6 = 5
Thirty divided by six equals five.
6
2
: six squared
a
x
: a to the power x
6
3
: six to the third power
a-
b
: a to the power minus b.
a/b = c
dividend / divider = quotient
a.b = c
multiplied. multiplier = product
X = Σ X/N
X bar equals sum X over N (average)
6 and 36
6 is a factor of 36, 36 is a multiple of 6 (çarpan ve kat)
a
2
- b
2
: (a+b) (a-b)
The difference of two squared numbers is the product of
the sum and the difference of these numbers.
37
SECOND PART
IDIOMS
All the same
yine de
I was not invited to the conference, but I
will attend all the same.
As if
sanki, imiş gibi
He orders me to do things, as if he is my
father.
As soon as possible
mümkün olan en
kısa zamanda
Please let me know the result as soon as
possible.
At first
ilk önce
At first, I thought that he was a student
At last
nihayet
At last, he was able to pay his debt.
At least
en azından
There were at least 500 people in the
theatre.
To be about to
üzere olmak
He was about to leave the room when I
went there.
To be familiar with
aşina olmak
I am familiar with that subject.
To be in charge of
sorumlu olmak
He is in charge of this department.
To be interested in
ilgilenmek
I am not interested in politics.
To be one's turn
sırası olmak
Now it is your turn to wash the dishes.
To be tired of
bıkmak
They are tired of uninvited guests.
To be used to
alışık olmak
People in Erzurum are used to cold.
To break down
bozulmak
My car broke down on the way.
To break up (with)
bozuşmak
He broke up with his girl friend yesterday.
To bring up
çocuk yetiştirmek
He was brought up in a village.
By the way
sırası gelmişken
By the way, I had met him in Paris.
To catch cold
soğuk almak
Take your coat with you, otherwise you
will catch cold.
To catch fire
ateş almak
The forest caught fire in a dry hot day.
To be fed up (with)
bıkmak usanmak
I am fed up with all this nonsense.
To be fond (of)
hoşlanmak
He is fond of Jane Fonda very much.
To be in need (of)
ihtiyacı olmak
The old man is in need of money and care.
To be out of question söz konusu
olmamak
A general amnesty is out of question for
the coming ten years.
To be through (with)
bitirmek, ilişiği
kesmek
I am through with that research for this
semester
To beat about to bush
lafı uzatmak
Please don't beat about (around) the bush,
come to the point.
To change one's mind
Fikrini değiştirmek
Did you change your mind?
To come across
karşılaşmak
We come across different types of people
in the railway and bus stations.
To come to an end
sona ermek
Sooner or later, this tragedy will come to
an end.
To call for
gerektirmek
The project calls for a million dollar.
To catch up (with)
yetişmek
Turkey has been trying to catch up with the
38
West for the past 100 years.
To charged (with)
ile itham etmek
He was charged with murder and robbery.
To do away with
(to get rid of)
kurtulmak,
başından atmak
She did away with all her old clothes.
To do one's best
elinden geleni
yapmak
I will try do my best to accomplish it and
save my face.
To fall asleep
uykuya dalmak
He falls asleep right after he goes to bed.
To fall in love (with)
aşık olmak
Ferhat had fallen in love with Şirin.
To feel like
canı istemek
I don't feel like drinking tonight.
To feel sorry (for)
acımak
He feels sorry for the poor and gives them
money.
To find out
anlamak
I'll find out where he was at that time.
For the time being
ş
imdilik
He will keep his mouth shut for the time
being.
For nothing
bedava, karşılıksız
You can not get anything for nothing.
To get along
geçinmek
They can’t get along well with each other.
To get well
iyileşmek
I hope you will get well soon.
To get in touch (with)
temasa geçmek
You have to get in touch with the manager.
To get in the house
eve girmek
to get out of the house : evden çıkmak
To get on the bus
arabaya binmek
to get off the bus : arabadan inmek
To get up
yataktan kalkmak
to wake up : uyanmak
To get used to
alışmak
You will get used to it soon.
To give a call
telefon etmek
Give me a call tonight.
To give in
taviz vermek
I won’t give in any more.
To give up
vazgeçmek
He gave up his plan to go to Sakarya
Heads or tails
yazı tura
Heads or tails? Heads you win, tails I win.
To have nothing to do
with something
Bir şeyle ilgisi
olmamak
I have nothing to do with it.
In other words
diğer bir deyişle
…in other words, he will not pay his debt.
To keep in mind
akılda tutmak
please keep in mind that ...
To keep in touch
(with)
ilişkiyi devam
ettirmek
Keep in touch with us even if you go far
far away.
To keep up (with)
ayak uydurmak
He can't keep up with the rest of the group
To let someone know
birisine bildirmek
Please let me know if you run into him.
To look after
bakmak (çocuk vs.)
The mother will look after the child.
To make fun (of)
alay etmek
Don't make fun of me sir.
To make up (with)
barışmak
He made up with his girl friend today.
To make up (for)
telafi etmek
I will make up for the time I lost…
To play a joke (on)
ş
aka yapmak
The students played a joke on the teacher.
To make money
para kazanmak
He made a lot of money in gambling.
To make up one's
mind
karar vermek
Don't make up your mind without
consulting the consultant.
To change one's mind
karar değiştirmek
Don’t change your mind so often.
To make use of
yararlanmak
Turkey can make use of coal for energy.
To mind one's own
business
kendi işine bakmak
Mind your own bussiness. Don’t stick your
nose into this matter.
Once and for all
kesin olarak
Resolve the matter once and for all.
39
Out of curiosity
meraktan
Just out of curiosity, how much money do
you make in one month?
Out of date
demode
Your shirts are out of date, keep them up
to date.
Out of order
bozuk
Don't turn the radio on. It is out of order.
To pay attention to
dikkat etmek
Pay attention to what I say.
To put out
söndürmek
They put the fire out.
To put off
tehir etmek
They had to put off the show because of
the bad weather.
To call off
iptal etmek
They called off the show for financial
reasons.
To put on weight
kilo almak
Some people put on weight fast, no matter
what...
To run into
rastlamak
He ran into his old friend in the street.
To see someone off birisini uğurlamak
The honor troop was present when they
saw the president off.
To set fire to
ateşe vermek
They set fire to the house on purpose.
To shake hands
el sıkışmak
We shook hands when we broke up.
To shut up
sesini kesmek
If you don't have to talk, just shut up.
To show up
çıkagelmek
He showed up one hour after the show.
To slow down
yavaşlamak
The car slowed down and pulled over.
To stick to the point
konuya bağlı
kalmak
Do not beat about the bush, come and stick
to the point.
To take a bus
otobüse binmek
You must take a bus or a taxi.
To take a chance
Đş
i şansa bırakmak
Study hard. Don’t take a chance.
To take advantage of
istirmar etmek
Do not take advantage of his innocence.
To take after
Birisine çekmek
Who did he take after? He took after his
good for nothing uncle.
To take a seat
bir yere oturmak
He asked me to take a seat when I entered
the room.
To take into account
hesaba katmak
The teacher should have taken the
conditions in his family into account.
To take a break
ara vermek
We took a break after we studied an hour.
To take apart
parçalamak
They took the car apart to repair it.
To take by surprise
ş
aşırtmak
That news took me by surprise.
To take part in
katılmak
I would like to take a part in the research.
To take seriously
ciddiye almak
Don't take to the movies too seriously.
To take sides
taraf tutmak
A president should not take sides on
political matters.
To take someone for
someone else
birisini birisine
benzetmek
They often take me for my brother.
To take up
alışkanlık edinmek
I gave up smoking but took up chewing
gum. Don’t take up a harmfull habit.
To turn someone
down
birisini reddetmek
The girl turned the boy down when he
asked her for a date.
To wake up
uyanmak
I try to wake up early in the morning.
40
THIRD PART
PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS
Proverbs
Treat others as you would like to be treated.
Do not do to others, what you do not want others to do to you.
Whatever you wish for yourself wish the same for the others
One is as good as the extent to which he wants for others what he wants for himself
We have two ears but only one tongue, so that we may hear more and speak less.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Rolling stones gather no moss.
Barking dogs do not bite.
A friend exaggerates one's virtues and enemy his faults.
What is good for one may not always be good for others.
One should not judge by appearance.
One should not put the cart in front of the horse.
Business is business.
A lie calls for a hundred more.
You can fool some of the people all of the time, all of the people some of the time,
but you can not fool all of the people all of the time (Lincoln).
People who stay in glass houses should not throw stones (men dakka dukka)
When the cats are away, the mice will play.
Only the squeaky wheel gets the grease.
Too many cooks spoil the soup.
Strike while the iron is hot.
A penny saved is a penny earned.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
A man is known by the company he keeps.
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
Action speaks louder than the words.
The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.
Easy come, easy go.
Time is money (El vaktu naktun)
Out of sight, out of mind
God gives nuts to those who don't have teeth.
Don't run after a girl or a bus, because there is always another one coming.
If a diplomat says yes, it means perhaps.If a diplomat says perhaps, it means no.
If a diplomat says no, he is not a real diplomat.
41
Tongue Twisters
How much wood would a woodpecker peck, if a woodpecker could peck wood.
Did you see Sally selling sea shells by the sea shores?
Will you buy a rubber baby buggy bumper?
Three hundred and thirty three thousand three hundred and thirty three (333.333).
Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper. How many packs of pickled pepper did
Peter Piper pick?
Trouble trouble before trouble troubles you.
The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.
It lasted from two to two, to two two..
If the sentence that had HAD had had HAD HAD, it would be correct.
Are you one of those whom we have not been able to Americanize?
A Nursery Rhyme
Eeney meeney monee moo.
Catch a tiger by his toe,
If he hollers let him go.
Eeney, meeney, monee, moo.
42
FOURTH PART
QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS
The World
Geography
The world is one of the 9 planets of the solar system.
The world rotates* on its own axis once every 24 hours.
The Earth revolves* around the sun once a year.
The moon is a satellite of the earth.
The moon revolves around the earth on an orbit once a month.
The moon is a satellite of the earth.
The area of the world is about 510.000.000 km
2
(square kilometers).
The area of the world is about 600 times larger than that of Turkey.
3/4 of the world area is covered by the sea (three fourths of the ...)
The distance between the earth and the moon is about 384.000 km. A space craft
can cover this distance in less than three days.
History
The history of the world dates back around 4 billion years.
We are living at a time when machines do work that men used to do.
Airplanes can cover a distance in as many hours now, as it used to take days by
other means of transportation in the near past.
There are twice as many people in the world now as there were 50 years ago.
Neil Armstrong, the commander of Apollo 11, is the first man to set foot on the
moon on July 21, 1969.
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell in 1876.
United Nations was established in 1945.
Economy
The richest country in the world, in terms of per capita income, is Kuwait.
According to Malthus, the population of the world increases in geometrical ratio
whereas the food production increases in arithmetical ratio. Therefore, the world
is bound to face a serious crisis stemming from the shortage of food.
Politics
One of the most important problems facing the mankind today is the lack of
sense of justice among nations. Power is still the major factor in settling
disputes.
Palestinian-Israeli dispute is the most important problem in the World Politics.
Turkey is trying to join the European Union since 1963.
* Rotate: to turn on an axis
* Revolve: to turn around a point
43
Turkey
Geography
Turkey is located between two continents, Asia and Europe.
The area of Turkey is about 780.000 km
2
(... square kilometers)
Turkey has well defined borders on all sides.
Turkey is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The Black Sea is in the north,
Aegean Sea is in the west and the Mediterranean Sea is in the south.
The mountains along the coast are covered with forests whereas the mountains of
Central Anatolia is mainly bare.
Due to the differences in climate and the formation of the terrain, Anatolia is
divided into a variety of agricultural regions.
History
For many thousands of years, because of its unique geographical position, Turkey
has been the cradle of many civilizations and the scene of many historical events.
Anatolia was captured and ruled by many nations, including Ionians, Persians,
Romans, Arabs, and Turks.
It is not for nothing that Turkey is called as the "cradle of civilization"...
Economy
The economy of Turkey is based on free market system.
Monetary unit in Turkey is Turkish Lira.
Per capita income in Turkey is about $5.000.
Turkey is among a few nations in the world that are self- sufficient in food
production.
If it weren’t for the waste and and mismanagement in the government in the past
20 years, the per capita income would have more than doubled now.
Social and Cultural Structure
The population of Turkey is about 70 million which constitutes approximately %
1 (one per cent) of the world's population.
30 % of the population live in rural areas in Turkey.
Turkey can be considered as a land of contrasts in some ways. For example, some
people still live a traditional life while some have adopted a modern way of life.
There is a big gap between the distribution of income both among the individuals
and the regions. These disparities need to be mitigated.
Politics
Political parties based onreligion, race or class is outlawed in Turkey.
Turkey is a country to be reckoned with.
44
Erzurum
Geography
Erzurum is located in the north eastern part of Turkey.
It has always been an important center because of its geographical location and
topographical position.
A branch of the ancient Silk Road used to pass through the city.
It is located on the skirts of majestic Palandöken Mountains, overlooks a large
plain and controls several passes to different directions.
The population of Erzurum is about 400.000.
The altitude of the city is about 1.800 meters.
The city is surrounded by Palandoken Mountains on the south and Kargapazarı
Mountains on the north.
The winters in Erzurum last for about six months from mid-November to the
end of April.
History
Erzurum has a history of 6.000 years dating back to 4.000 B.C.
Erzurum was captured and ruled by many nations such as Urartians,
Cimmerians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, Byzantians and Turks (Saltuqs, Ilhans
and Ottomans).
The Citadel in the city was built by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in the 5
th
Century, but the clock tower was built by the Saltuq Turks in 12
th
Century.
Erzurum has been the capital city of Saltuqian Dynasty in 12
th
Century.
There are many works of art in the city from the period of Saltuq, Ilhan, and
Ottoman Turks such as Grand Mosque, Double Minarets, Yakutiye Medresah
and Lala Pasha Mosque.
Ulucami, the grand mosque, was built by Melik Nasrettin of Seljuks in the 12
th
Century. It is covered by 7 parallel vaults, which provide 7 wide naves for the
prayers.
The Double Minarets, a Theological College, was built by Sultan Alaattin
Keykubat of saltuqs, a branch of the Seljuks, in the 13
th
Century. It is the biggest
and most elaborately decorated building of its kind in Anatolia. It has a very
impressive portal with a highly decorated frame and a huge mukarnas (a
decorated arch of the portal). Elaborate stone carvings on the base of the
minarets and the reliefs on the walls have symbolic meanings representing the
beliefs of the Ilhanits before they adopted Islam. For example, the double headed
eagles and the dragons represent masters of the sky and the earth respectively.
Yakutiye Medresah, a theological college, was built by Hodja Cemalettin
Yakutin in the 14
th
Century. The building is being used as a museum now.
Lalapasha Mosque was built by the Governor Lala Mustafa Pasha who later
became the conqueror of Cyprus in the 16
th
Century during the reign of The
Suleyman the Magnificent. It is a typical example of classical Ottoman mosques
with a central dome supported by 4 main columns. It is the work of the great
architect Sinan.
The city was occupied temporarily by the Russians three times in 1829, 1882
and 1916.
45
Erzurum is the city where the foundation of the Republic of Turkey was laid in
Erzurum Congress in July 23
rd
. 1919 by Atatürk and his friends.
Other points of interest in the city include the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai which
is used as a marketplace for black stone jewelry, three tombs and old Erzurum
houses.
Economy
For thermal and eco- tourism as well as rafting, trekking and mountain biking,
the economy of Erzurum depends mainly on three Sectors, namely, agriculture,
trade and turizm.
Fodder crops and animal husbandry in Erzurum has a great potential for
development.
The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Erzurum has more than 3.500
members. It is the biggest civil society organization in Erzurum.
Tourism, especially the winter tourism, is becoming a major economical sector
in Erzurum. Palandöken Ski Center is one of the most popular ski centers in the
Country. When fully developed, the center will have a capacity of 32.000 skiers
per day. The center isonly 6 kilometers away from the city. There are four five
star luxurious hotels in the center and it has the longest ski runs and the best
snow quality in Turkey.
There is an important potential in Erzurum.
Social and Cultural Structure
Erzurum has been the center of culture, education and throughout the history.
Double minarets and Yakutiye Medresah are the two important institutions of
higher education of 12
th
and 13
th
Century.
Ataturk University is one of the biggest and most important institutions of
higher education in the Country with about 40.000 Students
The people of Erzurum are called “dadash” which means “man of dignity “.
Politics
People of Erzurum are known to be “conservative” in their political and social
views.
Local elections will be held next year.
In the political history of Erzrurum, no Mayor has been elected twice.
46
Cyprus Problem
Cyprus is an island in Eastern Mediterranean, only 40 miles off the cost of Turkey.
It is more than 300 miles away from the mainland Greece. Cyprus became a part of the
Ottoman Empire in 1571 and remained so, for more than 300 years. In 1923 Turkey
relinquished its sovereignty to England in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. The
population of Cyprus is about 600.000, a quarter of which is Turkish.
The essence of Cyprus problem is that the Greeks have, for a long time, wanted to
unite the island with Greece and eliminate the Turkish Population. Turkish people on the
island had been subjected to continious discrimination, intimidation, oppression
harassment and outright massacre for years. In 1974, Turkey intervened militarily in
accordance with the Treaty of Guarantee of 1960 to maintain the independence of the
island and protect the lives of the Turkish People. If the Turks had not been harassed out
of Cyprus, it has been calculated that the number of them would have been equal to that of
Greeks by now.
The best possible solution to the problem seems to be the establishment of a bi-
communal, bi-zonal, non-aligned and independent federal republic. This solution will
maintain the independence and integrity of the island, and will provide peace and security
to both communities.
There are two completely different communities on the island. They have different
cultural, social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. They have different traditions and
aspirations. Past events have created a profound mistrust and enmity between them. These
communities can not live together at least for the time being. Therefore, they should live
side by side if peace and security on the Island are to be maintained.
The Greeks seem to maintain the idea of Enosis. Now, they are more interested in
mobilizing international pressure against Turkey than in reaching a just and lasting peace
through negotiations. There will not be a solution to the problem as long as Greeks follow
a policy of tension with Turkey. On the other hand an imposed solution to the question
will, almost certainly, lead to another crisis, another tragedy or even a shamefull ethnic
clensing like the one witnessed in Bosnia.
47
Turkish-
Armenian Matter
Some Armenians are trying to win the sympathy of the world public opinion and gain
some political advantage at the expense of Turkey by making genocide claims and presenting only
one side of the story.
The Armenians, like many other communities, lived in total cultural freedom, peace, and
prosperity for many Centuries under the Ottoman rule. In late 19
th
Century those countries that
wanted to decimate the Ottoman Empire manipulated the Armenians for their own political aims
and encouraged them to fight against the empire and form an independent State. To that end, they
formed organizations such as Hinchak in 1987 and Tashnak groups in 1890 with armed units to
fight against the Ottoman security forces and harass the Muslim population. They started the first
riot and in Sason in 1894 and shed the bloods of many innocent people. In the following years
they intensified their violence in Eastern Anatolia. During the First World War, they fought
against the Ottoman army along side the Russians and committed mass murders
On April 24, 1915, the Ottoman Government decided to relocate or resetle the
Armenians of Eastern Anatolia to Syria which was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that time.
Many countries in history have relocated some of their citizens during the wars.
What Armenians claim to be genocide is in fact the relocation of the Armenians away
from the front line as a result of their own acts of violence. Subsequent loss of life due to the
inhuman conditions of war is well known to all. Genocide is an act of killing a group of people for
what they are, not for what they do. Ermenians were resetled for what they did during the war.
Most Armenians who scratch the healing wounds now are the descendents of those who
were resetled away from the front line during the War. If there had been a genocide at that time,
they would not have been able to make those claims now.
It is unfortunate that on the advent of 21
st
Century, some people are nurturing hatred and
violence again, killing innocent people including diplomats and expecting some benefits from
creating a biased World public opinion.
A group of bipartisan international experts must come together to bring out to light all
the facts about this matter and put an end to endless accusations, enmities, misunderstanding and
the exploitation of the good will of the international communities.
In the final analysis, both the Armenians and the Turks who lost their lives as a result of
the fabricated hatret are the victims of the super powers of that time which followed the policy of
“divide and rule”. Most of the conflicts in the Middle East of today stems from the same policy.
All those who want to tarnish the image of a nation must act responsible and give up creating
more hatret, conflict and violence.
48
Agriculture
Agriculture can be described as the work of growing crops and raising farm
animals.
Agronomy is the work of producing field crops in large and open fields.
Horticulture is the work of producing fruits and vegetables in small and protected
areas.
Agricultural extension is a technical service based on an out-of-school educational
system and aimed at improving the living conditions of the people who are
engaged in Agriculture.
There are eleven Departments in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University.
They are the Departments of: Horticulture, Plant Protection, Food Technology,
Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Mechanization,
Field Crops, Soil Science and Animal Husbandry, Aquaculture and Landscape
Architecture.
Photosynthesis is a process by which chlorophyll containing cells in green plants
synthesize carbohydrates from carbodioxide and water in the presence of sun
light. In other words, it is a process by which plants make sugar from water and
air.
Erosion occurs on sloping surfaces rather than level surfaces.
Some bacteria are beneficial, but some are harmful, causing various diseases.
A plow is an implement to till or turn over the soil.
A roller is used to break up the clods and compact the seed bed.
In general, tillage serves three purposes. It prepares the seed bed, destroys the
weeds, and improves the soil.
Rotation is a practice of growing different crops at different times on the same
soil.
A tractor can draw a two or more furrow plow.
49
Economics
Economics is the study of man's activities aimed at satisfying the unlimited human
needs by means of limited resources. These activities include production,
distribution, consumption etc.
Supply and demand are among the most important concepts in Economics. Supply
refers to the amounts of a commodity that the suppliers are willing to sell at
certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time. On the other hand,
demand refers to the amounts of a commodity that the consumers are willing to
buy at certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time.
In a free market, the price of a commodity is determined at a point where the
amounts of supply and demand are equal. , the price of a commodity goes up as
the demand goes up, or the supply goes down, or vice versa.
Inflation is an economic phenomenon which appears as a steady and sharp
increase in general price level. Inflation, by definition, refers to a high level of
increase in money supply in relation to the increase in production. Inflation can
also be defined as too much demand in relation to supply. It follows that the
solution to inflation is to decrease demand and increase supply by certain
measures.
According to the law of diminishing returns, in production when one factor is
increased constantly while the others are held constant. the output will show three
stages:
1) Increases at an increasing rate.
2) Increases at decreasing rate.
3) Reaches a maximum and there after decrease.
The law of diminishing returns is also called the law of diminishing marginal
productivity
50
Atatürk
Atatürk is the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic. He was born
in 1881 in Salonika which is in Greece now but was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that
time. He attended military school and became an officer in the Ottoman Army in 1902.
He fought on several fronts in different wars and became a national hero after the
Gallipoli War in 1915. Ottoman Empire was invaded by several foreign powers after the
First World War. He started the Independence War against the invading powers in Samsun
on May 19th, 1919. He led the Nation to victory after a bitter and costly struggle on
August 30th, 1922. He established the Turkish Republic, on October 29th, 1923 and was
elected as the first President of the Republic.
The Turkish Republic was established on the principles of; republicanism,
nationalism, statism, secularism, populism, and revolutionism which have become to be
known as Kemalism. Atatürk has carried out several bold and broad reforms to create a
modern state on the ruins of the six-century old Ottoman Empire.
His many reforms include the following:
Abolishing the Sultanate and establishing the Republic.
Abolishing the Caliphate and Religious Code and establishing the secularism
and Civil Code.
Closing down the religious orders.
Changing hats and costumes.
Introducing the Latin alphabet.
Establishing several state institutions to promote peace, prosperity, and
progress in the Country.
Atatürk died on November 10th, 1938, but his memory and his works will live
forever. He is one of the greatest leaders of the Twentieth Century. Even if he had
achieved only one of his many accomplishments, he would still have deserved to be called
as one of the greatest leaders in the world.
51
Atatürk’s Address to the Turkish Youth
Turkish Youth!
Your first duty is to preserve and defend the Turkish independence and the Turkish
Republic forever.
This is the only foundation of your existence and your future. This foundation is
your most valuable treasure. In the future too, you will have enemies both in the country
and abroad who will try to deprive you of this treasure. If, one day, you are compelled to
defend your independence and the Republic, you shall not hesitate to perform your duty no
matter what the circumstances and possibilities may be. These circumstances and
possibilities may be extremely unfavorable. The enemies who desire to destroy your
independence and your Republic may have won a victory unprecedented in the history of
the World. By force or deceit, all the fortresses and shipyards of your homeland may have
been seized, all the armies may have been dispersed and all the corners of your homeland
may have actually been occupied. What is more tragic and awesome than even these
eventualities, those in power may have fallen into ignorance, error, or even treason.
Moreover, they may identify their personal interest with the enemies' political claims. The
nation may have been completely deprived, destroyed and exhausted.
Turkish youth of the future, even under these circumstances, it is your duty to save
the Turkish independence and the Turkish Republic. The might that you will need is
already present in the noble blood in your veins.
M.K.Atatürk 1927
52
FIFTH PART
LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES
A Letter to a Friend
April 1
st
, 1986
ERZURUM
Dear A,
Thank you very much for your letter of March 8 th. It was very nice to hear from
you again. I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter. I was out of town for a two-
week vacation when it arrived. Lots of paper had piled up on my desk when I returned
from vacation, and it took me several days to catch up with the work.
It is nice to hear that you and your family are all well. I am happy to be able to say
that I and my family are all fine too. B had a cold last week. He is about over it and join
the football team now. The weather has been unusually warm around here for this time of
the year.
That is all there is to say for the time being. Please say hi, to C and D for me.
Please give my regards to your parents.
I am looking forward to hearing from you again.
With all my best wishes
E. F. U
P.S.
G. became engaged to H.T. yesterday
K will get married to L tomorrow.
53
A Letter of Application
______________________________________________________________________
April 2nd, 1986
ERZURUM
I.C.L.S.
1346 Connecticut Ave., 1200
N.W. Washington D.C. 20036 U.S.A.
Dear Sirs
I am a member of the teaching staff in the Department of... in the College of
Agriculture at Atatürk University in Turkey. I was given a scholarship to study in U.S.A.
for a period of one year. I would like to attend your school for three months for language
training before I start studying in my field.
I would appreciate if you could send me an application form and some information
regarding accommodation possibilities-in D.C.
Thank you very much in advance for your consideration. I am looking forward to
receiving an answer from you.
Sincerely yours,
K.L.A
Department of...........
.
Ataturk University
25240 Erzurum-Turkey
Enclosures :
1. A copy of B.S. diploma
2. A letter of financial support
54
A Letter of Recommendation
______________________________________________________________________
April 3rd, 1986
ERZURUM
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
I am pleased to write this letter of recommendation in behalf of Dr. O.P. whom I
have known for over ten years and worked with since 1980. He was asked to join the
teaching staff in the College because of his distinguished record during his undergraduate
years.
Mr. P. is a diligent and intelligent person. He has a great sense of duty and
responsibility. He is known to be a man of patience and perseverance.
It is my belief that Dr. O.P. will be able to benefit greatly from an opportunity to
study abroad. I strongly recommend him for such an opportunity.
Very truly yours,
Prof. Dr. M. C. A
Chairman
Department of..................
College of Agriculture
Atatürk University
Erzurum / TURKEY
Some positive characteristics: careful, considerate, creative, co-operative, diligent, dedicated, energetic,
extravert, friendly, hardworking, imaginative, intelligent, meticulous, orderly, punctual, self confident,
vigilant,
55
A Letter of Confirmation
______________________________________________________________________
April 4th, 1986
ERZURUM
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that Dr. O.P. has been a member of the teaching staff in the
College of Agriculture at Atatürk University for the past five years. He was awarded a
scholarship by the Government to study abroad for a period of one year.
I would like to confirm that his scholarship covers in full, the travel expenses, per-
diem allowances, admission fees and medical expenses.
Prof. Dr. T.K.F
Dean
College of Agriculture
Atatürk University 25240
ERZURUM-TURKEY
56
______________________________________________________________________
Translation of a Diploma
______________________________________________________________________
REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
ERZURUM
Photo
ATATURK UNIVERSITY
and
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
seal
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER
DIPLOMA
Date of Diploma
:
Diploma Number
:
Department
:
This is to certify that ...............................................................the son/daughter of
.......................born in the year........................ in .........................has been granted the title
of AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER on the date of............................. upon completing
his/her studies and examinations successfully in compliance with the special laws and
regulations of the College of Agriculture of Atatürk University to benefit from all the
rights and privileges provided by the laws of the Republic of Turkey.
Rector of Atatürk University
Dean of College of Agriculture
.......... .........
Signature
Signature
______________________________________________________________________
This is a complete and correct translation of the original
Date and confirmation:
57
SIXTH PART
VOCABULARY
Just as keys are attached to rings, the words should be attached to sentences to
prevent them from being lost.
English Words
English Logic
When the English tongue we speak,
Why is break not rhymed with freak?
Will you tell me why it's true?
We say sew, but likewise few
And the maker of the verse
Can not cap his horse with worse?
Beard sounds not the same as heard
Cord is different from word
Cow is cow, but low is low;
Shoe is never rhymed with foe.
Think of hose and dose and lose,
And of goose and yet of choose.
Think of comb and tomb and bomb,
Doll and roll, and home and some,
And since pay is rhymed with say.
Why not paid with said, I pray?
We have blood and food and good;
Mould is not pronounced like could.
Wherefore done, but gone and lone?
Is there any reason known?
And in short, it seems to me,
Sound and letters disagree.
58
Homophones
Aisle (Ayıl) Koridor
Isle
Ada
Be (Bi)
Olmak
Bee
Arı
Break (Breyk) Kırmak
Brake
Fren
Die (Day)
Ölmek
Dye
Boya
Cell (Sel)
Hücre
Sell
Satmak
Doe (Do)
Dişi Geyik
Dough
Hamur
Hair (Heyr)
Saç
Hare
Tavşan
Flour (Flawr
Un
Flower
Çiçek
Heal (Hiil) Iyileşmek
Heel
Topuk
Idol (Aydıl) Put
Idle
Boş, Aylak
Mail (Meyl)
Posta
Male
Erkek
Our (Avr)
Bizim
Hour
Saat
Straight (Streyt)
Doğru (Düz Hat)
Strait
Boğaz (Çanakkale)
Tail (Teyl)
Kuyruk
Tale
Masal
Fair
Doğru Adil
Fare
Ücret (Bilet v.b.)
American English English English Turkish
Baby bottle (nipple)
Teat
Biberon
Long distance call
Trunk call
Ş
ehirlerarası telefon
Business suit
Lounge suit
Resmi elbise
Pants (slacks)
Trousers
Pantolon
Parka
Onarak
Mont
Shoestring
Shoelace
Ayakkabı bağı
Intermission
Interval
Ara (sinemada)
Meat grinder
Mincer
Kıyma makinası
Raisins
Sultanas
Kişmiş
Antenna
Arial
Anten
Closet
Cupboard
Dolap
Faucet
Tap
Muslık
Scotch tape
Cellotape
Ş
effaf bant
Fender
Mud quard
Çamurluk
Baggage
Luggage
Bavul
Lost and found
Lost property
Kayıp eşya bürosu
Make reservation
Book
Yer ayırtmak
Subway
Under ground
Metro
Zero
Naught
Sıfır
59
Agricultural Words and Terms
General
Agriculture: Tarım
Winnow: Savurmak
Leaf: Yaprak
Horticulture:Bağcılık,
Bahçecilik
Store: Depolamak
Awn: Kılçık
Viticulture: Üzümcülük
Germinate: Çimlenme
Bud: Tomurcuk
Apiculture: Arıcılık
Emerge: Çıkma
Field Crops: Tarla bitkileri
Cultivate: Işlemek
Flower: Çiçek, Çiçek açma
Cash Crops: Gelir bitkileri
Plow: Sürmek, Pulluk
Mature : Olgun,
Olgunlaşma
Subsistence Crops:
Geçimlik Ürünler
Sow: Ekmek
Bran: Kepek
Grain Crops: Daneliler
Plant: Dikmek
Stable: Ahır
Cereal Crops: Hububat
Mow: Biçmek
Stem: Gövde (ağaç)
Root Crops: Kök bitkileri
Reap: Biçmek
Branch: Dal
Industrial Crops: End. bit.
Harvest: Hasat etmek
Bark: Kabuk
Oil Crops: Yağ bitkileri
Trash: Dövmek
Stalk: Gövde (sap)
Fiber Crops: Lif bitkileri
Wilt: Sararma
Seedling : Fide
Poultry : Kümes hayvan
Thin: Seyreltme
Fingerling: Yavru balık
Feed: Hayvan yemi
Hoe: Çapalama
Rotation: Münavebe
Trough: Kurun (Su kapları)
Irrigate: Sulama
Smut: Sürme
Saddle Animals: Binek h.
Sprinkler: Yağmurlama
Forage Crops: Yem
bitkileri
Draft Animals: Çeki h.
Barn: Samanlık
Fodder Crops: Yem Bit.
Flora: Tabii Bitki varlığı
Furrow: Karık
Cover Crops: Örtü bitkileri
Fauna:Tabii Hayvan varlığı
Fallow: Nadas
Bovine : Büyükbaş hayvan
Farm Manure: Çiftlik
gübresi
To Leave Fallow: Nadasa
bırakma
Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvan
Beef: Sığır eti
Mutton: Koyun eti
Plants
Grains: Hububatlar
Barley: Arpa
Millet: Darı
Awned Wheat: Kılçıklı b.
Wheat: Buğday
Lentils: Mercimek
Rice: Pirinç
Corn: Mısır
Oat: Yulaf
Weed: Yabancı ot
Rye: Çavdar
60
Industrial crops
Cotton: Pamuk
Tobacco: Tütün
Flax: Keten, Jute: Kendir
Hemp: Kenevir
Sugar Beet: Şeker pancarı
Fruits: Meyveler
Apple: Elma
Cherry Pip: Kiraz çekirdeği
Strawberry: Çilek
Pear: Armut
Grape: Üzüm
Mulberry: Dut
Peach: Şeftali
Grapefruit: Greyfurt
Pineapple: Ananas
Apricot: Kayısı
Date: Hurma
Orange : Portakal
Plum: Erik
Fig: Incir
Tangerine: Mandalina
Cherry: Kiraz
Melon : Kavun
Lemon: Limon
Pip: Çekirdek
Watermelon: Karpuz
Quince : Ayva
Vegetables: Sebzeler
Tomato: Domates
Potato: Patates
Squash: Kabak (Dolmalık)
Pepper: Biber
Onion: Soğan
Pumpkin: Kabak (Bal)
Egg Plant: Patlıcan
Garlic: Sarmısak
Cauliflower: Karnabahar
Cucumber: Salatalık
Bean: Fasulye
Cabbage: Lahana
Lettuce: Marul
Melon: Kavun
Mushroom: Mantar
Carrot: Havuç
Nuts: Kuruyemişler
Chestnut: Kestane
Coconut: Hindistan Cevizi
Pistachio: Antep Fıstığı
Walnut: Ceviz
Almond: Badem
Peanut : Fıstık
Cashew: Cashew Fıstığı
Fodder crops: Yem Bitkileri
Alfalfa: Yonca
Vetch: Fiğ (Küspe)
Grass: Çimen
Seinfoin: Korunga
Clover : Üçgül
Crushed Straw: Saman
Flowers: Çiçekler
Rose: Gül
Carnation: Karanfil
Daisy: Papatya
Tulip: Lale
Violet: Menekşe
Lavender: Lavanta
Jasmine: Yasemin
Lily: Zambak
61
Trees: Ağaçlar
Willow
: Söğüt
Maple: Akçaağaç
Okra: Bamya
Poplar: Kavak
Palm Tree: Palmiye
Spinach: Ispanak
Oak: Meşe
Herbicide:Yabancı Ot
Ilacı
Celery : Kereviz
Hazelnut: Fındık
Pea: Bezelye
Parsley : Maydanoz
Pine: Çam
Chick-Pea: Nohut
Leek: Prasa
Division : Bölüm
Class: Sınıf
Family: Familya
Animals and Insects
Bovine: Büyükbaş Hayvanlar
Cow: Inek
Bull: Boğa
Camel: Deve
Ox: Öküz
Buffalo: Manda
Calf: Dana
Pig: Domuz
Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvanlar
Sheep: Koyun
Lamb: Kuzu
Doe: Keçi (Dişi), Dişi Geyik
Eve: Koyun
Goat: Keçi
Ram: Koç
Buch: Teke
Poultry: Kümes Hayvancılığı
Chicken: Tavuk
Turkey: Hindi
Duckling: Ördek yavrusu
Hen: Tavuk
Goose: Kaz
Rooster: Horoz
Duck: Ördek
Saddle Animals: Binek Hayvanları
Horse: At
Mare: Kısrak
Mule: Katır
Stallion: Aygır
Donkey:Eşek
Domestic Animals : Ev Hayvanlar
Dog: Köpek
Puppy: Guduk
Kitten: K.Yavrusu
Bitch: Kancık
Cat: Kedi
62
Insects: Böcekler
Fly: Sinek
Butterfly: Kelebek
Genus: Cins
Bee: Arı
Spider: Örümcek
Species: Tür
Mosquito: Sivrisinek
Cockroach: Hamam b.
Variety: Çeşit
Beetle: A. Böceği
Silkworm: Ipek böceği
Strain: Hat
Insecticide:Böcek
Öldürücü
Locust: Çekirge
Wild Animals and Others
Land Animals: Kara Hayvanları
Wolf: Kurt
Monkey: Maymun
Rabbit: Tavşan
Fox: Tilki
Zebra: Zebra
Rat: Tarla faresi
Bear: Ayı
Giraffe: Zürafa
Mouse: Ev faresi
Lion: Aslan
Elephant: Fil
Bat: Yarasa
Tiger: Kaplan
Beaver: Kunduz
Squirrel: Sincap
Leopard: Leopar
Jackal: Çakal
Sea Creatures: Deniz Yaratıkları
Whale: Balina
Coral: Mercan
Shrimp: Karides
Shark: Köpek Balığı
Sponge: Sünger
Lobster: Istakos
Dolphin: Yunus Balığı
Octopus: Ahtapot
Crab: Yengeç
Trout: Alabalık
Mussel: Midye
Birds: Kuşlar
Sea Gull: Martı
Crow: Karga
Peacock: Tavus
Hawk: Atmaca
Sparrow: Serçe
Pheasant: Keklik
Dove: Güvercin
Pigeon: Güvercin
Vulture: Akbaba
Falcon: Şahin
Eagle: Kartal
Ostrich: Devekuşu
Canary: Kanarya
Stork: Leylek
Owl: Baykuş
Parrot: Papağan
Crane: Leylek
63
Reptiles: Sürüngenler
Snake: Yılan
Alligator: Timsah
Snail: Sümüklü böcek
Scorpion: Akrep
Turtle: Kaplumbağa
Frog: Kurbağa
Crocodile: Timsah
Worm: Solucan
Agricultural Implements
Fork: Dirgen
Hammer: Çekiç
Harrow: Sürgü
Rake: Tırmak
Sickle: Orak
Discharrow: Diskaro
Pick: Kazma
Scythe: Tırpan
Shovel: Kürek
Cart: Araba
Seed Drill: Mibzer
Spade: Bel Küreği
Plow: Pulluk
Tractor: Traktör
Hoe: Çapa
Roller: Merdane
Trailer: Römork
Combine Harvester: Biçer
Döver
Potato Planter: P. Dikici
Wheel Barrow: El arabası
Household Tools
Scissors: Makas
Driver: Tornavida
Awl: Biz
Tweezers: Cımbız
Bolt: Civata
Strainer: Süzgeç
Pliers: Pense
Nut: Somun
Funnel: Huni
Pincers
: Kerpeten
Spanner: Somun anahtarı
Bucket: Kova
Axe: Balta
Wrench: Đng.Anahtar
Nail: Çivi
Chopper: Satır, Falçata
Saw: Testere
Hammer: Çekiç
Lever: Levye
Hacksaw: Demir testeresi
Brush: Fırça
Drill: Matkap
Ripsaw: Ağaç testeresi
Broom: Süpürge
Screw: Vida
Dust Pan: Faraş
Mop: Paspas
Parts of a Human Body
The Skeleton : Đskelet
Wrist: Bilek
Forehead/Brow: Alın
Skull: Kafatası
Fist: Yumruk
Jaw: Çene Kemiği
Collar-Bone: Köprücük k.
Hand: El
Mustache: Bıyık
Shoulder-Blade: Kürek k.
Palm: Aya, Avuç içi
Beard: Sakal
Breastbone: Göğüş Kemiği
Thumb: Başparmak
Tooth: Diş
Rib: Kaburga Kemiği
Finger: Parmak
Lip: Dudak
Backbone/Spine: Omurga
Nail: Tırnak
Tongue: Dil
Hip-Bone/: Kalça Kemiği/
Leg: Bacak
Eye: Göz
64
Pelvis: Leğen Kemiği
Thigh: Uyluk
Eyeball: Göz yuvarlağı
Kneecap: Dizkapağı Kemiği
Knee: Diz
Eyebrow: Kaş
Hair: Saç
Calf: Baldır
Eyelid: Göz kapağı
Head: Baş/Kafa
Ankle: Ayak bileği
Eyelashes: Kirpikler
Neck: Boyun
Foot: Ayak
Iris: Iris/Iris Tabakası
Throat: Boğaz/Gırtlak
Heel: Topuk
Brain: Beyin
Shoulder: Omuz
Instep: Taban kemeri
Wind Pipe: Soluk borusu
Chest: Göğüs
Sole: Ayak tabanı
Heart: Kalp Yürek
Back: Sırt
Toe: Ayak parmağı
Lung: Akciğer
Waist: Bel
The Face: Yüz
Liver: Karaciğer
Stomach/Tummy:Mide/Karın
Eye: Göz
Kidney: Böbrek
Hip: Kalça
Nose: Burun
Intestines: Barsaklar
Bottom/Buttocks: Kıç/Kaba
Ear: Kulak
Bladder: Sidik torbası
Armpit: Koltuk Altı
Mouth: Ağız
Vein: Toplardamar
Arm: Kol
Cheek: Yanak, Avurt
Artery: Atardamar
Upper Arm: Üst kol
Chin: Çene
Muscle: Kas/Adale
Forearm: Önkol
Temple: Şakak
Vessel: Damar
Elbow: Dirsek
Automotive Words and Terms
Car: Araba
Gear: Vites
Spare Tire: Yedek Lastik
Bus: Otobüs
Clutch: Debriyaj
Jack: Kriko
Truck: Kamyon
Brake: Firen
Lever: Levye
Bumper: Tampon
Accelerator: Gaz
Towing Rope: Çekme halat
Headlight: Ön Far
Fan: Pervane
Extinguisher: Yangın sön.
Signal: Sinyal
Fan Belt: Pervane kayışı
Fuel Tank: Depo
Fender: Çamurluk
Starter: Marş
Pot Hole: Kasis
Hood: Motor kapağı
Spark Plug: Buji
To Start: Çalıştırmak
Windshield: Ön cam
Distributor: Distribitör
To Speed Up: Hızlanmak
Wiper: Silecek
Carburetor: Karbüratör
To Swerve: Dir. Kırmak
Roof: Üst Kaporta
Dashboard: Konsol
Flat Tire: Patlak Lastik
Trunk: Bagaj
Glove Compartment:
Torpido gözü
To Slow down :
Yavaşlamak
Wheel: Tekerlek
Front Seat: Ön koltuk
To Pull Over: Kenara çekmek
Tire: Lastik
Back Seat: Arka koltuk
To Stop: Durmak
Rear view mirror: Arkayı
görüş aynası
Seat Belt: Kemer
To Repair the flat tire:
Lastik tamir etmek
Steering Wheel: Direksiyon
simidi
Horn: Korna
A Dent On The Fender:
Çamurlukta bir çöküntü
To sound horn: Korna
To Blow Horn: Korna
65
çalmak
Çalmak
Military Terms
Private
Er
Artillery
Topçu
Corporal
Onbaşı
Cavalry
Süvari
Sergeant
Çavuş
Tank units
Tankçı
Lieutenant
Teğmen
Military engineering Đstihkam
Second Lieutenant
Üsteğmen
Communication
Units
Muhabere
Captain
Yüzbaşı
Cease- Fire
Ateş Kes
Major
Binbaşı
Armistice
Mütareke
Lieutenant colonel
Yarbay
Machine gun
Makinalı tüfek
Colonel
Albay
Bullet
Tabanca mermisi
General
General
Artillery round
Top mermisi
One Star general
Tuğ general
Missile
Füze
Two Star general
Tüm general
Nuclear warhead
Nükleer başlık
Three Star general
Kor general
Gun powder
Barut
Four Star general
Or general
Combat
Çatışma
Marshal
Mareşal
Booby trap
Bubi tuzağı
Chief of staff
Genel kurmay baş.
Armored vehicles
Zırhlı araçlar
Army
Kara kuvvetleri
Trench
Siper
Navy
Deniz kuvvetleri
Front line
Savaş hattı
Airforce
Hava kuvvetleri
Infantry
Piyade
Latin Words and Abbreviations
De facto
In Reality
Fiili Durum
De jure
In Law
Yasal Olarak Durum
Phenomenon
Event
Olay
Phenomena
Events
Olaylar
Fait accompli
Accomplished Fact
Emri Vaki, Oldu Bitti
(Or) Vice Versa
Conversely
(Veya) Tersi
Vis-A-Vis
Faceto Face, Compared to
Yüz Yüze, E Göre
As Per
In Accordance with
E Uygun Olarak….
66
Datum
Information (Sin.)
Veri
Data
Information (Pl.)
Veriler
Thesis
Thesis
Tez
Theses
Theses
Tezler
Per Se
In (By) itself
Bizatihi
Per Capita
Per Head
Kişi Başına
Ad Hoc
Specific
Özel
In Vivo
In living thing
Canlı içinde
In Vitro
Out of living thing
Canlı dışında
Sine Quo Non
Essential
Olmazsa olmaz
Ceterus Paribus
Other things being equal
Diğer şartlar sabit
kaldığında
I.E. (Id Est)
That Is
Yani
E.G. (Exempli Gratia)
For Example
Mesela
Etc. (Et Cetera)
And so on
Vesaire
Et al.
And others
Ve diğerleri
Ibid ( Ibidem)
In the book cited above
Y.A.G.E.
C.V.
Curriculum Vitae
Özgeçmiş
Quid Pro Quo
Something for something
Kısasa kısas
Erratum
Error
Hata
Errata
Errors
Hatalar
Criterion
Criterion
Ölçüt
Criteria
Criteria
Ölçütler
Bona Fide
Made in good faith
Iyi niyetle yapılmış
Uni, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca.
Onomatopoeic Words (Tabiat sesleri taklidi kelimeler)
Bark: Havlama
Hum: Mırıldanma (Şarkı)
Knock: Kapıyı Vurma
Meow: Miyavlama
Mırmır: Mırıldanma (Söz)
Clap: Alkış Sesi
Hee Haw: Anırma
Purr: Mırıldanma (Kedi)
Chop: Odun Kırma
Quack: Vak Vak
Snore: Horlama
Chip: Kutuya Para Atma
Roar: Kükreme
Piss: Işeme
Moan: Inleme
Weigh: Kişneme
Cough: Öksürme
Crisp: Gevrek
Blah-Blah: Dırdır
Crack: Çatırtı
Bomb: Bomba lamak
Burb: Geğirme
Crackle: Çıtırtı
Snap: Ipin Kopması
Sneeze: Hapşırma
Crash: Çarpışma
Hick-Up: Hıçkırmak
Hush: Hış!
Splash: Suya Çarpma
67
A Poem
Come, come again.
Whatever you are come again.
Be you an idol or fire worshipper or an atheist
Come again.
Our way is not the way of hopelessness;
Even if you have broken your oath or penitence a hundred times,
Come again,
Mevlana
Another Poem
Whatever you wish for yourself,
wish the same for the others.
That is the assence of four Books,
and the words of the fathers.
Yunus Emre