English Learn Turkish INTEGRATED ENGLISH id 161892

Atatürk University College of Agriculture Publication

Number: 66

Prof. Dr. Ziya YURTTAŞ

INTEGRATED ENGLISH

REFERENCE NOTES

ERZURUM - 1999

FOREWORD

This booklet was prepared only as a source of reference for the intermediate level

intensive English courses that had been held annually in the College of Agriculture at

Atatürk University between 1978 and 1998. The details, explanations and exercises were

omitted, on purpose, for they were intended to be taken up during the courses.

Generally in schools, different parts of certain subjects are taught at different times

in the courses of English as a foreign language. A learner at intermediate level has to

integrate and consolidate these parts in order to establish a solid base for improvement.

In this booklet, the essentials of English Grammar are integrated by presenting related

parts together and simplified by sacrificing some details for the sake of practicality. It is

intended to provide a practical guideline for intermediate learners to reach to an advanced

level and for the advanced learners to maintain their level of proficiency in English. This

integrated approach makes it possible for learners to know what they already know and

they need to know.

Four basic skills, i.e., reading comprehension, listening comprehension, written

expression, and oral expression must be developed in learning a language. These skills are

based on Grammar and Vocabulary. A special attention must be given to each one of these

six basic components of linguistics in learning a foreign language in an efficient way. This

modest booklet has a limited objective of providing guidance for mainly one of them,

namely Grammar. The other components need to be dealt with separately to facilitate a

systematic learning.

Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM

ÖNSÖZ

Bu kitapcık, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde 1978 yılından beri

düzenlenmekte olan orta düzey yoğun Đngilizce kursları için, yalnızca bir hatırlatma notu

olarak hazırlanmıştır. Kurslar sırasında ele alınacağı düşünülerek, bu kitapçıkta ayrıntılara,

açıklamalara ve alıştırmalara yer verilmemiştir.

Genellikle, okullarda yabancı dil derslerinde, belirli bir konunun değişik bölümleri

değişik zamanlarda verilmektedir. Orta düzeyde bir öğrencinin, ilerleme sağlayacak

sağlam bir temel oluşturabilmesi için bu bölümleri birleştirip bütünleştirmesi ve

pekiştirmesi gereklidir. Bu kitapcıkta Đngilizce gramerinin temel konuları ile ilgili

bölümler bir araya getirilerek bütünleştirilmiş ve bazı ayrıntılar ihmal edilerek

basitleştirilmiştir. Bu bütünleştirilmiş yaklaşım bir öğrencinin belirli bir konuda neler

bildiğini ve daha neler öğrenmesi gerektiğini kolaylıkla gösterebilir.

Bir dil öğreniminde dört temel becerinin geliştirilmesi gerekir. Bu beceriler okuma,

yazma, anlama ve konuşmadır. Bunlar gramer ve kelime bilgisine dayanır. Yabancı dil

öğreniminde etkinlik sağlayabilmek için dil biliminin bu altı temel bölümüne ayrı ayrı

çalışmak ve önem vermek gerekir. Sınırlı bir amaç için hazırlanmış olup, geçtiğimiz

yıllarda düzenlenen kurslara katılanların da katkıları ile geliştirilmiş olan bu notların

yabancı dil öğrenimi ile ilgilenenlere yararlı olmasını dilerim.

Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FIRST PART- ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY ................................................1
1. TENSES (Zamanlar) .......................................................................................................1
2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller) ..............................................................................7
3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen) .............................................................................8
4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı Đfadeler) ................................................................9
5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Đlgi Zamirleri)..................................................................10
6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı) .........................................................................11
7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları)................................................................................11
8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım) ........................................................................................11
9. NOUNS (Đsimler) ...........................................................................................................12
10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler)..............................................................................................14
11. VERBS (Fiiller)............................................................................................................15
12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar) ............................................................................................19
13. ADVERBS (Zarflar)....................................................................................................21
14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar).........................................................................................24
15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar) ...................................................................................26
16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler)...........................................................................28
17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler)................................................................................................31
18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler) ...............................................................................................31
19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif) .................................................................................32
Odds and Ends...................................................................................................................34
SECOND PART – IDIOMS..............................................................................................37
THIRD PART - PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS .........................................40
FOURTH PART - QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS ..........................................................42
FIFTH PART-LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES.........................................................52
SIXTH PART - VOCABULARY.....................................................................................57
A Poem................................................................................................................................67

FIRST PART

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY

1. TENSES (Zamanlar)

1.1. Simple Tenses

1.1.1

Present Tense

I go

Giderim

1.1.2

Past Tense

I went

Gittim

1.1.3

Future Tense

I will go

Gideceğim

1.1.4

Conditional T.

I would go

Gidecektim

1.2. Continuous Tenses (C.T.)

1.2.1

Present C.T.

I am going

Gidiyorum

1.2.2

Past C.T.

I was going

Gidiyordum

1.2.3

Future C.T.

I will be going

Gidiyor olacağım

1.2.4

Conditional C.T.

I would be going

Gidiyor olacaktım

1.3. Perfect Tenses (P.T.)

1.3.1

Present P.T.

I have gone

Gitmişim (Gittim)

1.3.2

Past P.T.

I had gone

Gitmiştim

1.3.3

Future P.T.

I will have gone

Gitmiş olacağım

1.3.4

Conditional P.T.

I would have gone.

Gitmiş olacaktım

1.4. Perfect Continuous Tenses (P.C.T.)

1.4.1

Present P.C.T.

I have been going

Gitmekteyim

1.4.2

Past P.C.T.

I had been going

Gitmekteydim

1.4.3

Future P.C.T.

I will have been
going

Gitmekte
olacağım

1.4.4

Conditional P.C.T.

I would have been going

Gitmekte olacaktım

I am going to go

I am gonna go

I will go

I was going to go

I was gonna go

I would go

I used to go

Giderdim (Alışkanlık)

I would go

Giderdim (Şarta bağlı)

Other verbs to be conjugated: to do, to be, to see, to have, to make. (to smoke for P.C.T.).

SAMPLE SENTENCES

I go to school every day in the morning at 8 o’clock with my friends by bus.

I went to school 10 minutes late yesterday.

I will go to school at one o’clock this afternoon.

I would go to school today, if I had completed my homework in time.

I am going to Istanbul now.

I was going to Istanbul, when I met him at the airport.

I will be going to Istanbul tomorrow afternoon at two o’clock.

I would be going to Istanbul at this moment, if had not missed the plane.

I have gone to Antalya three times in the past.

10.

I had gone to Antalya two months before I met you.

11.

I will have gone to Antalya the day after tomorrow.

12.

I would have gone to Antalya by now, if I had not had an accident on Sunday.

13.

I have been smoking for 3 years now.

14.

I had been smoking for 10 years, when I stopped smoking.

15.

I will have been smoking for 6 years by the end of this year.

16.

I would have been smoking for 15 years now, if I had not stopped smoking 5 years

ago.

I’m gonna go to downtown. Are you gonna come with me?

I was gonna go to theatre, if you had come earlier.

I used to go to movies at least three times a week, when I was a student.

I would go to see him and apologize to him, if I were in your place.

If I go to Istanbul,
I will see him

Istanbul'a gidersem

onu göreceğim.

If I had gone to Istanbul,
I would see him

Istanbul’a gitmiş olsaydım,

onu görürdüm.

If I had gone to Istanbul,
I would have seen him.

O zaman Istanbul'a gitmiş olsaydım,

Onu görmüs olacaktım.

CONJUGATION OF TENSES

1.1.1. Simple Present Tense (do, does) (go) (-s)

I go.

I do not go.

Do I go?

Do I not go?

You go.

You do not go.

Do you go?

Do you not go?

(He, She, It) goes.

- does not go.

Does - go?

Does - not go?

We go.

We do not go.

Do we go?

Do we not go?

You go.

You do not go.

Do you go?

Do you not go?

They go.

They do not go.

Do they go?

Do they not go?

1.1.2. Simple Past Tense (did) (go) (went)

I went.

I did not go.

Did I go?

Did I not go?

You went.

You did not go.

Did you go?

Did you not go?

- went.

- did not go.

Did - go?

Did - not go?

We went.

We did not go.

Did we go?

Did we not go?

You went.

You did not go.

Did you go?

Did you not go?

They went.

They did not go.

Did they go?

Did they not go?

1.1.3. Simple Future Tense (will) (go)

I will go.

I will not go.

Will I go?

Will I not go?

You will go.

You will not go.

Will you go?

Will you not go?

- will go.

Will not go.

Will - go?

Will - not go?

We will go.

We will not go.

Will we go?

Will we not go?

You will go.

You will not go.

Will you go?

Will you not go?

They will go.

They will not go.

Will they go?

Will they not go?

1.1.4. Simple Conditional Tense (would) (go)

I would go

I would not go.

Would I go?

Would I not go?

You would go.

You would not go.

Would you go?

Would you not go?

- would go.

- would not go.

Would - go?

Would - not go?

We would go.

We would not go.

Would we go?

Would we not go?

You would go.

You would not go.

Would you go?

Would you not go?

They would go.

They would not go.

Would they go?

Would they not go?

Do not

Don't

Will not

Won't

Did not

Didn't

Would not

Wouldn't

1.2.1. Present Continuous Tense (am, are, is) (- ing)

I am going

I am not going

Am I going?

Am I not going?

(1)

(1) Aren't I going?

1.2.2. Past Continuous Tense (was, were) (- ing)

I was going

I was not going.

Was I going?

Was I not going?

1.2.3. Future Continuous Tense (will be) (- ing)

I will be going

I will not be going

Will I be going?

Will I not be going?

1.2.4. Conditional Continuous Tense (would be) (-ing)

I would be going

I would not be
going

Would I be going? Would I not be

going?

1.3.1. Present Perfect Tense (have, has) (gone)

I have gone

I have not gone*

Have I gone?

Have I not gone?

*Have not: Haven't

1.3.2. Past Perfect Tense (had) (gone)

I had gone

I had not gone

Had I gone?

Had I not gone?

1.3.3. Future Perfect Tense (will have) (gone)

I will have gone

I will not have gone

Will I have gone?

Will I not have
gone?

1.3.4. Conditional Perfect Tense (would have) (gone)

I would have gone

I would not have
gone

Would I have gone?

Would I not have
gone?

1.4.1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have been, has been) (- ing)

I have been going

I have not been
going

Have I been
going?

Have I not been
going?

1.4.2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been) (- ing)

I had been going

I had not been
going

Had I been going?

Had I not been
going?

1.4.3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (will have been) (- ing)

I will have been
going

I will not have
been going

Will I have been
going?

Will I not have
been going?

1.4.4. Conditional Perfect Continuous Tense (would have been) (- ing)

I would have been
going

I would not have
been going

Would I have been
going?

Would I not have
been going?

2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller)

2.1

Can

ktidar belirten yardımcı fiil

2.2

May

Mezuniyet belirten yardımcı fiil

2.3

Must

Mecburiyet belirten yardımcı fiil

I can go

Gidebilirim

(Muktedirim)

I could have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim

I may go

Gidebilirim

(Mezunum)

I might have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim

I must go

Gitmeliyim

(Mecburum)

I must have gone Gitmiş olmalıydım

Can

be able to

Must

have to, have got to, be obliged to, need to, be to, be compelled

to, be supposed to, should, ought to.

To be able to (muktedir olmak, yapabilmek)

I am able to go

Gidebilirim

I will be able to go

Gidebileceğim

I was able to go

Gidebildim

(Gitmeye muktedirdim)

I would be able to go

Gidebilecektim

To have to (Mecbur olmak, Zorunda olmak)
I have to go

Gitmek zorundayım

I will have to go

Gitmek zorunda
olacağım

I had to go

Gitmek
zorundaydım

I would have to go

Gitmek zorunda
olacaktım

If I go, I will be able to see him.

If I had gone, I would have been able to see him.

If you had fallen, you could have broken your leg.

If you had started then, you could have finished it by now.

If I go, I will have to see him.

If I had gone, I would have had to see him.

He must have studied really well (his grade is good).

He should have studied really well (his grade is bad).

I need two hundred dollars so that I can go there.

I bought the car so that you would not have to walk.

Do you have to go? I may have to go.

3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen)

Active Voice

Passive Voice

She writes a letter

A letter is written by her

She wrote a letter

“ was

“

She will write a letter

“

will be

“

She would write a letter

would be

“

She is writing a letter

is being

“

She was writing a letter

was being

“

She will be writing a letter

will be being

“

She would be writing a letter

would be being

“

She has written a letter

has been

“

She had written a letter

had been

“

She will have written a letter

will have been

“

She would have written a letter

would have been “

She has been writing a letter

has been being

“

She had been writing a letter

had been being

“

She will have been writing a letter

will have been being

“

She would have been writing a letter "

would have been being

“

He can write a letter.

A letter can be written by him.

He may write a letter.

A letter may be written by him.

He must write a letter.

A letter must be written by him.

Let him write a letter.

Let a letter be written by him.

Architect Ali has designed it.

It has been designed by architect Ali.

He had broken a window.

A window had been broken by him.

______________________________________________________________________

A. Someone gave me a present.

P. I was given a present.

P. A present was given to me.

A. They made him believe that she died.

P. He was made to believe that she died.

S+V+O (Subject + verb + object)

O+ to be+ V3+ S (Object + to be fiilinin uygun hali + esas fiilin 3. yani past participle hali + subject)

Geçişli fiiller (transitive verbs) yani nesne alan fiiller veya neyi ve kimi sorularına cevap alınabilen fiiller

için P.V. yapılabilir. Geçişsiz fiiller (intransitive verbs, to go gibi) için P.V. yapılamaz.

4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı Đfadeler)

Direct Statement Indirect Statement

1. "I go".

He said that

He went.

2. "I went".

He went.

3. "I will go".

He would go.

4. "I would go".

He would go.

5. "I am going".

He said that

He was going.

6. "I was going".

He was going.

7. "I will be going".

He would be going.

8. "I would be going".

He would be going.

9. "I have gone".

He said that

He had gone.

10. "I had gone".

He had gone.

11. "I will have gone".

“

He would have gone.

12. "I would have gone".

He would have gone.

13. "I have been going".

He said that

He had been going.

14. "I had been going".

He had been going.

15. "I will have been going".

He would have been going.

16. "I would have been going".

He would have been going.

"What are you doing”?

He asked me what

I was doing.

"Where were you going”?

" where

I was going.

"Can you help me”?

" if

I could help him.

"May I come in”?

" if

He might come in.

"Will you be able to go”?

" if

I would be able to go.

"Do you have to go”?

" if

I had to go.

"Did you have to go”?

" if

I had to go.

“Do you go?”

“ if

I went

“Did you go?”

“ if

Iwent

“Go” !

He told me to go

“Don’t go”!

He told me not to go

if = whether

today-that day

tomorrow-the next day

now - then

this-that

yesterday-the day before

Present tenses become past, past tenses remain the same.

Future tenses become conditional, conditional tenses remain the same.

When the introductory verb is in present or future tenses, the tense of the narrated part

may not change.

5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Đlgi Zamirleri)

Who

Ki o

Which (What, that) Ki o

Where

Ki orada

Whose

Ki onun

Of which

Ki onun When

Ki o zaman

Whom

Ki ona (onu)

To which

Ki ona

Of whom

Ki onun

Who

•

I saw the man who came to school on Sunday.

•

The man who is coming toward us is a doctor.

•

He who comes late deserves punishment.

•

Those who were late missed the opening ceremony.

Whose

•

I saw the man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon.

•

The man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon is a lawyer.

•

Did you see the lady whose car was without a license plate?

Whom

•

I saw the man whom you gave money in the bank.

•

The man whom I saw yesterday was quite tired and anxious.

•

The man with whom I played billiards is a champion in...

Which (what, that)

•

I picked up the pen which (that) was on the floor.

•

I do not understand what you say.

•

That is not what I want.

•

This is the knife with which I cut the rope.

•

The car to which you threw stone is a Cadillac Aldorado.

Where

This is the place where they had met first.

When

There will be a time when Turkey will be full a member of the European Union.

•

He is the man, about whom you were talking = He is the man, whom you were
talking about = He is the man, you were talking about.

•

He who comes early sits down.

•

Atatürk is to Turkey what Washington is to U.S.A.

•

Those who are coming now will have to go back soon.

6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı)

To have something done

To make somebody do something

To get something done

To get somebody to do something

I have my shoes polished...
I had my shoes polished...

I will have my shoes polished...
I would have my shoes polished...

I make Ali study English...
I made Ali study English...
I will make Ali study English
I would make Ali study English...

I got my shoes polished

I will get Ali to study English

7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları)

You go to school, don't you?

You went to school, didn't you?

You will go to school, won't you?

You would go to school, wouldn't you?

You do not go to school, do you?

You did not go to school, did you?

You will not go to school, will you?

You would not go to school, would you?

8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım)

A. Affirmative Agreements

B. Negative Agreements

Ali goes to zoo.

I do too.

He does not go to zoo. I don't either.

Ali went to zoo.

I did too.

He did not go to zoo.

I didn't either.

Ali will go to zoo.

I will too.

He will not go to zoo.

I won't either.

Ali would go to zoo. I would too.

He wouldn't go to zoo. I wouldn't either.

I do too

So do I

I don't either

Neither do I

It is a pen, isn’t it?

You have to go, don't you?

He may go, may he not?

He has to go, doesn't he?

Let's go, shall we?

Open the door will you?

I am going, aren't I?

He was made to study for four hours.

She was made to pay for her mistake.

I was made to believe that he was innocent.

I will get him to accept the conditions

9. NOUNS (Đsimler)

9.1. Proper Nouns (Özel Đsimler)

Ali, Mary, January, Ankara, London, Canterbury

9.2. Common Nouns (Cins Đsimler)

cook, book, sinister, minister

9.3. Countable Nouns (Sayılabilir Đsimler)

apple, box, ranch, table

9.4. Uncountable Nouns (Sayılamayan Đsimler)

bread, butter, salt, water

9.5. Masculine Nouns (Eril Đsimler)

boy, man, prince, king

9.6. Feminine Nouns (Dişil Đsimler)

girl, woman, princess, queen

9.7. Neuter Nouns (Nötr Đsimler)

Things and animals whose sexes are not known

stone, steel, pots and pans

9.10. Nouns with the Same Form for M. and F.

child, parent, artist, painter, cousin

9.11. Nouns with Different Forms for M. and F.

father-mother, brother-sister, nephew-niece,

bull-cow, horse-mare, cock-hen

9.12 Plural Forms (Çoğul Şekilleri)

9.12.1. Regular Form

cat-cats, dog-dogs

9.12.2. Special Forms

9.12.2.1. Nouns Ending in O, ss, sh, ch, X

tomatoes, kisses, watches, boxes

exceptions: pianos, photos

9.12.2.2. Nouns Ending in fe, f,

wife-wives, life-lives,

wolf-wolves, self-selves,

9.12.2.3. Nouns Ending in y

9.12.2.3.1. Following a Consonant

baby-babies, lady-ladies

9.12.2.3.2. Following a vowel

day-days, boy-boys.

9.12.2.4. Nouns that are in plural form and take singular verbs :

Mathematics, Statistics, Athletics, Economics

9.12.2.5. Nouns that are in plural form and take plural verbs:

pants, trousers, pajamas, glasses,

pliers, shears, scissors, scales, tweezeers

9.12.3. Irregular Forms

fish-fish, trout-trout, sheep-sheep

news-news, baggage-baggage, information-information

man-men, woman-women, foot-feet

mouse-mice, louse-lice, ox-oxen

tooth-teeth, child-children

9.12.4. Original Latin or Greek Nouns

thesis-theses, crisis-crises,

alumnus-alumni, phenomenon-phenomena

erratum-errata, radius-radii

memorandum-memoranda, datum- data

basis-bases, axis-axes, nucleus nuclea

9.12.5. Others

sister in law-sisters in law

man student - men students

VIP- VIPs, MP MPs, UFO-UFOs

9.13. Possessive Forms (Đyelik Şekilleri)
Ahmet's apples, man's fob

Jone's house, Jones’s house

Shakespeare's plays, the plays of Martha X

A week's holiday ; a week holiday

A stone's throw, ten dollar gas

Three dollars worth of gas

For heaven's sake, for goodness sake

The keys of the car, the names of the cities

9.14. Articles (Tanıtıcılar

)

9.14.1. The Definite Article (Belirli Tanıtıcı) The

The boy, the girl, the sky, the old

The rich, the Alps, the U.S.S.R., the Netherlands, the U.S.A.

The North Pole, the Smiths

9.14.2. The Indefinite Article (Belgisiz Tanıtıcı) a, an

A boy, a girl, an apple, an hour, a university

Tanıtıcılar özel isimlerden önce kullanılmaz.

10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler

)

( A )

( B )

( C )

( D)

( E )

Mine

Myself

You

Your

Yours

Yourself

Him

His

Himself

She

Her

Hers

Herself

Its

Itself

Our

Ours

Ourselves

You

Your

Yours

Yourselves

They

Them

Their

Theirs

Themselves

Personal Pronouns (Şahıs Zamirleri) (Özne)

Objective Pronouns (Nesne Zamirleri)

Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri)

Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns (Dönüştürme ve Pekiştirme Zamirleri)

Interrogative Pronouns (Soru Zamirleri)

Who? Whose? Whom? Which? What? How? When?

G. Relative Pronouns (Đlgi Zamirleri)

Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What, That.

Demonstrative Pronouns (Đşaret Zamirleri)

This, That, These, Those

Indefinite Pronouns (Belgisiz zamirler)

One, Someone, Anyone, Somebody, Anybody, None, No One, Everyone, Everybody,

All.

______________________________________________________________________

I want nothing: I don't want anything

No: not any

Is everybody ready?

Zamirler özne yerine kullanılan sözcüklerdir

11. VERBS (Fiiller)

11.1. Infinitive Form

to go

11.2. Present Form

11.3. Past Form

went

11.4. Past Participle

gone

11.5. Regular Verbs

(Düzenli Fiiller) (ask, asked, asked)

11.6. Irregular Verbs

(Düzensiz Fiiller)

11.6.1.

Present

Past

Past Participle

Bet

Bahse Girmek

Cast

Atmak

Cost

Malolmak

Hit

Vurmak

Hurt

Incitmek

Let

Bırakmak

Set

Kurmak

Spread

Yaymak

Put

Koymak

Quit

Terketmek

Shut

Kapatmak

11.6.2.

Build

Built

Inşa Etmek

Lend

Lent

Ödünç Vermek

Send

Sent

Göndermek

Spend

Spent

Sarfetmek

11.6.3.

Get

Got

Elde Etmek

Went

Gone

Gitmek

Forget

Forgot

Forgotten

Unutmak

Hang

Hung

Asmak

Ring

Rang

Rung

(Zil) Çalmak

Sing

Sang

Sung

arkı Söylemek

Spring

Sprang

Sprung

Sıçramak

Sit

Sat

Oturmak

Win

Won

Kazanmak

11.6.4.

Hear

Heard

Duymak

Read

Okumak

Pay

Paid

Ödemek

Say

Said

Söylemek

11.6.5.

Feed

Fed

Beslemek

Lead

Led

Yol Göstermek

Hold

Held

Tutmak

11.6.6.

Feel

Felt

Hissetmek

Keep

Kept

Saklamak

Sleep

Slept

Uyumak

Weep

Wept

Ağlamak

Leave

Left

Bırakmak

Meet

Met

Karşılaşmak

Lose

Lost

Kaybetmek

11.6.7

Bind

Bound

Bağlamak

Find

Found

Bulmak

Shine

Shone

Parlamak

Strike

Struck

Vurmak, Grev

Yapmak

11.6.8.

Bring

Brought

Getirmek

Buy

Bought

Satın Almak

Fight

Fought

Dövüşmek

Think

Thought

Düşünmek

Catch

Caught

Yakalamak

Teach

Taught

Öğretmek

Sell

Sold

Satmak

Tell

Told

Anlatmak

Make

Made

Yapmak

Stand

Stood

Durmak

11.6.9.

Ride

Rode

Ridden

Binmek

Write

Wrote

Written

Yazmak

Rise

Rose

Risen

Kalkmak

Bite

Bit

Bitten

Isırmak

Hide

Hid

Hidden

Saklamak

11.6.10.

Bear

Bore

Born

Taşımak

Swear

Swore

Sworn

Yemin Etmek

Tear

Tore

Torn

Yırtmak

Wear

Wore

Worn

Giymek

Break

Broke

Broken

Kırmak

Speak

Spoke

Spoken

Konuşmak

Choose

Chose

Chosen

Seçmek

Steal

Stole

Stolen

Çalmak

11.6.11.

Grow

Grew

Grown

Büyümek

Know

Knew

Known

Bilmek

Throw

Threw

Thrown

Atmak

Fly

Flew

Flown

Uçmak

Slay

Slew

Slain

Katletmek

See

Saw

Seen

Görmek

11.6.12

Take

Took

Taken

Almak

Shake

Shook

Shaken

Sarsmak

11.6.13.

Beat

Beaten

Dövmek

Eat

Ate

Eaten

Yemek

Fall

Fell

Fallen

Düşmek

Did

Done

Yapmak

Went

Gone

Gitmek

Lie

Lay

Lain

Yatmak, Uzanmak

Lay

Laid

Yatırmak, Uzatmak

Lie

Lied

Yalan Söylemek

11.6.14

Forbid

Forbade

Forbidden

Yasaklamak

Give

Gave

Given

Vermek

Begin

Began

Begun

Başlamak

Drink

Drank

Drunk

Içmek

Run

Ran

Run

Koşmak

11.7. Verbs Followed by the Gerund

admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, deny, dislike, dread,

enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss,

pardon, postpone, prevent, propose, remember, resent, resist,stop, suggest

To object to, to confess to, to get used to, to look forward to

He objected to joining the army.

He admitted robbing the bank.

She appreciated receiving letters from her fans.

I enjoy calling her once in a while.

I don't mind walking to my office.

I don't remember seeing her.

I can't help laughing when I think of that joke.

Stop talking, l can't stop loving you.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

I can't stand listening to a loud music.

11.8. Verbs Followed By the Gerund or Infinitive

Start, begin, continue, intend

I started studying. (I started to study!)

11.9. Verbs Followed By That and Verb-1

Suggest, recommend, insist, demand

He suggested that we go.

What do you suggest that we do?

The kidnappers demanded that the father pay the ransom in small dollar bills.

11.10. Verbs Followed by the Gerund or Infinitive Taking a Different Meaning

try + gerund

denemek

I tried solving the problem.

try + to infinitive çabalamak

I tried to pick up the stone.

stop + gerund

bırakmak

I stopped smoking.

stop + to infinitive için durmak

I stopped to smoke.

12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar)

12.1. Definitive, Comparative and Superlative Forms Of Adjectives

12.1.1. Regular One or Two Syllable Adjectives

Long

Longer

The Longest

Short

Shorter

The Shortest

Heavy

Heavier

The Heaviest

Old

Older

The Oldest

Weak

Weaker

The Weakest

Strong

Stronger

The Strongest

12.1.2. Regular Multi Syllable Adjectives

Beautiful

More Beautiful

The Most Beautiful

Important

More Important

The Most Important

Eccentric

More Eccentric

The Most Eccentric

Tiring

More Tiring

The Most Tiring

Tired

More Tired

The Most Tired

Boring

More Boring

The Most Boring

Bored

More Bored

The Most Bored

12.1.3. Irregular Adjectives

Good

Better

The Best

Bad

Worse

The Worst

Much

The Most

Little

Less

The Least

12.2. Comparisons

1. as.............. as

I am as old as you are.

He is twice as old as she is.

2. more .......... than

I am older than you are.

I am more important than you are.

I am better than you are.

3. The most.... among (in)

He is the best runner among students.

She is the most beautiful girl in town. (... in the world)

•

The sun is one million times as big as the Mars is.

•

The population of Erzurum is about twice as much as that of Kars.

•

The statue of Atatürk in Erzurum is twice as big as the one in Kars.

•

Ahmet spends half as much money as Mehmet does.

•

There are more than twice as many people in the world now as there were 25 years

ago.

•

There are as many students in Erzurum as there are people in Kars.

•

I have studied for as many years as you have lived.

•

I am not as tired as you are: I am not tired as much as you are.

•

A is 100 times richer than B.

•

A is as tall as B. A is not as tall as B. A is not so tall as B.

•

I am as generous as you are miser.

13. ADVERBS (Zarflar

)

13.1. Adverbs of Manner (Hal Zarfları)

Slowly

Yavaşça

Smoking kills slowly.

Quickly

Hızlıca

……

Well

Iyice

Badly

Kötüce

Altogether

Birlikte

Separately

Ayrıca

Generally

Genellikle

Particularly

Özellikle

Deliberately

Kasden

Accidentally

Kazaen

Naturally

Doğal Olarak

Artificially

Yapay Olarak

Similarly

Aynı Şekilde

Conversely

Tersine Olarak

Apparently

Görünüş Olarak

Certainly

Muhakkak

Evidently

Görünüşe Göre

Obviously

Açık Olarak

Presumably

Farazi Olarak

Fortunately

Iyiki

Especially

Özellikle

Actually

Gerçekten

Mostly

Çoğunlukla

Personally

ahsen

Undoubtedly

üphesiz

Clearly

Açıkça

Surely

Emin Olarak

Definitely

Muhakkak

Positively

Kesin Olarak

Zarflar, bir fiilin veya sıfatın anlamını belirten veya kuvvetlendiren kelimelerdir

13.2. Adverbs of Time (Zaman Zarfları)

Now

imdi

It is time to go now.

Then

O zaman, ondan sonar

Earlier

Daha önce

Later

Daha sonra

The day before
yesterday

Önceki gün

The day after
tomorrow

Öbür gün

Every third day Üç günde bir

All of a sudden

Aniden

A while ago

Biraz önce

A moment ago

Biraz önce

A little later

Biraz sonra

Right now

Hemen şimdi (önce)

He was here right now.

Right away

Hemen şimdi (sonra)

He will be here right away.

At the beginning

Başlangıçta

At the end

Sonunda

Until now

Bu zamana kadar

From now on

Bundan sonra (artık)

From then on

Ondan sonra

Sooner or later

Er veya geç

Eventually

Sonunda (nihayet)

Lately

Son zamanlarda

Recently

Son zamanlarda

Soon

Yakın zamanda

Immediately

Derhal

In the meanwhile

Bu arada

Every other day

Gün aşırı

13.3. Adverbs of Place (Yer Zarfları)

Here

Burada, burası, buraya

He is here. It is here. Come here.

There

Orada, orası, oraya

13.4. Adverbs of Frequency (Sıklık Zarfları)*

Once

Bir kez

I went there once.

Twice

Iki kez

Three times

Üç kez

All the time

Her zaman

Always

Her zaman

Frequently

Sık sık

Occasionally

Arada sırada

Periodically

Periodik olarak

Once in a while

Arada bir

Rarely

Nadiren

Once in a blue

moon

Çok nadir

Repeatedly

Mükerrer olarak

Continually

Sürekli olarak

Intermittently

Kesintili olarak

* (Sıklık zarfları yardımcı fiillerden sonra, asıl fiillerden önce gelir) (I am always late)

13.5. Adverbs of Degree (Derece Zarfları)

Almost

Hemen hemen

It is almost completed.

Nearly

Neredeyse

Quite

Oldukça

Too

Haddinden fazla

Enough

Yeterli

Extremely

Aşırı şekilde

Only

Sadece

Just

Sadece

13.6. Words with the Same Adjective and Adverb Forms

Fast

Hızlı

Don’t go too fast.

Late

Geç

Hard

Sert

Early

Erken

Friendly

Dostça

Low

Düşük

14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar

)

Içinde, içine

It is in the box. Put it in your pocket.

Out

Dışında, dışına

Üstünde, üstüne

Off

Uzağında, uzağına

De, da, e, a

Over

Üzerinde, üzerine

Under

Altında, altına

In front of

Önünde, önüne

At the back of

Arkasında, arkasına

At the bottom of

Dibinde

On the top of

Üstünde

Around

Çevresinde, çevresine

Across

Karşısında, karşısına

Against

Karşısında, karşısına

Along

Boyunda, boyuna

Among

Arasında, arasına

(ikiden fazla şey)

After

Sonra

Before

Önce

Behind

Arkasında, arkasına

Below

Altında, altına

Between

Arasında, arasına

(iki şey)

Beyond

Ötesinde, ötesine

Yanında, yanına

Yukarıda, yukarıya

Down

Aşağıda, aşağıya

From

Den, dan

Into

Içine

Near

Yakınında, yakınına

Opposite

Karşısında, karşısına

Outside

Dışında, dışına

Edatlar bir nesnenin diğer bir nesneye göre konumunu belirten kelimelerdir.

Past

Den öteye

Through

Içinden, arasından

Until, till

E kadar

E doğru

With

Ile

Without

Ile olmaksızın

ABOVE
OVER

FROM

OUT

THROUGH

INTO

OUT OF

BELOW
UNDER

A diagram of the most commonly used prepositions

15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar)

And

George and Jack go to bed at ten.

Veya

But

Fakat

For

Için, den dolayı

Yet

Henüz, yine de

Eğer

Although (though)

E rağmen

Notwithstanding

E rağmen

Nevertheless

Yine de

Because

Çünkü

Because of

Den dolayı

In spite of

E rağmen

In stead of

Yerine

Due to

Den dolayı

Besides

Zaten, ayrıca, den başka

Except

Den başka, hariç

Gibi

Likewise

Aynı şekilde

Gibi, ken (giderken)

Therefore

Bunun için

However

Buna rağmen

Whereas

Halbuki

In fact

Gerçekte, nitekim

As a matter of fact

Aslında, zaten, nitekim

Not to mention the

fact that

Kaldı ki

In as much as

Madem ki, den dolayı

Since

Madem ki, den dolayı

About

Hakkında

= (pertaining to, regarding, with

regard to in connection with, , related

to pursuant to, in relation to)

Either .......or

Ya ........ya da......

Either you or your friend will have to

go there.

Neither.....nor

Ne ........ne de.......

Neither you noır your friend can pay

for that.

Both ........and

Hem ....hem de......

Both you and your girl friend were

seen there.

Not only....but also

Yalnızca ...değil, fakat

aynı zamanda .......da

Not only you but also your friends

are not wanted here.

Whether ....or

…..ip ........mediğini

....se de .....mese de

I don’t know whether or not he is in

Erzurum.

She will have to go there

Whether she wants it or not

The more ....the more

Ne kadar çok ..........

O kadar çok ............

The more you study the higher grade

you get.

The more you work, the more you

earn.

The higher you go, the harder you

fall

Just as ......so

Nasıl ki .......ise, ayni

ekilde........

-Just as Kosovo is sacred land to

the Serbs, so is Krajina to Croatians.

-Just as Chechenia is an internal

matter of Russia so is Karabag for

Azerbeijan.

16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler)

16.1. Gerund (Đsim Fiil)

16.1.1. Present

Swimming is a good exercise.

I like swimming in a warm pool.

She likes teaching tap dance.

I can't stand waiting in lines.

Being alone in a trip is boring.

I like your speaking with an accent

16.1.2. Past

Having been alone on that trip was boring.

He denied having been late for work.

16.2. Infinitive (Mastar)

16.2.1. Present

To exercise in the morning is good for health.

I like to swim in heated pools.

She has a lot of work to do.

I felt the earth move.

He saw him go into the building.

16.2.2. Past

To have seen him doesn't mean much.

It is unfortunate for him to have met her.

I am sorry to have met you.

I wish I had never met you.

16.3. Participle (Sıfat ve Zarf Fiiller)

16.3.1. Adjective Participle (Sıfat fiiller)

16.3.1.1. Present

The movie is exciting.

It is a very exciting movie indeed.

People living in the country are lucky.

The energy needed by all living things comes from the sun.

The lecture was interesting and informing.

16.3.1.2 Past

He is a retired teacher. (tired, disappointed etc.)

The broken chair will be repaired.

I will borrow the required money from the bank.

I am excited.

16.3.2. Adverb Participle (Zarf Fiiller)

16.3.2.1. Zaman Bildiren Adverb Participle

16.3.2.1.1. Present

Watching TV, he fell asleep (while...)

Entering the room, I saw the burglar (while...)

I saw him crossing the street (while)

16.3.2.1.2. Past

Having watched the game he left the stadium (... after that.)

Having finished his work, he went home (... after that..)

16.3.2.2. Sebep Bildiren Adverb Participle

16.3.2.2.1. Present

Being very hungry, I ate a lot. (Because ...)

Knowing him well, she did not believe him (Because...)

16.3.2.2.2. Past

(Having been) Wrapped in a blanket, he didn't mind spending the night

outside.

(Because...) Having been very hungry, I had eaten a lot.

Having received no letter from her for a long time, he was worried.

VERBALS

Gerund

Infinitive

Participle

Present

Past

Present

Past

Adjective

Adverb

Present

Past

Time

Cause

Present

Past

Present

Past

17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler)

Aboard

: (Gemide, gemiye) Welcome aboard.

Abroad

: (Yurt dışında, yurt dışına) I have not been abroad yet.

Archbishop

: (Başpiskopos) Archbishop Makarios had been involved in politics.

Enrich

: (Zenginleştirme) Protein can be used to enrich the flour.

Impossible

: (Đmkansız) When something is not possible it is impossible.

Semiofficial

: (Yarı resmi) AA is a semiofficial news agency.

Prehistoric

: (Tarih öncesi) People did not know much in prehistoric times.

Post election

: (Seçim sonrası) Post election politics has been quite complicated

Vice-president

: (Başkan yardımcısı) Vice-president Johnson had an heart attack.

18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler)

Drinkable

: (Đçilebilir) This water is drinkable.

Kingdom

: (Krallık) The United Kingdom is ruled by Elizabeth II.

Enriched

: (Zenginleştirilmiş) This food has been enriched by extra protein.

Employed

: (Đşçi, müstahdem) The employees will strike to raise their wages.

Childish

: (Çocukça) It is childish to cry over simple things.

Civilized

: (Medenileştirilmiş) The wild tribes are civilized now.

Americanize : Amerikalılaştırmak

Booklet

: (Kitapçık) That booklet consists of only 30 pages.

Lakelet

: (Gölcük) Van is a lake but Küçükçekmece is a lakelet.

Payment

: (Ödeme) The size of the payment is determined by the

purchase power.

Careful

: (Dikkatli) You have to be careful when you cross the street.

Careless

: (Dikkatsiz) He fell on the ice because he was careless.

Carefulness

: (Dikkatlilik) That job requires complete carefulness.

Carelessness

: (Dikkatsizlik) The accident happened as a result of carelessness.

Separately

: (Ayrı olarak) Place the pieces separately.

Naturally

: (Doğal olarak) Naturally they will refuse the offer.

Personally

: (Kişisel olarak) Personally, I hate cold weather.

Strong

: güçlü

Strength

: güç, kuvvet (sıfattan isim)

Smoke

: duman

Smoky

: Dumanlı (isimden sıfat)

Simple

: basit

Simplify

: Basitleştirmek (sıfattan fiil)

19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif)

Three lane highway

Üç şeritli karayolu

Hundred page book

100 sayfalık kitap

The tea is too hot to drink

Çay içilmeyecek kadar sıcak

The tea is hot enough to drink

Çay içilebilecek kadar sıcak

There is no body in the room

There is not any body in the room

The movie is not interesting, I would rather (I'd
rather) watch TV tonight

…televizyon seyretmeyi tercih ederim.

I had better (I'd better) start studying, or else I
will flunk the exam.

…çalışmaya başlasam iyi olur. Yoksa
sınavda çakarım.

They talk to each other.

(2 persons)

They talk to one another.

(More than 2 persons)

You can go whenever (or wherever) you want

Her ne zaman istersen…

You can take whatever (or whichever) you

want

Her ne istersen…

No matter what, I will go there

Ne olursa olsun...

Sooner or later I'm gonna get you

Er veya geç…

They came here one after another

Onlar buraya birbiri peşine geldiler.

They came here one at a time

Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.

They came here one by one

Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.

They came here in a group of two

Onlar buraya ikişer ikişer geldiler.

The more you study, the more you learn

Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…

The more you work, the more you earn

Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…

Did you happen to meet Mr. President

Hiç (tesadüfen) başkanla karşılaştınız
mı

I happened to be passing by the scene when

the accident happened.

Kaza olduğunda oradan tesadüfen
geçiyordum….

You don't get into this, mind your own

business:

Bu işe karışma. Kendi işine bak.

That is none of your business

Bu iş seni ilgilendirmez.

You have to take a taxi in order to get there in

time (... so, as to ..., so as not to...)

Oraya zamanında varabilmek için taksi
ile gitmen gerekir.

You have to study hard in order that (so that)

you can learn English well

ngilizceyi iyi öğrenebilmen için…

Has what happened to you happened to them

too

Senin başına gelen onların başına da
geldi mi?

•

Open the door.

•

Please open the door (open the door please).

•

Will you please open the door?

•

Would you please open the door?

•

Would you be so kind as to open the door please?

•

The cars were travelling bumper to bumper.

•

Put the boxes one on top of the other to save room (on top of one another)

•

The workers put the rails end to end and welded them.

•

The fishermen laid the fish side by side in the market.

•

If it weren't for the umbrella, we would get wet.

•

If it had not been for you, I would not have been able to go there.

•

Had it not been for you, she would have died. (Inversion)

•

Should one day you come here, please stop by my office.

•

Should I hear from him, I will let you know.

•

Did you use to go there?

•

No. I didn't use to go there.

•

Let us (me, him, her, it, , them) go. Shall we?

•

Let's stay here. Let's not stay here. Shall we go?

•

This is the first time I have seen such a thing.

•

If you had not been a stupid, you would not have listened to the same thing

every Sunday.

•

You can’t have seen him yesterday, he was with me all day.

•

Someone came here, didn't they?

•

I am a doctor, aren't I?

•

I heard him sing.

•

I heard him singing.

•

You can't go there until you have finished your work.

•

Don't stick your neck out.

•

He suggested that I see the doctor.

•

To arrive in Istanbul.

•

To arrive at the airport.

•

To arrive on the scene.

•

We will take turns.

•

Whose turn is it?

•

It is my turn.

•

Sit at the table.

•

Hold it tight, so that you won't fall

•

He held it tight so that he wouldn't fall

•

It is made of gold.

•

It is made from (out of) packing cases.

•

To fall in (out of) love with sb.

•

Would you honorable MPS come to order please?

•

To take a chance: to take a risk.

•

To give a chance: to give an opportunity.

•

Ski slopes in Erzurum are steeper than those in Sarıkamış.

•

The population of Erzurum is twice as much as that of Kars.

•

On behalf of : adına

•

In behalf of : yararına

•

20 % of the students who passed the exams are girls.

•

Half of those that were sent there were donkeys.

•

I saw Ahmet go to school. (Action completed)

•

I saw Ahmet going to school. (The action may not have been completed.)

•

You have to be a little bit crazy to keep your sanity.

•

Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards.

•

Don't bite the hand that feeds you.

•

May god give you twice as much as what you want for me!

•

Every body must account for his actions.

•

There are two sides to a coin.

•

There are more to things than meets the eye.

•

There is nothing to it.

•

Every criminal must stand trial, and get a fair trial.

Odds and Ends

to rank first

to put someone to shame

council of Higher Education

ICBMs, airborne bombers, submarine based missiles

a duplicate copy of important documents

special thanks are due to those who...

his philosophy is moderation in everything

Jack of all trades, but master of none

Don’t let this chance slip away.

boil, grill, bake, fry,

pots and pans, garnish

extant X extinct

poker, bridge, black jack, chess, backgammon

heart, club, spade, diamond

citius, altius, fortius

wrestling, boxing, running, high-jumping, long-jumping, skating, skiing,

swimming, diving, riding, hammer-throwing, discus-throwing, javelin,

tennis, ping-pong, pole-vaulting, golf, football, voleyball, basketball, soccer,

etc.

Five Pillars of Islam: praying, fasting, pilgrimage, almsgiving, confirmation

of faith. (the sixth one, they say, is knowing your boundries)

Mental Abilities : Intelligence, memory, perception, reasoning, orientation,

willpower stability, attention, sensitivity.

Acrophobia: fear of height.

Acrobat: acts in the heights.

To pass (fail, flunk) the test

To stand the test of time.

To chant nursery rhymes.

At ease, attention, fire.

Open shed barns

Honest to God : Vallahi

Duplication, multiplication, replication, reproduction.

Liberty, equality, fraternity.

Dilemma: A difficult situation.

Paradox: strange but true.

Enigma: Muamma, esrar, şifre

To be vulnerable to pressure

To take somebody at his word.

The theory of Lambrazo on the nature of man

On the spur of the moment.

To tell a lie

To lie ander a tree

To lay a wreath, (a foundation stone and a L)

Addition

2 + 3 = 5

Two plus three equals five.

Two plus three is five.

Subtraction

5-3 = 2

Five minus three equals two.

Multiplication

5 x 6 = 30

Five multiplied by six equals thirty.

Five times six is thirty.

Division

30 : 6 = 5

Thirty divided by six equals five.

: six squared

: a to the power x

: six to the third power

: a to the power minus b.

a/b = c

dividend / divider = quotient

a.b = c

multiplied. multiplier = product

X = Σ X/N

X bar equals sum X over N (average)

6 and 36

6 is a factor of 36, 36 is a multiple of 6 (çarpan ve kat)

- b

: (a+b) (a-b)

The difference of two squared numbers is the product of

the sum and the difference of these numbers.

SECOND PART

IDIOMS

All the same

yine de

I was not invited to the conference, but I
will attend all the same.

As if

sanki, imiş gibi

He orders me to do things, as if he is my
father.

As soon as possible

mümkün olan en
kısa zamanda

Please let me know the result as soon as
possible.

At first

ilk önce

At first, I thought that he was a student

At last

nihayet

At last, he was able to pay his debt.

At least

en azından

There were at least 500 people in the
theatre.

To be about to

üzere olmak

He was about to leave the room when I
went there.

To be familiar with

aşina olmak

I am familiar with that subject.

To be in charge of

sorumlu olmak

He is in charge of this department.

To be interested in

ilgilenmek

I am not interested in politics.

To be one's turn

sırası olmak

Now it is your turn to wash the dishes.

To be tired of

bıkmak

They are tired of uninvited guests.

To be used to

alışık olmak

People in Erzurum are used to cold.

To break down

bozulmak

My car broke down on the way.

To break up (with)

bozuşmak

He broke up with his girl friend yesterday.

To bring up

çocuk yetiştirmek

He was brought up in a village.

By the way

sırası gelmişken

By the way, I had met him in Paris.

To catch cold

soğuk almak

Take your coat with you, otherwise you
will catch cold.

To catch fire

ateş almak

The forest caught fire in a dry hot day.

To be fed up (with)

bıkmak usanmak

I am fed up with all this nonsense.

To be fond (of)

hoşlanmak

He is fond of Jane Fonda very much.

To be in need (of)

ihtiyacı olmak

The old man is in need of money and care.

To be out of question söz konusu

olmamak

A general amnesty is out of question for
the coming ten years.

To be through (with)

bitirmek, ilişiği
kesmek

I am through with that research for this
semester

To beat about to bush

lafı uzatmak

Please don't beat about (around) the bush,
come to the point.

To change one's mind

Fikrini değiştirmek

Did you change your mind?

To come across

karşılaşmak

We come across different types of people
in the railway and bus stations.

To come to an end

sona ermek

Sooner or later, this tragedy will come to
an end.

To call for

gerektirmek

The project calls for a million dollar.

To catch up (with)

yetişmek

Turkey has been trying to catch up with the

West for the past 100 years.

To charged (with)

ile itham etmek

He was charged with murder and robbery.

To do away with
(to get rid of)

kurtulmak,
başından atmak

She did away with all her old clothes.

To do one's best

elinden geleni
yapmak

I will try do my best to accomplish it and
save my face.

To fall asleep

uykuya dalmak

He falls asleep right after he goes to bed.

To fall in love (with)

aşık olmak

Ferhat had fallen in love with Şirin.

To feel like

canı istemek

I don't feel like drinking tonight.

To feel sorry (for)

acımak

He feels sorry for the poor and gives them
money.

To find out

anlamak

I'll find out where he was at that time.

For the time being

imdilik

He will keep his mouth shut for the time
being.

For nothing

bedava, karşılıksız

You can not get anything for nothing.

To get along

geçinmek

They can’t get along well with each other.

To get well

iyileşmek

I hope you will get well soon.

To get in touch (with)

temasa geçmek

You have to get in touch with the manager.

To get in the house

eve girmek

to get out of the house : evden çıkmak

To get on the bus

arabaya binmek

to get off the bus : arabadan inmek

To get up

yataktan kalkmak

to wake up : uyanmak

To get used to

alışmak

You will get used to it soon.

To give a call

telefon etmek

Give me a call tonight.

To give in

taviz vermek

I won’t give in any more.

To give up

vazgeçmek

He gave up his plan to go to Sakarya

Heads or tails

yazı tura

Heads or tails? Heads you win, tails I win.

To have nothing to do
with something

Bir şeyle ilgisi
olmamak

I have nothing to do with it.

In other words

diğer bir deyişle

…in other words, he will not pay his debt.

To keep in mind

akılda tutmak

please keep in mind that ...

To keep in touch
(with)

ilişkiyi devam
ettirmek

Keep in touch with us even if you go far
far away.

To keep up (with)

ayak uydurmak

He can't keep up with the rest of the group

To let someone know

birisine bildirmek

Please let me know if you run into him.

To look after

bakmak (çocuk vs.)

The mother will look after the child.

To make fun (of)

alay etmek

Don't make fun of me sir.

To make up (with)

barışmak

He made up with his girl friend today.

To make up (for)

telafi etmek

I will make up for the time I lost…

To play a joke (on)

aka yapmak

The students played a joke on the teacher.

To make money

para kazanmak

He made a lot of money in gambling.

To make up one's
mind

karar vermek

Don't make up your mind without
consulting the consultant.

To change one's mind

karar değiştirmek

Don’t change your mind so often.

To make use of

yararlanmak

Turkey can make use of coal for energy.

To mind one's own
business

kendi işine bakmak

Mind your own bussiness. Don’t stick your
nose into this matter.

Once and for all

kesin olarak

Resolve the matter once and for all.

Out of curiosity

meraktan

Just out of curiosity, how much money do
you make in one month?

Out of date

demode

Your shirts are out of date, keep them up
to date.

Out of order

bozuk

Don't turn the radio on. It is out of order.

To pay attention to

dikkat etmek

Pay attention to what I say.

To put out

söndürmek

They put the fire out.

To put off

tehir etmek

They had to put off the show because of
the bad weather.

To call off

iptal etmek

They called off the show for financial
reasons.

To put on weight

kilo almak

Some people put on weight fast, no matter
what...

To run into

rastlamak

He ran into his old friend in the street.

To see someone off birisini uğurlamak

The honor troop was present when they
saw the president off.

To set fire to

ateşe vermek

They set fire to the house on purpose.

To shake hands

el sıkışmak

We shook hands when we broke up.

To shut up

sesini kesmek

If you don't have to talk, just shut up.

To show up

çıkagelmek

He showed up one hour after the show.

To slow down

yavaşlamak

The car slowed down and pulled over.

To stick to the point

konuya bağlı
kalmak

Do not beat about the bush, come and stick
to the point.

To take a bus

otobüse binmek

You must take a bus or a taxi.

To take a chance

Đş

i şansa bırakmak

Study hard. Don’t take a chance.

To take advantage of

istirmar etmek

Do not take advantage of his innocence.

To take after

Birisine çekmek

Who did he take after? He took after his
good for nothing uncle.

To take a seat

bir yere oturmak

He asked me to take a seat when I entered
the room.

To take into account

hesaba katmak

The teacher should have taken the
conditions in his family into account.

To take a break

ara vermek

We took a break after we studied an hour.

To take apart

parçalamak

They took the car apart to repair it.

To take by surprise

aşırtmak

That news took me by surprise.

To take part in

katılmak

I would like to take a part in the research.

To take seriously

ciddiye almak

Don't take to the movies too seriously.

To take sides

taraf tutmak

A president should not take sides on
political matters.

To take someone for
someone else

birisini birisine
benzetmek

They often take me for my brother.

To take up

alışkanlık edinmek

I gave up smoking but took up chewing
gum. Don’t take up a harmfull habit.

To turn someone
down

birisini reddetmek

The girl turned the boy down when he
asked her for a date.

To wake up

uyanmak

I try to wake up early in the morning.

THIRD PART

PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS

Proverbs

Treat others as you would like to be treated.

Do not do to others, what you do not want others to do to you.

Whatever you wish for yourself wish the same for the others

One is as good as the extent to which he wants for others what he wants for himself

We have two ears but only one tongue, so that we may hear more and speak less.

Birds of a feather flock together.

Rolling stones gather no moss.

Barking dogs do not bite.

A friend exaggerates one's virtues and enemy his faults.

What is good for one may not always be good for others.

One should not judge by appearance.

One should not put the cart in front of the horse.

Business is business.

A lie calls for a hundred more.

You can fool some of the people all of the time, all of the people some of the time,

but you can not fool all of the people all of the time (Lincoln).

People who stay in glass houses should not throw stones (men dakka dukka)

When the cats are away, the mice will play.

Only the squeaky wheel gets the grease.

Too many cooks spoil the soup.

Strike while the iron is hot.

A penny saved is a penny earned.

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

A man is known by the company he keeps.

A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

Action speaks louder than the words.

The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.

Easy come, easy go.

Time is money (El vaktu naktun)

Out of sight, out of mind

God gives nuts to those who don't have teeth.

Don't run after a girl or a bus, because there is always another one coming.

If a diplomat says yes, it means perhaps.If a diplomat says perhaps, it means no.

If a diplomat says no, he is not a real diplomat.

Tongue Twisters

How much wood would a woodpecker peck, if a woodpecker could peck wood.

Did you see Sally selling sea shells by the sea shores?

Will you buy a rubber baby buggy bumper?

Three hundred and thirty three thousand three hundred and thirty three (333.333).

Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper. How many packs of pickled pepper did

Peter Piper pick?

Trouble trouble before trouble troubles you.

The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.

It lasted from two to two, to two two..

If the sentence that had HAD had had HAD HAD, it would be correct.

Are you one of those whom we have not been able to Americanize?

A Nursery Rhyme

Eeney meeney monee moo.

Catch a tiger by his toe,

If he hollers let him go.

Eeney, meeney, monee, moo.

FOURTH PART

QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS

The World

Geography

The world is one of the 9 planets of the solar system.

The world rotates* on its own axis once every 24 hours.

The Earth revolves* around the sun once a year.

The moon is a satellite of the earth.

The moon revolves around the earth on an orbit once a month.

The moon is a satellite of the earth.

The area of the world is about 510.000.000 km

(square kilometers).

The area of the world is about 600 times larger than that of Turkey.

3/4 of the world area is covered by the sea (three fourths of the ...)

The distance between the earth and the moon is about 384.000 km. A space craft
can cover this distance in less than three days.

History

The history of the world dates back around 4 billion years.

We are living at a time when machines do work that men used to do.

Airplanes can cover a distance in as many hours now, as it used to take days by
other means of transportation in the near past.

There are twice as many people in the world now as there were 50 years ago.

Neil Armstrong, the commander of Apollo 11, is the first man to set foot on the
moon on July 21, 1969.

America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.

Telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell in 1876.

United Nations was established in 1945.

Economy

The richest country in the world, in terms of per capita income, is Kuwait.

According to Malthus, the population of the world increases in geometrical ratio
whereas the food production increases in arithmetical ratio. Therefore, the world
is bound to face a serious crisis stemming from the shortage of food.

Politics

One of the most important problems facing the mankind today is the lack of
sense of justice among nations. Power is still the major factor in settling
disputes.

Palestinian-Israeli dispute is the most important problem in the World Politics.

Turkey is trying to join the European Union since 1963.

* Rotate: to turn on an axis
* Revolve: to turn around a point

Turkey

Geography

Turkey is located between two continents, Asia and Europe.

The area of Turkey is about 780.000 km

(... square kilometers)

Turkey has well defined borders on all sides.

Turkey is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The Black Sea is in the north,
Aegean Sea is in the west and the Mediterranean Sea is in the south.

The mountains along the coast are covered with forests whereas the mountains of

Central Anatolia is mainly bare.

Due to the differences in climate and the formation of the terrain, Anatolia is
divided into a variety of agricultural regions.

History

For many thousands of years, because of its unique geographical position, Turkey
has been the cradle of many civilizations and the scene of many historical events.

Anatolia was captured and ruled by many nations, including Ionians, Persians,
Romans, Arabs, and Turks.

It is not for nothing that Turkey is called as the "cradle of civilization"...

Economy

The economy of Turkey is based on free market system.

Monetary unit in Turkey is Turkish Lira.

Per capita income in Turkey is about $5.000.

Turkey is among a few nations in the world that are self- sufficient in food
production.

If it weren’t for the waste and and mismanagement in the government in the past
20 years, the per capita income would have more than doubled now.

Social and Cultural Structure

The population of Turkey is about 70 million which constitutes approximately %
1 (one per cent) of the world's population.

30 % of the population live in rural areas in Turkey.

Turkey can be considered as a land of contrasts in some ways. For example, some
people still live a traditional life while some have adopted a modern way of life.

There is a big gap between the distribution of income both among the individuals
and the regions. These disparities need to be mitigated.

Politics

Political parties based onreligion, race or class is outlawed in Turkey.

Turkey is a country to be reckoned with.

Erzurum

Geography

Erzurum is located in the north eastern part of Turkey.

It has always been an important center because of its geographical location and
topographical position.

A branch of the ancient Silk Road used to pass through the city.

It is located on the skirts of majestic Palandöken Mountains, overlooks a large
plain and controls several passes to different directions.

The population of Erzurum is about 400.000.

The altitude of the city is about 1.800 meters.

The city is surrounded by Palandoken Mountains on the south and Kargapazarı
Mountains on the north.

The winters in Erzurum last for about six months from mid-November to the
end of April.

History

Erzurum has a history of 6.000 years dating back to 4.000 B.C.

Erzurum was captured and ruled by many nations such as Urartians,
Cimmerians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, Byzantians and Turks (Saltuqs, Ilhans
and Ottomans).

The Citadel in the city was built by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in the 5

Century, but the clock tower was built by the Saltuq Turks in 12

Century.

Erzurum has been the capital city of Saltuqian Dynasty in 12

Century.

There are many works of art in the city from the period of Saltuq, Ilhan, and
Ottoman Turks such as Grand Mosque, Double Minarets, Yakutiye Medresah
and Lala Pasha Mosque.

Ulucami, the grand mosque, was built by Melik Nasrettin of Seljuks in the 12

Century. It is covered by 7 parallel vaults, which provide 7 wide naves for the
prayers.

The Double Minarets, a Theological College, was built by Sultan Alaattin
Keykubat of saltuqs, a branch of the Seljuks, in the 13

Century. It is the biggest

and most elaborately decorated building of its kind in Anatolia. It has a very
impressive portal with a highly decorated frame and a huge mukarnas (a
decorated arch of the portal). Elaborate stone carvings on the base of the
minarets and the reliefs on the walls have symbolic meanings representing the
beliefs of the Ilhanits before they adopted Islam. For example, the double headed
eagles and the dragons represent masters of the sky and the earth respectively.

Yakutiye Medresah, a theological college, was built by Hodja Cemalettin
Yakutin in the 14

Century. The building is being used as a museum now.

Lalapasha Mosque was built by the Governor Lala Mustafa Pasha who later
became the conqueror of Cyprus in the 16

Century during the reign of The

Suleyman the Magnificent. It is a typical example of classical Ottoman mosques
with a central dome supported by 4 main columns. It is the work of the great
architect Sinan.

The city was occupied temporarily by the Russians three times in 1829, 1882
and 1916.

Erzurum is the city where the foundation of the Republic of Turkey was laid in
Erzurum Congress in July 23

. 1919 by Atatürk and his friends.

Other points of interest in the city include the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai which
is used as a marketplace for black stone jewelry, three tombs and old Erzurum
houses.

Economy

For thermal and eco- tourism as well as rafting, trekking and mountain biking,
the economy of Erzurum depends mainly on three Sectors, namely, agriculture,
trade and turizm.

Fodder crops and animal husbandry in Erzurum has a great potential for
development.

The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Erzurum has more than 3.500
members. It is the biggest civil society organization in Erzurum.

Tourism, especially the winter tourism, is becoming a major economical sector
in Erzurum. Palandöken Ski Center is one of the most popular ski centers in the
Country. When fully developed, the center will have a capacity of 32.000 skiers
per day. The center isonly 6 kilometers away from the city. There are four five
star luxurious hotels in the center and it has the longest ski runs and the best
snow quality in Turkey.

There is an important potential in Erzurum.

Social and Cultural Structure

Erzurum has been the center of culture, education and throughout the history.

Double minarets and Yakutiye Medresah are the two important institutions of
higher education of 12

and 13

Century.

Ataturk University is one of the biggest and most important institutions of
higher education in the Country with about 40.000 Students

The people of Erzurum are called “dadash” which means “man of dignity “.

Politics

People of Erzurum are known to be “conservative” in their political and social
views.

Local elections will be held next year.

In the political history of Erzrurum, no Mayor has been elected twice.

Cyprus Problem

Cyprus is an island in Eastern Mediterranean, only 40 miles off the cost of Turkey.

It is more than 300 miles away from the mainland Greece. Cyprus became a part of the

Ottoman Empire in 1571 and remained so, for more than 300 years. In 1923 Turkey

relinquished its sovereignty to England in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. The

population of Cyprus is about 600.000, a quarter of which is Turkish.

The essence of Cyprus problem is that the Greeks have, for a long time, wanted to

unite the island with Greece and eliminate the Turkish Population. Turkish people on the

island had been subjected to continious discrimination, intimidation, oppression

harassment and outright massacre for years. In 1974, Turkey intervened militarily in

accordance with the Treaty of Guarantee of 1960 to maintain the independence of the

island and protect the lives of the Turkish People. If the Turks had not been harassed out

of Cyprus, it has been calculated that the number of them would have been equal to that of

Greeks by now.

The best possible solution to the problem seems to be the establishment of a bi-

communal, bi-zonal, non-aligned and independent federal republic. This solution will

maintain the independence and integrity of the island, and will provide peace and security

to both communities.

There are two completely different communities on the island. They have different

cultural, social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. They have different traditions and

aspirations. Past events have created a profound mistrust and enmity between them. These

communities can not live together at least for the time being. Therefore, they should live

side by side if peace and security on the Island are to be maintained.

The Greeks seem to maintain the idea of Enosis. Now, they are more interested in

mobilizing international pressure against Turkey than in reaching a just and lasting peace

through negotiations. There will not be a solution to the problem as long as Greeks follow

a policy of tension with Turkey. On the other hand an imposed solution to the question

will, almost certainly, lead to another crisis, another tragedy or even a shamefull ethnic

clensing like the one witnessed in Bosnia.

Turkish-

Armenian Matter

Some Armenians are trying to win the sympathy of the world public opinion and gain

some political advantage at the expense of Turkey by making genocide claims and presenting only

one side of the story.

The Armenians, like many other communities, lived in total cultural freedom, peace, and

prosperity for many Centuries under the Ottoman rule. In late 19

Century those countries that

wanted to decimate the Ottoman Empire manipulated the Armenians for their own political aims

and encouraged them to fight against the empire and form an independent State. To that end, they

formed organizations such as Hinchak in 1987 and Tashnak groups in 1890 with armed units to

fight against the Ottoman security forces and harass the Muslim population. They started the first

riot and in Sason in 1894 and shed the bloods of many innocent people. In the following years

they intensified their violence in Eastern Anatolia. During the First World War, they fought

against the Ottoman army along side the Russians and committed mass murders

On April 24, 1915, the Ottoman Government decided to relocate or resetle the

Armenians of Eastern Anatolia to Syria which was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that time.

Many countries in history have relocated some of their citizens during the wars.

What Armenians claim to be genocide is in fact the relocation of the Armenians away

from the front line as a result of their own acts of violence. Subsequent loss of life due to the

inhuman conditions of war is well known to all. Genocide is an act of killing a group of people for

what they are, not for what they do. Ermenians were resetled for what they did during the war.

Most Armenians who scratch the healing wounds now are the descendents of those who

were resetled away from the front line during the War. If there had been a genocide at that time,

they would not have been able to make those claims now.

It is unfortunate that on the advent of 21

Century, some people are nurturing hatred and

violence again, killing innocent people including diplomats and expecting some benefits from

creating a biased World public opinion.

A group of bipartisan international experts must come together to bring out to light all

the facts about this matter and put an end to endless accusations, enmities, misunderstanding and

the exploitation of the good will of the international communities.

In the final analysis, both the Armenians and the Turks who lost their lives as a result of

the fabricated hatret are the victims of the super powers of that time which followed the policy of

“divide and rule”. Most of the conflicts in the Middle East of today stems from the same policy.

All those who want to tarnish the image of a nation must act responsible and give up creating

more hatret, conflict and violence.

Agriculture

Agriculture can be described as the work of growing crops and raising farm

animals.

Agronomy is the work of producing field crops in large and open fields.

Horticulture is the work of producing fruits and vegetables in small and protected

areas.

Agricultural extension is a technical service based on an out-of-school educational

system and aimed at improving the living conditions of the people who are

engaged in Agriculture.

There are eleven Departments in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University.

They are the Departments of: Horticulture, Plant Protection, Food Technology,

Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Mechanization,

Field Crops, Soil Science and Animal Husbandry, Aquaculture and Landscape

Architecture.

Photosynthesis is a process by which chlorophyll containing cells in green plants

synthesize carbohydrates from carbodioxide and water in the presence of sun

light. In other words, it is a process by which plants make sugar from water and

air.

Erosion occurs on sloping surfaces rather than level surfaces.

Some bacteria are beneficial, but some are harmful, causing various diseases.

A plow is an implement to till or turn over the soil.

A roller is used to break up the clods and compact the seed bed.

In general, tillage serves three purposes. It prepares the seed bed, destroys the

weeds, and improves the soil.

Rotation is a practice of growing different crops at different times on the same

soil.

A tractor can draw a two or more furrow plow.

Economics

Economics is the study of man's activities aimed at satisfying the unlimited human

needs by means of limited resources. These activities include production,

distribution, consumption etc.

Supply and demand are among the most important concepts in Economics. Supply

refers to the amounts of a commodity that the suppliers are willing to sell at

certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time. On the other hand,

demand refers to the amounts of a commodity that the consumers are willing to

buy at certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time.

In a free market, the price of a commodity is determined at a point where the

amounts of supply and demand are equal. , the price of a commodity goes up as

the demand goes up, or the supply goes down, or vice versa.

Inflation is an economic phenomenon which appears as a steady and sharp

increase in general price level. Inflation, by definition, refers to a high level of

increase in money supply in relation to the increase in production. Inflation can

also be defined as too much demand in relation to supply. It follows that the

solution to inflation is to decrease demand and increase supply by certain

measures.

According to the law of diminishing returns, in production when one factor is

increased constantly while the others are held constant. the output will show three

stages:

1) Increases at an increasing rate.

2) Increases at decreasing rate.

3) Reaches a maximum and there after decrease.

The law of diminishing returns is also called the law of diminishing marginal

productivity

Atatürk

Atatürk is the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic. He was born

in 1881 in Salonika which is in Greece now but was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that

time. He attended military school and became an officer in the Ottoman Army in 1902.

He fought on several fronts in different wars and became a national hero after the

Gallipoli War in 1915. Ottoman Empire was invaded by several foreign powers after the

First World War. He started the Independence War against the invading powers in Samsun

on May 19th, 1919. He led the Nation to victory after a bitter and costly struggle on

August 30th, 1922. He established the Turkish Republic, on October 29th, 1923 and was

elected as the first President of the Republic.

The Turkish Republic was established on the principles of; republicanism,

nationalism, statism, secularism, populism, and revolutionism which have become to be

known as Kemalism. Atatürk has carried out several bold and broad reforms to create a

modern state on the ruins of the six-century old Ottoman Empire.

His many reforms include the following:

Abolishing the Sultanate and establishing the Republic.

Abolishing the Caliphate and Religious Code and establishing the secularism

and Civil Code.

Closing down the religious orders.

Changing hats and costumes.

Introducing the Latin alphabet.

Establishing several state institutions to promote peace, prosperity, and

progress in the Country.

Atatürk died on November 10th, 1938, but his memory and his works will live

forever. He is one of the greatest leaders of the Twentieth Century. Even if he had

achieved only one of his many accomplishments, he would still have deserved to be called

as one of the greatest leaders in the world.

Atatürk’s Address to the Turkish Youth

Turkish Youth!

Your first duty is to preserve and defend the Turkish independence and the Turkish

Republic forever.

This is the only foundation of your existence and your future. This foundation is

your most valuable treasure. In the future too, you will have enemies both in the country

and abroad who will try to deprive you of this treasure. If, one day, you are compelled to

defend your independence and the Republic, you shall not hesitate to perform your duty no

matter what the circumstances and possibilities may be. These circumstances and

possibilities may be extremely unfavorable. The enemies who desire to destroy your

independence and your Republic may have won a victory unprecedented in the history of

the World. By force or deceit, all the fortresses and shipyards of your homeland may have

been seized, all the armies may have been dispersed and all the corners of your homeland

may have actually been occupied. What is more tragic and awesome than even these

eventualities, those in power may have fallen into ignorance, error, or even treason.

Moreover, they may identify their personal interest with the enemies' political claims. The

nation may have been completely deprived, destroyed and exhausted.

Turkish youth of the future, even under these circumstances, it is your duty to save

the Turkish independence and the Turkish Republic. The might that you will need is

already present in the noble blood in your veins.

M.K.Atatürk 1927

FIFTH PART

LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES

A Letter to a Friend

April 1

, 1986

ERZURUM

Dear A,

Thank you very much for your letter of March 8 th. It was very nice to hear from

you again. I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter. I was out of town for a two-

week vacation when it arrived. Lots of paper had piled up on my desk when I returned

from vacation, and it took me several days to catch up with the work.

It is nice to hear that you and your family are all well. I am happy to be able to say

that I and my family are all fine too. B had a cold last week. He is about over it and join

the football team now. The weather has been unusually warm around here for this time of

the year.

That is all there is to say for the time being. Please say hi, to C and D for me.

Please give my regards to your parents.

I am looking forward to hearing from you again.

With all my best wishes

E. F. U

P.S.

G. became engaged to H.T. yesterday

K will get married to L tomorrow.

A Letter of Application

______________________________________________________________________

April 2nd, 1986

ERZURUM

I.C.L.S.

1346 Connecticut Ave., 1200

N.W. Washington D.C. 20036 U.S.A.

Dear Sirs

I am a member of the teaching staff in the Department of... in the College of

Agriculture at Atatürk University in Turkey. I was given a scholarship to study in U.S.A.

for a period of one year. I would like to attend your school for three months for language

training before I start studying in my field.

I would appreciate if you could send me an application form and some information

regarding accommodation possibilities-in D.C.

Thank you very much in advance for your consideration. I am looking forward to

receiving an answer from you.

Sincerely yours,

K.L.A

Department of...........

Ataturk University

25240 Erzurum-Turkey

Enclosures :

1. A copy of B.S. diploma

2. A letter of financial support

A Letter of Recommendation

______________________________________________________________________

April 3rd, 1986

ERZURUM

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

I am pleased to write this letter of recommendation in behalf of Dr. O.P. whom I

have known for over ten years and worked with since 1980. He was asked to join the

teaching staff in the College because of his distinguished record during his undergraduate

years.

Mr. P. is a diligent and intelligent person. He has a great sense of duty and

responsibility. He is known to be a man of patience and perseverance.

It is my belief that Dr. O.P. will be able to benefit greatly from an opportunity to

study abroad. I strongly recommend him for such an opportunity.

Very truly yours,

Prof. Dr. M. C. A

Chairman

Department of..................

College of Agriculture

Atatürk University

Erzurum / TURKEY

Some positive characteristics: careful, considerate, creative, co-operative, diligent, dedicated, energetic,

extravert, friendly, hardworking, imaginative, intelligent, meticulous, orderly, punctual, self confident,

vigilant,

A Letter of Confirmation

______________________________________________________________________

April 4th, 1986

ERZURUM

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Dr. O.P. has been a member of the teaching staff in the

College of Agriculture at Atatürk University for the past five years. He was awarded a

scholarship by the Government to study abroad for a period of one year.

I would like to confirm that his scholarship covers in full, the travel expenses, per-

diem allowances, admission fees and medical expenses.

Prof. Dr. T.K.F

Dean

College of Agriculture

Atatürk University 25240

ERZURUM-TURKEY

______________________________________________________________________

Translation of a Diploma

______________________________________________________________________

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

ERZURUM

Photo

ATATURK UNIVERSITY

and

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

seal

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER

DIPLOMA

Date of Diploma

Diploma Number

Department

This is to certify that ...............................................................the son/daughter of

.......................born in the year........................ in .........................has been granted the title

of AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER on the date of............................. upon completing

his/her studies and examinations successfully in compliance with the special laws and

regulations of the College of Agriculture of Atatürk University to benefit from all the

rights and privileges provided by the laws of the Republic of Turkey.

Rector of Atatürk University

Dean of College of Agriculture

.......... .........

Signature

______________________________________________________________________

This is a complete and correct translation of the original

Date and confirmation:

SIXTH PART

VOCABULARY

Just as keys are attached to rings, the words should be attached to sentences to

prevent them from being lost.

English Words

English Logic

When the English tongue we speak,

Why is break not rhymed with freak?

Will you tell me why it's true?

We say sew, but likewise few

And the maker of the verse

Can not cap his horse with worse?

Beard sounds not the same as heard

Cord is different from word

Cow is cow, but low is low;

Shoe is never rhymed with foe.

Think of hose and dose and lose,

And of goose and yet of choose.

Think of comb and tomb and bomb,

Doll and roll, and home and some,

And since pay is rhymed with say.

Why not paid with said, I pray?

We have blood and food and good;

Mould is not pronounced like could.

Wherefore done, but gone and lone?

Is there any reason known?

And in short, it seems to me,

Sound and letters disagree.

Homophones

Aisle (Ayıl) Koridor

Isle

Ada

Be (Bi)

Olmak

Bee

Arı

Break (Breyk) Kırmak

Brake

Fren

Die (Day)

Ölmek

Dye

Boya

Cell (Sel)

Hücre

Sell

Satmak

Doe (Do)

Dişi Geyik

Dough

Hamur

Hair (Heyr)

Saç

Hare

Tavşan

Flour (Flawr

Flower

Çiçek

Heal (Hiil) Iyileşmek

Heel

Topuk

Idol (Aydıl) Put

Idle

Boş, Aylak

Mail (Meyl)

Posta

Male

Erkek

Our (Avr)

Bizim

Hour

Saat

Straight (Streyt)

Doğru (Düz Hat)

Strait

Boğaz (Çanakkale)

Tail (Teyl)

Kuyruk

Tale

Masal

Fair

Doğru Adil

Fare

Ücret (Bilet v.b.)

American English English English Turkish

Baby bottle (nipple)

Teat

Biberon

Long distance call

Trunk call

ehirlerarası telefon

Business suit

Lounge suit

Resmi elbise

Pants (slacks)

Trousers

Pantolon

Parka

Onarak

Mont

Shoestring

Shoelace

Ayakkabı bağı

Intermission

Interval

Ara (sinemada)

Meat grinder

Mincer

Kıyma makinası

Raisins

Sultanas

Kişmiş

Antenna

Arial

Anten

Closet

Cupboard

Dolap

Faucet

Tap

Muslık

Scotch tape

Cellotape

effaf bant

Fender

Mud quard

Çamurluk

Baggage

Luggage

Bavul

Lost and found

Lost property

Kayıp eşya bürosu

Make reservation

Book

Yer ayırtmak

Subway

Under ground

Metro

Zero

Naught

Sıfır

Agricultural Words and Terms

General

Agriculture: Tarım

Winnow: Savurmak

Leaf: Yaprak

Horticulture:Bağcılık,

Bahçecilik

Store: Depolamak

Awn: Kılçık

Viticulture: Üzümcülük

Germinate: Çimlenme

Bud: Tomurcuk

Apiculture: Arıcılık

Emerge: Çıkma

Field Crops: Tarla bitkileri

Cultivate: Işlemek

Flower: Çiçek, Çiçek açma

Cash Crops: Gelir bitkileri

Plow: Sürmek, Pulluk

Mature : Olgun,

Olgunlaşma

Subsistence Crops:

Geçimlik Ürünler

Sow: Ekmek

Bran: Kepek

Grain Crops: Daneliler

Plant: Dikmek

Stable: Ahır

Cereal Crops: Hububat

Mow: Biçmek

Stem: Gövde (ağaç)

Root Crops: Kök bitkileri

Reap: Biçmek

Branch: Dal

Industrial Crops: End. bit.

Harvest: Hasat etmek

Bark: Kabuk

Oil Crops: Yağ bitkileri

Trash: Dövmek

Stalk: Gövde (sap)

Fiber Crops: Lif bitkileri

Wilt: Sararma

Seedling : Fide

Poultry : Kümes hayvan

Thin: Seyreltme

Fingerling: Yavru balık

Feed: Hayvan yemi

Hoe: Çapalama

Rotation: Münavebe

Trough: Kurun (Su kapları)

Irrigate: Sulama

Smut: Sürme

Saddle Animals: Binek h.

Sprinkler: Yağmurlama

Forage Crops: Yem

bitkileri

Draft Animals: Çeki h.

Barn: Samanlık

Fodder Crops: Yem Bit.

Flora: Tabii Bitki varlığı

Furrow: Karık

Cover Crops: Örtü bitkileri

Fauna:Tabii Hayvan varlığı

Fallow: Nadas

Bovine : Büyükbaş hayvan

Farm Manure: Çiftlik

gübresi

To Leave Fallow: Nadasa

bırakma

Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvan

Beef: Sığır eti

Mutton: Koyun eti

Plants

Grains: Hububatlar

Barley: Arpa

Millet: Darı

Awned Wheat: Kılçıklı b.

Wheat: Buğday

Lentils: Mercimek

Rice: Pirinç

Corn: Mısır

Oat: Yulaf

Weed: Yabancı ot

Rye: Çavdar

Industrial crops

Cotton: Pamuk

Tobacco: Tütün

Flax: Keten, Jute: Kendir

Hemp: Kenevir

Sugar Beet: Şeker pancarı

Fruits: Meyveler

Apple: Elma

Cherry Pip: Kiraz çekirdeği

Strawberry: Çilek

Pear: Armut

Grape: Üzüm

Mulberry: Dut

Peach: Şeftali

Grapefruit: Greyfurt

Pineapple: Ananas

Apricot: Kayısı

Date: Hurma

Orange : Portakal

Plum: Erik

Fig: Incir

Tangerine: Mandalina

Cherry: Kiraz

Melon : Kavun

Lemon: Limon

Pip: Çekirdek

Watermelon: Karpuz

Quince : Ayva

Vegetables: Sebzeler

Tomato: Domates

Potato: Patates

Squash: Kabak (Dolmalık)

Pepper: Biber

Onion: Soğan

Pumpkin: Kabak (Bal)

Egg Plant: Patlıcan

Garlic: Sarmısak

Cauliflower: Karnabahar

Cucumber: Salatalık

Bean: Fasulye

Cabbage: Lahana

Lettuce: Marul

Melon: Kavun

Mushroom: Mantar

Carrot: Havuç

Nuts: Kuruyemişler

Chestnut: Kestane

Coconut: Hindistan Cevizi

Pistachio: Antep Fıstığı

Walnut: Ceviz

Almond: Badem

Peanut : Fıstık

Cashew: Cashew Fıstığı

Fodder crops: Yem Bitkileri

Alfalfa: Yonca

Vetch: Fiğ (Küspe)

Grass: Çimen

Seinfoin: Korunga

Clover : Üçgül

Crushed Straw: Saman

Flowers: Çiçekler

Rose: Gül

Carnation: Karanfil

Daisy: Papatya

Tulip: Lale

Violet: Menekşe

Lavender: Lavanta

Jasmine: Yasemin

Lily: Zambak

Trees: Ağaçlar

Willow

: Söğüt

Maple: Akçaağaç

Okra: Bamya

Poplar: Kavak

Palm Tree: Palmiye

Spinach: Ispanak

Oak: Meşe

Herbicide:Yabancı Ot

Ilacı

Celery : Kereviz

Hazelnut: Fındık

Pea: Bezelye

Parsley : Maydanoz

Pine: Çam

Chick-Pea: Nohut

Leek: Prasa

Division : Bölüm

Class: Sınıf

Family: Familya

Animals and Insects

Bovine: Büyükbaş Hayvanlar

Cow: Inek

Bull: Boğa

Camel: Deve

Ox: Öküz

Buffalo: Manda

Calf: Dana

Pig: Domuz

Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvanlar

Sheep: Koyun

Lamb: Kuzu

Doe: Keçi (Dişi), Dişi Geyik

Eve: Koyun

Goat: Keçi

Ram: Koç

Buch: Teke

Poultry: Kümes Hayvancılığı

Chicken: Tavuk

Turkey: Hindi

Duckling: Ördek yavrusu

Hen: Tavuk

Goose: Kaz

Rooster: Horoz

Duck: Ördek

Saddle Animals: Binek Hayvanları

Horse: At

Mare: Kısrak

Mule: Katır

Stallion: Aygır

Donkey:Eşek

Domestic Animals : Ev Hayvanlar

Dog: Köpek

Puppy: Guduk

Kitten: K.Yavrusu

Bitch: Kancık

Cat: Kedi

Insects: Böcekler

Fly: Sinek

Butterfly: Kelebek

Genus: Cins

Bee: Arı

Spider: Örümcek

Species: Tür

Mosquito: Sivrisinek

Cockroach: Hamam b.

Variety: Çeşit

Beetle: A. Böceği

Silkworm: Ipek böceği

Strain: Hat

Insecticide:Böcek

Öldürücü

Locust: Çekirge

Wild Animals and Others

Land Animals: Kara Hayvanları

Wolf: Kurt

Monkey: Maymun

Rabbit: Tavşan

Fox: Tilki

Zebra: Zebra

Rat: Tarla faresi

Bear: Ayı

Giraffe: Zürafa

Mouse: Ev faresi

Lion: Aslan

Elephant: Fil

Bat: Yarasa

Tiger: Kaplan

Beaver: Kunduz

Squirrel: Sincap

Leopard: Leopar

Jackal: Çakal

Sea Creatures: Deniz Yaratıkları

Whale: Balina

Coral: Mercan

Shrimp: Karides

Shark: Köpek Balığı

Sponge: Sünger

Lobster: Istakos

Dolphin: Yunus Balığı

Octopus: Ahtapot

Crab: Yengeç

Trout: Alabalık

Mussel: Midye

Birds: Kuşlar

Sea Gull: Martı

Crow: Karga

Peacock: Tavus

Hawk: Atmaca

Sparrow: Serçe

Pheasant: Keklik

Dove: Güvercin

Pigeon: Güvercin

Vulture: Akbaba

Falcon: Şahin

Eagle: Kartal

Ostrich: Devekuşu

Canary: Kanarya

Stork: Leylek

Owl: Baykuş

Parrot: Papağan

Crane: Leylek

Reptiles: Sürüngenler

Snake: Yılan

Alligator: Timsah

Snail: Sümüklü böcek

Scorpion: Akrep

Turtle: Kaplumbağa

Frog: Kurbağa

Crocodile: Timsah

Worm: Solucan

Agricultural Implements

Fork: Dirgen

Hammer: Çekiç

Harrow: Sürgü

Rake: Tırmak

Sickle: Orak

Discharrow: Diskaro

Pick: Kazma

Scythe: Tırpan

Shovel: Kürek

Cart: Araba

Seed Drill: Mibzer

Spade: Bel Küreği

Plow: Pulluk

Tractor: Traktör

Hoe: Çapa

Roller: Merdane

Trailer: Römork

Combine Harvester: Biçer

Döver

Potato Planter: P. Dikici

Wheel Barrow: El arabası

Household Tools

Scissors: Makas

Driver: Tornavida

Awl: Biz

Tweezers: Cımbız

Bolt: Civata

Strainer: Süzgeç

Pliers: Pense

Nut: Somun

Funnel: Huni

Pincers

: Kerpeten

Spanner: Somun anahtarı

Bucket: Kova

Axe: Balta

Wrench: Đng.Anahtar

Nail: Çivi

Chopper: Satır, Falçata

Saw: Testere

Hammer: Çekiç

Lever: Levye

Hacksaw: Demir testeresi

Brush: Fırça

Drill: Matkap

Ripsaw: Ağaç testeresi

Broom: Süpürge

Screw: Vida

Dust Pan: Faraş

Mop: Paspas

Parts of a Human Body

The Skeleton : Đskelet

Wrist: Bilek

Forehead/Brow: Alın

Skull: Kafatası

Fist: Yumruk

Jaw: Çene Kemiği

Collar-Bone: Köprücük k.

Hand: El

Mustache: Bıyık

Shoulder-Blade: Kürek k.

Palm: Aya, Avuç içi

Beard: Sakal

Breastbone: Göğüş Kemiği

Thumb: Başparmak

Tooth: Diş

Rib: Kaburga Kemiği

Finger: Parmak

Lip: Dudak

Backbone/Spine: Omurga

Nail: Tırnak

Tongue: Dil

Hip-Bone/: Kalça Kemiği/

Leg: Bacak

Eye: Göz

Pelvis: Leğen Kemiği

Thigh: Uyluk

Eyeball: Göz yuvarlağı

Kneecap: Dizkapağı Kemiği

Knee: Diz

Eyebrow: Kaş

Hair: Saç

Calf: Baldır

Eyelid: Göz kapağı

Head: Baş/Kafa

Ankle: Ayak bileği

Eyelashes: Kirpikler

Neck: Boyun

Foot: Ayak

Iris: Iris/Iris Tabakası

Throat: Boğaz/Gırtlak

Heel: Topuk

Brain: Beyin

Shoulder: Omuz

Instep: Taban kemeri

Wind Pipe: Soluk borusu

Chest: Göğüs

Sole: Ayak tabanı

Heart: Kalp Yürek

Back: Sırt

Toe: Ayak parmağı

Lung: Akciğer

Waist: Bel

The Face: Yüz

Liver: Karaciğer

Stomach/Tummy:Mide/Karın

Eye: Göz

Kidney: Böbrek

Hip: Kalça

Nose: Burun

Intestines: Barsaklar

Bottom/Buttocks: Kıç/Kaba

Ear: Kulak

Bladder: Sidik torbası

Armpit: Koltuk Altı

Mouth: Ağız

Vein: Toplardamar

Arm: Kol

Cheek: Yanak, Avurt

Artery: Atardamar

Upper Arm: Üst kol

Chin: Çene

Muscle: Kas/Adale

Forearm: Önkol

Temple: Şakak

Vessel: Damar

Elbow: Dirsek

Automotive Words and Terms

Car: Araba

Gear: Vites

Spare Tire: Yedek Lastik

Bus: Otobüs

Clutch: Debriyaj

Jack: Kriko

Truck: Kamyon

Brake: Firen

Lever: Levye

Bumper: Tampon

Accelerator: Gaz

Towing Rope: Çekme halat

Headlight: Ön Far

Fan: Pervane

Extinguisher: Yangın sön.

Signal: Sinyal

Fan Belt: Pervane kayışı

Fuel Tank: Depo

Fender: Çamurluk

Starter: Marş

Pot Hole: Kasis

Hood: Motor kapağı

Spark Plug: Buji

To Start: Çalıştırmak

Windshield: Ön cam

Distributor: Distribitör

To Speed Up: Hızlanmak

Wiper: Silecek

Carburetor: Karbüratör

To Swerve: Dir. Kırmak

Roof: Üst Kaporta

Dashboard: Konsol

Flat Tire: Patlak Lastik

Trunk: Bagaj

Glove Compartment:

Torpido gözü

To Slow down :

Yavaşlamak

Wheel: Tekerlek

Front Seat: Ön koltuk

To Pull Over: Kenara çekmek

Tire: Lastik

Back Seat: Arka koltuk

To Stop: Durmak

Rear view mirror: Arkayı

görüş aynası

Seat Belt: Kemer

To Repair the flat tire:

Lastik tamir etmek

Steering Wheel: Direksiyon

simidi

Horn: Korna

A Dent On The Fender:

Çamurlukta bir çöküntü

To sound horn: Korna

To Blow Horn: Korna

çalmak

Çalmak

Military Terms

Private

Artillery

Topçu

Corporal

Onbaşı

Cavalry

Süvari

Sergeant

Çavuş

Tank units

Tankçı

Lieutenant

Teğmen

Military engineering Đstihkam

Second Lieutenant

Üsteğmen

Communication
Units

Muhabere

Captain

Yüzbaşı

Cease- Fire

Ateş Kes

Major

Binbaşı

Armistice

Mütareke

Lieutenant colonel

Yarbay

Machine gun

Makinalı tüfek

Colonel

Albay

Bullet

Tabanca mermisi

General

Artillery round

Top mermisi

One Star general

Tuğ general

Missile

Füze

Two Star general

Tüm general

Nuclear warhead

Nükleer başlık

Three Star general

Kor general

Gun powder

Barut

Four Star general

Or general

Combat

Çatışma

Marshal

Mareşal

Booby trap

Bubi tuzağı

Chief of staff

Genel kurmay baş.

Armored vehicles

Zırhlı araçlar

Army

Kara kuvvetleri

Trench

Siper

Navy

Deniz kuvvetleri

Front line

Savaş hattı

Airforce

Hava kuvvetleri

Infantry

Piyade

Latin Words and Abbreviations

De facto

In Reality

Fiili Durum

De jure

In Law

Yasal Olarak Durum

Phenomenon

Event

Olay

Phenomena

Events

Olaylar

Fait accompli

Accomplished Fact

Emri Vaki, Oldu Bitti

(Or) Vice Versa

Conversely

(Veya) Tersi

Vis-A-Vis

Faceto Face, Compared to

Yüz Yüze, E Göre

As Per

In Accordance with

E Uygun Olarak….

Datum

Information (Sin.)

Veri

Data

Information (Pl.)

Veriler

Thesis

Tez

Theses

Tezler

Per Se

In (By) itself

Bizatihi

Per Capita

Per Head

Kişi Başına

Ad Hoc

Specific

Özel

In Vivo

In living thing

Canlı içinde

In Vitro

Out of living thing

Canlı dışında

Sine Quo Non

Essential

Olmazsa olmaz

Ceterus Paribus

Other things being equal

Diğer şartlar sabit

kaldığında

I.E. (Id Est)

That Is

Yani

E.G. (Exempli Gratia)

For Example

Mesela

Etc. (Et Cetera)

And so on

Vesaire

Et al.

And others

Ve diğerleri

Ibid ( Ibidem)

In the book cited above

Y.A.G.E.

C.V.

Curriculum Vitae

Özgeçmiş

Quid Pro Quo

Something for something

Kısasa kısas

Erratum

Error

Hata

Errata

Errors

Hatalar

Criterion

Ölçüt

Criteria

Ölçütler

Bona Fide

Made in good faith

Iyi niyetle yapılmış

Uni, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca.

Onomatopoeic Words (Tabiat sesleri taklidi kelimeler)

Bark: Havlama

Hum: Mırıldanma (Şarkı)

Knock: Kapıyı Vurma

Meow: Miyavlama

Mırmır: Mırıldanma (Söz)

Clap: Alkış Sesi

Hee Haw: Anırma

Purr: Mırıldanma (Kedi)

Chop: Odun Kırma

Quack: Vak Vak

Snore: Horlama

Chip: Kutuya Para Atma

Roar: Kükreme

Piss: Işeme

Moan: Inleme

Weigh: Kişneme

Cough: Öksürme

Crisp: Gevrek

Blah-Blah: Dırdır

Crack: Çatırtı

Bomb: Bomba lamak

Burb: Geğirme

Crackle: Çıtırtı

Snap: Ipin Kopması

Sneeze: Hapşırma

Crash: Çarpışma

Hick-Up: Hıçkırmak

Hush: Hış!

Splash: Suya Çarpma

A Poem

Come, come again.

Whatever you are come again.

Be you an idol or fire worshipper or an atheist

Come again.

Our way is not the way of hopelessness;

Even if you have broken your oath or penitence a hundred times,

Come again,

Mevlana

Another Poem

Whatever you wish for yourself,

wish the same for the others.

That is the assence of four Books,

and the words of the fathers.

Yunus Emre

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