II - 1
0RGXá
RYNEK TECHNOLOGII
=DUyZQR URGRZLVND JRVSRGDUF]H MDN L SRV]F]HJyOQH
NUDMH WUDNWXM U\QHN WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL WDN MDN ND*G\
LQQ\ U\QHN WR ]QDF]\ MDNR PLHMVFH NRQWDNWyZ SRPL G]\
GRVWDZFDPL L NXSXM F\PL
1LQLHMV]\ PRGXá
SR ZL FRQR UR]ZD*DQLRP QD WHPDW U\QNX WUDQVIHUX
WHFKQRORJLL MHJR QDWXU]H F]\QQLNRP RNUH ODM F\P
SR]LRP FHQ ]D UR]ZL ]DQLD WHFKQRORJLF]QH PRFQHM
SR]\FML VSU]HGDM F\FK L VáDEHM SR]\FML NXSXM F\FK RUD]
SRGVWDZRZ\P ]MDZLVNRP WHJR U\QNX Z\VRND
NRQFHQWUDFMD Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMDFK L EUDQ*DFK
5R]ZD*DP\ WX QDVW SQLH PRW\ZDFMH GRVWDZFyZ
WHFKQRORJLL L VWUDWHJLH LFK SRVW SRZDQLD D WDN*H SRZRG\
VNáDQLDM FH LFK GR Z\ERUX EH]SR UHGQLFK LQZHVW\FML
]DJUDQLF]Q\FK HNVSRUWX OXE VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML
: PRGXOH W\P RGQRVLP\ QDVW SQLH GR NXSXM F\FK
UR]ZL ]DQLD WHFKQRORJLF]QH L Z\MD QLDP\ V]DQVH
L ]DJUR*HQLD ] MDNLPL VSRWNDM VL RQL QD W\P U\QNX
1D NRQLHF ]DOHFDP\ VWUDWHJLH MDNLH QDE\ZF\ SRZLQQL
VWRVRZDü SRV]XNXM F SDUWQHUyZ Z ]DNUHVLH WUDQVIHUX
WHFKQRORJLL
II - 2
6SLV WUH FL
Wprowadzenie ............................................................................................................................... 3
Rynek transferu technologii ......................................................................................................... 3
Nie komercyjny przeSá\Z WHFKQRORJLL
.RPHUF\MQ\ SU]HSá\Z WHFKQRORJLL
Charakter rynku transferu technologii ....................................................................................... 4
&]\QQLNL GHWHUPLQXM FH FHQ WHFKQRORJLL
3RGZyMQD RFKURQD WHFKQRORJLL VWDQRZL F\FK ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQ
1LHUyZQR ü SR]\FML SU]HWDUJRZ\FK
5HODW\ZQH ]Uy*QLFRZDQLH ]DDZDQVRZDQLD WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR
3RWHQFMDá UR]ZRMRZ\ NXSXM FHJR
Cechy rynku transferu technologii .............................................................................................. 7
Koncentracja geograficzna..................................................................................................... 8
Koncentracja w poszczególnych firmach i sektorach SU]HP\VáRZ\FK
6]HUV]\ NRQWHNVW HNRQRPLF]Q\ U\QNX WUDQVIHU\ WHFKQRORJLL
*áyZQH FHFK\
Dostawcy technologii: motywacje i strategie............................................................................. 11
Metody wchodzenia na rynki zagraniczne ........................................................................... 12
Powody sprzedawania licencji na technologie..................................................................... 13
6WUDWHJLH VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML
.XSXM F\ WHFKQRORJLH 3RWHQFMDOQH NRU]\ FL L ]DJUR*HQLD
.RU]\ FL ] ]DNXSX OLFHQFML
5\]\ND ]ZL ]DQH ] ]DNXSHP OLFHQFML
.ZHVWLD ]DNXSX ZáD FLZHM WHFKQRORJLL
6WUDWHJLD GOD NXSXM F\FK WHFKQRORJLH
II - 3
RYNEK TECHNOLOGII
Wprowadzenie
'OD SRWU]HE QDV]\FK UR]ZD*D
WHFKQRORJL
QDOH*\ UR]XPLHü MDNR NRPELQDFM
ZLHG]\
XPLHM WQR FL
GR ZLDGF]HQLD
L
UR]ZL ]D
RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK
Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\FK
GR
SURGXNRZDQLD L X*\WNRZDQLD WRZDUyZ L XVáXJ Z FHOX ]DVSRNDMDQLD SRWU]HE OXG]NLFK
]ZL ]DQ\FK ] XWU]\PDQLHP VL
SU]\ *\FLX L ZDUXQNDPL HJ]\VWHQFML 7UDQVIHU WHFKQRORJLL
R]QDF]D MHGQDN R ZLHOH ZL FHM QL* ]Z\Ná
Z\PLDQ
SURGXNWyZ L G]LDáD
XVáXJRZ\FK
2EHMPXMH RQ ZV]\VWNLH V\VWHP\ ZVSRPDJDM FH L SURFHV\ UR]ZRMRZH Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR
SURGXNWyZ SURFHVyZ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK L XVáXJ MDNLH PRJ Z\QLNDü ] Z\PLDQ\ ZLHG]\
XPLHM WQR FL
GR ZLDGF]H
L UR]ZL ]D
RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK
7R UR]Uy*QLHQLH MHVW LVWRWQH
SRQLHZD* SUDZD L RERZL ]NL ND*GHM ]H VWURQ XF]HVWQLF] F\FK Z QHJRFMDFMDFK GRW\F] F\FK
WHFKQRORJLL V
]DVDGQLF]R RGPLHQQH
QLH]DOH*QLH RG WHJR
F]\ ± MDNR WRZDU E G F\
SU]HGPLRWHP WDNLFK QHJRFMDFML
PD RQD NV]WDáW MX* VNRQNUHW\]RZDQ\ F]\ WH* QLH 'HILQLFMD
WHFKQRORJLL MDN WXWDM SU]\M OL P\ PD ]DNUHV EDUG]R V]HURNL L RGSRZLDGD Z VZ\FK RJyOQ\FK
]DU\VDFK LQQ\P GHILQLFMRP Z\VW SXM F\P Z OLWHUDWXU]H SU]HGPLRWX
Rynek transferu technologii
)LUP\ SURZDG] KDQGHO WHFKQRORJL QD U\QNDFK ZLDWRZ\FK Z VSRVyE SRGREQ\ MDN WR PD
PLHMVFH Z VWRVXQNX GR LQQ\FK XVáXJ L WRZDUyZ 2]QDF]D WR *H KDQGHO GRW\F]\ Z W\P
SU]\SDGNX ZLHG]\ R VSRVREDFK Z\WZDU]DQLD WRZDUyZ L ZLDGF]HQLD XVáXJ : ZL NV]R FL
SU]\SDGNyZ MHVW WR E G FD F]\M
ZáDVQR FL WHFKQRORJLD ]DVyE ZLHG]\ NWyU GDQD ILUPD MHVW
Z VWDQLH NRQWURORZDü L NWyUHM ZL NV]D F] ü MHVW FKURQLRQD QD PRF\ XVWDZ ]DZDUW\FK Z
V\VWHPDFK SUDZQ\FK ZLHOX NUDMyZ
7HFKQRORJLD E G FD SU]HGPLRWHP REURWX KDQGORZHJR
]DZLHUD Z VRELH PHWRG\ L WHFKQLNL ]DU] G]DQLD
MDN UyZQLH* ZLHG]
XFLHOH QLRQ
Z
NRQNUHWQ\FK
SURGXNWDFK
WDNLFK
MDN
LQVWUXNFMH
REVáXJL
VSHF\ILNDFMH
WHFKQLF]QH
L
WHFKQRORJLF]QH SDWHQW\ OXE RSURJUDPRZDQLH NRPSXWHURZH 2EHMPXMH RQD UyZQLH* ZLHG] L
NQRZ KRZ LVWQLHM FH W\ONR Z OXG]NLFK XP\VáDFK OXE ]DZDUWH Z SURFHGXUDFK RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK
1LH NRPHUF\MQ\ SU]HSá\Z WHFKQRORJLL
,VWRWQD F] ü SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL ORNXMH VL SR]D U\QNLHP WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL 2]QDF]D
WR *H ZLHG]D R WHFKQRORJLL UR]SU]HVWU]HQLD VL
Z VNDOL PL G]\QDURGRZHM WDN*H GURJ QLH
NRPHUF\MQ
SU]\ F]\P PR*H E\ü RQD QDZHW SU]HND]\ZDQD EH]SáDWQLH 2EFRNUDMRZF\
VWXGLXM F\ QDXNL WHFKQLF]QH QD Z\*V]\FK XF]HOQLDFK MDNLHJR NUDMX SRZUDFDM
GR VZRMHM
RMF]\]Q\ Z]ERJDFHQL R QRZ
ZLDGRPR ü WHFKQRORJLF]Q
.RQNXUHQFL VWRVXM
UR]PDLWH
WHFKQLNL FKDUDNWHU\]XM FH VL
RGG]LDá\ZDQLHP ]ZURWQ\P
ZV]HFKREHFQH Z WHFKQRORJLL
SyáSU]HZRGQLNyZ =DJUDQLF]QH ILOLH NRQFHUQyZ SRQDGQDURGRZ\FK 01& ]DWUXGQLDM
MDN
F]áRQNyZ VZRMHJR SHUVRQHOX PLHMVFRZ\FK SUDFRZQLNyZ *G\ SRGHMPXM RQL SRWHP SUDF
JG]LH LQG]LHM WR NRU]\VWDM WDP ] ZLHG]\ QDE\WHM SRSU]HGQLR 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD SURIHVMRQDOQH ±
NUDMRZH L PL G]\QDURGRZH ± RUJDQL]XM
VSRWNDQLD SRGF]DV NWyU\FK PDM
PLHMVFH OLF]QH
SUH]HQWDFMH RVL JQL ü WHFKQLF]Q\FK ± QD VHVMDFK REM W\FK LFK SURJUDPHP D WDN*H SR]D QLPL
3U]\NáDG\ WH LOXVWUXM
WHRUL
JyU\ ORGRZHM NWyUD JáRVL *H ZLGRF]Q\ KDQGORZ\ WUDQVIHU
WHFKQRORJLL ]QDMGXM F\ VZRMH RGELFLH Z WUDQVDNFMDFK KDQGORZ\FK VWDQRZL W\ONR QLHZLHON
F] ü RJyOQHJR SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL
-HGQ
] SRSXODUQ\FK IRUP EH]GHZL]RZHM Z\PLDQ\ WHFKQRORJLL ]ZáDV]F]D Z SU]HP\ OH
NRPSXWHURZ\P L PLNURHOHNWURQLF]Q\P MHVW Z]DMHPQH SU]HND]\ZDQLH OLFHQFML 'OD ZLHOX ILUP
II - 4
MHVW WR VSRVyE QD UR]áR*HQLH U\]\ND ]ZL ]DQHJR ] 5 ' NRV]WDPL EDGD L UR]ZRMX L E\ZD
SURZDG]RQH Z SDUWQHUVWZLH ] QLHPDO ZV]\VWNLPL ILUPDPL NUDMRZ\PL OXE ]DJUDQLF]Q\PL
]GROQ\PL
GR
JHQHURZDQLD
ZLHG]\
WHFKQRORJLF]QHM
QD
SRUyZQ\ZDOQ\P
SR]LRPLH
1DMZD*QLHMV]\P SRZRGHP GOD NWyUHJR SRWHQFMDOQL NRQNXUHQFL ] JyU\ ]JDG]DM VL G]LHOLü
PL G]\ VRE
ZV]HONLH SDWHQW\ MHVW G *HQLH GR XQLNQL FLD NRQLHF]QR FL XVWDZLF]QHJR
PRQLWRURZDQLD QD REV]DU]H FDáHJR
ZLDWD SU]\SDGNyZ HZHQWXDOQHJR QDUXV]DQLD SUDZ
SDWHQWRZ\FK L Z\QLNDM F\FK VW G NRV]WRZQ\FK SRVW SRZD
V GRZ\FK 0RJ RQH UyZQLH*
G]L NL WHPX ]UHGXNRZDü SR]LRP VWUHVX Z\QLNDM FHJR ] Z]DMHPQHJR QDUXV]DQLD VZRLFK
SDWHQWyZ
,QQ\P SRZRGHP MHVW SR SURVWX FK ü X]\VNDQLD GRVW SX GR WHFKQRORJLL
SRPDJDM F\FK X]XSHáQLü ZáDVQH OLQLH SURGXNF\MQH
7UDQVIHU WHFKQRORJLL PR*H E\ü UyZQLH* SURZDG]RQ\ Z GURG]H GáXJRRNUHVRZHM ZVSyáSUDF\
PL G]\QDURGRZHM Z IRUPLH ]QDQHM MDNR MRLQW YHQWXUH .RU]\VWDM ] WDNLHM SUDNW\NL ]DUyZQR
ILUP\ NRQNXUXM FH PL G]\ VRE
MDN L WH NWyUH WHJR QLH UREL
' *HQLH GR WZRU]HQLD MRLQW
YHQWXUHV SRZRGRZDQH MHVW Uy*Q\PL Z]JO GDPL RG FK FL ZHM FLD QD GDQ\ U\QHN MHGQHJR ]
SDUWQHUyZ
D* SR SUDJQLHQLH RJUDQLF]HQLD VWUDW ZáDVQ\FK Z QLH]QDQ\P VRELH RWRF]HQLX
:]URVW NRV]WyZ UyZQLH* VNáDQLD ILUP\ GR WZRU]HQLD MRLQW YHQWXUHV 5R]ZL ]DQLD WDNLH
SURZDG] GR VXNFHVyZ MH*HOL ND*G\ ] SDUWQHUyZ SR]D X]\VNDQLHP WHFKQRORJLL RVL JD ZáDVQH
FHOH NWyUH PRJ REHMPRZDü WDNLH VIHU\ MDN SRGDWNL PHFKDQL]P\ ILQDQVRZDQLD L ]DU] G]DQLD
U\]\NLHP
.RPHUF\MQ\ SU]HSá\Z WHFKQRORJLL
:DUWR ü SRUR]XPLH R ZVSyáSUDF\ Z ]DNUHVLH Z\PLDQ\ WHFKQRORJLL SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL QLH
SRZL ]DQ\PL ]H VRE VWUXNWXUDOQLH PLPR *H EDUG]R ]QDF] FD MHVW MHGQDN Z\UD(QLH PQLHMV]D
QL* Z SU]\SDGNX SDUWQHUyZ ]ZL ]DQ\FK ]H VRE
6]DFXQNL RNUH ODM LFK XG]LDá QD FR QDMZ\*HM
SURFHQW FDáR FL 2]QDF]D WR *H LVWRWQD F] ü SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL QD ZLHFLH PD PLHMVFH
Z UDPDFK WUDQVDNFML ZHZQ WU] VDP\FK 01& WM SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL PDFLHU]\VW\PL L LFK
]DJUDQLF]Q\PL ILOLDPL Z Uy*Q\FK NUDMDFK /LFHQFMRQRZDQLH ZHZQ WU] ZáDVQHM ILUP\ SR]RVWDMH
QLHZLGRF]QH GOD ZáDG] U] GRZ\FK SR SLHUZV]H GODWHJR *H UR]OLF]HQLD SRPL G]\ RGG]LDáDPL
WHM VDPHM ILUP\ U]DGNR Z VSRVyE DGHNZDWQ\ RG]ZLHUFLHGODM U]HF]\ZLVW ZDUWR ü SU]HSá\ZX
WHFKQRORJLL = WHJR D WDN*H ] LQQ\FK SRZRGyZ VWDW\VW\NL GRW\F] FH WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL V
GDOHFH QLHNRPSOHWQH
3DPL WDM F R W\P ]DNUHVHP SRM FLD U\QNX WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL REM WR Z QLQLHMV]\P UR]G]LDOH
UyZQLH* U\QHN ZHZQ WU]Q\ NRUSRUDFML 5\QHN WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL ]GHILQLRZDQR MDNR
WUDQVDNFMH GRW\F] FH WHFKQRORJLL GRNRQDQH QD ]DVDGDFK NRPHUF\MQ\FK
]QDMGXM F\FK
RVWDWHF]QH RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH Z SU]HSá\ZDFK URGNyZ ILQDQVRZ\FK
Charakter rynku transferu technologii
:áD FLZR FL PL G]\QDURGRZHJR U\QNX WHFKQRORJLL V
Z ]QDF]Q\P VWRSQLX SRFKRGQ
FKDUDNWHUX SURGXNWX E G FHJR SU]HGPLRWHP REURWyZ WHJR U\QNX WM ZLHG]\ WHFKQRORJLF]QHM
: SRUyZQDQLX GR LQQ\FK SURGXNWyZ WHFKQRORJLD Z\ND]XMH NLOND V]F]HJyOQ\FK ZáD FLZR FL
•
ZLHG]D MHVW NDWHJRUL QLHXFKZ\WQ
•
ZLHG] FHFKXMH WR *H MHVW NXPXORZDQD
•
ZLHG]D QLH SRGOHJD ]X*\FLX
•
wiedza FHFKXMH VL áDWZR FL SU]HND]X
•
wiedza ma charakter ponadnarodowy.
II - 5
6]F]HJyOQ\ FKDUDNWHU WHFKQRORJLL MDNR WRZDUX Z\QLND ] IDNWX *H Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG LQQ\FK
SURGXNWyZ PDWHULDOQ\FK
VWDQRZL RQD Z\WZyU LQWHOHNWX
-HM LVWRW
MHVW LQIRUPDFMD
XPR*OLZLDM FD UHDOL]DFM SURFHVX SURGXNF\MQHJR 3RQLHZD* MHM ]DZDUWR ü L VWUXNWXUD IL]\F]QD
Z ]QDF]Q\P VWRSQLX RNUH ODM
X*\WHF]QR ü SURGXNWyZ PDWHULDOQ\FK X*\WNRZD ZDUWR ü
WHFKQRORJLL RSLHUD VL QD FL JOH UR]UDVWDM FHM VL ED]LH ZLHG]\ SR]ZDODM FHM QD SURGXNRZDQLH
VWDáHJR VWUXPLHQLD QRZ\FK SURGXNWyZ L XVáXJ
3URFHV SRZVWDZDQLD ZLHG]\ WHFKQRORJLF]QHM Uy*QL VL
Z VSRVyE LVWRWQ\ RG SURFHVX
Z\WZDU]DQLD SURGXNWyZ PDWHULDOQ\FK 0D RQ FKDUDNWHU NXPXODW\ZQ\ FR R]QDF]D *H REHFQH
]DVRE\ L SR]LRP Uy*Q\FK WHFKQRORJLL QD ZLHFLH Z\QLNDM SR UHGQLR ] SRVW SX QDXNRZHJR L
WHFKQLF]QHJR RVL JQL WHJR SU]H] SU]HV]áH SRNROHQLD ,QQ\PL VáRZ\ ÄSURGXNFMD´ ZLHG]\
WHFKQRORJLF]QHM VWDáD VL
PR*OLZD G]L NL SRZVWDZDQLX L JURPDG]HQLX ]DVREyZ NWyUH QLH
]RVWDá\ VNRQVXPRZDQH Z SU]HV]áR FL .XPXODFMD WHFKQRORJLL R]QDF]D *H F]DVDPL WUXGQR MHVW
EH]SR UHGQLR SRZL ]Dü RGNU\FLH UR]V]HU]DM FH QDV]H ]UR]XPLHQLH RWDF]DM FHJR
ZLDWD ]
NRQNUHWQ LQQRZDFM Z\ZRG] F VL RG WDNLHM RJyOQHM NRQFHSFML .RQWUDVWXMH WR Z\UD(QLH ]
SURFHVHP Z\WZyUF]\P JG]LH PR*HP\ ] áDWZR FL RNUH OLü SRFKRG]HQLH L F] FL VNáDGRZH
SURGXNWyZ PDWHULDOQ\FK
7HFKQRORJLD MDNR F]\QQLN SURGXNFML QLH SRGOHJD IL]\F]QHPX ]X*\FLX -HGQDN SRQLHZD*
ZLHG]D WHFKQRORJLF]QD MHVW NXPXORZDQD Z VSRVyE FL Já\ LVWQLHM FH WHFKQRORJLH VWDM
VL
SU]HVWDU]DáH L UHJXODUQLH V ]DVW SRZDQH QDVW SQ\PL ,QQ\PL VáRZ\ ZLHG]D WHFKQRORJLF]QD
XOHJD ]X*\FLX W\ONR Z VHQVLH HNRQRPLF]Q\P SRGF]DV JG\ WRZDU\ PDWHULDOQH ]X*\ZDM VL
]DUyZQR IL]\F]QLH MDN L HNRQRPLF]QLH 1LHPR*QR ü ÄIL]\F]QHJR´ VNRQVXPRZDQLD ZLHG]\
WHFKQRORJLF]QHM LPSOLNXMH MHGQ
] QDMEDUG]LHM U]XFDM F\FK VL
Z RF]\ FHFK WHJR WRZDUX
V]F]HJyOQLH ZD*Q ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD MHJR ZDUWR FL U\QNRZHM GDQD WHFKQRORJLD PR*H ]RVWDü
VSU]HGDQD L VWRVRZDQD SUDNW\F]QLH QLHVNR F]RQ
LOR ü UD]\ EH] ]X*\ZDQLD MHM VXEVWDQFML
: ]DOH*QR FL RG OLF]E\ WUDQVDNFML GRFKRG\ ]D VSU]HGD*\ PRJ E\ü ZLHORNURWQLH ZL NV]H QL*
NRV]W\
ÄZ\WZRU]HQLD´
WHFKQRORJLL
,QQ\PL
VáRZ\
HODVW\F]QR ü
SRGD*RZD
ZLHG]\
WHFKQRORJLF]QHM MHVW Z NUyWNLP RNUHVLH EOLVND QLHVNR F]RQR FL FR QLH PD PLHMVFD Z
SU]\SDGNX MDNLHJRNROZLHN LQQHJR SURGXNWX
8VWDZLF]QLH URVQ FD VNDOD L WHPSR XSRZV]HFKQLDQLD WHFKQRORJLL Z\NUDF]DM FH SR]D JUDQLFH
SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMyZ Z\QLND WDN*H ] áDWZR FL MHM SU]HND]\ZDQLD
']L NL V]\ENLHPX
UR]ZRMRZL WHOHNRPXQLNDFML L VLHFL á F]QR FL NRPSXWHURZHM WHFKQRORJLD VWDáD VL PRELOQD MDN
QLJG\ GRW\FKF]DV
: Z\QLNX WHJR RGVW S F]DVX SRPL G]\ GRNRQDQLHP RGNU\FLD OXE
RSUDFRZDQLHP UR]ZL ]DQLD Z UDPDFK SRVW SX WHFKQLF]QHJR D XSRZV]HFKQLHQLHP RGSRZLHG
QLHM LQIRUPDFML Z VNDOL FDáHJR
ZLDWD XOHJá VSHNWDNXODUQHPX VNUyFHQLX , U]HF]\ZL FLH
SU]HSá\Z LQIRUPDFML Z VNDOL RJyOQR ZLDWRZHM MHVW G]LVLDM GR WHJR VWRSQLD V]\EV]\ WD V]\ L
áDWZLHMV]\ *H F] FLHM QL* NLHG\ ZLHOX PyZL R =LHPL MDNR R ÄJOREDOQHM ZLRVFH´
.XPXOXM F\ VL SURFHV JHQHURZDQLD ZLHG]\ WHFKQRORJLF]QHM PD FKDUDNWHU SRQDGQDURGRZ\ L
RJyOQR ZLDWRZ\ 7HFKQRORJLD SU]HSá\ZD GRRNRáD ZLDWD OLF]Q\PL NDQDáDPL 1LHPDO ND*GD
WHFKQRORJLD MHVW GRVW SQD SUDZLH ND*GHM ILUPLH G\VSRQXM FHM SLHQL G]PL L XPLHM WQR FL MHM
Z\NRU]\VWDQLD 2JyOQH LGHH SRZVWDM FH Z MHGQ\P PLHMVFX ZLDWD V F] VWR NRU\JRZDQH L
UR]ZLMDQH SU]H] OXG]L SR LQQHM VWURQLH JOREX 7HQ G\QDPLF]Q\ SURFHV REHMPXMH ]DUyZQR
ZLHG]
WHFKQRORJLF]Q
FKURQLRQ
SUDZDPL DXWRUVNLPL MDN L SR]EDZLRQ
WDNLHM RFKURQ\
0DM F FKDUDNWHU ZáDVQR FL LQWHOHNWXDOQHM MDN L W QLH PDM F WDNLHJR FKDUDNWHUX 3RPLPR
]Uy*QLFRZDQHJR VWRSQLD GRVW SQR FL GR QLHM Z NUyWNLP RNUHVLH F]DVX ZLHG]D QLH VWDQRZL FD
ZáDVQR FL LQWHOHNWXDOQHM SU]HSá\ZD VZRERGQLH SRPL G]\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\PL NUDMDPL SRGF]DV
JG\ ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQD MHVW VLOQLH FKURQLRQD
WR Z GáX*V]HM SHUVSHNW\ZLH WHFKQRORJLD
II - 6
UR]SU]HVWU]HQLD VL Z VNDOL PL G]\QDURGRZHM Z Z\QLNX MHM VSU]HGD*\ OXE WH* GODWHJR *H
NRQNXUHQFL UR]ZLMDM SRGREQH LQQRZDFMH OXE ZSURZDG]DM LFK XOHSV]RQH ZHUVMH
&]\QQLNL GHWHUPLQXM FH FHQ WHFKQRORJLL
5\QNL WHFKQRORJLF]QH QLH IXQNFMRQXM Z VSRVyE WDN GREU\ MDN U\QNL LQQ\FK SURGXNWyZ ,VWRWD
NRQNUHWQ\FK UR]ZL ]D
WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK VWDQRZL WDMHPQLF
L U]DGNR E\ZD UHNODPRZDQD
.XSXM F\ L VSU]HGDM F\ QDSRW\NDM QD WUXGQR FL XVLáXM F VL QDZ]DMHP RGV]XNDü 7HFKQRORJLH
VWDQRZL FH ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQ PRJ E\ü GRVW SQH W\ONR Z MHGQHM ILUPLH SRGF]DV JG\
ZRNyá SRMDZLD VL FDáD PDVD EOLVNLFK LP DOER QLH D* WDN EOLVNLFK VXEVW\WXWyZ 3RQLHZD* Z
SRUyZQDQLX ] ZL NV]R FL
]Z\Ná\FK Z\UREyZ WHFKQRORJLH PDM
PQLHM NXSFyZ L
VSU]HGDM F\FK NV]WDáWRZDQLH VL
LFK FHQ\ FKDUDNWHU\]XMH QLHSHZQR ü )DGQD ]H VWURQ D
]ZáDV]F]D NXSXM F\
QLH PD MDVQHJR SRJO GX QD WHPDW U]HF]\ZLVWHM ZDUWR FL GDQHM
WHFKQRORJLL =DQLP RNUH ORQD WHFKQRORJLD RSUDFRZDQD Z MHGQ\P NUDMX OXE ILUPLH E G]LH
PRJáD E\ü Z\NRU]\VWDQD JG]LH LQG]LHM PR*H RND]Dü VL
NRQLHF]QH GRNRQDQLH MHM GDOHNR
LG FHJR SRQRZQHJR UR]SUDFRZDQLD L DGDSWDFML .RV]W\ WHJR NWyUH PRJ E\ü Z\VRNLH L WUXGQH
GR RNUH OHQLD ] JyU\ PRJ RJUDQLF]\ü RF]HNLZDQH SRWHQFMDOQH NRU]\ FL = W\FK*H SRZRGyZ
SDNLHW WHFKQRORJLF]Q\ PR*H E\ü Z\FHQLDQ\ SU]\ ]DVWRVRZDQLX ÄUHJXá\ GX*HJR SDOFD´ L PR*H
EDUG]LHM ]DOH*Hü RG ]GROQR FL QHJRFMDF\MQ\FK L Z]JO GQHM PRF\ SU]HWDUJRZHM DQL*HOL RG
ÄZDUWR FL´ WHFKQRORJLL NWyU
PyJáE\ RNUH OLü U\QHN OHSLHM UR]ZLQL W\ 6W G WH* VSRVyE
XVWDODQLD FHQ VWDQRZL MHGQ
] QDMEDUG]LHM FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK FHFK U\QNX WUDQVIHUX
WHFKQRORJLL 0DM F WR ZáD QLH QD Z]JO G]LH SU]\MU]\P\ VL Z GDOV]\P FL JX QLHFR GRNáDGQLHM
F]\QQLNRP ZSá\ZDM F\P QD ÄWHFKQRORJL NV]WDáWRZDQLD FHQ´
3RGZyMQD RFKURQD WHFKQRORJLL VWDQRZL F\FK ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQ
.OXF]RZ\ F]\QQLN RNUH ODM F\ FHQ UR]ZL ]D WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK ]ZL ]DQ\ MHVW ] IDNWHP *H
GRVWDZF\ ]DMPXM SR]\FM PRQRSROLVW\ OXE TXDVL PRQRSROLVW\ SRGF]DV JG\ LFK RGELRUF\ QLH
G\VSRQXM
SU]HG
UHDOL]DFM
WUDQVDNFML
Z\VWDUF]DM F
ZLHG]
QD
WHPDW
SDNLHWX
WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR 2GUy*QLD WR Z VSRVyE ]QDF] F\ LFK V\WXDFM RG WHM Z MDNLHM ]QDMGXM VL
RGELRUF\ QLHPDO ZV]\VWNLFK LQQ\FK WRZDUyZ NRQZHQFMRQDOQ\FK
.RU]HQL PRQRSROX
WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR GRV]XNDü VL
PR*QD Z LQWHOHNWXDOQHM QDWXU]H ZLHG]\ WHFKQRORJLF]QHM
,QIRUPDFMD WHFKQLF]QD VWDQRZL VDP
LVWRW
WHJR V]F]HJyOQHJR WRZDUX L QLH PR*H ]RVWDü
XMDZQLRQD SU]HG ]UHDOL]RZDQLHP WUDQVDNFML :áD FLFLHO WHFKQRORJLL SRVLDGD LQQ\PL VáRZ\
PRQRSRO LQIRUPDF\MQ\ Z]PRFQLRQ\ GRGDWNRZR SUDZQ
RFKURQ
QD PRF\ V\VWHPX
SDWHQWRZHJR L LQQ\FK SUDZ FKURQL F\FK ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQ
'RVWDZFD RGQRVL NRU]\ FL ]
W\WXáX Z\á F]QR FL VWDOH SU]H] FDá\ RNUHV WUZDQLD W\FK SUDZ
7HFKQRORJLD VWDQRZL FD ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQ
VNáDGD VL
]DWHP F] VWR ] LQIRUPDFML
WHFKQLF]QHM Z SRVWDFL WDMHPQLF KDQGORZ\FK L NQRZ KRZ FKURQLRQHJR XVWDZRGDZVWZHP R
ZáDVQR FL LQWHOHNWXDOQHM =DSHZQLD WR ZáD FLFLHORZL WHFKQRORJLL URG]DM SRGZyMQHJR V\VWHPX
RFKURQ\ 1DZHW MH*HOL GRMG]LH GR ]áDPDQLD PRQRSROX WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR WR RFKURQD Z\QLND
QDGDO ] PRQRSROX ]DJZDUDQWRZDQHJR SUDZHP SRWHQFMDOQ\ NXSXM F\ PR*H X]\VNDü GRVW S GR
WHFKQRORJLL VWDQRZL FHM ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQD W\ONR ZyZF]DV JG\ Z VSRVyE ]JRGQ\ ]
XVWDZRGDZVWZHP QDE G]LH SUDZR GR NRU]\VWDQLD ] WDNLHM WHFKQRORJLL
II - 7
1LHUyZQR ü SR]\FML SU]HWDUJRZ\FK
2JUDQLF]RQ\ GRVW S GR WHFKQRORJLL Z\QLNDM F\ ] FKDUDNWHUX PRQRSROX WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR L
LVWRW\ WRZDUX E G FHJR SU]HGPLRWHP KDQGOX VSUDZLD *H SR]\FMH NXSXM FHJR L VSU]HGDM FHJR
]QDF]QLH VL WXWDM Uy*QL RG W\FK MDNLH LVWQLHM QD LQQ\FK QDZHW EDUG]R ]PRQRSROL]RZDQ\FK
U\QNDFK WRZDURZ\FK 6áDED SR]\FMD QHJRFMDF\MQD NXSXM FHJR PD VZRMH (UyGáR Z EUDNX
LQIRUPDFML QD WHPDW WHFKQRORJLL NWyU ]DSODQRZDá SR]\VNDü : GRGDWNX NXSXM F\ PD F] VWR
EDUG]R
RJUDQLF]RQH
PR*OLZR FL
SRUyZQDQLD
ZDUXQNyZ
NRQWUDNWX
]
ZDUXQNDPL
]DRIHURZDQ\PL SU]H] GRVWDZF WHFKQRORJLL LQQ\P MHJR NOLHQWRP V RQH REM WH WDMHPQLF
KDQGORZ
: UH]XOWDFLH LVWRWQD F] ü VNáDGRZD FHQ\ L LQQ\FK ZDUXQNyZ SR]\VNDQLD
WHFKQRORJLL RG]ZLHUFLHGOD Z RGUy*QLHQLX GR LQQ\FK WRZDUyZ PRQRSROLVW\F]Q\ FKDUDNWHU
WRZDUX MDNLP MHVW WHFKQRORJLD
5HODW\ZQH ]Uy*QLFRZDQLH ]DDZDQVRZDQLD WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR
'RGDWNRZ\P F]\QQLNLHP RVáDELDM F\P SR]\FM
SU]HWDUJRZ
QDE\ZF\ WHFKQRORJLL NWyU\
PR*H RND]Dü VL V]F]HJyOQLH LVWRWQ\P Z SU]\SDGNX NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
MHVW ZLHOND QD
RJyá Uy*QLFD Z SR]LRPDFK UR]ZRMX HNRQRPLF]QHJR L WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR GRVWDZF\ L RGELRUF\ ±
]DUyZQR Z VHQVLH RJyOQ\P MDN L Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR NRQNUHWQHM WHFKQRORJLL ,P ZL NV]D MHVW
OXND WHFKQRORJLF]QD LP QL*V]D RJyOQD Z\GDMQR ü HNRQRPLF]QD NXSXM FHJR W\P PQLHMV]D MHVW
MHJR ]GROQR ü GR HIHNW\ZQHJR ZFKáDQLDQLD SU]\VZDMDQLD VRELH L VWRVRZDQLD LPSRUWRZDQ\FK
LQQRZDFML RUD] MHJR ZLHG]D R ]DNXS\ZDQHM WHFKQRORJLL L DOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK UR]ZL ]DQLDFK
WHFKQLF]Q\FK :]JO GQD LJQRUDQFMD NXSXM FHJR WHFKQRORJLH VWDQRZL NOXF]RZ\ HOHPHQW
ELODQVX VLá SRPL G]\ VWURQDPL ]DDQJD*RZDQ\PL Z WUDQVDNFMH WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL ,QQ\PL
VáRZ\ LP PQLHM ZLH NXSXM F\ R LVWRFLH L FHFKDFK WHFKQRORJLL MDN SUDJQLH ]DNXSLü W\P
Z\*V]D E G]LH MHM FHQD
3RWHQFMDá UR]ZRMRZ\ NXSXM FHJR
*HQHUDOQLH QLVNL SR]LRP UR]ZRMX NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
VWDQRZL NROHMQ\ F]\QQLN
RJUDQLF]DM F\ ZSá\Z NXSXM F\FK QD NV]WDáWRZDQLH VL FHQ SáDFRQ\FK ]D WHFKQRORJL
-HGHQ ]
QDMOHSV]\FK VSRVREyZ XWU]\P\ZDQLH W\FK FHQ QD NRQNXUHQF\MQ\P SR]LRPLH Z\QLNDáE\ ]
SRVLDGDQLD LQQ\FK DOWHUQDW\Z -H*HOL MHGQDN SRGREQD WHFKQRORJLD QLH MHVW PR*OLZD GR
SR]\VNDQLD RG LQQHJR VSU]HGDM FHJR
DOWHUQDW\Z
WDN
E\áRE\ RSUDFRZDQLH SRWU]HEQHM
WHFKQRORJLL Z UDPDFK ZáDVQ\FK PR*OLZR FL *HQHUDOQLH MHGQDN XZDUXQNRZDQLD LVWQLHM FH Z
ZL NV]R FL NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
SRZRGXM
*
H SUyED VDPRG]LHOQHJR RSUDFRZDQLD
WHFKQRORJLL REDUF]RQD MHVW ZLHONLPL WUXGQR FLDPL U\]\NLHP D E\áRE\ WR WDN*H F]DVRFKáRQQH
MH*HOL Z RJyOH PR*OLZH : UH]XOWDFLH NXSXM F\ PR*H SR SURVWX QLH PLHü LQQHJR Z\ERUX MDN
W\ONR ]DSáDFLü ]D WHFKQRORJL FHQ
NWyUD E G]LH UDF]HM Z\*V]D QL* QL*V]D
Cechy rynku transferu technologii
: FHOX XPR*OLZLHQLD OHSV]HJR ]UR]XPLHQLD FHFK FKDUDNWHU\]XM F\FK U\QHN WUDQVIHUX
WHFKQRORJLL ]EDGDQR ZLDWRZ\ U\QHN OLFHQFML 7HFKQRORJLD Z VZRMHM F]\VWHM IRUPLH E\áD
QDMF] FLHM SU]HND]\ZDQD SRPL G]\ NUDMDPL Z GURG]H VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML REHMPXM F\FK
RSDWHQWRZDQH Z\QDOD]NL VFKHPDW\ NRQVWUXNF\MQH SRPRF WHFKQLF]Q
]QDNL KDQGORZH SUDZD
DXWRUVNLH L NQRZ KRZ
II - 8
Koncentracja geograficzna
1DMEDUG]LHM XGHU]DM F
ZáD FLZR FL
ZLDWRZHJR KDQGOX WHFKQRORJLDPL MHVW MHJR VNUDMQLH
Z\VRNL VWRSLH
NRQFHQWUDFML 3U]HZD*DM FD ZL NV]R ü HNVSRUWRZDQ\FK OLFHQFML SRFKRG]L ]
NUDMyZ R UR]ZLQL WHM JRVSRGDUFH U\QNRZHM 8G]LDá Z QLFK NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
L
JRVSRGDUHN SODQRZDQ\FK FHQWUDOQLH QLH SU]HNUDF]D
SURFHQWD :VNXWHN WHJR ZL NV]R ü
WHFKQRORJLL VSU]HGDZDQ\FK GR NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
SRFKRG]L ] NUDMyZ UR]ZLQL W\FK
6WXGLD SU]HSURZDG]RQH SU]H] 81&7$'
8QLWHG 6WDWHV &RQIHUHQFH RQ 7UDGH DQG
'HYHORSPHQW Z\ND]XM
*
H WUDQVDNFMH WDNLH VWDQRZL ]DOHGZLH RNRáR
FDáR FL KDQGOX
ZLDWRZHJR SRGF]DV JG\ ZL NV]R ü VSU]HGD*\ WHFKQRORJLL PD PLHMVFH SRPL G]\ NUDMDPL
XSU]HP\VáRZLRQ\PL
5DSRUW 81&7$' Z VSUDZLH UR]ZRMX SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL MHJR
NLHUXQNyZ L VNáDGX Z RNUHVLH SRPL G]\
L
URNLHP LQIRUPRZDá R JZDáWRZQ\P
Z]UR FLH SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL SRPL G]\ UR]ZLQL W\PL JRVSRGDUNDPL U\QNRZ\PL L
XWU]\PXM F\ VL QLVNL SR]LRP SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL GR NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
*
)
Studium opracowane w czerwcu 1992 roku w ramach programu FAST (Oceny i prognozy dla
nauki i technologii) Wspólnoty Europejskiej potwierdza te ustalenia. Badanie wyrywkowe
PL G]\QDURGRZ\FK SRUR]XPLH
R ZVSyáSUDF\ SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL QD SROX WHFKQRORJLL
Z\ND]DáR SU]\WáDF]DM F SU]HZDJ SRUR]XPLH ]DZDUW\FK ZHZQ WU] JRVSRGDUHN UR]ZLQL W\FK
L SRPL G]\ QLPL
2JyOQLH U]HF] XMPXM F
EOLVNR
SURFHQW EDGDQ\FK SRUR]XPLH
]DUHMHVWURZDQ\FK Z ODWDFK
W\FK PLDáR PLHMVFH SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL SRFKRG] F\PL ] ÄWULDG\´
]áR*RQHM ] (XURS\ -DSRQLL L 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK RUD] ] LQQ\FK NUDMyZ UR]ZLQL W\FK
JRVSRGDUF]R 8G]LDá SU]HSá\ZX WHFKQRORJLL SRPL G]\ WULDG D QRZ\PL NUDMDPL UR]ZLMDM F\PL
VL SU]HP\VáRZR 1,& RUD] SRPL G]\ WULDG L NUDMDPL UR]ZLMDM F\PL VL Z\QRVLá MHG\QLH
RGSRZLHGQLR QLHFR SRQDG
SURFHQW L EOLVNR
Z W\P GUXJLP SU]\SDGNX
1D SR]LRPLH NUDMRZ\P RJURPQD NRQFHQWUDFMD KDQGOX OLFHQFMDPL WHFKQRORJLF]Q\PL R ZLHOH
Z\*V]D QL* QD U\QNDFK WRZDURZ\FK MHVW MHV]F]H EDUG]LHM XGHU]DM FD
OXE ZL FHM
SRFKRG]L ] )UDQFML 1LHPLHF :áRFK -DSRQLL 6]ZDMFDULL =MHGQRF]RQHJR .UyOHVWZD :LHONLHM
%U\WDQLL L 3yáQRFQHM ,UODQGLL L 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK SU]\ F]\P QD WH RVWDWQLH SU]\SDGD
D SR]RVWDáH NUDMH PDM XG]LDá\ RG
GR
.RQFHQWUDFMD Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK ILUPDFK L VHNWRUDFK SU]HP\VáRZ\FK
ZLDWRZ\ KDQGHO OLFHQFMDPL MHVW Z\VRFH VNRQFHQWURZDQ\ QLH W\ONR QD SR]LRPLH
SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMyZ DOH UyZQLH* QD SR]LRPDFK SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK ILUP L VHNWRUyZ 2G
GR
SURFHQW
ZLDWRZHJR
KDQGOX
WHFKQRORJLDPL
G]LHO
SR UyG
VLHELH
NRUSRUDFMH
PL G]\QDURGRZH
:DUWR WX SRQRZQLH ] QDFLVNLHP SRGNUH OLü
*
H KDQGHO ZHZQ WU]
SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK ILUP
W]Z
WUDQVDNFMH ZHZQ WU]QH
VWDQRZL JáyZQ
F] ü SU]HSá\ZX
WHFKQRORJLL NDQDáDPL NWyU\PL G\VSRQXM WH NRUSRUDFMH Z UDPDFK VZ\FK VWUXNWXU 8G]LDá
WUDQVDNFML ZHZQ WU]Q\FK Z FDáR FL REURWyZ
ZLDWRZHJR KDQGOX OLFHQFMDPL XVWDZLF]QLH
Z]UDVWDá SDWU] WDEHOD
*
UNCTAD – Ä7UDQVIHU L UR]ZyM WHFKQRORJLL Z ]PLHQLDM F\P VL RWRF]HQLX ZLDWRZ\P Z\]ZDQLD ODW
W\FK´ 7' % &
II - 9
Tabela 2. Obroty w handlu technologiami w latach 1975-1990
Stany Zjednoczone
Wielka Brytania
Niemcy
Rok
Przychody
RJyáHP
POQ
2G
SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ
ILOLDOQ\FK
RJyáX
2G SDUWQHUyZ
]HZQ WU]Q\FK
RJyáX
3U]\FKRG\
RJyáHP
POQ
2G
SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ
ILOLDOQ\FK
RJyáX
2G SDUWQHUyZ
]HZQ WU]Q\FK
RJyáX
3U]\FKRG\
RJyáHP
POQ
2G
SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ
ILOLDOQ\FK
RJyáX
2G SDUWQHUyZ
]HZQ WU]Q\FK
RJyáX
1975
2643
1886
(71,36)
757
(28,64)
274
87,75
(31,75)
187
(68,25)
1980
4998
6396
(73,89)
1305
(26,11)
488
201
(41,19)
287
(58,31)
1985
6121
4222
(68,97)
1899
(31,03)
969
500
(51,60)
469
(48,40)
1693
1559
(92,08)
134
(7,91)
1988
10968
8455
(77,09)
2513
(22,91)
1098
656
(59,74)
442
(40,25)
1898
1769
(93,20)
129
(6,79)
1990
15507
12062
(77,78)
3445
(22,22)
2434
2274
(93,30)
163
(6,69)
'
UyGáD Na podstawie danych 'HSDUWDPHQWX 5R]ZRMX *RVSRGDUF]HJR L 6SRáHF]QHJR 1DURGyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK World Investment Directory
(Publikacja Narodów Zjednoczonych; nr sprzed. 93.II.A.9), t. III; Departament Handlu Narodów Zjednoczonych, Survey of Current Business,
Uy*QH Z\GDQLD 'HXWVFKH %XGHVEDQN 5DSRUW PLHVL F]Q\
*HQHUDOQ
SUDZLGáRZR FL
MHVW ZLHOND OLF]ED WUDQVDNFML UHDOL]RZDQ\FK SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL
ZFKRG] F\PL Z VNáDG NRUSRUDFML PL G]\QDURGRZ\FK Z SRUyZQDQLX ] QLHZLHON LFK LOR FL
]DZLHUDQ SRPL G]\ ILUPDPL QLH SR]RVWDM F\FK ZH Z]DMHPQ\FK ]ZL ]NDFK : ODWDFK
W\FK XG]LDá WHQ Z\QRVLá RNRáR
Z URNX
Z]UyVá GR
D Z ODWDFK
W\FK
RVL JQ á
1DMZL NV]\ XG]LDá Z WUDQVDNFMDFK ZHZQ WU]Q\FK PLDá\ EUDQ*H SU]HP\VáX
]ZL ]DQH ] ]DDZDQVRZDQ\PL WHFKQRORJLDPL
3U]HSá\Z\ WHFKQRORJLL ZHZQ WU] NRUSRUDFML PL G]\QDURGRZ\FK PDM ] UHJXá\ W\ONR MHGHQ
NLHUXQHN WM ] FHQWUDOL GR SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ ILOLDOQ\FK 3UDZLGáRZR ü WD Z\QLND SR]D LQQ\PL
SU]\F]\QDPL
] LVWQLHM FHJR SRG]LDáX SUDF\ SRPL G]\ ILUP
PDFLHU]\VW
L MHM ILOLDPL
]DJUDQLF]Q\PL Z ]DNUHVLH WZRU]HQLD L XSRZV]HFKQLDQLD LQQRZDFML =JRGQLH ] QLHNWyU\PL
RVWDWQLPL V]DFXQNDPL XG]LDá ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ ILOLDOQ\FK ILUP DPHU\ND VNLFK Z
FDáR FL Z\GDWNyZ 5 ' EDGDQLD L UR]ZyM W\FK ILUP Z\QRVLá á F]QLH W\ONR
Szerszy kontekst ekonomiczny rynku transfery technologii
+DQGHO WHFKQRORJL D SR]\FMD WHFKQLF]QD NUDMyZ
5\QHN WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL MHVW VLOQLH SRZL ]DQ\ ] G]LDáDOQR FL
LQQRZDF\MQ
Z UDPDFK
EDGD
L UR]ZRMX
5 '
3R]\FMD SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMyZ QD PL G]\QDURGRZ\P U\QNX
WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL MHVW ]GHF\GRZDQLH VNRUHORZDQD ] LFK SRWHQFMDáHP LQQRZDF\MQ\P
ZLHONR FL REV]DUX Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD SU]H] QLH QRZRF]HVQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL L Z\GDMQR FL LFK
G]LDáDOQR FL Z ]DNUHVLH EDGD L UR]ZRMX 5 ' PLHU]RQ\PL LOR FL SDWHQWyZ X]\VNLZDQ\FK
Z NUDMX L ]D JUDQLF
2JyOQ SR]\FM WHFKQLF]Q GDQHJR NUDMX RNUH OD VL F] VWR PLDQHP MHJR
RULHQWDFML WHFKQRORJLF]QHM
&DáNRZLWD ZLHONR ü ]DVREyZ SU]H]QDF]DQ\FK QD G]LDáDQLD Z ]DNUHVLH EDGD L UR]ZRMX RUD] QD
]DSHZQLHQLH SURGXNW\ZQR FL W\FK G]LDáD
Z\UD*RQD LOR FL SDWHQWyZ X]\VNDQ\FK ]D JUDQLF
SRPDJD Z\MD QLü GRPLQXM F SR]\FM 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK MDNR QDMZL NV]HJR HNVSRUWHUD
OLFHQFML RNRáR
ZLDWRZHJR HNVSRUWX
:\GDWNL QD EDGDQLD Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK
NLONDNURWQLH SU]HZ\*V]DM WHJR URG]DMX Z\GDWNL Z SR]RVWDá\FK NUDMDFK XSU]HP\VáRZLRQ\FK
II - 10
6SU]HGD* OLFHQFML L RFKURQD SDWHQWRZD
VSU]HGD* OLFHQFML D HNVSRUW SURGXNWyZ R GX*\P
QDV\FHQLX WHFKQRORJL
8]QDMH VL
RJyOQLH *H LVWQLHMH NRUHODFMD SRPL G]\ VSU]HGD*
OLFHQFML QD WHFKQRORJLH L
FKURQLHQLHP Z\QDOD]NyZ SDWHQWDPL Z NUDMX MH SU]\MPXM F\P :áD FLFLHOH WHFKQRORJLL E G
VNáRQQLHMVL SU]HND]\ZDü OLFHQFMH GRW\F] FH VZRLFK WHFKQRORJLL GR NUDMyZ Z NWyU\FK ]RVWDáD
LP ]DSHZQLRQD RFKURQD SDWHQWRZD
3U]HNRQDQLH WR ]QDMGXMH SRWZLHUG]HQLH Z NLONX
SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK EDGDQLDFK 8ZD*D VL
WDN*H *H LVWQLHMH NRUHODFMD SRPL G]\ VSU]HGD*
OLFHQFML QD WHFKQRORJLH GR GDQHJR NUDMX L UHDOL]RZDQ\P SU]H] WHQ NUDM HNVSRUWHP SURGXNWyZ R
GX*\P QDV\FHQLX WHFKQRORJL
.RUHODFMD WD QLH MHVW MHGQDN WDN RF]\ZLVWD D Z\QLNL RGQRWRZ\ZDQH SU]H] NUDMH Z RE\GZX
W\FK G]LHG]LQDFK ZL ]DQH V ] Z\GDMQR FL LFK SRWHQFMDáX LQQRZDF\MQHJR F]\OL Z\VRNLP
SR]LRPHP WHFKQRORJLF]Q\P D ]DWHP ]GROQR FL
GR JHQHURZDQLD ZLHG]\ WHFKQRORJLF]QHM
Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD MHM SU]\ ZGUD*DQLX SURGXNFML RUD] SU]HND]\ZDQLD MHM Z UDPDFK GDQHJR
V\VWHPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR L SR]D QLP
+DQGHO WHFKQRORJL D EH]SR UHGQLH LQZHVW\FMH ]DJUDQLF]QH
,VWRWQ FHFK U\QNX WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL MHVW LVWQLHQLH VLOQ\FK ]ZL ]NyZ SRPL G]\ KDQGOHP
WHFKQRORJL
L EH]SR UHGQLPL LQZHVW\FMDPL ]DJUDQLF]Q\PL
,QQHJR URG]DMX
UyZQLH*
SR]\W\ZQD
NRUHODFMD Z\VW SXMH SRPL G]\ HNVSRUWHP OLFHQFML L HNVSRUWHP NDSLWDáX
:\PRZQ\ MHVW WX SU]\NáDG 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK NUDM WHQ MHVW ZLRG F\P Z
ZLHFLH
HNVSRUWHUHP NDSLWDáX
D MHJR ILUP\ SUH]HQWXM
QDMZ\*V]\ SR]LRP PL G]\QDURGRZHM
KDQGORZHM L ILQDQVRZHM DNW\ZQR FL : ODWDFK
W\FK XG]LDá 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK Z
VNXPXORZDQ\P
ZLDWRZ\P ZROXPHQLH EH]SR UHGQLFK LQZHVW\FML ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK Z\QRVLá
SRGF]DV JG\ MHJR XG]LDá Z á F]Q\P ZLDWRZ\P HNVSRUFLH OLFHQFML RGSRZLDGDá RNRáR
+DQGHO WHFKQRORJL D U\QNL LQQ\FK XVáXJ
+DQGORZDQLH OLFHQFMDPL Z\ND]\ZDáR WDN*H EOLVNLH ]ZL ]NL ] U\QNDPL GyEU LQZHVW\F\MQ\FK L
Z\VRNR Z\NZDOLILNRZDQHM SUDF\ :\QLND WR ] IDNWX *H SR]\VNLZDQLH WHFKQRORJLL VWDQRZL ]
UHJXá\ W\ONR MHGHQ ] HOHPHQWyZ ZL NV]HJR NRQWUDNWX QS EXGRZD ]DNáDGX ÄSRG NOXF]´ DOER
REHMPXMH WDN*H GRVWDUF]DQLH PDV]\Q L OXE XU] G]H
8UXFKRPLHQLH SURGXNFML QD SRGVWDZLH
OLFHQFML Z\PDJD ] NROHL F] VWR X]\VNDQLD SRPRF\ WHFKQLF]QHM RG GRVWDZF\ WHFKQRORJLL XVáXJ
NRQVXOWDF\MQ\FK V]NROHQLD SHUVRQHOX LWG
3R]LRP VNRPSOLNRZDQLD WHFKQRORJLL REM WHM OLFHQFM
/LFHQFMH SU]HND]\ZDQH QD ]HZQ WU] NRUSRUDFML PL G]\QDURGRZ\FK GR SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ QLH
ZFKRG] F\FK Z LFK VNáDG F] VWR GRW\F]
WHFKQRORJLL SRSU]HGQLFK JHQHUDFML D ]DWHP QLH
QDMQRZV]\FK 0RJ
E\ü RQH ]QDF]QLH VWDUV]H RG W\FK REM W\PL OLFHQFMDPL GOD ZáDVQ\FK
SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ DILOLRZDQ\FK .XSXM F\ NWyU\ QLH SR]RVWDMH Z WHJR URG]DMX ]ZL ]NDFK ]
NRUSRUDFM
L NWyU\ SRV]XNXMH QDMQRZV]HM WHFKQRORJLL
SRZLQLHQ E\ü
ZLDGRP W\FK
XZDUXQNRZD SURZDG] F QHJRFMDFMH KDQGORZH
II - 11
*áyZQH FHFK\
3RZ\*V]D DQDOL]D SRGNUH OD QDVW SXM FH FHFK\ U\QNX WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL
•
istnienie elementów monopolu w wielu segmentach rynku,
•
VáDED SR]\FMD SU]HWDUJRZD NXSXM FHJR
•
áDWZD VHJPHQWDFMD U\QNX
•
Z\VRNL VWRSLH NRQFHQWUDFML JHRJUDILF]QHM SRGD*\ L SRS\WX
•
VLOQD NRUHODFMD SRPL G]\ KDQGOHP WHFKQRORJL RUD] G]LDáDOQR FL QD SROX 5 '
•
NRUHODFMD SRPL G]\ ]DSHZQLDQLHP RFKURQ\ SDWHQWDPL L XGRVW SQLDQLHP OLFHQFML RUD]
SRPL G]\ HNVSRUWHP SURGXNWyZ QDV\FRQ\FK WHFKQRORJL L XGRVW SQLDQLHP OLFHQFML
•
FLVá\ ]ZL ]HN SRPL G]\ WHFKQRORJL L EH]SR UHGQLPL LQZHVW\FMDPL ]DJUDQLF]Q\PL
•
pobudzone rynki dóbr inwestycyjnych i pracy wykwalifikowanej,
•
UHODW\ZQD QL*V]\ VWRSLH QRZRF]HVQR FL VSU]HGDZDQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL ]ZáDV]F]D GR ILUP
QLH SRGSRU] GNRZDQ\FK
•
Já EV]H L VLOQLHMV]H ]ZL ]NL SRPL G]\ RGELRUF L GRVWDZF
DQL*HOL Z SU]\SDGNX KDQGOX
WRZDUDPL
Dostawcy technologii: motywacje i strategie
:
ZDUXQNDFK
W\SRZ\FK
GOD
JRVSRGDUNL
NUDMyZ
UR]ZLQL W\FK
VLOQD
NRQNXUHQFMD
ROLJRSROLVW\F]QH VWUXNWXU\ U\QNRZH
Z\VRND
UHGQLD SU]\FKRGyZ L VWRVXQNRZR QLVNLH
]Uy*QLFRZDQLH PL G]\ QLPL Z VWUXNWXU]H GRFKRGyZ
WHFKQRORJLD VWDáD VL
MHGQ\P ]
QDMEDUG]LHM ZDUWR FLRZ\FK DNW\ZyZ L ZD*Q\P URGNLHP ]DEH]SLHF]DQLD L XPDFQLDQLD SR]\FML
NRQNXUHQF\MQHM
SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ
:VSyáF]HVQD
NRQNXUHQFMD
]ZáDV]F]D
Z
EUDQ*DFK
FKDUDNWHU\]XM F\FK VL
Z\VRN
LQWHQV\ZQR FL
SURZDG]HQLD EDGD
NRQFHQWUXMH VL
QD
XVWDZLF]Q\FK Z\VLáNDFK VNLHURZDQ\FK QD SRV]XNLZDQLH LQQRZDFML L LFK SUDNW\F]Q\FK
]DVWRVRZD
.RU]\ FL NRQNXUHQF\MQH Z\QLNDM FH ] UR]ZL ]D
WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK SR]ZDODM
ILUPRP ]
NUDMyZ UR]ZLQL W\FK SRGHMPRZDü HNVSDQVM
QD U\QNDFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK
QDZHW PLPR
Z\VRNLFK NRV]WyZ ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] ZHM FLHP QD GDQ\ U\QHN SRZRGRZDQ\FK SU]H] EUDN
GR ZLDGF]HQLD L ]QDMRPR FL ORNDOQHJR RWRF]HQLD
II - 12
Metody wchodzenia na rynki zagraniczne
7HFKQRORJLD WDND MDN M WXWDM ]GHILQLRZDOL P\ ] UHJXá\ QLH SRZVWDMH MDNR WRZDU QD VSU]HGD*
-HVW RQD QDWRPLDVW WUDNWRZDQD MDNR MHGHQ ] NOXF]RZ\FK DNW\ZyZ
)LUP\ Z NUDMDFK
UR]ZLQL W\FK Z\NRU]\VWXM WHFKQRORJLH D WDN*H PDUNHWLQJ L XPLHM WQR FL PHQHG*HUVNLH GOD
]ZL NV]HQLD VZRMHJR XG]LDáX Z U\QNX ]DUyZQR NUDMRZ\P MDN L Z FRUD] EDUG]LHM URVQ F\P
]DNUHVLH Z U\QNDFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK (NVSRUW WHFKQRORJLL L SURGXNWyZ R GX*\P QDV\FHQLX
WHFKQRORJL PR*H VWDQRZLü LVWRWQH (UyGáR GRGDWNRZ\FK GRFKRGyZ L VWDQRZL HOHPHQW VWUDWHJLL
ZL NV]R FL ILUP ED]XM F\FK Z VZRLP G]LDáDQLX QD UR]ZL ]DQLDFK WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK
*áyZQ\PL PHWRGDPL ZFKRG]HQLD QD U\QHN ] ZáDVQ WHFKQRORJL V
•
VSU]HGD* OLFHQFML
•
eksport towarów wytworzonych w rezultacie technologicznych innowacji,
•
XVWDQDZLDQLH ]DJUDQLF]QHM VLHFL VSU]HGD*\
•
EXGRZD ]DNáDGyZ PRQWXM F\FK L OXE SDNXM F\FK WDNLH SURGXNW\
•
WZRU]HQLH VSyáHN MRLQW YHQWXUH
•
tworzenie filii zagranicznych - FDáNRZLFLH ZáDVQ\FK OXE ] SU]HZDJ ZáDVQHJR NDSLWDáX
-H*HOL MHGQDN FHOHP ZHM FLD QD U\QHN ]DJUDQLF]Q\ MHVW XORNRZDQLH QD QLP SURGXNWX R GX*\P
QDV\FHQLX ZáDVQ WHFKQRORJL
WR LVWQLHM Z ]DVDG]LH W\ONR WU]\ DOWHUQDW\Z\ SURGXNRZDQLH LFK
VDPHPX ]D JUDQLF
HNVSRUW OXE VSU]HGD* OLFHQFML
5\QHN WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL MDNR WDNL MHVW QLHGRVNRQDá\ 2JyOQLH U]HF] XMPXM F X]DOH*QLHQLH
WHFKQRORJLF]QH QDVW SXMH ZyZF]DV JG\ ZL NV]R ü WHFKQRORJLL MDN
G\VSRQXMH GDQ\ NUDM
SRFKRG]L ] ]DJUDQLF\ : V\WXDFML W\SRZHM G]LVLDM GOD FDáHJR ZLDWD U\QHN PL G]\QDURGRZHJR
WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL MHVW U\QNLHP VSU]HGDM FHJR ]ZáDV]F]D GOD NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
3UDNW\F]QLH ERZLHP FDáD WHFKQRORJLD WUDQVIHURZDQD GR NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL SRFKRG]L ]
NUDMyZ Z\VRNR UR]ZLQL W\FK 3R]ZDOD WR ILUPRP ED]XM F\P QD WHFKQRORJLL SURZDG]Lü
HNVSDQVM
]DJUDQLF]Q
SRSU]H] EH]SR UHGQLH LQZHVWRZDQLH Z E G FH FDáNRZLFLH LFK
ZáDVQR FL ILOLH FR SR]ZDOD LP XWU]\PDü SU]HZDJ NRQNXUHQF\MQ SU]H] VWRVXQNRZR GáXJL
RNUHV F]DVX 6WUDWHJLD WD ]DSHZQLD PDNVLPXP ]\VNyZ DOH ]DZLHUD Z VRELH UyZQLH* U\]\NR
ZL NV]H QL* QD SU]\NáDG Z SU]\SDGNX VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML ]ZáDV]F]D MH*HOL SUyED ZHM FLD QD
U\QHN RND*H VL QLHVNXWHF]QD
%H]SR UHGQLH LQZHVW\FMH ]DJUDQLF]QH WUDNWRZDQH V
MDNR RSFMD SUHIHURZDQD Z HNVSDQVML
]DJUDQLF]QHM
MH*HOL
NRQNXUHQF\MQR ü
GDQHM
IRUP\
]DVDG]D
VL
QD
LQQRZDFMDFK
WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK L ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] QLP NQRZ KRZ 0R*OLZR ü RVL JDQLD ZL NV]\FK ]\VNyZ
Z\MD QLD SR F] FL WR VLOQH G *HQLH GR EH]SR UHGQLHJR LQZHVWRZDQLD
SRGREQLH MDN
WRZDU]\V] FH LP ZL NV]H PR*OLZR FL NRQWURORZDQLD V\WXDFML L ]DSHZQLDQLD RFKURQ\ ZáDVQHM
WHFKQRORJLL
MDNLH
WRZDU]\V]
LQZHVW\FMRP
EH]SR UHGQLP
: UyG
Uy*Q\FK
VWUDWHJLL
ZFKRG]HQLD QD U\QNL ]DJUDQLF]QH HNVSRUW ± MH*HOL MHVW W\ONR GRVWDWHF]QLH RSáDFDOQ\ ± MHVW
UyZQLH* SUHIHURZDQ\ Z VWRVXQNX GR VSU]HGDZDQLD OLFHQFML
SRQLHZD* WRZDU]\V]\ PX
SHUVSHNW\ZD R ZLHOH ZL NV]HM ]\VNRZQR FL 1DWRPLDVW VSU]HGD* OLFHQFML QLH]DOH*QHM ILUPLH
MHVW XZD*DQD ]D WU]HFL
] NROHL RSFMH JG\ FKRG]L R RVL JDQLH NRU]\ FL ] HNVSDQVML
]DJUDQLF]QHM =ZL ]DQH ] W\P U\]\NR SRZRGXMH ERZLHP ]PQLHMV]HQLH D QDZHW FDáNRZLW
XWUDW
SU]HZDJ NRQNXUHQF\MQ\FK
JG\* EDUG]R WUXGQR MHVW NRQWURORZDü WHFKQRORJL
SU]HND]DQ Z UDPDFK OLFHQFML
]D X]\VNLZDQH ]\VNL V ZyZF]DV QDMQL*V]H 'ODWHJR WH* Z
FHOX
XWU]\PDQLD SU]HZDJL
Z\QLNDM FHM
]
SRVLDGDQLD WHFKQRORJLL
EH]SLHF]QLHM
MHVW
HNVSRUWRZDü JRWRZH SURGXNW\ QDV\FRQH WHFKQRORJL OXE QDZHW OHSLHM Z\WZDU]Dü MH Z ILOLL ±
II - 13
FDáNRZLFLH ZáDVQHM DOER WDNLHM Z NWyUHM SRVLDGD VL
SU]HZDJ
NDSLWDáRZ
FR ]DSHZQLD
PDNV\PDOQ NRQWURO QDG WHFKQRORJL
3RGVXPRZXM F VSU]HGD* OLFHQFML QLH]DOH*QHM ILUPLH ]DJUDQLF]QHM MDNR PHWRGD ZFKRG]HQLD QD
U\QHN ]DJUDQLF]Q\ MHVW U]DGNR WUDNWRZDQD MDNR UHDOQD DOWHUQDW\ZD GOD EH]SR UHGQLHM
LQZHVW\FML ]DJUDQLF]QHM OXE HNVSRUWX JáyZQLH ]H Z]JO GX QD Z\VRNLH U\]\NR XWUDW\ NRQWUROL
QDG WHFKQRORJL L ]PQLHMV]HQLD SRWHQFMDOQHM ]\VNRZQR FL 3RUyZQDQLD SRPL G]\ VSU]HGD*
OLFHQFML HNVSRUWHP L EH]SR UHGQLPL LQZHVW\FMDPL ]DJUDQLF]Q\PL MDNR PHWRGDPL REVáXJL
U\QNyZ ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK PDM
]QDF]HQLH W\ONR Z WDNLFK V\WXDFMDFK JG\ LVWQLHMH UHDOQD
PR*OLZR ü Z\ERUX F]\OL Z SU]\SDGNX ZLHONLFK L UHGQLHM ZLHONR FL NRUSRUDFML :LHOX PDá\P
ILUPRP SR]RVWDMH Z\EyU SRPL G]\ HNVSRUWHP L VSU]HGD*
OLFHQFML D F]DVDPL GRSLHUR WD
RVWDWQLD RSFMD RND]XMH VL RVWDWQL V]DQV Z\NRU]\VWDQLD ]D JUDQLF NRU]\ FL Sá\Q F\FK ]
WHFKQRORJLL D WR JáyZQLH ]H Z]JO GX QD RERN LQQ\FK F]\QQLNyZ RJUDQLF]RQH ]DVRE\ EUDN
GR ZLDGF]HQLD Z RSHUDFMDFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK L PDá
VNDO
SURGXNFML
0LPR SULRU\WHWX
SU]\]QDZDQHJR JHQHUDOQLH EH]SR UHGQLP LQZHVW\FMRP ]DJUDQLF]Q\P L HNVSRUWRZL MDNR
PHWRGRP ]DJUDQLF]QHM HNVSDQVML ILUP ] NUDMyZ Z\VRNR UR]ZLQL W\FK G\VSRQXM F\FK
SU]RGXM F WHFKQRORJL
Z\VW SXM MHGQDN V\WXDFMH JG\ VSU]HGD* OLFHQFML QLH]DOH*Q\P ILUPRP
VWDMH VL MHGQDN RSFM RVWDWHF]QLH Z\ELHUDQ
Powody sprzedawania licencji na technologie
'OD GRVWDZFyZ WHFKQRORJLL MHM WUDQVIHU QLHNRQLHF]QLH PXVL VWDQRZLü FHO VDP Z VRELH DOH
PR*H VWDQRZLü VSRVyE RVL JDQLD SHZQ\FK FHOyZ PLHV]F] F\FK VL Z LFK VWUDWHJLL JOREDOQHM
:\EyU VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML PR*H Z\QLNDü ] G *HQLD GR RVL JQL FLD FDáHJR V]HUHJX FHOyZ D WR
•
optymalizowania sposobu wykorzystania ograniczonych zasobów,
•
zdobycia lub utrzymania rynku,
•
SR]\VNDQLD F]\QQLNyZ SURGXNFML SR QL*V]\FK FHQDFK
•
X]\VNDQLD GRVW SX GR GRVWDZ VXURZFyZ
•
maksymalizacji wykorzystania aktywów QLHPR*OLZ\FK GR VSR*\WNRZDQLD JG]LH LQG]LHM
•
ustanowienia stosunków o znaczeniu strategicznym.
6WUDWHJLH VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML
2SFMD Z\ERUX VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML MDNR PHWRG\ SHQHWURZDQLD U\QNyZ ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK SRZLQQD
]RVWDü RGQLHVLRQD Z SLHUZV]\P U] G]LH GR VWUDWHJLL FDáHM ILUP\ D QDVW SQLH GR URG]DMX L
UR]PLDUyZ SRVLDGDQ\FK ]DVREyZ 3LHUZV]\ ] W\FK F]\QQLNyZ VNáDGD VL ] GZyFK HOHPHQWyZ
WHFKQRORJLL Z\WZDU]DQHM SU]H] ILUP L ]DNUHVX G\ZHUV\ILNDFML MHM SURGXNWyZ 'UXJL F]\QQLN
RGQRVL VL
GR UHODW\ZQ\FK UR]PLDUyZ L SRWHQFMDáX ILQDQVRZHJR ILUP\
]DNUHVX MHM
GR ZLDGF]HQLD Z G]LDáDQLX ]D JUDQLF L NLONX MHV]F]H LQQ\FK HOHPHQWyZ
,QWHQV\ZQR ü G]LDáDOQR FL EDGDZF]HM GRVWDZF\ WHFKQRORJLL
,VWQLHMH VLOQD SR]\W\ZQD NRUHODFMD SRPL G]\ GRVWDUF]DQLHP WHFKQRORJLL SU]H] ILUP
L MHM
G]LDáDOQR FL
VNLHURZDQ
QD EDGDQLD ± ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ ] GUXJLHM ]D
PL G]\ LOR FL
VSU]HGDZDQ\FK OLFHQFML L ZDUWR FL ZSá\ZyZ ] WHJR W\WXáX .RUHODFMD WD PD VZRMH (UyGáR Z
VXSUHPDFML OLFHQFMRGDZF\ NWyUHJR SR]\FMD MHVW SHZQD L EH]SLHF]QD RUD] EUDNX REDZ ] MHJR
VWURQ\ R WR *H Z SU]\V]áR FL ]RVWDQLH SRGSRU] GNRZDQ\ OLFHQFMRELRUF\ &R UyZQLH ZD*QH
Z\VRND LQWHQV\ZQR ü G]LDáDOQR FL EDGDZF]HM XPR*OLZLD F] VWH ]DVW SRZDQLH SU]HVWDU]Dá\FK
II - 14
WHFKQRORJLL QRZ\PL JHQHUDFMDPL WHFKQRORJLL FR ]ZL NV]D ]DVyE LQQRZDFML PRJ F\FK VWDü VL
SU]HGPLRWHP WUDQVIHUX OLFHQFML
)LUPD WDND GRNRQXMH F] VWR GUREQ\FK LQQRZDFML Z SURFHVDFK Z\WZyUF]\FK QS JDOZDQL]DFMD
VWDOL
DQRG\]DFMD DOXPLQLXP
VWDQRZL F\FK SURGXNW XERF]Q\ G]LDáDOQR FL EDGDZF]R
UR]ZRMRZHM 5 '
OXE NWyU\FK Z\NRU]\VWDQLH KDQGORZH QLH MHVW Z GDQ\P PRPHQFLH
RSáDFDOQH ,QQRZDFMH WDNLH F] VWR QD]\ZDQH WHFKQRORJLDPL SHU\IHU\MQ\PL Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG
WHFKQRORJLL SRGVWDZRZ\FK
E\ZDM QDMFK WQLHM RIHURZDQH GR VSU]HGD*\ Z UDPDFK OLFHQFML
SRQLHZD* QLH PDM RQH GOD ILUP\ ]QDF]HQLD VWUDWHJLF]QHJR
6WRSLH G\ZHUV\ILNDFML SURGXNWX
)LUP\ R ]Uy*QLFRZDQ\P DVRUW\PHQFLH SURGXNFML V VNáRQQH VSU]HGDZDü ZL FHM OLFHQFML QL*
ILUP\ VNRQFHQWURZDQH QD MHGQ\P SURGXNFLH
OXE R SURGXNFML
NWyUD QLH FHFKXMH VL
G\ZHUV\ILNDFM
3RQRV]RQH SU]H] QLH U\]\NR XWUDW\ SU]HZDJL NRQNXUHQF\MQHM QD U]HF]
OLFHQFMRELRUF\ QLH MHVW ]E\W ZLHONLH ERZLHP Z JU ZFKRG]L W\ONR MHGHQ SURGXNW ] FDáHJR LFK
ZDFKODU]D &R ZL FHM SRQLHZD* ILUP\ R ]Uy*QLFRZDQHM SURGXNFML PXV] NRU]\VWDü ] ZFL *
URVQ F\FK ]DVREyZ E\ PyF ]DVSRNRLü SRWU]HE\ ]ZL ]DQH ] SURGXNFMD FDáHM PDV\ SURGXNWyZ
VSU]HGDM RQH OLFHQFMH ]D JUDQLF GOD ]GRE\FLD SU]\FKRGyZ ZVSLHUDM F\FK LFK G]LDáDOQR ü QD
U\QNDFK REF\FK
Rozmiary firmy
=DVDGQLF]R PQLHMV]H ILUP\ V
VNáRQQH VSU]HGDZDü OLFHQFMH QD VZRMH WHFKQRORJLH ] WHJR
SRZRGX
*
H QLH G\VSRQXM
RQH Z\VWDUF]DM F\PL PR*OLZR FLDPL QD WR
E\ ]DU] G]Dü
G]LDáDOQR FL ILOLL ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK L M ILQDQVRZDü DQL E\ SRGM ü HNVSRUW VZRLFK SURGXNWyZ :
WDNLFK V\WXDFMDFK VSU]HGD* OLFHQFML VWDQRZL HIHNW\ZQ\ VSRVyE UR]ZLMDQLD ZáDVQHM G]LDáDOQR FL
QD REF\FK U\QNDFK L JHQHURZDQLD GRGDWNRZ\FK GRFKRGyZ
'R ZLDGF]HQLH Z RSHUDFMDFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK
)LUP\ NWyU\P EUDNXMH GR ZLDGF]HQLD Z G]LDáDOQR FL ]D JUDQLF
V VNáRQQLHMV]H GR VSU]HGD*\
VZ\FK WHFKQRORJLL QLH]DOH*Q\P ILUPRP ]DJUDQLF]Q\P
SU]\QDMPQLHM GR FKZLOL
JG\
SURZDG] F WHQ URG]DM G]LDáDOQR FL VDPH ]GRE G SRWU]HE LP ZLHG] L GR ZLDGF]HQLH
Wzajemna wymiana technologii
7R SRGHM FLH GR VSU]HGD*\ OLFHQFML ]QDQH MDNR OLFHQFMRQRZDQLH ÄNU]\*RZH´ PD QD FHOX
Z]DMHPQH X]\VNDQLH GRVW SX GR WHFKQRORJLL L U\QNyZ NRQWURORZDQ\FK SU]H] NRQNXUHQWyZ
/LFHQFMRQRZDQLH ÄNU]\*RZH´ PD PLHMVFH JáyZQLH Z WDNLFK EUDQ*DFK
MDN SU]HP\Vá
HOHNWURQLF]Q\ L IDUPDFHXW\F]Q\ R Z\VRNLP SR]LRPLH NRV]WyZ 5 ' V]\ENR UR]V]HU]DM F\FK
VL U\QNDFK ]Uy*QLFRZDQHM SURGXNFML L Z\VRNLP WHPSLH SRVW SX WHFKQLF]QHJR
Tempo rozwoju technologii
: V\WXDFMDFK JG\ ]PLDQ\ WHFKQRORJLF]QH V EDUG]R G\QDPLF]QH LQQRZDFMH V]\ENR VWDM VL
SU]HVWDU]DáH 1D SU]\NáDG JG\ FKRG]L R SyáSU]HZRGQLNL VSU]HGD*\ WHFKQRORJLL WRZDU]\V]\
U\]\NR DF]NROZLHN QLHZLHONLH *H OLFHQFMRELRUFD VWDQLH VL
NRQNXUHQWHP ]DJUD*DM F\P
OLFHQFMRGDZF\
II - 15
6SU]HGD* OLFHQFML QD SURGXNW\ Z Sy(QHM ID]LH F\NOX LFK *\FLD
6SU]HGD* OLFHQFML QD SURGXNW\ VWDU]HM FH VL
QLHVLH ]H VRE
QLHZLHONLH U\]\NR
*G\
WHFKQRORJLD ]EOL*D VL GR NR FD F\NOX VZRMHJR *\FLD WR L WDN ]RVWDQLH RQD ]DVW SLRQD QRZ
WHFKQRORJL
)LUP\ FR GR ]DVDG\ QLH VSU]HGDM
OLFHQFML QD WHFKQRORJLH ZH ZF]HVQ\FK OXE
URGNRZ\FK VWDGLDFK F\NOX *\FLD SURGXNWyZ 6SU]HGD* OLFHQFML MHVW EDUG]LHM SUDZGRSRGREQD
Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR SURGXNWyZ ]QDMGXM F\FK VL Z ID]LH GRMU]DáR FL
3ROLW\ND U] GRZD
3ROLW\ND U] GRZD GRW\F] FD WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL WDN*H PR*H PLHü ZSá\Z QD Z\EyU RSFML
SU]H] ZáD FLFLHOL WHFKQRORJLL
Z QLHNWyU\FK SU]\SDGNDFK RJUDQLF]DM F OXE ]DEUDQLDM F
EH]SR UHGQLFK LQZHVW\FML Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMDFK OXE HNVSRUWRZDQLD GR QLFK WRZDUyZ
6SU]HGD* OLFHQFML GREU]H V\WXRZDQHM ILQDQVRZR L NRPSHWHQWQHM WHFKQLF]QLH ILUPLH Z WDNLP
NUDMX PR*H VL RND]Dü VNXWHF]Q\P UR]ZL ]DQLHP
.UHRZDQLH WUZDá\FK ]ZL ]NyZ
6SU]HGD* OLFHQFML PR*H WDN*H VL
VWDü SUHOXGLXP GR GDOV]HM ZVSyáSUDF\ SRPL G]\
VSU]HGDM F\P L NXSXM F\P WHFKQRORJL
:VSyáSUDFD WDND PR*H REHMPRZDü SU]\V]á\ XG]LDá Z
NDSLWDOH
]DNáDGRZ\P
OLFHQFMRELRUF\
NRQW\QXRZDQLH
ZVSyáSUDF\
NRRSHUDF\MQHM
SR
Z\JD QL FLX OLFHQFML L OXE XWZRU]HQLH MRLQW YHQWXUH Z NUDMX NXSXM F\P OXE Z NUDMX WU]HFLP
,QQH (UyGáD SU]\FKRGyZ
,QQ\P
ERG(FHP
]DFK FDM F\P
GR
VSU]HGD*\
OLFHQFML
MHVW
PR*OLZR ü
RVL JQL FLD
QDG]Z\F]DMQ\FK ]\VNyZ ] WUDQVDNFML WRZDU]\V] F\FK SROHJDM F\FK QD
•
sprzHGD*\ OLFHQFMRELRUF\ VXURZFyZ L F] FL
•
]DNXSLH SURGXNWyZ OLFHQFMRELRUF\ QD FHQ QL*V] RG NRV]WyZ LFK Z\SURGXNRZDQLD SU]H]
OLFHQFMRGDZF
•
]DOLF]NRZ\FK RSáDWDFK QD SRF]HW SU]\V]á\FK XGRVNRQDOH
•
ZVSyOQ\P XF]HVWQLF]HQLX Z SU]HWDUJDFK L SU]HGVL Z]L FLDFK EXGRZODQ\FK
•
ZLDGF]HQLX SRPRF\ WHFKQLF]QHM
•
GRNRQ\ZDQLX NRQWUROL MDNR FLRZHM L WHVWRZDQLD SURGXNWyZ Z\WZDU]DQ\FK SU]H]
OLFHQFMRELRUF
•
V]NROHQLX ]DáRJL
•
Z]QRV]HQLX ]DNáDGyZ ÄSRG NOXF]´
3U]\FKRG\ ] WUDQVDNFML WRZDU]\V] F\FK PRJ F] VWR SU]HNUDF]Dü ZDUWR ü RSáDW ]D OLFHQFM
&]DVDPL WH* G]LDáDQLD GRGDWNRZH ]ZL ]DQH ] NRQWUDNWHP OLFHQF\MQ\P PDM
WDN V]HURNL
]DNUHV *H SU]HGPLRWRZD OLFHQFMD VWDMH VL GOD QLFK ]DOHGZLH SUHWHNVWHP , WDN QD SU]\NáDG
SU]\FKRG\ OLFHQFMRGDZF\ ]H VSU]HGD*\ VXURZFyZ SRWU]HEQ\FK OLFHQFMRELRUF\ GR SURGXNFML
OLFHQFMRQRZDQ\FK SURGXNWyZ QLHPDO ]DZV]H SU]HNURF]
Z\VRNR ü SU]\FKRGyZ ] RSáDW
OLFHQF\MQ\FK
II - 16
.XSXM F\ WHFKQRORJLH 3RWHQFMDOQH NRU]\ FL L ]DJUR*HQLD
.RU]\ FL ] ]DNXSX OLFHQFML
Punkt widzenia potencjalnego licencjobiorcy jest w nDWXUDOQ\ VSRVyE Z *V]\ RG WHJR NWyU\
FKDUDNWHU\]XMH OLFHQFMRGDZF
.XSXM F\ WHFKQRORJL
VNXSLD VL
QD RFHQLH ZDUXQNyZ
U\QNRZ\FK Z VZRLP NUDMX NRQNXUHQFML RUD] SRWU]HE U\QNX L NOLHQWyZ -HVW RQ Z SLHUZV]\P
U] G]LH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\ X]\VNDQLHP PR*OLZR FL RSáDFDOQHJR NRU]\VWDQLD ] WHFKQRORJLL Z FHOX
UR]ZLQL FLD ELH* F\FK LQWHUHVyZ ZHM FLD QD QRZH U\QNL RIHURZDQLD QRZ\FK SURGXNWyZ OXE
SRGQLHVLHQLD QD Z\*V]\ SR]LRP VZRMHM G]LDáDOQR FL WDN E\ X]\VNDü Z\*V]
HIHNW\ZQR ü
NRV]WyZ L ]ZL NV]\ü VZ Z\GDMQR ü
0QLHMV]H ILUP\ G\VSRQXM F] VWR MHG\QLH QLHZLHONLP OXE QLH SRVLDGDM F\P RGSRZLHGQLFK
XSUDZQLH
DSDUDWHP EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\P
ZL F QRZH WHFKQRORJLH OXE UR]ZL ]DQLD
XVSUDZQLDM FH PXV] SR]\VNLZDü ] ]HZQ WU] = WHJR WH* SRZRGX D WDN*H ] ZLHOX SU]\F]\Q
GOD NWyU\FK OLFHQFMRGDZFD SRV]XNXMH Z\NZDOLILNRZDQ\FK ILUP ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK ILUPD NXSXM FD
SRV]XNXMH QD U\QNX QRZ\FK WHFKQRORJLL OLGHUD SU]HP\VáRZHJR MDNR SRWHQFMDOQHJR GRVWDZF\
SRWU]HEQHM MHM WHFKQRORJLL
.RU]\ FL ] ]DNXSX WHFKQRORJLL PRJ
Z VSRVyE LVWRWQ\ SU]HZD*\ü QDG ZDGDPL WHJR
UR]ZL ]DQLD SR ZDUXQNLHP *H SDNLHW WHFKQRORJLF]Q\ SU]HGVWDZLD VRE U]HF]\ZLVW L LVWRWQ
ZDUWR ü L *H VWDQRZL RQ GOD OLFHQFMRELRUF\ SURSR]\FM
HNRQRPLF]QLH RSáDFDOQ
=Z\NOH
FKRG]L WXWDM R ÄZáD FLZ WHFKQRORJL ´ NWyUH WR SRM FLH RPDZLDP\ Sy(QLHM Z QLQLHMV]\P
UR]G]LDOH
3RWHQFMDOQH NRU]\ FL ] ]DNXSLHQLD WHFKQRORJLL V QDVW SXM FH
•
]DNXS OLFHQFML QD Z\WZDU]DQLH ]DDZDQVRZDQHJR WHFKQRORJLF]QLH SURGXNWX PR*H E\ü
QDMV]\EV]\P L QDMWD V]\P VSRVREHP ZHM FLD QD U\QHN ] QRZ\P OXE VSUDZG]RQ\P
SURGXNWHP OXE SURFHVHP Z\WZyUF]\P XVáXJRZ\P
•
MHVW RQ DWUDNF\MQ\ ] XZDJL QD PR*OLZR ü XQLNQL FLD Z\VRNLFK NRV]WyZ ]ZL ]DQ\FK ]
EDGDQLDPL L UR]ZRMHP ]DRV]F] G]RQ\ F]DV Z SRUyZQDQLX ] W\P MDNLHJR Z\PDJD GURJD
RG SRP\VáX WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR GR MHJR UHDOL]DFML U\]\NR ]ZL ]DQH ] QLHSRZRG]HQLHP
WDNLHJR SURGXNWX QD U\QNX L OXE Z\VRNLFK NRV]WyZ HZHQWXDOQHJR RSUDFRZDQLD QRZHJR
SURMHNWX ]H Z]JO GX QD NRQNUHWQH SRWU]HE\ U\QNRZH
•
WUDQVIHU OLFHQFML QD WHFKQRORJL PR*H ]DSHZQLü MHGQ OXE NLOND ] QDVW SXM F\FK NRU]\ FL
Z\á F]Q\ OXE QLH Z\á F]Q\ SDWHQW L OXE RFKURQ WDMHPQLF\ KDQGORZHM X]\VNDQLH SRPRF\
WHFKQLF]QHM SURGXNF\MQHM L PDUNHWLQJRZHM V]NROHQLH GRVW S GR XGRVNRQDOH
SURGXNWX
REM WHJR OLFHQFM ± MH*HOL VWRVRZQH SXQNW\ ]RVWDQ Zá F]RQH GR XPRZ\
•
NXSXM F\ WHFKQRORJLH PR*H ] SRPRF
OLFHQFMRGDZF\ X]\VNDü GRVW S GR QDMZ\*V]HM
MDNR FL VXURZFyZ SR]ZDODM F\FK Z\WZDU]Dü REM WH OLFHQFM
SURGXNW\ Z RSW\PDOQ\
VSRVyE L Z QDMNUyWV]\P PR*OLZ\P F]DVLH
•
X]\VNDQLH WHVWRZ\FK SDUWLL SURGXNWyZ SR]ZDODM F\FK QD UR]ZLMDQLH U\QNX QDZHW MX*
ZWHG\
JG\ OLFHQFMRELRUFD GRSLHUR PRQWXMH XU] G]HQLD SRWU]HEQH GR UR]SRF] FLD
SURGXNFML
3LHUZV]H VWZR ZHM FLD QD U\QHN VWDQRZL F]DVDPL ZL NV] ZDUWR ü QL* FRNROZLHN LQQHJR
ERZLHP VWZDU]D V]DQV ]GRE\FLD SR]\FML OLGHUD &]DVHP WH* ]DNXS OLFHQFML MHVW MHG\Q GURJ
GR UR]SRF] FLD SURGXNFML Z VNDOL ORNDOQHM ] SRZRGX UHVWU\NFML KDQGORZ\FK RERZL ]XM F\FK Z
II - 17
NUDMX OLFHQFMRELRUF\ &R ZL FHM OLFHQFMRGDZFD PR*H E\ü SRWHQFMDOQ\P SDUWQHUHP Z MRLQW
YHQWXUH OXE (UyGáHP SU]\V]áHJR SR]\VNDQLD NDSLWDáX
Ryzyka zwi ]DQH ] ]DNXSHP OLFHQFML
=DNXS WHFKQRORJLL ZL *H VL UyZQLH* ] V]HUHJLHP SRWHQFMDOQ\FK QLHGRJRGQR FL L ]DJUR*H
•
]DNXS OLFHQFML X UHQRPRZDQHJR OLGHUD U\QNRZHJR QLH JZDUDQWXMH VXNFHVX QD ND*G\P
U\QNX ]DJUDQLF]Q\P 6SU]HGDZFD PXVL ZLHG]LHü Z MDNL VSRVyE SU]HND]\ZDü WHFKQRORJL
WDN E\ GRSDVRZDü VL GR SRWU]HE NXSXM FHJR D NXSXM F\ ± *HE\ ]DNXS WHFKQRORJLL RND]Dá
VL
VXNFHVHP
PXVL G\VSRQRZDü RGSRZLHGQLR Z\NZDOLILNRZDQ
]DáRJ
]DVREDPL
NDSLWDáRZ\PL VLHFL VSU]HGD*\ L NRQLHF]Q\P SU]\JRWRZDQLHP RJyOQ\P
•
paWHQW\ PRJ RND]Dü VL MX* QDUXV]RQH OXE SU]HVWDU]DáH 1DZHW MH*HOL ZDUWR ü SDWHQWX
]RVWDáD VWDUDQLH RFHQLRQD WR ]DZV]H LVWQLHMH U\]\NR QLHSU]HZLG]LDQHM NRQNXUHQFML
•
VDP IDNW LVWQLHQLD SDWHQWX QLHNRQLHF]QLH ]DSHZQLD QDMZ\*V]\ SR]LRP WHFKQRORJLF]Q\
8PR*OLZLD RQ ]DNXSLHQLH QDMQRZV]HM JHQHUDFML GDQHM WHFKQRORJLL WHM NWyUHM X*\ZD WDN*H
OLFHQFMRGDZFD 3RPDJD RQ WDN*H SR]\VNLZDü ZV]HONLH ZSURZDG]DQH XGRVNRQDOHQLD MH*HOL
XPRZD OLFHQF\MQD WR SU]HZLGXMH L XWU]\P\ZDü ZLRG F
SR]\FM
Z ]DNUHVLH GDQHM
WHFKQRORJLL
•
NXSXM F\ X]DOH*QLHQL RG VSU]HGDZFyZ JG\ FKRG]L R GRVWDZ\ VXURZFyZ PRJ GRWNOLZLH
RGF]XZDü SU]HUZ\ Z GRVWDZDFK VSRZRGRZDQH VWUDMNDPL EUDNDPL U\QNRZ\PL OXE LQQ\PL
WUXGQR FLDPL Z\VW SXM F\PL Z NUDMX VSU]HGDM FHJR
•
WHFKQRORJLD MHVW QD RJyá ]DNXS\ZDQD QD SRGVWDZLH XPRZ\ OLFHQF\MQHM ]DZLHUDM FHM OLF]QH
ZDUXQNL L NODX]XOH -H*HOL NXSXM F\ MHVW ]DZLHG]LRQ\ MHM UH]XOWDWDPL PR*H M
]DZV]H
Z\SRZLHG]LHü DOH HZHQWXDOQH RGV]NRGRZDQLH PR*H E\ü GOD QLHJR EDUG]R NRV]WRZQH
•
Z NUDMDFK UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
DOH GR SHZQHJR VWRSQLD UyZQLH* ZV] G]LH LQG]LHM NXSXM F\
ÄWDMQH´ WHFKQRORJLL ]QDMGXMH VL Z SR]\FML VáDEV]HJR -HJR EUDN ZLHG]\ R V]F]HJyáDFK
WHFKQRORJLL D WDN*H EUDN RGSRZLHGQLFK XPLHM WQR FL L GR ZLDGF]HQLD ] GUXJLHM ]D VWURQ\
VDPD QDWXUD PRQRSROX WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR SRZRGXM
*
H MHVW RQ QDG]Z\F]DM QDUD*RQ\ QD
Uy*QH GRGDWNRZH L XNU\WH NRV]W\ D F]DVDPL WDN*H QLHNRU]\VWQH ZDUXQNL OXE Z\PDJDQLD
=DZ\*RQD Z\FHQD WHFKQRORJLD L LQQH QLHNRU]\VWQH ZDUXQNL MHM SR]\VNDQLD Z VSRVyE
QHJDW\ZQ\ ZSá\ZDM QD HIHNW\ZQR ü L ]\VNRZQR ü ]DUyZQR ILUP\ GRNRQXM FHM ]DNXSX
MDN L JRVSRGDUNL MHM NUDMX
.ZHVWLD ]DNXSX ZáD FLZHM WHFKQRORJLL
:V]HONLH UR]ZD*DQLD QD WHPDW NRU]\ FL RGQRV]RQ\FK SU]H] ]DNXSXM FHJR WHFKQRORJL
]DNáDGDM
*
H GRNRQXMH RQ Z\ERUX U]HF]\ZL FLH ÄZáD FLZHM WHFKQRORJLL´ 3RM FLH WR VWDáR VL
Z ODWDFK
W\FK L
W\FK NOXF]RZ\P KDVáHP G\VNXVML SRPL G]\ NUDMDPL Z\VRNR
UR]ZLQL W\PL L GRSLHUR UR]ZLMDM F\PL VL
*G\ X*\WR JR SR UD] SLHUZV]\ Z ODWDFK
W\FK
R]QDF]DáR RQR SR SURVWX WHFKQRORJL
]DVSRNDMDM F SRWU]HE\ NXSXM FHJR L RGSRZLDGDM F
ZDUXQNRP MHJR G]LDáDQLD (NRQRPL FL L LQQL XF]HVWQLF\ WHM G\VNXVML GRSURZDG]LOL VWRSQLRZR
GR UR]ZLQL FLD L WHJR SRM FLD L QDGDQLD PX EDUG]LHM NRPSOHNVRZHJR FKDUDNWHUX 2EHFQLH
REHMPXMH RQR F] VWR V]HURNL ZDFKODU] NZHVWLL WDNLFK MDN Z\VRNR ü NRV]WyZ LQZHVW\F\MQ\FK
QD MHGQR PLHMVFH SUDF\ SURVWRWD UR]ZL ]D RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK RV]F] GQH X*\ZDQLH ]DVREyZ
QDWXUDOQ\FK L SRWHQFMDOQH PR*OLZR FL ]ZL ]DQH ] ]DSHZQLDQLHP PLHMVF SUDF\
.UDM UR]ZLMDM F\ VL
Z\ELHUD ZáD FLZ
WHFKQRORJL
XZ]JO GQLDM F VZRMH ]DPLHU]HQLD
UR]ZRMRZH VWRSLH Z\SRVD*HQLD Z ]DVRE\ L ZDUXQNL Z MDNLFK VWRVRZDQD E G]LH ]DNXS\ZDQD
WHFKQRORJLD =DGDQLH ILUP\ MHVW SURVWV]H PXVL RQD RFHQLü WHFKQRORJL Z FHOX RNUH OHQLD F]\
II - 18
]DVSRNDMD RQD MHM SRWU]HE\ L F]\ ]DáRJD ILUP\ GRVW SQH VXURZFH NDSLWDá L SRVLDGDQH RELHNW\
SR]ZDODM QD Z\NRU]\VWDQLH ]DNXS\ZDQHM WHFKQRORJLL
7R F]\ GDQD WHFKQRORJLD MHVW ZáD FLZD ]DOH*\ RG ]DPLHU]RQ\FK FHOyZ V\WXDFML L F]DVX $E\
GRNRQDü RFHQ\ L Z\ERUX ZáD FLZHM WHFKQRORJLL
ILUPD PXVL GRNRQDü SU]\QDMPQLHM
QDVW SXM F\FK G]LDáD
•
2NUH OLü SRV]F]HJyOQH WHFKQRORJLH L VNXSLü VL
QD NRQNUHWQ\FK UR]ZL ]DQLDFK 'UyGáD
LQIRUPDFML R WUDQVIHU]H LQIRUPDFML SRGDQR Z PRGXOH
GRW\F] F\P SRV]XNLZDQLD
WHFKQRORJLL 7HFKQRORJLD SRZLQQD XZ]JO GQLDü SRWU]HE\ ILUP\ L MHM NUDMX
•
2FHQLü GRVW SQ
LQIRUPDFM
WHFKQLF]Q
,VWQLHM FD OLWHUDWXUD L GRVW SQH SRZV]HFKQLH
LQIRUPDFMH SU]HND]\ZDQH SU]H] VSU]HGDM FHJR SRZLQQ\ ]RVWDü VWDUDQQLH SU]HVWXGLRZDQH
SU]H] SHUVRQHO WHFKQLF]Q\ NXSXM FHJR .XSXM F\ SRZLQLHQ UR]ZD*\ü VNRU]\VWDQLH GOD
pRWU]HE GDQHJR SURMHNWX ] SRPRF\ ]HZQ WU]QHJR NRQVXOWDQWD OXE NRQVXOWDQWyZ
•
=EDGDü DOWHUQDW\ZQH (UyGáD SR]\VNLZDQLD WHFKQRORJLL 1DOH* EUDü SRG XZDJ ZL FHM QL*
MHGQR (UyGáR SR]\VNLZDQLD WHFKQRORJLL FK\ED *H EDGDQLH Z\ND*H *H EUDN MHVW LQQ\FK
alternatyw.
•
2FHQLü V\WXDFM
SDWHQWRZ
WHFKQRORJLL E G FHM SU]HGPLRWHP ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD Zakres
LVWQLHM FHM Z\á F]QR FL OXE MHM EUDN Z VSRVyE RF]\ZLVW\ ZSá\ZD QD ZDUWR ü L Z
NRQVHNZHQFML FHQ GDQHM WHFKQRORJLL 2FHQLRQD ]RVWDü PXVL VNXWHF]QR ü SDWHQWX L VWRSLH
ochrony zapewnianej przez ten patent.
•
3U]HSURZDG]Lü UR]H]QDQLH FR GR ILUP\ VSU]HGDM FHJR 1DOH* SU]\MU]Hü VL
SR]\FML L
VWDQGLQJRZL ILQDQVRZHPX ILUP\ VSU]HGDM FHM RUD] VSUDZG]Lü MHM UHIHUHQFMH L LQQH
SRVLDGDQH ]H]ZROHQLD =GROQR ü VSU]HGDM FHJR GR Z\NRQ\ZDQLD ]RERZL ]D
PR*H VL
RND]Dü GHF\GXM F\P F]\QQLNLHP VXNFHVX Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR ]DNXS\ZDQHM WHFKQRORJLL
•
2NUH OLü NRV]W\ L ZDUXQNL SR]\VNDQLD WHFKQRORJLL
:D*QH MHVW GRNRQDQLH WHJR
RGSRZLHGQLR ZF]H QLH WDN E\ PR*QD E\áR SRUyZQDü WR ] HZHQWXDOQLH LVWQLHM F\PL
alternatywami.
•
1HJRFMRZDü X]\VNDQLH GRGDWNRZ\FK LQIRUPDFML
3U]HSURZDG]HQLH GRNáDGQHM RFHQ\
Z\PDJD F] VWR ZVSyáSUDF\ ]H VWURQ\ VSU]HGDM FHJR 1DOH*\ X]\VNDü W\OH LQIRUPDFML
V]F]HJyáRZ\FK LOH MHVW LFK QLH]E GQ\FK L GRNRQDü SUHF\]\MQHJR ]DSLVX WHJR FR PD
]RVWDü SU]HND]DQH -H*HOL NRQLHF]Q\P MHVW SRGSLVDQLH SRUR]XPLHQLD R SRXIQR FL GOD
]DSHZQLHQLD ZáD FLZHM RFHQ\ WR MHM WUH ü QLH PR*H Z\NOXF]Dü PR*OLZR FL Z\EUDQLD L
zastosowania innych technologii.
•
1HJRFMRZDü ]DNXS WHFKQRORJLL 7HQ REV]DU Z\PDJD SRJá ELRQ\FK UR]ZD*D L ]ZL ]DQ\
MHVW ] ZLHORPD DVSHNWDPL 2PDZLDP\ WR Z PRGXOH
GRW\F] F\P QHJRFMDFML
II - 19
6WUDWHJLD GOD NXSXM F\FK WHFKQRORJLH
=DOHFD VL
E\ ILUP\ SRV]XNXM FH PR*OLZR FL ]DNXSLHQLD WHFKQRORJLL D ]ZáDV]F]D ILUP\ ]
NUDMyZ UR]ZLMDM F\FK VL
SU]\M á\ QDVW SXM F VWUDWHJL G]LDáDQLD
•
Informacja. Poszukujcie aktualnych, godnych zaufania i kompletnych informacji na temat
GRVW SQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL LFK VWDQX REHFQHJR L SHUVSHNW\Z
R VWDQGLQJX GRVWDZFyZ
WHFKQRORJLL R WUDQVDNFMDFK SRGREQ\FK GR W\FK NWyU\FK ]DZDUFLH SODQXMHFLH L R QRZ\FK
SRMDZLDM F\FK VL WHFKQRORJLDFK
•
Negocjacje. Uzyskajcie odpowiednie – techniczne i prawne – XPLHM WQR FL SRWU]HEQH GR
SURZDG]HQLD QHJRFMDFML Z VSUDZLH WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL =DSHZQL WR *H ZDUXQNL XPRZ\
E G QDMOHSLHM RGSRZLDGDá\ U]HF]\ZLVWHM ZDUWR FL WHFKQRORJLL
•
0R*OLZR FL WHFKQLF]QH
5R]ZLMDMFLH ZáDVQ
NDGU
L OXE ]DWUXGQLDMFLH SUDFRZQLNyZ
G\VSRQXM F WHFKQLF]Q\PL ]GROQR FLDPL Z ]DNUHVLH
§
LQVWDORZDQLD REVáXJLZDQLD L SURZDG]HQLD VHUZLVX Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR WHFKQRORJLL
REM WHM OLFHQFM
Z VSRVyE PDNV\PDOL]XM F\ NRU]\ FL ] LQZHVW\FML SU]H] PR*OLZLH
QDMGáX*V]\ RNUHV F]DVX
§
SU]\VWRVRZDQLD WHFKQRORJLL REM WHM OLFHQFM GR PLHMVFRZ\FK XZDUXQNRZD IL]\F]Q\FK
L GRVW SQ\FK VXURZFyZ RUD] GR PLHMVFRZ\FK Z\PDJD VSRáHF]Q\FK
§
doskonalenLD WHFKQRORJLL REM W\FK OLFHQFM
Z FHOX XWU]\PDQLD NRQNXUHQF\MQR FL QD
U\QNDFK ZLDWRZ\FK L GOD ]DVSRNDMDQLD FRUD] VXURZV]\FK Z\PDJD U\QNX ORNDOQHJR
§
UyZQROHJáHJR UR]ZLMDQLD L RIHURZDQLD QD U\QNX QRZ\FK WHFKQRORJLL
D WDN*H
LGHQW\ILNRZDQLD QLV] QD U\QNX ORNDOQ\P L
ZLDWRZ\P
Z NWyU\FK PR*QD
Z\NRU]\VW\ZDü Z]JO GQH SU]HZDJL NRQNXUHQF\MQH ILUP\ NUDMX OXE UHJLRQX L NWyUH
FKDUDNWHU\]XM VL RGSRZLHGQL WUZDáR FL
'RNáDGQD OHNWXUD PRGXáX
GRW\F] FHJR SRV]XNLZDQLD WHFKQRORJLL SRZLQQD XPR*OLZLü
F]\WHOQLNRZL VNXWHF]QH ]DVWRVRZDQLH Z\*HM RSLVDQ\FK VWUDWHJLL