∆U q w
= +
dw
P dv
z
= − ⋅
PV
const
γ
=
H U
PV
=
+
γ
= C
C
P
V
/
G H TS
=
−
dG VdP SdT
=
−
A U
TS
=
−
dA
PdV
SdT
= −
−
∆
∆
U
nC T
v
=
∆
∆
H nC T
p
=
∆
∆
∆
H
H
C dT
T
T
P
T
T
2
1
1
2
=
+
∫
∆S
q
T
odwr
=
dS
C dT
T
PdV
T
v
=
+
∆S n C
T
T
R
V
V
v
=
+
ln
ln
2
1
2
1
∆
∆
∆
U
H
n RT
g
=
−
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i tw prod T
i
i
i tw subst T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i sp subst T
i
i
i sp prod T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∂
∂
∆
∆
G
T
T
H
T
P
= −
2
∆U q w
= +
dw
P dv
z
= − ⋅
PV
const
γ
=
H U
PV
=
+
γ
= C
C
P
V
/
G H TS
=
−
dG VdP SdT
=
−
A U
TS
=
−
dA
PdV
SdT
= −
−
∆
∆
U
nC T
v
=
∆
∆
H nC T
p
=
∆
∆
∆
H
H
C dT
T
T
P
T
T
2
1
1
2
=
+
∫
∆S
q
T
odwr
=
dS
C dT
T
PdV
T
v
=
+
∆S n C
T
T
R
V
V
v
=
+
ln
ln
2
1
2
1
∆
∆
∆
U
H
n RT
g
=
−
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i tw prod T
i
i
i tw subst T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i sp subst T
i
i
i sp prod T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∂
∂
∆
∆
G
T
T
H
T
P
= −
2
∆U q w
= +
dw
P dv
z
= − ⋅
PV
const
γ
=
H U
PV
=
+
γ
= C
C
P
V
/
G H TS
=
−
dG VdP SdT
=
−
A U
TS
=
−
dA
PdV
SdT
= −
−
∆
∆
U
nC T
v
=
∆
∆
H nC T
p
=
∆
∆
∆
H
H
C dT
T
T
P
T
T
2
1
1
2
=
+
∫
∆S
q
T
odwr
=
dS
C dT
T
PdV
T
v
=
+
∆S n C
T
T
R
V
V
v
=
+
ln
ln
2
1
2
1
∆
∆
∆
U
H
n RT
g
=
−
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i tw prod T
i
i
i tw subst T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i sp subst T
i
i
i sp prod T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∂
∂
∆
∆
G
T
T
H
T
P
= −
2
∆U q w
= +
dw
P dv
z
= − ⋅
PV
const
γ
=
H U
PV
=
+
γ
= C
C
P
V
/
G H TS
=
−
dG VdP SdT
=
−
A U
TS
=
−
dA
PdV
SdT
= −
−
∆
∆
U
nC T
v
=
∆
∆
H nC T
p
=
∆
∆
∆
H
H
C dT
T
T
P
T
T
2
1
1
2
=
+
∫
∆S
q
T
odwr
=
dS
C dT
T
PdV
T
v
=
+
∆S n C
T
T
R
V
V
v
=
+
ln
ln
2
1
2
1
∆
∆
∆
U
H
n RT
g
=
−
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i tw prod T
i
i
i tw subst T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∆
∆
∆
H
n H
n H
r T
i
i sp subst T
i
i
i sp prod T
i
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
0
0
0
=
−
∑
∑
∂
∂
∆
∆
G
T
T
H
T
P
= −
2