European program – medical faculty
Syllabus for pathomorphology (2013/14)
List of detailed requirements:
Introduction to pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
definition and classifications of pathology/ pathomorphology
o
basic terms applied in pathology/ pathomorphology
o
tissue sampling and basic techniques used in pathomorphology
o
the most important fixative agents and staining methods
o
the rules of good cooperation between pathologist and clinician
Cellular reaction to injury (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
main causes and mechanisms of cell injury
o
morphology of reversible cell injuries
o
necrosis – definition, types, morphology, examples
o
apoptosis – definition, mechanisms, morphology, examples
Cellular reaction to injury (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
intracellular accumulation of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, pigments – classification,
pathogenesis, examples, morphology, special staining methods
o
pathologic calcification – definition, classification, pathogenesis, examples, morphology
Hemodynamic disorders (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
edema – definition, pathophysiologic categories, morphology, clinical consequences
o
definition of hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, anasarca
o
hyperemia and congestion – definition, morphology, typical examples
o
hemorrhage – definition, classifications, examples, clinical consequences
o
definition of hematoma, hemorrhagic focus, petachiae, purpura, ecchymoses, hemothorax,
hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, hemarthrosis
Hemodynamic disorders (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
thrombosis – definition, pathogenesis, common hypercoagulable states
o
venous and arterial thrombi – etiology, morphology, clinical consequences, fate of thrombus
o
embolism – definition, types, examples
o
infarction – definition, types, examples, morphology, clinical consequences
o
shock – pathogenesis, main types, morphology, clinical course
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
2
Inflammation (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
inflammation – definition, causative agents, cardinal signs, systemic manifestations
o
acute inflammation – phases (major components), cells engaged in the process, chemical
mediators, outcome
o
morphologic classification (patterns) of inflammation
o
classification of exudative inflammation
o
serous and catarrhal inflammation – definition, examples, morphology
o
fibrinous and purulent inflammation – definition, classification, examples, morphology
o
definition and examples of pyorrhea, empyema, phlegmon, abscess
o
destructive and gangrenous inflammation – definition, examples
o
generalized infections – ways of spread of infections; definition of sepsis, pyemia,
bacteriemia, toxemia; morphology of sepsis and pyemia
Inflammation (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
chronic inflammation – causative agents, cells engaged in the process, chemical mediators,
morphology, outcome; types of macrophages
o
differences between acute and chronic inflammation
o
proliferative inflammation – definition, examples
o
granulomatous inflammation – definition, morphology, examples
Infectious diseases
Students are obliged to know:
o
infectious diseases – definition, types, host barriers to infections, general mechanisms of
host tissue damage by infective agents
o
special techniques in diagnosis of infectious agents
o
opportunistic infections – definition, susceptible populations, examples
o
selected bacterial diseases i.e., tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, rhinoscleroma (scleroma),
actinomycosis – causative agent, pathogenesis, stages of disease, morphology, clinical
course
o
morphological features of viral infections
o
selected viral infections i.e., Cytomeglovius, Herpes virus, Human papillomavirus –
causative agent, pathogenesis, morphology
o
selected fungal infections i.e., candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, pneumocystosis –
causative agent, pathogenesis, morphology
o
selected parasitic infections i.e., malaria, trichinellosis, schistosomiasis, oxyuriasis –
causative agent, life cycle, pathogenesis, morphology
Diseases of immunity
Students are obliged to know:
o
main cells of immune system
o
hypersensitivity reactions – definition, classification, mechanism, examples of diseases
o
autoimmune diseases – definition, mechanisms, examples
o
selected autoimmune diseases i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma), polyarteritis nodosa, inflammatory myopathies – etiology, pathogenesis,
morphology, clinical course
o
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – etiology, pathogenesis, clinical course
including AIDS-related opportunistic infections and neoplasms
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
3
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amyloidosis – definition, classification, pathogenesis, morphology, methods of amyloid
detection, clinical course
Tissue renewal and repair. Disorders of growth.
Students are obliged to know:
o
basis of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth
o
regeneration and repair (healing) – definition, mechanisms, examples
o
cutaneous wound healing – types, steps, influencing factors
o
hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy – definition, mechanisms, examples
o
metaplasia – definition, mechanisms, examples, significance
o
dysplasia/intraepithelial neoplasia – definition, grades, examples, significance
Neoplasia (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
definition of atypia, neoplasia, anaplasia
o
nomenclature and classifications of neoplasms
o
gross and microscopic features of benign and malignant neoplasms
o
modes of tumor growth and spread
o
semimalignant tumors – definition, examples
o
in situ neoplasia (carcinoma) – definition, examples, morphology
o
grading and staging of malignant tumors – definition, systems, clinical significance
Neoplasia (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
genetic factors and nonhereditary conditions predisposing to cancer; carcinogenic agents;
essential alterations in cell physiology for malignant transformation; molecular basis of
multistep carcinogenesis; host defense against tumors
o
effects of neoplasms on the host on the clinical level (local and hormonal, cachexia,
paraneoplastic syndromes) – pathogenesis, examples of syndromes and related tumors
o
classic and modern laboratory diagnosis of neoplasms
Environmental pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
tobacco use – carcinogens of tobacco-smoke, smoking-related tumors, other consequences
o
alcohol abuse – pathogenesis, consequences of acute and chronic intake
o
ionizing radiation exposure – pathogenesis of lesions, clinical manifestations
o
oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy – adverse and beneficial effects
Nutritional pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
protein-energy malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor) – definition, causes, morphologic
features
o
vitamin deficiency – causes, physiological role of each vitamin, clinical features
o
obesity – definition, mechanisms, clinical complications
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
4
Cardiovascular system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
cardiac hypertrophy – patterns, relation to heart failure
o
left - and right - sided heart failure – causative agents, pathogenesis, morphology,
consequences
o
ischemic heart disease – definition, causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes
o
myocardial infarction – definition, risk factors, pathogenesis, anatomical location,
morphology (sequences of gross and microscopic changes), clinical features, consequences,
complications
o
systemic and pulmonary (cor pulmonale) hypertensive heart disease – pathogenesis,
morphology, disorders predisposing to cor pulmonale, complications
o
valvular heart disease – etiology, types, morphology, clinical features
o
main types of congenital heart disease – etiology, categories, description of malformations
with direction of blood flow
o
rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course,
consequences
o
cardiomyopathy – definition, types, pathogenesis, consequences
o
myocarditis – etiology, types, morphology, clinical course
o
endocarditis – etiology, types, morphology, consequences
o
pericarditis – etiology, types, morphology, consequences
o
tumors of the heart – incidence, classification, morphology, clinical significance
Cardiovascular system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
atherosclerosis – risk factors, pathogenesis, typical lesions and their distribution,
complications
o
hypertensive vascular disease – etiology, morphology, consequences
o
aneurysm and dissections – definition, classifications, complications
o
inflammatory disorders of blood vessels (vasculitides) – pathogenesis, classification,
morphology, clinical significance
o
varicose veins – definition, distribution, complications
o
tumors of blood vessels – classification, morphology, clinical significance
Respiratory system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
atelectasis – definition, types, causes, clinical significance
o
pulmonary edema and congestion – etiology, morphology, clinical features
o
adult respiratory distress syndrome – pathogenesis, clinical associations, morphology,
clinical course
o
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases – definition, examples, common features
o
emphysema – definition, pathogenesis, types, morphology, consequences
o
bronchial asthma – pathogenesis, types, morphology, consequences
o
bronchiectasis – definition, types, morphology, complications
o
diffuse interstitial (restrictive) diseases of lungs – examples, common features
o
selected pneumoconiosis i.e., coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis –
pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
pulmonary embolism and infarction – causes, morphology, consequences
o
pneumonia – predisposing factors, classification, etiology, morphology, stages of lobar
pneumonia, clinical course, complications
o
lung abscess – etiology, morphology, complications
o
tuberculosis of the lung – etiology, classification, morphology, clinical course
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
5
o
sarcoidosis of the lung – etiology, morphology, clinical course
Respiratory system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
primary malignant tumors of the lung – classification, predisposing factors, origin, precursor
lesions, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o
carcinoid – origin, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o
pulmonary hamartoma – definition, morphology, significance
o
secondary (metastatic) tumors of the lung – anatomical location of primary tumors,
morphology
o
methods of pathological examination of pulmonary tumors
o
pleural effusion – types, etiology
o
tumors of the pleura – types, morphology, clinical course
o
inflammations of upper airways – etiology, clinical course
o
reactive nodules of the larynx – predisposing factors, anatomical location, morphology,
clinical features
o
tumors of upper airways – classification, risk factors, predisposing lesions, morphology,
clinical course
Urinary system pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
clinical manifestations of renal diseases
o
congenital anomalies of the kidney including cystic diseases – pathogenesis, morphology,
clinical course
o
glomerulonephritis – classification, pathogenesis, morphology including
immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy, clinical course
o
systemic diseases with glomerular involvement i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes
mellitus and amyloidosis – morphology, clinical course
o
acute tubular necrosis – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
tubulointestitial nephritis – etiology and types
o
pyelonephritis – etiology, pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical course
o
renal transplantation – indications, types of rejection, drug toxicity, clinical course
o
tumors of the kidney – classification, predisposing factors, morphology, clinical signs
o
urinary tract obstruction – causes, morphology, consequences
o
cystitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors of the urinary bladder – classification, predisposing factors, morphology, clinical
signs
Endocrine glands pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
pituitary adenoma – classification, morphology, clinical signs
o
hypopituitarism – definition, etiology, clinical features
o
posterior pituitary syndromes – clinical signs
o
hyper- and hypothyroidism – definitions, etiology, clinical course
o
goiter, toxic goiter, non-toxic-goiter, parenchymatous goiter, multinodular goiter –
definitions
o
Graves disease and multinodular goiters – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
thyroiditis – etiology, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors of the thyroid gland – classification, genetic and environmental factors, morphology,
clinical course
o
hyper- and hypoparathyroidism – definitions, etiology, morphology, clinical course
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
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hyperadrenalism – clinical syndromes, etiology, morphology, clinical course
o
adrenal insufficiency – classification, causes, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors of the adrenal cortex and the medulla – classification, morphology, clinical course
o
diabetes mellitus – types, pathogenesis of main forms of diabetes and its complications,
morphology, clinical course, complications
o
tumors of pancreatic islet cells – types, morphology, clinical signs
o
multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes – classification, clinical course
Alimentary system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
inflammations of the oral cavity – etiology, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors of the oral cavity – classification, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical course
o
odontogenic tumors and cysts – general division; ameloblastoma – morphology, clinical
course
o
sialadenitis – etiology, morphology
o
Sjogren syndrome – etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors of the salivary glands – classification, anatomical location, morphology, clinical
course
o
esophagitis – etiology, morphology, complications
o
achalasia, hiatal hernia, diverticula, Mallory-Weis syndrome and esophageal varices –
pathogenesis, clinical course
o
Barrett esophagus – definition, morphology, clinical significance
o
tumors of the esophagus – classification, risk factors, morphology, clinical course
Alimentary system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
gastritis – types, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
acute gastric ulceration and chronic peptic ulcer – pathogenesis, anatomical location,
morphology, complications
o
Helicobacter pylori infection – significance in pathology
o
tumors of the stomach – classification, predisposing factors, morphology, early gastric
cancer, clinical course
o
enterocolitis – etiology, morphology, clinical features
o
malabsorption syndromes – definition, types, pathogenesis of celiac disease, clinical features
o
idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease – pathogenesis, distribution of lesions, morphology,
clinical features, differences between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
o
ischemic bowel disease – predisposing factors, anatomical location, morphology, clinical
features
o
diverticular disease – definition, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o
intestinal obstructions – causes, clinical features
o
Hirschprung disease – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors of the large and small intestine – classification, epidemiology, predisposing factors,
morphology, anatomical location, staging of colorectal cancer, clinical course
o
intestinal polyps – definition, classification, morphology, significance
o
appendicitis – etiology, morphology, complications
o
peritonitis – etiology, morphology, complications
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
7
Alimentary system pathology (part 3)
Students are obliged to know:
o
morphologic patterns of hepatic injury
o
hepatic failure – causes, clinical manifestations
o
liver cirrhosis – etiology, pathogenesis, classifications, morphology, consequences, main
causes of liver cirrhosis in children
o
portal hypertension – causes, clinical course
o
viral hepatitis – characteristics of viruses, clinicopathologic syndromes, morphology,
consequences
o
metabolic liver diseases – examples, pathogenesis, clinical significance
o
primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis – causes,
morphology,
consequences
o
circulatory disorders of the liver – types, causes, morphology, clinical manifestations
o
tumors and tumor-like lesions of the liver – classification, predisposing factors, morphology,
clinical
signs
o
cholelithiasis and cholecystitis – predisposing factors, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical
course
o
carcinoma of the gallbladder – predisposing factors, morphology, clinical course
o
acute and chronic pancreatitis – etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors of the pancreas – classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology,
anatomical location, clinical course
Skin pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
the basic macro- and microscopic terms used in dermatopathology
o
classification of skin tumors
o
disorders of pigmentation and benign tumors of melanocytes – types, morphology,
significance
o
malignant melanoma – epidemiology, predisposing factors, types, morphology, staging
systems, clinical signs, prognostic factors
o
benign epithelial tumors of the skin – typical location, morphology, clinical course
o
malignant epithelial tumors of the skin – predisposing factors, morphology, clinical course
o
non-epithelial tumors of the skin – examples, morphology, clinical course
o
blistering diseases – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
Nervous system pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
increased intracranial pressure and herniations – causes, morphology, types of herniation,
clinical signs, consequences
o
cerebral oedema nad hydrocephalus – definition, types, causes, consequences
o
traumatic vascular injuries – types, causes, morphology, clinical signs, consequences
o
cerebral infarction – causes, types, morphology, clinical signs
o
subarachnoid hemorrhage – causes, common locations of saccular aneurysms, morphology,
clinical signs, consequences
o
intracerebral hemorrhage – causes, morphology, clinical signs, consequences
o
meningitis and brain abscess – etiology, morphology, clinical signs, consequences
o
meningoencephalitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course
o
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) – examples, causative agents,
pathogenesis, morphology, consequences
o
demyelinating diseases – definition, examples, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical signs
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
8
o
degenerative diseases – definition, examples, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical signs
o
tumors of central nervous system – classification, grading, morphology, clinical signs
Bones and joints pathology/Soft tissue tumors
Students are obliged to know:
o
healing of bone fractures
o
osteoporosis – definition, types, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
Paget disease (osteitis deformans) – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course, significance
o
osteomyelitis – types, causes, morphology, complications
o
tumors and tumor-like lesions of bones – classification, predisposing factors, anatomical
locations, morphology, clinical course
o
fibrous dysplasia – pathogenesis, types, anatomical location, morphology, clinical signs,
consequences
o
osteoarthritis – pathogenesis, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o
rheumatoid arthritis – pathogenesis, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course,
consequences
o
gout and gouty arthritis – types pathogenesis, predisposing factors, anatomical location,
morphology,
clinical
course
o
tumors and tumor-like lesions of joints – examples, morphology, clinical features
o
tumors and tumor-like lesions of soft tissue – classification, general features, origin,
morphology, clinical features
Lymphoid system pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
acute and chronic non-specific lymphadenitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course
o
basic rules of WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms
o
Hodgkin lymphoma – definition, etiology, pathogenesis, types, clinical course, prognosis
o
selected non-Hodgkin lymphomas i.e., chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic
lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma,
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mycosis fungoides/ Sezary syndrome –
incidence, morphology, typical cytogenetic and molecular features, clinical course,
prognosis
o
splenomegaly – definition, causes, morphology
o
thymomas – definition, classification, morphology, clinical course
Bone marrow pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
acute myelogenous leukemia – definition, pathophysiology, FAB classification,
morphology,
clinical
course
o
myelodysplastic syndromes – definition, morphology, clinical course,
o
chronic myeloproliferative disorders – pathophysiology, morphology, laboratory data,
clinical
course
o
anemias – definition, classification, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features
o
acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma – incidence, morphology, typical cytogenetic and
molecular
features,
laboratory
data, clinical features, prognosis
o
multiple myeloma – definition, pathogenesis, morphology, laboratory data, clinical course
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
9
Male genital system pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
congenital malformations of male genital system – examples, significance
o
inflammations of the penis – etiology, clinical features
o
tumors of the penis – classification, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical course
o
atrophy of the testis – etiology, morphology, clinical significance
o
vascular disturbances of testis and surrounding tissues – causes, morphology
o
orchitis and epididymitis – etiology, morphology, significance
o
tumors of the testis – classification, risk factors, morphology, diagnosis, clinical course
o
prostatitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course
o
benign prostatic hyperplasia – pathogenesis, morphology, consequences
o
carcinoma of the prostate – epidemiology, etiology, anatomical location, morphology,
grading system, clinical course
Female genital system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o
infections of lower female genital tract – etiology, clinical course
o
pelvic inflammatory disease – etiology, morphology, complications
o
non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of vulva – types, morphology, consequences
o
tumors of the vulva – classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical
course
o
tumors of the vagina – classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical
course
o
tumors of the uterine cervix – classification, epidemiology, risk factors, precursor lesions,
morphology, staging system, diagnosis, clinical course
o
adenomyosis and endometriosis – definition, pathogenesis, distribution, morphology,
clinical course
o
endocervical and endometrial polyps – definitions, morphology, consequences
o
endometrial hyperplasia (endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia) – predisposing factors, types,
morphology, consequences
o
tumors of the uterine corpus – classification, epidemiology, predisposing factors,
morphology, staging system of adenocarcinoma, clinical course
o
gestational trophoblastic disease – pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical course
Female genital system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o
non-neoplastic and functional ovarian cysts – etiology, morphology, clinical significance
o
tumors of the ovary – classification, risk factors, epidemiology, morphology, clinical course
o
inflammations of fallopian tubes – etiology, morphology, consequences
o
cysts and tumors of fallopian tubes – incidence, examples, clinical signs
o
ectopic pregnancy – definition, anatomical location, morphology, consequences
Breast pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o
clinical manifestation of breast diseases
o
inflammations of the breast – etiology, morphology, consequences
o
benign epithelial lesions – pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical significance
o
benign epithelial and stromal-epithelial tumors of the breast – incidence, morphology,
clinical signs
European program – medical faculty (2013/14)
10
o
carcinoma of the breast – epidemiology, risk factors, classification, anatomical location,
morphology, diagnosis, clinical signs, prognostic and predictive factors
o
male breast – gynecomastia, carcinoma
Diseases of infancy and childhood
Students are obliged to know:
o
congenital anomalies – definition, etiology, types
o
prematurity and fetal growth restriction – definition, risk factors, complications
o
perinatal infections – routes of transmission, causes, morphology, consequences
o
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome – pathogenesis, predisposing factors, morphology,
clinical signs, consequences
o
hydrops fetalis – definition, etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features
o
sudden infant death syndrome – epidemiology, pathogenesis, morphology
o
cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o
tumors and tumor-like lesions of infancy and childhood – histological types, incidence,
pathogenesis, morphology, anatomical location, prognostic factors, clinical course