European program – medical faculty

Syllabus for pathomorphology (2013/14)

List of detailed requirements:

Introduction to pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

definition and classifications of pathology/ pathomorphology

o

basic terms applied in pathology/ pathomorphology

o

tissue sampling and basic techniques used in pathomorphology

o

the most important fixative agents and staining methods

o

the rules of good cooperation between pathologist and clinician

Cellular reaction to injury (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

main causes and mechanisms of cell injury

o

morphology of reversible cell injuries

o

necrosis – definition, types, morphology, examples

o

apoptosis – definition, mechanisms, morphology, examples

Cellular reaction to injury (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

intracellular accumulation of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, pigments – classification,

pathogenesis, examples, morphology, special staining methods

o

pathologic calcification – definition, classification, pathogenesis, examples, morphology

Hemodynamic disorders (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

edema – definition, pathophysiologic categories, morphology, clinical consequences

o

definition of hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, anasarca

o

hyperemia and congestion – definition, morphology, typical examples

o

hemorrhage – definition, classifications, examples, clinical consequences

o

definition of hematoma, hemorrhagic focus, petachiae, purpura, ecchymoses, hemothorax,

hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, hemarthrosis

Hemodynamic disorders (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

thrombosis – definition, pathogenesis, common hypercoagulable states

o

venous and arterial thrombi – etiology, morphology, clinical consequences, fate of thrombus

o

embolism – definition, types, examples

o

infarction – definition, types, examples, morphology, clinical consequences

o

shock – pathogenesis, main types, morphology, clinical course

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

2

Inflammation (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

inflammation – definition, causative agents, cardinal signs, systemic manifestations

o

acute inflammation – phases (major components), cells engaged in the process, chemical

mediators, outcome

o

morphologic classification (patterns) of inflammation

o

classification of exudative inflammation

o

serous and catarrhal inflammation – definition, examples, morphology

o

fibrinous and purulent inflammation – definition, classification, examples, morphology

o

definition and examples of pyorrhea, empyema, phlegmon, abscess

o

destructive and gangrenous inflammation – definition, examples

o

generalized infections – ways of spread of infections; definition of sepsis, pyemia,

bacteriemia, toxemia; morphology of sepsis and pyemia

Inflammation (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

chronic inflammation – causative agents, cells engaged in the process, chemical mediators,

morphology, outcome; types of macrophages

o

differences between acute and chronic inflammation

o

proliferative inflammation – definition, examples

o

granulomatous inflammation – definition, morphology, examples

Infectious diseases

Students are obliged to know:

o

infectious diseases – definition, types, host barriers to infections, general mechanisms of

host tissue damage by infective agents

o

special techniques in diagnosis of infectious agents

o

opportunistic infections – definition, susceptible populations, examples

o

selected bacterial diseases i.e., tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, rhinoscleroma (scleroma),

actinomycosis – causative agent, pathogenesis, stages of disease, morphology, clinical
course

o

morphological features of viral infections

o

selected viral infections i.e., Cytomeglovius, Herpes virus, Human papillomavirus –

causative agent, pathogenesis, morphology

o

selected fungal infections i.e., candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, pneumocystosis –

causative agent, pathogenesis, morphology

o

selected parasitic infections i.e., malaria, trichinellosis, schistosomiasis, oxyuriasis –

causative agent, life cycle, pathogenesis, morphology

Diseases of immunity

Students are obliged to know:

o

main cells of immune system

o

hypersensitivity reactions – definition, classification, mechanism, examples of diseases

o

autoimmune diseases – definition, mechanisms, examples

o

selected autoimmune diseases i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis

(scleroderma), polyarteritis nodosa, inflammatory myopathies – etiology, pathogenesis,
morphology, clinical course

o

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – etiology, pathogenesis, clinical course

including AIDS-related opportunistic infections and neoplasms

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

3

o

amyloidosis – definition, classification, pathogenesis, morphology, methods of amyloid

detection, clinical course

Tissue renewal and repair. Disorders of growth.

Students are obliged to know:

o

basis of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth

o

regeneration and repair (healing) – definition, mechanisms, examples

o

cutaneous wound healing – types, steps, influencing factors

o

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy – definition, mechanisms, examples

o

metaplasia – definition, mechanisms, examples, significance

o

dysplasia/intraepithelial neoplasia – definition, grades, examples, significance

Neoplasia (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

definition of atypia, neoplasia, anaplasia

o

nomenclature and classifications of neoplasms

o

gross and microscopic features of benign and malignant neoplasms

o

modes of tumor growth and spread

o

semimalignant tumors – definition, examples

o

in situ neoplasia (carcinoma) – definition, examples, morphology

o

grading and staging of malignant tumors – definition, systems, clinical significance

Neoplasia (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

genetic factors and nonhereditary conditions predisposing to cancer; carcinogenic agents;

essential alterations in cell physiology for malignant transformation; molecular basis of
multistep carcinogenesis; host defense against tumors

o

effects of neoplasms on the host on the clinical level (local and hormonal, cachexia,

paraneoplastic syndromes) – pathogenesis, examples of syndromes and related tumors

o

classic and modern laboratory diagnosis of neoplasms

Environmental pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

tobacco use – carcinogens of tobacco-smoke, smoking-related tumors, other consequences

o

alcohol abuse – pathogenesis, consequences of acute and chronic intake

o

ionizing radiation exposure – pathogenesis of lesions, clinical manifestations

o

oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy – adverse and beneficial effects

Nutritional pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

protein-energy malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor) – definition, causes, morphologic

features

o

vitamin deficiency – causes, physiological role of each vitamin, clinical features

o

obesity – definition, mechanisms, clinical complications

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

4

Cardiovascular system pathology (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

cardiac hypertrophy – patterns, relation to heart failure

o

left - and right - sided heart failure – causative agents, pathogenesis, morphology,

consequences

o

ischemic heart disease – definition, causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes

o

myocardial infarction – definition, risk factors, pathogenesis, anatomical location,

morphology (sequences of gross and microscopic changes), clinical features, consequences,
complications

o

systemic and pulmonary (cor pulmonale) hypertensive heart disease – pathogenesis,

morphology, disorders predisposing to cor pulmonale, complications

o

valvular heart disease – etiology, types, morphology, clinical features

o

main types of congenital heart disease – etiology, categories, description of malformations

with direction of blood flow

o

rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course,

consequences

o

cardiomyopathy – definition, types, pathogenesis, consequences

o

myocarditis – etiology, types, morphology, clinical course

o

endocarditis – etiology, types, morphology, consequences

o

pericarditis – etiology, types, morphology, consequences

o

tumors of the heart – incidence, classification, morphology, clinical significance

Cardiovascular system pathology (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

atherosclerosis – risk factors, pathogenesis, typical lesions and their distribution,

complications

o

hypertensive vascular disease – etiology, morphology, consequences

o

aneurysm and dissections – definition, classifications, complications

o

inflammatory disorders of blood vessels (vasculitides) – pathogenesis, classification,

morphology, clinical significance

o

varicose veins – definition, distribution, complications

o

tumors of blood vessels – classification, morphology, clinical significance

Respiratory system pathology (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

atelectasis – definition, types, causes, clinical significance

o

pulmonary edema and congestion – etiology, morphology, clinical features

o

adult respiratory distress syndrome – pathogenesis, clinical associations, morphology,

clinical course

o

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases – definition, examples, common features

o

emphysema – definition, pathogenesis, types, morphology, consequences

o

bronchial asthma – pathogenesis, types, morphology, consequences

o

bronchiectasis – definition, types, morphology, complications

o

diffuse interstitial (restrictive) diseases of lungs – examples, common features

o

selected pneumoconiosis i.e., coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis –

pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

pulmonary embolism and infarction – causes, morphology, consequences

o

pneumonia – predisposing factors, classification, etiology, morphology, stages of lobar

pneumonia, clinical course, complications

o

lung abscess – etiology, morphology, complications

o

tuberculosis of the lung – etiology, classification, morphology, clinical course

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

5

o

sarcoidosis of the lung – etiology, morphology, clinical course

Respiratory system pathology (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

primary malignant tumors of the lung – classification, predisposing factors, origin, precursor

lesions, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course

o

carcinoid – origin, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course

o

pulmonary hamartoma – definition, morphology, significance

o

secondary (metastatic) tumors of the lung – anatomical location of primary tumors,

morphology

o

methods of pathological examination of pulmonary tumors

o

pleural effusion – types, etiology

o

tumors of the pleura – types, morphology, clinical course

o

inflammations of upper airways – etiology, clinical course

o

reactive nodules of the larynx – predisposing factors, anatomical location, morphology,

clinical features

o

tumors of upper airways – classification, risk factors, predisposing lesions, morphology,

clinical course

Urinary system pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

clinical manifestations of renal diseases

o

congenital anomalies of the kidney including cystic diseases – pathogenesis, morphology,

clinical course

o

glomerulonephritis – classification, pathogenesis, morphology including

immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy, clinical course

o

systemic diseases with glomerular involvement i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes

mellitus and amyloidosis – morphology, clinical course

o

acute tubular necrosis – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

tubulointestitial nephritis – etiology and types

o

pyelonephritis – etiology, pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical course

o

renal transplantation – indications, types of rejection, drug toxicity, clinical course

o

tumors of the kidney – classification, predisposing factors, morphology, clinical signs

o

urinary tract obstruction – causes, morphology, consequences

o

cystitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors of the urinary bladder – classification, predisposing factors, morphology, clinical

signs

Endocrine glands pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

pituitary adenoma – classification, morphology, clinical signs

o

hypopituitarism – definition, etiology, clinical features

o

posterior pituitary syndromes – clinical signs

o

hyper- and hypothyroidism – definitions, etiology, clinical course

o

goiter, toxic goiter, non-toxic-goiter, parenchymatous goiter, multinodular goiter –

definitions

o

Graves disease and multinodular goiters – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

thyroiditis – etiology, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors of the thyroid gland – classification, genetic and environmental factors, morphology,

clinical course

o

hyper- and hypoparathyroidism – definitions, etiology, morphology, clinical course

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

6

o

hyperadrenalism – clinical syndromes, etiology, morphology, clinical course

o

adrenal insufficiency – classification, causes, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors of the adrenal cortex and the medulla – classification, morphology, clinical course

o

diabetes mellitus – types, pathogenesis of main forms of diabetes and its complications,

morphology, clinical course, complications

o

tumors of pancreatic islet cells – types, morphology, clinical signs

o

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes – classification, clinical course

Alimentary system pathology (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

inflammations of the oral cavity – etiology, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors of the oral cavity – classification, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical course

o

odontogenic tumors and cysts – general division; ameloblastoma – morphology, clinical

course

o

sialadenitis – etiology, morphology

o

Sjogren syndrome – etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors of the salivary glands – classification, anatomical location, morphology, clinical

course

o

esophagitis – etiology, morphology, complications

o

achalasia, hiatal hernia, diverticula, Mallory-Weis syndrome and esophageal varices –

pathogenesis, clinical course

o

Barrett esophagus – definition, morphology, clinical significance

o

tumors of the esophagus – classification, risk factors, morphology, clinical course

Alimentary system pathology (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

gastritis – types, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

acute gastric ulceration and chronic peptic ulcer – pathogenesis, anatomical location,

morphology, complications

o

Helicobacter pylori infection – significance in pathology

o

tumors of the stomach – classification, predisposing factors, morphology, early gastric

cancer, clinical course

o

enterocolitis – etiology, morphology, clinical features

o

malabsorption syndromes – definition, types, pathogenesis of celiac disease, clinical features

o

idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease – pathogenesis, distribution of lesions, morphology,

clinical features, differences between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

o

ischemic bowel disease – predisposing factors, anatomical location, morphology, clinical

features

o

diverticular disease – definition, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course

o

intestinal obstructions – causes, clinical features

o

Hirschprung disease – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors of the large and small intestine – classification, epidemiology, predisposing factors,

morphology, anatomical location, staging of colorectal cancer, clinical course

o

intestinal polyps – definition, classification, morphology, significance

o

appendicitis – etiology, morphology, complications

o

peritonitis – etiology, morphology, complications

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

7

Alimentary system pathology (part 3)

Students are obliged to know:

o

morphologic patterns of hepatic injury

o

hepatic failure – causes, clinical manifestations

o

liver cirrhosis – etiology, pathogenesis, classifications, morphology, consequences, main

causes of liver cirrhosis in children

o

portal hypertension – causes, clinical course

o

viral hepatitis – characteristics of viruses, clinicopathologic syndromes, morphology,

consequences

o

metabolic liver diseases – examples, pathogenesis, clinical significance

o

primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis – causes,

morphology,

consequences

o

circulatory disorders of the liver – types, causes, morphology, clinical manifestations

o

tumors and tumor-like lesions of the liver – classification, predisposing factors, morphology,

clinical

signs

o

cholelithiasis and cholecystitis – predisposing factors, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical

course
o

carcinoma of the gallbladder – predisposing factors, morphology, clinical course

o

acute and chronic pancreatitis – etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors of the pancreas – classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology,

anatomical location, clinical course

Skin pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

the basic macro- and microscopic terms used in dermatopathology

o

classification of skin tumors

o

disorders of pigmentation and benign tumors of melanocytes – types, morphology,

significance

o

malignant melanoma – epidemiology, predisposing factors, types, morphology, staging

systems, clinical signs, prognostic factors

o

benign epithelial tumors of the skin – typical location, morphology, clinical course

o

malignant epithelial tumors of the skin – predisposing factors, morphology, clinical course

o

non-epithelial tumors of the skin – examples, morphology, clinical course

o

blistering diseases – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

Nervous system pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

increased intracranial pressure and herniations – causes, morphology, types of herniation,

clinical signs, consequences

o

cerebral oedema nad hydrocephalus – definition, types, causes, consequences

o

traumatic vascular injuries – types, causes, morphology, clinical signs, consequences

o

cerebral infarction – causes, types, morphology, clinical signs

o

subarachnoid hemorrhage – causes, common locations of saccular aneurysms, morphology,

clinical signs, consequences

o

intracerebral hemorrhage – causes, morphology, clinical signs, consequences

o

meningitis and brain abscess – etiology, morphology, clinical signs, consequences

o

meningoencephalitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course

o

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) – examples, causative agents,

pathogenesis, morphology, consequences

o

demyelinating diseases – definition, examples, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical signs

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

8

o

degenerative diseases – definition, examples, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical signs

o

tumors of central nervous system – classification, grading, morphology, clinical signs

Bones and joints pathology/Soft tissue tumors

Students are obliged to know:

o

healing of bone fractures

o

osteoporosis – definition, types, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

Paget disease (osteitis deformans) – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course, significance

o

osteomyelitis – types, causes, morphology, complications

o

tumors and tumor-like lesions of bones – classification, predisposing factors, anatomical

locations, morphology, clinical course

o

fibrous dysplasia – pathogenesis, types, anatomical location, morphology, clinical signs,

consequences

o

osteoarthritis – pathogenesis, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course

o

rheumatoid arthritis – pathogenesis, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course,

consequences
o

gout and gouty arthritis – types pathogenesis, predisposing factors, anatomical location,

morphology,

clinical

course

o

tumors and tumor-like lesions of joints – examples, morphology, clinical features

o

tumors and tumor-like lesions of soft tissue – classification, general features, origin,

morphology, clinical features

Lymphoid system pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

acute and chronic non-specific lymphadenitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course

o

basic rules of WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms

o

Hodgkin lymphoma – definition, etiology, pathogenesis, types, clinical course, prognosis

o

selected non-Hodgkin lymphomas i.e., chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic

lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma,

diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mycosis fungoides/ Sezary syndrome –

incidence, morphology, typical cytogenetic and molecular features, clinical course,

prognosis

o

splenomegaly – definition, causes, morphology

o

thymomas – definition, classification, morphology, clinical course

Bone marrow pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

acute myelogenous leukemia – definition, pathophysiology, FAB classification,

morphology,

clinical

course

o

myelodysplastic syndromes – definition, morphology, clinical course,

o

chronic myeloproliferative disorders – pathophysiology, morphology, laboratory data,

clinical

course

o

anemias – definition, classification, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features

o

acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma – incidence, morphology, typical cytogenetic and

molecular

features,

laboratory

data, clinical features, prognosis

o

multiple myeloma – definition, pathogenesis, morphology, laboratory data, clinical course

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

9

Male genital system pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

congenital malformations of male genital system – examples, significance

o

inflammations of the penis – etiology, clinical features

o

tumors of the penis – classification, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical course

o

atrophy of the testis – etiology, morphology, clinical significance

o

vascular disturbances of testis and surrounding tissues – causes, morphology

o

orchitis and epididymitis – etiology, morphology, significance

o

tumors of the testis – classification, risk factors, morphology, diagnosis, clinical course

o

prostatitis – etiology, morphology, clinical course

o

benign prostatic hyperplasia – pathogenesis, morphology, consequences

o

carcinoma of the prostate – epidemiology, etiology, anatomical location, morphology,

grading system, clinical course

Female genital system pathology (part 1)

Students are obliged to know:

o

infections of lower female genital tract – etiology, clinical course

o

pelvic inflammatory disease – etiology, morphology, complications

o

non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of vulva – types, morphology, consequences

o

tumors of the vulva – classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical

course
o

tumors of the vagina – classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical

course
o

tumors of the uterine cervix – classification, epidemiology, risk factors, precursor lesions,

morphology, staging system, diagnosis, clinical course

o

adenomyosis and endometriosis – definition, pathogenesis, distribution, morphology,

clinical course

o

endocervical and endometrial polyps – definitions, morphology, consequences

o

endometrial hyperplasia (endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia) – predisposing factors, types,

morphology, consequences

o

tumors of the uterine corpus – classification, epidemiology, predisposing factors,

morphology, staging system of adenocarcinoma, clinical course

o

gestational trophoblastic disease – pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical course

Female genital system pathology (part 2)

Students are obliged to know:

o

non-neoplastic and functional ovarian cysts – etiology, morphology, clinical significance

o

tumors of the ovary – classification, risk factors, epidemiology, morphology, clinical course

o

inflammations of fallopian tubes – etiology, morphology, consequences

o

cysts and tumors of fallopian tubes – incidence, examples, clinical signs

o

ectopic pregnancy – definition, anatomical location, morphology, consequences

Breast pathology

Students are obliged to know:

o

clinical manifestation of breast diseases

o

inflammations of the breast – etiology, morphology, consequences

o

benign epithelial lesions – pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical significance

o

benign epithelial and stromal-epithelial tumors of the breast – incidence, morphology,

clinical signs

European program – medical faculty (2013/14)

10

o

carcinoma of the breast – epidemiology, risk factors, classification, anatomical location,

morphology, diagnosis, clinical signs, prognostic and predictive factors

o

male breast – gynecomastia, carcinoma

Diseases of infancy and childhood

Students are obliged to know:

o

congenital anomalies – definition, etiology, types

o

prematurity and fetal growth restriction – definition, risk factors, complications

o

perinatal infections – routes of transmission, causes, morphology, consequences

o

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome – pathogenesis, predisposing factors, morphology,

clinical signs, consequences

o

hydrops fetalis – definition, etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features

o

sudden infant death syndrome – epidemiology, pathogenesis, morphology

o

cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) – pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course

o

tumors and tumor-like lesions of infancy and childhood – histological types, incidence,

pathogenesis, morphology, anatomical location, prognostic factors, clinical course