Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
H
UMAN
P
HYSIOLOGY
H
UMAN
P
HYSIOLOGY
PowerPoint
®
Lecture Slide Presentation
by
Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan
University
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
T H I R D E D I T I O N
Chapter 16
Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter
About this Chapter
•
Composition of Blood
•
Plasma make up and roles
•
Various cell types, origin and roles
•
Red blood cells, hemoglobin & iron
metabolism
•
How coagulation works
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Components: Plasma Transports
Solutes
Blood Components: Plasma Transports
Solutes
•
Water, ions, trace elements
•
Gasses: O
2
& CO
2
•
Organic Molecules
•
Glucose
•
N–wastes
•
Proteins
•
Antibodies
•
Hormones
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Blood Components: Plasma Transports
Solutes
Blood Components: Plasma Transports
Solutes
Figure 16-1: Composition of blood
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Blood Components:
"Blood Count" – % of Each Component
Blood Components:
"Blood Count" – % of Each Component
Figure 16-2: The blood count
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Components: Cells
Blood Components: Cells
•
Erythrocytes
•
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
•
O
2
& CO
2
transport
•
White Blood Cells (WBC)
•
Immune defense
•
Phagocytosis
•
Platelets: clotting
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Blood Components: Cells
Blood Components: Cells
Figure 16-1: Composition of blood
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Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation
Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation
•
Mostly in bone marrow from stem cells
•
Rate regulated by cytokines & growth
factors
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Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation
Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation
Figure 16-3: Hematopoiesis
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Focus on RBCs:
Focus on RBCs:
•
Loose their nucleus
•
Cytoskeleton – shape
•
Hemoglobin
•
Binds O
2
in heme group
•
Binds some CO
2
on globulin
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Focus on RBCs:
Focus on RBCs:
Figure 16-5c: Bone marrow
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Focus on RBCs:
Focus on RBCs:
Figure 16-7a, b: Bone marrow
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Iron Metabolism: Key to Hemoglobin O
2
Transport
Iron Metabolism: Key to Hemoglobin O
2
Transport
Figure 16-8: Iron metabolism
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Some Diseases of RBCs and O
2
Transport
Some Diseases of RBCs and O
2
Transport
Table 16-3: Causes of Anemia
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Blood Components: Platelets
Blood Components: Platelets
Figure 16-10c: Megakaryocytes and platelets
•
Coagulate, form plug, prevent blood loss
•
Formed by fragmentation from
megakaryoctyes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Hemostasis:
Clot Formation & Vessel Repair
Overview of Hemostasis:
Clot Formation & Vessel Repair
Figure 16-11: Overview of hemostasis and tissue repair
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug
Formation
Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug
Formation
•
Vasoconstriction
•
Platelet activation
•
Multiple factors
•
Positive feedback
•
Aggregation
•
Loose plug
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Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug
Formation
Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug
Formation
Figure 16-12: Platelet plug formation
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Hemostasis: Coagulation & Clot
Stabilization
Hemostasis: Coagulation & Clot
Stabilization
Figure 16-13: The coagulation cascade
•
Prothrombin
•
Ca++
•
Fibrinogen
•
Fibrin
•
Polymerization
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Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants
Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants
•
Bleeding stopped
•
Vessel repair
•
Plasmin
•
Fibrinolysis
•
Clot dissolved
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Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants
Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants
Figure 16-14: Coagulation and fibrinolysis
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Coagulation and Disease
Coagulation and Disease
•
Hemophilia
•
Cardiovascular Diseases
•
Key problem – clots block undamaged
blood vessels
•
Anticoagulants prevent coagulation
•
Keep platelets from adhering
•
Prevent fibrin coagulation
•
"Clot Busters": Prevent further clotting
•
Speed fibrinolysis
•
Limit tissue damage (heart, brain…)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary
Summary
•
Blood is about 50% plasma, water solvent
& solutes: ions, elements, gasses,
proteins, wastes & nutrients
•
White blood cells function in internal
defense
•
Iron in hemoglobin is key to RBC transport
of O
2
•
Platelet activation initiates clot formation
•
Clotting prevents blood loss but is a
problem in cardiovascular disease