Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

H

UMAN

P

HYSIOLOGY

H

UMAN

P

HYSIOLOGY

PowerPoint

®

Lecture Slide Presentation

by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan

University

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

T H I R D E D I T I O N

Chapter 16

Blood

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

About this Chapter

About this Chapter

•

Composition of Blood

•

Plasma make up and roles

•

Various cell types, origin and roles

•

Red blood cells, hemoglobin & iron

metabolism

•

How coagulation works

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Components: Plasma Transports

Solutes

Blood Components: Plasma Transports

Solutes

•

Water, ions, trace elements

•

Gasses: O

2

& CO

2

•

Organic Molecules

•

Glucose

•

N–wastes

•

Proteins

•

Antibodies

•

Hormones

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Blood Components: Plasma Transports

Solutes

Blood Components: Plasma Transports

Solutes

Figure 16-1: Composition of blood

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Blood Components:

"Blood Count" – % of Each Component

Blood Components:

"Blood Count" – % of Each Component

Figure 16-2: The blood count

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Components: Cells

Blood Components: Cells

•

Erythrocytes

•

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

•

O

2

& CO

2

transport

•

White Blood Cells (WBC)

•

Immune defense

•

Phagocytosis

•

Platelets: clotting

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Blood Components: Cells

Blood Components: Cells

Figure 16-1: Composition of blood

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation

Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation

•

Mostly in bone marrow from stem cells

•

Rate regulated by cytokines & growth

factors

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Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation

Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation

Figure 16-3: Hematopoiesis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Focus on RBCs:

Focus on RBCs:

•

Loose their nucleus

•

Cytoskeleton – shape

•

Hemoglobin

•

Binds O

2

in heme group

•

Binds some CO

2

on globulin

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Focus on RBCs:

Focus on RBCs:

Figure 16-5c: Bone marrow

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Focus on RBCs:

Focus on RBCs:

Figure 16-7a, b: Bone marrow

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Iron Metabolism: Key to Hemoglobin O

2

Transport

Iron Metabolism: Key to Hemoglobin O

2

Transport

Figure 16-8: Iron metabolism

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Some Diseases of RBCs and O

2

Transport

Some Diseases of RBCs and O

2

Transport

Table 16-3: Causes of Anemia

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Components: Platelets

Blood Components: Platelets

Figure 16-10c: Megakaryocytes and platelets

•

Coagulate, form plug, prevent blood loss

•

Formed by fragmentation from

megakaryoctyes

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Hemostasis:

Clot Formation & Vessel Repair

Overview of Hemostasis:

Clot Formation & Vessel Repair

Figure 16-11: Overview of hemostasis and tissue repair

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug

Formation

Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug

Formation

•

Vasoconstriction

•

Platelet activation

•

Multiple factors

•

Positive feedback

•

Aggregation

•

Loose plug

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Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug

Formation

Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug

Formation

Figure 16-12: Platelet plug formation

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Hemostasis: Coagulation & Clot

Stabilization

Hemostasis: Coagulation & Clot

Stabilization

Figure 16-13: The coagulation cascade

•

Prothrombin

•

Ca++

•

Fibrinogen

•

Fibrin

•

Polymerization

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Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants

Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants

•

Bleeding stopped

•

Vessel repair

•

Plasmin

•

Fibrinolysis

•

Clot dissolved

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Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants

Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants

Figure 16-14: Coagulation and fibrinolysis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coagulation and Disease

Coagulation and Disease

•

Hemophilia

•

Cardiovascular Diseases

•

Key problem – clots block undamaged

blood vessels

•

Anticoagulants prevent coagulation

•

Keep platelets from adhering

•

Prevent fibrin coagulation

•

"Clot Busters": Prevent further clotting

•

Speed fibrinolysis

•

Limit tissue damage (heart, brain…)

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Summary

•

Blood is about 50% plasma, water solvent

& solutes: ions, elements, gasses,

proteins, wastes & nutrients

•

White blood cells function in internal

defense

•

Iron in hemoglobin is key to RBC transport

of O

2

•

Platelet activation initiates clot formation

•

Clotting prevents blood loss but is a

problem in cardiovascular disease