Figure 15.1 Mode of action of a d-endotoxin.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.2 Important steps in the

procedure used to obtain genetically

engineered maize plants expressing an

artificial d-endotoxin gene.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.3 Positional effects.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.4 The CryIIA(a2) operon.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.5 Three strategies for countering

the development of insect resistance to d-

endotoxin crops.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.6 Glyphosate competes with

phosphoenol pyruvate in the EPSPS catalysed

synthesis of enolpyruvylshikimate-3-

phosphate, and hence inhibits synthesis of

tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.7 Use of glyphosate N-

acetyltransferase to generate plants that

detoxify glyphosate. (a) GAT detoxifies

glyphosate by adding an acetyl group (shown

in red). (b) Creation of a highly active GAT

enzyme by multigene shuffling.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.8 Antisense RNA.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.9 Possible mechanisms for the

inhibition of gene expression by antisense

RNA.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.10 The increase in

polygalacturonase gene expression seen

during the later stages of tomato fruit

ripening.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.11 Construction of an antisense

polygalacturonase ‘gene’. R = restriction site.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.12 The differences in

polygalacturonase activity in normal tomato

fruits and in fruits expressing the antisense

polygalacturonase ‘gene’.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.13 DNA excision by the Cre

recombinase enzyme.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.

Figure 15.14 The terminator technology. (a)

The RIP gene codes for a protein that blocks

protein synthesis. (b) The system used to

allow first, but not second, generation seeds

to be produced.

Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis by T.A. Brown. © 2006 T.A.
Brown.