5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 857
Index
A definition, 214
Academy Awards age discrimination problem, 41, 45, 48, mean, variance, standard deviation, 225 227
75, 81, 99, 112 115, 119 122, 471 474 normal distribution approximation, 291 298
Accuracy, 17 notation, 214 215
Achievement tests, 567 Poisson approximation, 232 233
Addition rule, 151 155, 164 technology, 218 219, 220
Adjusted Wald confidence interval, 331 Binomial probability formula, 216 217,
Air bag study, 487 219 220
Aircraft Birthday problem, 145, 175 176
altimeter production problem, 733, 735 736, 740 741, Birth weight problem, 356 357
742 744, 749 750 Bivariate data, 517
navigation equipment, 351 Blinding, 23 24
seating problem, 315 Blocks, experimental, 24
weight problem, 245, 293 294 Body mass index problem, 358, 697 698
Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 634 672. See also Body temperature problem, 285 286, 684 685
Variance Bombing problem, 231 232
definition, 636 Bonferroni multiple comparison test, 647 649
degrees of freedom, 642 Bootstrap resampling, 380 381
experiment design, 645 646 Boundary, class, 43, 44
F distribution, 636 637, 640 643 Boxplots (box-and-whisker diagram), 120 122
interaction, 655 657 modified, 123 126
MS(treatment), 645 Bribery, 743
one-way, 637 649 b1 slope, 542 544
sample size, 641 646 Burger, Joanna, 383
SS(total), 644 645
C
treatment (factor), 638
Calculator. See Software/calculator results
two samples, 636
Cancer and smoking study, 711
two-way, 655 660
Car crash problem, 72
Arithmetic mean. See Mean
Car dashboard design problem, 264 265
Aspirin, 460
Card shuffles, 183
Assignable variation, 738
Carpal tunnel syndrome problem, 455, 458 460,
 at least one, 168 169
461 462
Attributes, control charts, 748 750
Carvalho, Barbara, 243
Average, 81
Castaneda v. Partida, 199, 201, 206, 208, 215 217,
B 219 220, 225 227
Bank customer line problem, 92 93, 95 96 Causality, vs. correlation, 17, 525
Bar codes, 185 Census, 45, 326, 356
Baseball batting problem, 96 Center, 42, 76 86
Basketball free throw problem, 141 best measure, 84
Bayes theorem, 190 definition, 77
Bear study, 719 720 mean, 77 78, 83 84, 85
Bell-shaped distribution, 100 101 median, 78 79, 85
Bimodal data, 80 midrange, 80 81, 85
Binomial distribution, 213 220 mode, 80, 85
binomial probability formula, 216 217, 219 220 Centerline, 739
857
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 858
858 INDEX
Central limit theorem, 280 287 prediction intervals, 560 562
applications, 282 286 proportion, 322 323, 326 328, 410 413,
continuity corrections, 294 297 460 463
finite population correction, 286 287 rationale, 342, 370
Centroid, 530 531 round-off rule, 326, 341
Chebyshev s theorem, 101 standard deviation, 440
Children s Defense Fund, 322 two proportions, 458
Chi-square distribution, 364 367, 590 variance, 367 370
critical value, 365 367 Confidence level (confidence coefficient, degree of
hypothesis testing, 437 439, 445, 592 600 confidence), 322
Chuang-Stein, Christy, 197 Confounding, 23
Cigarette smoking problems, 180 181, 711 Confusion of the inverse, 171
Class Consumer s Report, 63
boundary, 43, 44 Contingency tables, 606 615
midpoint, 43 definition, 606
width, 43 expected frequency, 608 610
Class attendance, 680 P-values, 610 611
Class length problem, 247 249 test of homogeneity, 611 614
Class size, 79, 477 test of independence, 607 608
Clinical trial problems, 183, 185, 261 Continuity corrections, 294 297
Cloning poll, 142 143 Continuous (numerical) data, 6 7
Cluster sampling, 27, 28 Control charts, 732 756
vs. stratified sampling, 29 attributes, 748 750
Coefficient of determination, 559 centerline, 739
Coefficient of variation, 103 104 interpretation, 741 742
Coin flip problem, 613 614 mean, 743 744
Coincidence, 170 p chart, 748 750
Coke versus Pepsi problem, 498 501 process data, 734 735
College rank problem, 675, 710 712 R chart, 738 741
Combinations rule, 185 run charts, 735 738
Commercials, 419 upper/lower control limits, 739, 741 742
Compact disc manufacture, 568 variation, 738 741
Complement, 144 x chart, 743 744
Complementary events, 144 145, 155 Convenience sampling, 27, 28
Completely randomized experiment, 25, 646 Corn seed problem, 681 682, 691 693
Composite sampling, 171 Correlation, 517 532
Compound event, 151 centroid, 530 531
Conditional probability, 161, 169 171 definition, 517
Condominium prices, 545 errors, 525
Confidence interval (interval estimate) explained variation, 524 525
bootstrap method, 380 381 formal hypothesis test, 525 532
data comparison, 323, 359 linear correlation coefficient, 518, 520 524
definition, 322 rank, 708 713
interpretation, 322 323 scatterplots, 518, 519, 530
limits, 340 vs. causality, 17, 525
margin of error, 326 328, 340, 351 352, 357 vs. linearity, 525
matched pairs, 485 Cost of Laughing Index, 110
mean, 339 342, 351 353, 421 422, 470 471, Cotinine problem, 180 181
474 476, 477 Count five method, 501
mean (standard deviation not known), 352, 430 431 Counting, 179 186
overlapping, 359, 368 369 combinations rule, 185
point estimate, 330 331, 357 factorial rule, 181 182
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 859
Index 859
fundamental counting rule, 180 continuous (numerical), 6 7
permutations rule, 182 184, 185 definition, 45
Course grades, 7 8 discrete, 6 7
Crimean War, 63, 65 distribution, 42
Critical region (rejection region), 392 interval, 8, 9
Critical thinking, 11 17, 29, 76 missing, 16, 52
aircraft seating, 315 multimodal, 80
axial loads, 750 nominal, 7, 9, 682 683
bladder cancer identification, 451 ordinal, 7 8, 9
draft lottery, 729 outlier, 42, 119 120, 121
drug approval, 671 paired, 517
Duragesic, 586 phony, 16
fear of flying, 512 process, 734 735
fraud, 632 qualitative (categorical, attribute), 6
frequency distribution, 46 48 quantitative, 6
gender discrimination, 38 range, 93
gender-selection methods, 241 ratio, 8 9
goodness-of-fit, 72 reliability, 94
keyboard configuration, 133 runs test, 717 722
measures of center, 81 82 skewed, 85 86
photo-cop survey, 381 symmetric, 85
pregnancy test, 196 time, 42
Critical value, 324 325, 351 352, 393 394 types, 5 9
chi-square distribution, 365 367 validity, 94
definition, 324 variation, 42
goodness-of-fit test, 593 visualization, 56 65
Kruskal-Wallis test, 703 Death penalty, 462
linear correlation, 527 529 Death postponement study, 543
margin of error, 325 326 Decimal, percentage conversion from, 15
matched pairs, 485, 487 Degrees of freedom, 351 352, 470, 642
McNemar s test, 622 chi-square distribution, 364, 437
mean, 419, 426 definition, 351
notation, 324 Density curve (probability density function), 248 249
sign test, 685 Dependent events, 162, 163 164
standard deviation/variance, 496 497 Deviation. See Standard deviation; Variation
test of independence, 607 Dice simulation, 176 177
two variances, 496 497 Diet pills, 474
variance, 365 367 Discordant pairs, 624 625
Wilcoxon tests, 690, 696 Discrete data, 6 7
Cross-sectional study, 22 Disjoint events, 153 155
Crowd size, 357 Disobedience study, 7
Cumulative frequency distribution, 46 Dispersion. See Variation
Curbstoning, 326 Distortions, 17
CVDOT, 42, 65, 763 Dotplot, 58
Double-blind study, 24
D Drug approval process, 408
Data Drug testing problem, 137, 152 154, 160 161, 170 171
bell-shaped, 100 101 Duragesic, 586
bimodal, 80
bivariate, 517 E
center, 42, 76 86. See also Center E-mail survey, 329 330
characteristics, 42 Empirical rule, 100 101
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 860
860 INDEX
Errors sampling errors, 30 31
controlling, 399 400 sampling strategies, 26 30
nonsampling, 30 types, 21 22
notation, 399 variables, 23 25
sampling, 30 31 Experimental units (subjects), 21
type I, 398 400 Explained/unexplained deviation, 557 559
type II, 398 400 Exploratory data analysis (EDA), 119 126
Estimating, 318 382 Extrasensory perception, 393
chi-square distribution, 364 367
confidence intervals, 322 323. See also Confidence F
interval (interval estimate) Factorial rule, 181 182
critical value, 324 325. See also Critical value Factorial symbol (!), 181
degrees of freedom, 351, 364 False negative, 137
margin of error, 325 326. See also Margin of error False positive, 137, 609
mean, 338 359 F distribution, 495 498, 636 637, 640 643
point estimate, 321, 330 331, 338 339, 357, 367 Fear of flying, 512
probability, 140 141 Federalist Papers, 44
proportion, 320 332 Fertilizer problem, 24, 25, 488 489
sample mean, 338 339, 350 Finite population correction, 286 287
sample proportion, 321, 325 Fisher exact test, 614 615
sample size, 328 331, 338, 342 345, 370 371 Five-number summary, 121
sample variance, 367 370 Fluoride, 486
sampling distribution, 276 277 Flynn effect, 736
standard deviation, 98 99 Football problem, 271 272
Student t distribution, 350, 353 357 Formal addition rule, 153
variance, 363 371 Formal multiplication rule, 162
Estimator, 97, 339, 367 Foy, Jeffrey, 673
Ethics, 427 Fraction, percentage conversion from, 15
Event(s) Fraud detection problem, 589, 597 598
complementary, 144 145, 155 Free throw problem, 141
compound, 151 Frequency, 43
definition, 139 expected, 592 598, 608 610
dependent, 162, 163 164 relative, 45
disjoint, 153 155 Frequency distribution, 42 48
independent, 162, 163 164 classes, 43 44
Excel. See Software/calculator results construction, 44 45
Expected frequency, 592 598, 608 610 cumulative, 46
Expected value, 208 209 definition, 43
Experiment, 21 31 interpretation, 46 48
blinding, 23 24 mean, 83 84
blocks, 24 relative, 45 46
completely randomized, 25, 646 Frequency polygon, 57
confounding, 23 Fundamental counting rule, 180
definition, 21 Fuzzy central limit theorem, 286
design, 21 31, 488 489
ethics, 427 G
power, 402 403 Gallup poll, 21
randomized block, 24, 25 Gambling problems, 140, 142, 146, 175
replication, 25 26 Gender problems
rigorously controlled, 25 birth probabilities, 143, 144, 168, 170
sample size, 25 26 discrimination, 38
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/25/05 1:44 PM Page 861
Index 861
medical tests, 690 components, 389 394
polling, 612 613 conclusions, 394 400
selection methods, 164, 174, 184, 241, 386 387, confidence interval, 395, 400, 410 413, 421 422,
388 389, 682 683 430 431, 440
U.S. Senate, 273 critical region, 392, 393
Genetics problems, 142, 411 413 critical value, 393 394
Geometric distribution, 224 errors, 398 400
Geometric mean, 91 left-tailed, 394, 395, 396, 529
Gillespie, Angela, 731 linear correlation, 525 532
Goodness-of-fit test, 72, 591 600 matched pairs, 485 488
Graph(s), 56 65 mean, 418 422, 445, 475 476, 477
boxplots, 120 126 mean (standard deviation not known), 426 431
design, 62 65 multiple-negative conclusions, 397 398
dotplot, 58 one-tailed, 529
frequency polygon, 57 power, 400, 402 403
histogram, 51 54, 203 204 proportion, 407 413, 445, 458 460
misleading, 13 14 P-value method, 394 397, 401, 409 412, 419 421,
normal quantile plot, 302 306 429 430, 440, 458 460, 488, 501, 610 611
ogive, 57 58 right-tailed, 394, 395, 396, 529
Pareto chart, 59, 60 significance level, 392 393, 403
pie chart, 59 60 simulations, 450
probability histogram, 203 204 standard deviation/variance, 436 440, 445, 495 501
purposes, 65 summary, 445
relative frequency histogram, 52 test statistic, 391 392. See also Test statistic
residual plots, 550 552 traditional method, 401, 410, 412, 421, 427 428, 460,
scatterplot, 60 61, 518, 519, 530 485 487, 495 500, 609 610
stemplot, 58 59 two-tailed, 394, 395, 528, 529
time-series, 61 62
Graunt, John, 5 I
Growth charts, 47 Identity theft, 180
Independent events, 162, 163 164
H Inferences, 763 765
Handedness, 428 Inferences from two samples, 454 512
Harmonic mean, 91 confidence interval, 458, 460 463, 470 471, 474 475, 488
Haskell, Mark D., 587 F distribution, 495 498
Hawthorne effect, 24 hypothesis testing, 458 460, 472 474, 475 478,
Heart attack rate, 460 485 487
Height problem, 46 47, 103 104, 110 111, 303 306 matched pairs, 484 489
Histogram, 51 54, 203 204 means, 469 478
Holzman, Robert S., 135 proportions, 456 463
Home field advantage, 612 variance/standard deviation, 495 501
H test, 702 705 Influential points, 548
Hydroxyurea study, 261 Interaction, 655 657
Hypergeometric distribution, 224 Internet Project, 38
Hypothesis. See also Hypothesis testing analysis of variance, 672
alternative, 390 391 central limit theorem, 316
definition, 386 confidence intervals, 382
null, 389 391, 394 400 contingency tables, 632
research, 390 control charts, 750
Hypothesis testing, 384 451. See also Test statistic data summary, 134
chi-square distribution, 437 439, 445, 592 600 graphs, 72
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/25/05 1:44 PM Page 862
862 INDEX
Internet Project (Continued) Lurking variable, 525
hypothesis testing, 451 Lycett, Mark T., 513
linear regression, 586 Lying study, 126
nonparametric tests, 730
probabilities, 196 M
probability distribution, 242 Madison, James, 44
testing hypothesis, 512 Mann-Whitney U test, 695
Internet use problem, 296 297 Margin of error, 458
Interquartile range, 123 definition, 325 326
Interval data, 8, 9 mean, 339 342, 352, 357
Interval estimate. See Confidence interval (interval polls, 458
estimate) proportion, 325 326, 328
Intuitive addition rule, 153 Marginal change, 547 548
Intuitive multiplication rule, 162 163 Marijuana testing problem, 137, 152 154, 160 161, 170 171
Inverse, confusion of, 171 Mars Climate Orbiter, 739
IQ score problems, 101 102, 261 262, 344 345, 736 Matched pairs, 469, 615
confidence interval, 458
J experimental design, 488 489
Jet engine problem, 160 hypothesis testing, 485 488
Job search problem, 385, 408 inferences, 484 489
Journalism, 15 McNemar s test, 621 625
Jury selection problem, 199, 201, 206, 208, 215 217, sign test, 680 682
219 220, 225 227 Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, 689 693
Mathematical modeling, 576 579
K McNemar s test, 621 625
Kruskal-Wallis test, 702 705 Mean, 85, 204 205, 338 359. See also Estimating;
Standard deviation
L binomial distribution, 225 227
Laughing index, 110 confidence interval, 339 342, 351 353, 470 471,
Law of large numbers, 141 144 474 476, 477
Lead monitoring problem, 78, 79, 81 control chart, 743 744
Least-squares property, 548 550 definition, 77
Lebbos, Nabil, 633 expected value, 208 209
Left-tailed test, 394, 395, 396, 529 frequency distribution, 83 84
Levene-Brown-Forsythe test, 501 geometric, 91
Lie detector, 388 harmonic, 91
Limits, class, 43 hypothesis testing, 475 476, 477
Linear correlation coefficient, 518, 520 524 inference about two means, 469 478
definition, 518 margin of error, 339 342, 352, 357
interpretation, 522 524 multiple comparison test, 647 649
properties, 524 point estimate, 350, 357
rounding, 521 522 quadratic, 91
Linearity, vs. correlation, 525 randomness above and below, 721 722
Lipitor study, 59 range test, 646 647
Literary Digest poll, 13 sample mean, 282, 338 339
Loaded questions, 16 sample size, 338 339, 342 345
Logistic regression, 572 sampling distribution, 274 275
Lognormal distribution, 306 standard deviation not known, 349 359, 426 431
Lottery problems, 161, 181, 202, 209, 233, 271, 292, 303 standard error, 282
Lower class limits, 43 testing a claim, 418 422, 426 431, 445
Lower control limits, 739, 741 742 trimmed, 90
Lung cancer, 711 weighted, 84
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 863
Index 863
Mean absolute deviation, 102 103 matched pairs, 680 682
Mean square (MS), 645 median of single population, 684 685
Measurement nominal data, 682 683
interval level, 8, 9 rank correlation, 708 713
nominal, 7, 9 ranks, 677 678
ordinal, 7 8, 9 runs test for randomness, 717 722
ratio level, 8 9 sign test, 678 686
Measure of center, 77 summary, 725
Median, 78 79, 85 ties in ranks, 678
randomness above and below, 721 722 Wilcoxon rank-sum test, 695 699
sign test, 684 685 Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, 689 693
Mesnick, Sarah, 39 Nonresponse, 16
Meta-analysis, 430 Nonsampling errors, 30
Meteorite problem, 142 Normal distribution, 46 48, 245 316. See also Standard
Midpoint, class, 43 normal distribution
Midrange, 80 81, 85 applications, 259 265
Milgram, Stanley, 7 assessment, 302 306
Minitab. See Software/calculator results binomial distribution approximation, 291 298
Miringoff, Lee, 243 bivariate, 520
M&Ms quality control problem, 427 428 central limit theorem, 280 287
Mode, 80, 85 data transformation, 306 307
Modeling, 576 579 definition, 246
Morrison, Kathleen, 513 finding values, 262 266
Motorcycle helmet problem, 609 610 histogram, 53
Motor vehicle accidents, 476 nonstandard, 260
MS(treatment), 645 normal quantile plot, 302 306
Multimodal data, 80 sampling distribution, 269 278
Multinomial distribution, 224 Normality, 338, 426
Multinomial experiments Normal quantile plot, 302 306
definition, 591 Null hypothesis, 389 391, 394 400
expected frequencies, 592 598 accept/fail to reject, 396 397
goodness-of-fit, 591 600 Numbers, precise, 17
P-value, 594, 598 600 Numerical data, 6 7
Multiple coefficient of determination, 568 569
Multiple comparison test, 647 649
Multiple regression, 566 573 O
Multiplication rule, 159 164 Obermayer, Joel B., 317
Observational study, 21, 22
N vs. clinical trial, 23
Napoleon s army, 63, 64 Odds, 145 146
NBA salaries, 570 Odds ratio, 150 151
NFL kicker, 572 Ogive, 57 58
Nicotine patch therapy, 330 331 Old Faithful geyser problem, 515 516, 523 524, 527 529,
Nightingale, Florence, 63, 65 544, 546 547, 559, 561, 562, 567 568
Nominal data, 7, 9 One-tailed test, 529
sign test, 682 683 Oral report, 758
Nonparametric methods, 674 730 Oranges, 355
advantages, 676 Ordinal data, 7 8, 9
definition, 676 O Toole, Dan, 757
disadvantages, 676 677 Outliers, 42, 119 120, 121, 548
efficiency rating, 677 extreme, 129
Kruskal-Wallis test, 702 705 mild, 129
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 864
864 INDEX
P  at least one, 168 169
Paired data, 517 classical approach, 140
Palmistry, 519 combinations rule, 185
Parachuting safety, 293 complementary events, 144 145, 155
Parameter, 5 complements, 168 171
Pareto chart, 59, 60 conditional, 161, 169 171
Passwords, 182 counting, 179 186
Payoff odds, 145 146 factorial rule, 181 182
p chart, 748 750 law of large numbers, 141 144
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, 518, multiplication rule, 159 164
520 524 notation, 139, 159
Penny weight problem, 47, 48, 369 370 odds, 145 146
Percentages permutations rule, 182 184
decimal conversion, 15 rare event rule, 138
misleading, 14 15 relative frequency approximation, 139, 140
principles, 15 rounding off, 144 145
proportion conversion, 321 rules, 139 140
Percentiles, 111 115 simulations, 174 177
Permutations rule, 182 184, 185 subjective, 140 141
Personal security codes, 182 z score, 249 256
Phone numbers, 180 Probability distribution, 198 242. See also Normal
Photo-cop survey, 381 distribution; Standard normal distribution
Pictographs, 14, 15 binomial, 213 220
Pie chart, 59 60 definition, 201
Pinball machine problem, 712 713 expected value, 208 209
Placebo effect, 24, 285 mean, 204 205
Plant selection problem, 163 Poisson distribution, 230 233
Point estimate, 321, 330 331, 357, 367 probability histogram, 203 204
Poisson distribution, 230 233 random variables, 201 209
Polio study, 23 24, 26, 461 requirements, 203 204
Polling. See Surveys standard deviation, 204 205
Pooled estimate, 476 477 unusual results, 205 208, 236
Pooled sample proportion, 457 variance, 204 205
Poplar tree weight problem, 635, 639 640, 703 705 Probability histogram, 203 204
Population Probability sample, 26 27
definition, 4 Procedures, 763 765
finite, 286 287 Process data, 734 735
size, 330 Projects, 758 763
standard deviation, 96 Proportion, 320 332
Population mean. See Mean confidence interval, 322 323, 326 328, 460 463
Population model, 578 579 critical values, 324 325
Population proportion. See Proportion definition, 321
Population variance. See Variance hypothesis testing, 407 413, 458 460
Power, 400, 402 403 inferences about two proportions, 456 463
Precise numbers, 17 margin of error, 328
Prediction, regression equation, 544 547 notation, 321
Prediction intervals, 560 562 point estimate, 321, 330 331
Predictor variable, 541 sample size, 328 331
Pregnancy test problem, 196 sampling distribution of proportion, 270 274
Probability, 138 146 testing a claim, 407 413, 445
addition rule, 151 155 test statistic, 408, 457
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 865
Index 865
Prospective (longitudinal, cohort) study, 22 Regression, 541 552
Publication bias, 17 coefficient of determination, 559
Pulse rate problem, 47, 48, 99, 124 126, 339, 341 342 guidelines, 547
Push polling, 439 influential points, 548
P-value method, 401 interpretation, 547 548
contingency tables, 610 611 least-squares property, 548 550
hypothesis testing, 394 397, 409 412, 419 421, logistic, 572
429 430, 440, 458 460, 488, 501, 610 611 marginal change, 547 548
multinomial experiment, 594, 598 600 multiple, 566 573
multiple regression, 569 outliers, 548
Student t distribution, 429 430 predictions, 544 547
regression equation/line, 542 544
Q residuals, 548 550
Quadratic mean, 91 standard error of estimate, 560 561
Qualitative (categorical, attribute) data, 6 stepwise, 571
Quality control. See Control charts Relative frequency histogram, 52
Quality control problems, 427 428, 438 439 Relative risk, 150
Quantitative data, 6 Relative standing, 110 116
Quartiles, 111 115 percentiles, 111 115
Queing theory, 231 quartiles, 111 115
Questions z score, 110 111. See also z score
loaded, 16 Reliability, 94
nonresponse, 16 Replication, 25 26
order of, 16 Residual, 548 550
Residual plots, 550 552
R Retrospective (case-control) study, 22
Racetrack gambling, 142 Right-tailed test, 394, 395, 396, 529
Rainfall problem, 720 721 Rigorously controlled experiment, 646
Randomness, runs test, 717 722 Root mean square, 91
Random numbers, 175 176, 175 177, 282 283 Rosenthall effect, 24
Random sampling, 26 27, 28 Round-off rule, 81, 98
Random selection, 4, 45 confidence interval, 326, 341
Random variables, 201 209 linear correlation coefficient, 521 522
binomial probability distribution, 213 219 mean, 205
continuous, 201 203 probabilities, 144 145
definition, 201 proportion, 326
discrete, 201 202, 208 209 regression, 543
expected value, 208 209 sample size, 329, 343
probability histogram, 203 204 standard deviation, 205
uniform distribution, 247 248 variance, 205
Range, 93 Run charts, 735 738
Range chart, 738 741 Runs test for randomness, 717 722
Range rule of thumb, 98 99, 205 206
Range tests, 646 648 S
Rank, 8, 677 678 Saccucci, Michael, 452 453
Rank correlation test, 708 713 Salk vaccine study, 23 24, 26, 461
Rare event rule, 138, 207 208, 285, 386 Sample(s)
Ratio data, 8 9 bad, 12 13
Ratio test, 9 definition, 4, 45
R chart, 738 741 dependent, 469
Refusals, 16 independent, 469
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/23/05 10:51 AM Page 866
866 INDEX
Sample(s) (Continued) Significance level, 392 393, 403
mean, 282, 338 339 Simple event, 139
multistage design, 29 30 Simple random sample, 26 27
probability, 26 27 Simulations, 143, 174 177, 450
random, 26 27 Six degrees of separation, 3, 30
simple random, 26 27 Six Sigma programs, 749
small, 13 Skewness, 85 86
space, 139 Slope, regression equation, 542 544
standard deviation, 367, 426. See also Standard deviation Soda can weight problem, 498 501
variance, 97 98, 367 Software/calculator results, 37
variance between, 640 binomial probabilities, 218 219
variance within, 640 boxplots, 127
voluntary response (self-selected), 12 13 central limit theorem, 314
Sample proportion, 321, 325 confidence interval, 332, 357, 358
Sample size (n), 25 26, 77 contingency tables, 615
equal, 641 643 control charts, 744 745, 750
mean, 338 339, 342 345 correlation, 532
proportion, 328 331 descriptive statistics, 86, 116
round-off rule, 329 graphs, 66
standard deviation, 344 345 histogram, 53 54
unequal, 643 646 hypothesis testing, 422, 431, 440, 450
variance, 370 371 Kruskal-Wallis test, 705
Sampling matched pairs, 489
bootstrap, 380 381 McNemar s test, 621 625
cluster, 27, 28 modeling, 579
composite, 171 multinomial experiments, 600
convenience, 27, 28 multiple regression, 573
distribution, 269 278 normal distribution, 265
errors, 30 31 normal quantile plot, 307
multistage, 29 30 one-way ANOVA, 649
random, 28 p chart, 750
with replacement, 163, 277 Poisson distribution, 233
simple random, 28 probability distribution, 218 219, 220
stratified, 27, 28 random number generation, 175 176
systematic, 27, 28 rank correlation, 713
variability, 275 regression, 552
without replacement, 163, 277 run chart, 735 736
Sampling distribution, 269 278 runs test, 721
central limit theorem, 280 287 runs test for randomness, 721 722
estimators, 276 277 sample size, 332, 345, 370 371
mean, 274 275 sign test, 686
proportion, 270 274 standard deviation/variance, 501
Sampling variability, 275 standard normal distribution, 250 251
SAT scores, 567 two means, 478
Scatterplot (scatter diagram), 60 61, 518, 519, 530 two population proportions, 463
outlier/influential point, 458 two variances, 501
quadrants, 530 two-way ANOVA, 661
Sehlinger, Bob, 73 variation, 563
Self-interest study, 17 Wilcoxon tests, 693, 699
Shakespeare, William, 152 z score, 257
Sickle cell anemia study, 261 Spearman s rank correlation coefficient, 708
Sign test, 678 686 Spearman s rank correlation test, 708 713
5014_TriolaE/S_Index 11/25/05 1:45 PM Page 867
Index 867
Spock, Benjamin, 199 cloning, 142 143
Spread. See Variation e-mail, 329 330
SS(total), 644 645 gender effects, 612 613
Standard deviation, 204 205 medium, 613
binomial distribution, 225 227 preelection, 458
calculation, 94 96 project, 759 760
Chebyshev s theorem, 101 question wording, 656
comparing two samples, 495 501 repondent sensitivity, 262
confidence interval, 440 resistance, 642
definition, 94 self-selected, 12 13
empirical rule, 101 102 voluntary response samples, 12 13
estimation, 98 99, 102 103 Symmetric data, 85
interpretation, 98 101 Syphilis testing, 171
mean absolute deviation, 102 103 Systematic sampling, 27, 28
population, 96
range rule of thumb, 98 99 T
rationale, 101 103 Tampering, 740
sample size, 344 345 Tank serial numbers, 340
testing a claim, 436 440, 445 t distribution. See Student t distribution
Standard error of estimate, 560 561 Teacher evaluations, 522
Standard error of the mean, 282 Teachers salaries, 82 83
Standard normal distribution, 247 257 Temperature forecasting, 542
definition, 249 Temperature forecasting problem, 485 488
density curve, 249 250 Test of homogeneity, 611 614
finding probabilities, 250 254 Test of independence, 607 608
finding z scores, 254 255 Test of significance. See Hypothesis testing
Standard score. See z score Test statistic, 391 392, 703
STATDISK. See Software/calculator results ANOVA, 645
Statistic, 5 critical region, 392, 393
Statistically stable process, 736, 742 743 critical value, 393 394
Statistics, 4 goodness-of-fit tests, 593 594, 599 600
descriptive, 76 Kruskal-Wallis test, 703
in education, 766 linear correlation, 527 529
inferential, 76 matched pairs, 485
jobs in, 577 McNemar s test, 622
journalism, 1134 mean, 391 392, 419, 426, 470, 474 475
misleading, 11 17, 29, 322, 392 one-way ANOVA, 640
Stemplot (stem-and-leaf plot), 58 59 proportion, 391 392, 408, 413
Stepwise regression, 571 P-value, 394, 396
Stock return problem, 99 rank correlation, 710
Stowaway age problem, 357 runs test for randomness, 719
Stratified sampling, 27, 28 significance level, 392 393
vs. cluster sampling, 29 sign test, 680
Student t distribution, 350 351, 353 354, 427 standard deviation/variance, 392, 436
P-value, 429 430 test of homogeneity, 611 613
vs. z score, 354 357 test of independence, 607 608
Subjective probability, 140 141 two means, 470, 474 475
Successes, 458 two proportions, 457
Sugging, 16 two variances, 496
Super Bowl game, 476, 558 Wilcoxon rank-sum test, 696 697
Surveys Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, 690
callbacks, 215 Thanksgiving Day problem, 144
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868 INDEX
Theft, 473 sample variance, 97 98
Thermometer testing problem, 251 254, 255 256 testing a claim, 436 440, 445
TI-83/84. See Software/calculator results Variation, 92 104, 557 563
Time, data change, 42, 78 assignable, 738
Time-series graph, 61 62 coefficient, 103 104
Tinea pedis problem, 623 624 coefficient of determination, 559
Toothpaste, 486 control chart, 738 741
Topics, project, 760 763 definition, 42
Total deviation, 558 explained/unexplained deviation, 557 559
Touch therapy problem, 319, 321, 327 328 mean absolute deviation, 102 103
Transmission gearbox quality, 497 measures, 92 104
Traveling salesman problem, 182 prediction intervals, 560 562
Treatment (factor), 638 random, 738
Tree diagram, 160 range, 93
Trimmed mean, 90 standard deviation, 94 96, 98 101
Twin research, 499 standard error of estimate, 560 561
Two-tailed test, 394, 395, 528, 529 Venn diagram, 154 155
Type I errors, 398 400 Voltaire, 292
Type II errors, 398 400 Voluntary response (self-selected) sample, 12 13
Voting behavior, 174, 459
U
W
Unbiased estimator, 97, 339, 367
Water taxi problem, 260 261, 263 264, 283 285
Unexplained deviation, 557 559
Weighted mean, 84
Uniform distribution, 247 248
Weight problem, 103 104
Unusual results, 205 208, 236, 297 298
Weight report problem, 591 592, 594 596
Unusual values, 111
Width, class, 43
Upper class limits, 43
Wilcoxon rank-sum test, 695 699
Upper control limits, 739, 741 742
Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, 689 693
Wildlife population size, 339
V
Wilson score confidence interval, 331
Validity, 94
World War II bomb problem, 231 232
Variable
Written report, 759
controlling, 23 25
dichotomous, 571 572
X
dummy, 571 572
x, sampling distribution, 281 287
explanatory (predictor, independent), 541
x chart, 743 744
lurking, 525
predictor, 541
Y
random. See Random variables
y intercept, 542 544
response (dependent), 541
Variance, 97 98, 204 205. See also Analysis of variance Z
(ANOVA) z score, 110 111
between/within samples, 640 critical value, 324 325
binomial distribution, 225 227 definition, 110
chi-square distribution, 364 367 finding, 254 255
comparing two samples, 495 501 notation, 324
confidence interval, 363 371 standard normal distribution, 250 254
definition, 97 unusual values, 111
sample, 370 371 vs. area, 262
sample size, 370 371 vs. student t distribution, 354 357