Morphology:
The analysis of word structure
Morphology:
The analysis of word structure
Main Divisions of Word Classes
(Parts of Speech):
Content Words
Function Words
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Articles
Pronouns
Exercise: Determine the word
class of each of the following
words
a.
a.
betterment
betterment
b.
b.
the
the
c.
c.
him
him
d.
d.
elegant
elegant
e.
e.
inconvenience
inconvenience
f.
f.
eloquently
eloquently
g.
g.
comply
comply
h.
h.
inasmuch as
inasmuch as
i.
i.
over
over
a.
a.
Noun
Noun
b.
b.
Article
Article
c.
c.
Pronoun
Pronoun
d.
d.
Adjective
Adjective
e.
e.
Noun
Noun
f.
f.
Adverb
Adverb
g.
g.
Verb
Verb
h.
h.
Conjunction
Conjunction
i.
i.
Preposition
Preposition
Word and Morpheme
Word: the smallest free form
Word: the smallest free form
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful
unit
unit
Word
Word
simple and complex
simple and complex
E.g.
E.g.
hunt
hunt
and
and
hunter
hunter
Morpheme
Morpheme
free and bound
free and bound
E.g.
E.g.
hunt
hunt
and
and
-er
-er
Question #1, p.173
a.
Fly Simple, no bm, fly
b.
Desks Complex, -s, desk
c.
Untie Complex, un-, tie
d.
Tree Simple, no bm, tree
e.
Dislike Complex, dis-, like
f.
Reuse Complex, re-, use
g.
Triumphed Complex, -ed, triumph
h.
Delight Simple, no bm, delight
i.
Justly Complex, -ly, just
Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
It changes the
It changes the
category and/or the
category and/or the
type of meaning of
type of meaning of
the word, so it is
the word, so it is
said to create a new
said to create a new
word.
word.
e.g. suffix –
e.g. suffix –
ment
ment
in
in
government
government
It does not change
It does not change
either the
either the
grammatical
grammatical
category or the type
category or the type
of meaning found in
of meaning found in
the word.
the word.
e.g. suffix
e.g. suffix
–s
–s
in
in
books
books
Derivation vs. Inflection (2)
Derivation vs. Inflection (2)
A derivational affix must combine with the base
A derivational affix must combine with the base
before an inflectional affix.
before an inflectional affix.
e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)
e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)
= neighbourhoods
= neighbourhoods
The following combination is unacceptable:
The following combination is unacceptable:
neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)
neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)
= *neighbourshood
= *neighbourshood
Derivation vs. Inflection (3)
Derivation vs. Inflection (3)
An inflectional affix in more productive than a
An inflectional affix in more productive than a
derivational affix.
derivational affix.
e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with
e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with
virtually any noun to form a plural noun.
virtually any noun to form a plural noun.
On the other hand,
On the other hand,
the derivational suffix
the derivational suffix
–ant
–ant
can combine only
can combine only
with Latinate bases.
with Latinate bases.
English Inflectional
Morphemes
Nouns
–s
plural
–’s
possessive
Verbs
–s
third person singular
present
–edpast tense
–en
past participle
–ing
progressive
Adjectives
–er
comparative
–est
superlative
Inflections in other languages
Case: in Turkish and Latin (p. 166)
Case: in Turkish and Latin (p. 166)
Tense: in Chibemba (p. 170)
Tense: in Chibemba (p. 170)
Some examples of English
Derivational Morpheme
-ic : Noun Adj
; alcohol alcoholic
-ly : Adj Adv ; exact exactly
-ate : Noun Verb ; vaccin vaccinate
-ity : Adj Noun
; active activity
-ship : Noun Noun ; friend friendship
re- : Verb Verb
; cover recover
Describe the italic affixes:
1)
impossible
2)
terrorized
3)
terrorize
4)
desks
5)
dislike
6)
humanity
7)
fastest
1)
Derivational prefix
2)
Inflectional suffix
3)
Derivational suffix
4)
Inflectional suffix
5)
Derivational prefix
6)
Derivational suffix
7)
Inflectional suffix
Describe the italic
affixes:
8)
premature
9)
untie
10)
darken
11)
fallen
12)
oxen
13)
faster
14)
lecturer
8)
Derivational prefix
9)
Derivational prefix
10)
Derivational suffix
11)
Inflectional suffix
12)
Inflectional suffix
13)
Inflectional suffix
14)
Derivational suffix
Page 179
Number 18
Number 18
Number 19
Number 19
Affixation
Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a
Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a
base, e.g. re-play.
base, e.g. re-play.
Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a
Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a
base, e.g. kind-ness.
base, e.g. kind-ness.
Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in
Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in
Indonesian) s-in-ambung.
Indonesian) s-in-ambung.
Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached
Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached
to the front and to the end of a base
to the front and to the end of a base
simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.
simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.
Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.
Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.
Examples of English Affixes
See pages 145 – 146.
Homework (Group Assignment):
Homework (Group Assignment):
The answers to be presented by each group next
The answers to be presented by each group next
week (prepare a PPT file).
week (prepare a PPT file).
1.Define and give examples of the six types of affixes:
1.Define and give examples of the six types of affixes:
infi
infi
x
x
,
,
c
c
onfi
onfi
x
x
, interfi
, interfi
x
x
, s
, s
i
i
mulf
mulf
ix
ix
, superf
, superf
ix
ix
, dan transfi
, dan transfi
x
x
.
.
Examples can be derived from English, Indonesian,
Examples can be derived from English, Indonesian,
or Arabic.
or Arabic.
2. List English Prefixes which are NOT mentioned on
2. List English Prefixes which are NOT mentioned on
page 146. Determine the word class and give two
page 146. Determine the word class and give two
examples for each prefix.
examples for each prefix.
3. List English Suffixes which are NOT mentioned on pp.
3. List English Suffixes which are NOT mentioned on pp.
145-146. Determine the word class and give two
145-146. Determine the word class and give two
examples for each suffix.
examples for each suffix.
Affixation
To be continued next week
To be continued next week