Morphology:

The analysis of word structure

Main Divisions of Word Classes
(Parts of Speech):



Content Words



Function Words



Nouns



Verbs



Adjectives



Adverbs



Conjunctions



Prepositions



Articles



Pronouns

Exercise: Determine the word
class of each of the following
words

a.

a.

betterment

betterment

b.

b.

the

the

c.

c.

him

him

d.

d.

elegant

elegant

e.

e.

inconvenience

inconvenience

f.

f.

eloquently

eloquently

g.

g.

comply

comply

h.

h.

inasmuch as

inasmuch as

i.

i.

over

over

a.

a.

Noun

Noun

b.

b.

Article

Article

c.

c.

Pronoun

Pronoun

d.

d.

Adjective

Adjective

e.

e.

Noun

Noun

f.

f.

Adverb

Adverb

g.

g.

Verb

Verb

h.

h.

Conjunction

Conjunction

i.

i.

Preposition

Preposition

Word and Morpheme



Word: the smallest free form

Word: the smallest free form



Morpheme: the smallest meaningful

Morpheme: the smallest meaningful

unit

unit



Word

Word





simple and complex

simple and complex



E.g.

E.g.

hunt

hunt

and

and

hunter

hunter



Morpheme

Morpheme





free and bound

free and bound



E.g.

E.g.

hunt

hunt

and

and

-er

-er

Question #1, p.173

a.

Fly  Simple, no bm, fly

b.

Desks  Complex, -s, desk

c.

Untie  Complex, un-, tie

d.

Tree  Simple, no bm, tree

e.

Dislike  Complex, dis-, like

f.

Reuse  Complex, re-, use

g.

Triumphed  Complex, -ed, triumph

h.

Delight  Simple, no bm, delight

i.

Justly  Complex, -ly, just

Derivation vs. Inflection (1)

Derivation vs. Inflection (1)



It changes the

It changes the

category and/or the

category and/or the

type of meaning of

type of meaning of

the word, so it is

the word, so it is

said to create a new

said to create a new

word.

word.

e.g. suffix –

e.g. suffix –

ment

ment

in

in

government

government



It does not change

It does not change

either the

either the

grammatical

grammatical

category or the type

category or the type

of meaning found in

of meaning found in

the word.

the word.

e.g. suffix

e.g. suffix

–s

–s

in

in

books

books

Derivation vs. Inflection (2)

Derivation vs. Inflection (2)



A derivational affix must combine with the base

A derivational affix must combine with the base

before an inflectional affix.

before an inflectional affix.

e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)

e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA)

= neighbourhoods

= neighbourhoods

The following combination is unacceptable:

The following combination is unacceptable:

neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)

neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA)

= *neighbourshood

= *neighbourshood

Derivation vs. Inflection (3)

Derivation vs. Inflection (3)



An inflectional affix in more productive than a

An inflectional affix in more productive than a

derivational affix.

derivational affix.

e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with

e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with

virtually any noun to form a plural noun.

virtually any noun to form a plural noun.

On the other hand,

On the other hand,

the derivational suffix

the derivational suffix

–ant

–ant

can combine only

can combine only

with Latinate bases.

with Latinate bases.

English Inflectional
Morphemes

Nouns

–s

plural

–’s

possessive

Verbs

–s

third person singular

present

–edpast tense
–en

past participle

–ing

progressive

Adjectives

–er

comparative

–est

superlative

Inflections in other languages

Case: in Turkish and Latin (p. 166)

Case: in Turkish and Latin (p. 166)

Tense: in Chibemba (p. 170)

Tense: in Chibemba (p. 170)

Some examples of English
Derivational Morpheme



-ic : Noun  Adj

; alcohol  alcoholic



-ly : Adj  Adv ; exact  exactly



-ate : Noun  Verb ; vaccin  vaccinate



-ity : Adj  Noun

; active  activity



-ship : Noun  Noun ; friend  friendship



re- : Verb  Verb

; cover  recover

Describe the italic affixes:

1)

impossible

2)

terrorized

3)

terrorize

4)

desks

5)

dislike

6)

humanity

7)

fastest

1)

Derivational prefix

2)

Inflectional suffix

3)

Derivational suffix

4)

Inflectional suffix

5)

Derivational prefix

6)

Derivational suffix

7)

Inflectional suffix

Describe the italic
affixes:

8)

premature

9)

untie

10)

darken

11)

fallen

12)

oxen

13)

faster

14)

lecturer

8)

Derivational prefix

9)

Derivational prefix

10)

Derivational suffix

11)

Inflectional suffix

12)

Inflectional suffix

13)

Inflectional suffix

14)

Derivational suffix

Page 179



Number 18

Number 18



Number 19

Number 19

Affixation



Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a

Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a

base, e.g. re-play.

base, e.g. re-play.



Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a

Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a

base, e.g. kind-ness.

base, e.g. kind-ness.



Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in

Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in

Indonesian) s-in-ambung.

Indonesian) s-in-ambung.



Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached

Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached

to the front and to the end of a base

to the front and to the end of a base

simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.

simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.



Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.

Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.

Examples of English Affixes



See pages 145 – 146.

Homework (Group Assignment):

Homework (Group Assignment):

The answers to be presented by each group next

The answers to be presented by each group next

week (prepare a PPT file).

week (prepare a PPT file).

1.Define and give examples of the six types of affixes:

1.Define and give examples of the six types of affixes:

infi

infi

x

x

,

,

c

c

onfi

onfi

x

x

, interfi

, interfi

x

x

, s

, s

i

i

mulf

mulf

ix

ix

, superf

, superf

ix

ix

, dan transfi

, dan transfi

x

x

.

.

Examples can be derived from English, Indonesian,

Examples can be derived from English, Indonesian,

or Arabic.

or Arabic.

2. List English Prefixes which are NOT mentioned on

2. List English Prefixes which are NOT mentioned on

page 146. Determine the word class and give two

page 146. Determine the word class and give two

examples for each prefix.

examples for each prefix.

3. List English Suffixes which are NOT mentioned on pp.

3. List English Suffixes which are NOT mentioned on pp.

145-146. Determine the word class and give two

145-146. Determine the word class and give two

examples for each suffix.

examples for each suffix.

Affixation



To be continued next week

To be continued next week