There are moments when the cut and paste process of Akkadian scribes becomes so transparent that it is impossible to deny it. Whenever the scribes felt too confident that they could not be beaten in their game, they put their guard down and made terrible mistakes. One of these crucial moments was the equalisation of the ideograms
kum  =
lum corresponding to Semitic verbs ha-ša-lum = da-kum respectively.

dâku  [GAZ : 
 ]  (vb. ū)

G. to kill ; to beat, strike Gt. to fight each other Š. to make s.o. kill s.o. N. to be killed, executed

Variants : duāku

Comparison with other Semitic languages :

Arabic : dq  دق "break [the neck]"

dakāku (1)

[Feeding → Cooking]

1) to crush (in a mortar with a pestle) , to gring up (edibles or drugs) in a mortar , to pound with a pestle ; 2) to crowd (about) ;

Cf. dakkukūtu, madakku

dakkukūtu  (Ur III)

[Feeding → Food]

 : name of an edible commodity

See also : dakkukūtu, madakku, dakāku (1)

madakku  (madāku)

[Feeding → Cooking]

1) 
 : a wooden mortar (for crushing ingredients) [kak madakku] : a pestle 2) part of a loom

See also : dakāku (1), dakkukūtu

dakāku (1)

[Feeding → Cooking]

1) to crush (in a mortar with a pestle) , to gring up (edibles or drugs) in a mortar , to pound with a pestle ; 2) to crowd (about) ;

Cf. dakkukūtu, madakku

GUM

gaz₂

gaz [KILL].

gum

gum [CRUSH].

kum

(see full listing)

naĝa₄ (naga₄)

naĝa [MORTAR](^ĝešnaĝa₄).

qum

(see full listing)

Full listing.

Also: gas₂, gu₈, kas₆, ku₁₃, kun₃, qu, ša₉, šaqu₃.

LUM

gum₂

gum [CRUSH].

gum [LAME].

gum [MANGE].

gun₅

gunu [SPECKLED].

guz

guz [TUFTED].

hum (humu)

hum [PARALYZE].

hum [SNAP].

lam_x(LUM)

lam [FLOURISH].

lum (luma lumu)

lug [TWIST].

lum [EXCREMENT].

lum [FRUIT].

lum [VESSEL] (^duglum).

num₂

(see full listing)

Full listing.

Also: egir₅, eĝir₅, gam_x(LUM), gu₁₅, gud₆, gumu, hu₅, hus, huz, kun_x(LUM), kuĝ_x(LUM), kus₂, kuş₂, lu₄, nim₄, nu₄, qum₃.

gum [CRUSH] (18x: ED IIIb, Old Babylonian) wr. gum; gum₂ "to crush"

[1]		gum
[2]		gum2 (guz)

12 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. to crush (18x/100%)

~ LEX/ED IIIb/Ebla [[gum]] = KUM Ebla Sign List 17. unknown/Old Babylonian/Tell Hammam et-Turkman [[gum]] = gu-um = KUM = ha-ša-lum Studio Historiae Ardens, 289-291 i 9;[[gum]] = = = he-su-u₂ Studio Historiae Ardens, 289-291 i 10; [[gum]] = = = da-kum Studio Historiae Ardens, 289-291 i 11.

~ kud[fish]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur al-kum-[ma ku₆] OB Nippur Ura 4 Seg.6, 73'.

See: ĝešnimbar gum.

See ETCSL: gum=to crush; guz=to be crushed.

We can see that the Semitic scribe chopped two Semitic verbs:

ha-ša-lum 

da-kum 

in order to create two Sumerian phonetic values for the meaning crush and then the scribe equalized these phonetic values as if they were etymologically related. We can see that these equalisation is completely arbitrary and the only link between the two is the fact that Sumerian is simply rubbish, a junkyard where you mix parts of different cars and then call it a vehicle. Sumerian is a trash language because it was created out of thin air. Nobody spoke Sumerian and every scribe created his own Sumerian variant.

The equalisation ha-ša-lum = da-kum > -lum = -kum is the most spectacular find of all Sumerian verbs because it shows the futility of the effort to create a Sumerian grammar. It is the final proof that Sumerian grammar simply does not exist.

Finally the scribe created another Sumerian arbitrary verb

:

gaz [KILL] (402x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. gaz; gaz₂; kaz₈ "to kill, slaughter; to grind, grate; to beat; to thresh (grain); to execute, impose a death sentence; to break" Akk. dâku; habātu; hašālu; kaşāşu; pa'āşu;šagāšu

See zu gaz[chew].

[1]		gaz
[2]		gaz2
[3]		kaz8

77 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. to kill, slaughter (401x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur a-zar gaz OB Kagal 499; [[gaz]] = = = da-a-ku-um OB Aa 608:2; [[gaz]] = = = ma-ha-a-şum OB Aa 608:3. LEX/unknown/unknown [dug] nam^#-geme^!?-a-ni-še₃ in^#-gaz CBS 01862 r ii 3'. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown 1(aš@c)^!? mud₃ i₃-luhgaz-za Nik 1, 264 o i 5. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab lu₂^# mu-gaz Adab 0885+1062 6; sar^# gaz-še₃ al-ak Adab 1095 3. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(diš) sa sum gaz AUCT 1, 531 2; 1(diš) uduniga lugal-e gir₂-ta in-gaz JCS 10, 028 05 6; igi lugal-še₃ ba-gaz MVN 05, 122 2.ELA/Ur III/Girsu 2(barig) 1(ban₂) 1(diš) 2/3(diš) sila₃ 3(diš) gin₂ u₂-tir gaz Amherst 069 o ii 20; še-lu₂ gaz Amherst 069 r i 2; 2(aš) [...] gur^# gazi gaz Amherst 069 r i 6. ELA/Ur III/Nippur uruda LAGAB gaz BE 03/1, 073 2; gaz-da Fs.Finkelstein, 159 9; [...] x sum^# gazNATN 825 5. ELA/Ur III/Umma [1(u)] sa sum gaz Aegyptus 27, 25 21 i 17; [ŠU+LAGAB]1(u) sa sum gaz Aegyptus 27, 25 21 ii 16; ŠU+LAGAB^# 1(u) 6(diš) sa sum gaz Aegyptus 27, 25 21 r i 23. ELA/Ur III/Ur 1(ban₂) [zi₃] gaz UET 3, 0073 4; 5(ban₂) zi₃ gaz UET 3, 0073 2; gaz na₄ [...] UET 3, 0290 2; ^gešeme sig-ga ba-gaz UET 3, 0292 6; 2(diš) gin₂^na₄gug za₃ gaz-bi UET 3, 0419 2; ba-ab-gaz UET 3, 0686 7. ELA/Ur III/unclear[ŠU+LAGAB ...] 3(diš) sila₃ [...] gaz^!? gur AAS 200 r ii 13; [ŠU+LAGAB ...] numun [...]gaz^!? gur AAS 200 r ii 14; [1(barig) 4(ban₂) ...] 3(diš) sila₃ sum gaz 1(barig) 4(ban₂)-taMVN 13, 696 3; ^gešgiri₃-a-ni in-gaz^!(KUM) Akkadica 117 016 O.120 9. ELA/Ur III/unknown 1(diš) kuš udu zi₃ KA gaz YOS 15, 181 2. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknownku₃ ^kušEDIN-a-ba gaz-de₃ ba-an-gar BIN 09, 274 2. unknown/Old Babylonian/Tell Hammam et-Turkman [[gaz]] = ga-az = GAZ = da-kum Studio Historiae Ardens, 289-291 i 12; [[gaz]] == = ma-ha-şum Studio Historiae Ardens, 289-291 i 13; [[gaz]] = = = ha-şa-şum^# Studio Historiae Ardens, 289-291 i 14; [[gaz]] = = = pa-la-qum^# Studio Historiae Ardens, 289-291 i 15. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown in-gaz^# IM 070209 o iii 3; in-gaz^# IM 070209 o iii 4.unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu e-gaz TIM 09, 094 11'; 2(aš@c) mud₃ gaz-gaz-za DP 488 o ii 2;^gešgag ka-ka-na še₃-gaz RTC 016 r ii 2. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown e-gaz DP 031 4.unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown 3(ban₂@c) gu₂-an-gaz Bridges p. 450 5; na-ne-gaz-e MCS 9, 252 7. unknown/Ur III/Girsu mun al-gaz-še₃ BM Messenger 239 2; 3(ban₂) sum gazSAT 1, 259 3; 5(diš) kilib sum gaz^*? SAT 1, 363 1. unknown/Ur III/Umma 2(ban₂) 6(diš)5/6(diš) sila₃ 5(diš) gin₂ sum gaz AR RIM 07 13 8; 1(ban₂) 5/6(diš) sila₃ 4(diš) gin₂naga gaz AR RIM 07 13 9; 1(diš) sila₃ igi-sag sum gaz Hirose 322 5. unknown/Ur III/unclear 1(barig) 4(ban₂) 5(diš) sila₃ sag sum gaz DoCu 263 1. unknown/Old Babylonian/Nippur dug nam-geme₂-ni-še₃ in^#-gaz SAOC 44, 53 5; dug nam-geme₂-ni-še₃ in^#-gaz SAOC 44, 53 5.

See: dug gaz; ĝešnimbar gaz; ĝiri gud gaz; kuš peš sila gaz; peš dug sila gaz; sila gaz; tukul gaz.

2. to grind, grate (1x/0%)

~LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur [[gaz]] = ga-az = KUM׊E = pa-ha-şu₂-um OB Aa 608:1.

3. to beat

4. to thresh (grain)

5. to execute, impose a death sentence

6. to break

Akk. dâku "to kill; to beat"; habātu "plunder"; hašālu; kaşāşu "to grind, grate"; pa'āşu; šagāšu "to kill, slaughter".

[2002] J. Hoyrup, Lengths Widths Surfaces 31; 44.

[1995] R. Englund, OrNS 64 395-396 n41.

[1994] M. Civil, Farmer's Instructions 95.

[1993] M. Civil, St Hallo 78 n20.

See ETCSL: gaz=to strike (dead).

Sumerian gaz was created after the scribe chopped the Akkadian verb kaşāşu "to grind, grate" into several parts.

gaşaşu 
tukur [CHEW] wr. tukur₂; tukur; tukur₃ "to chew, gnaw; to shear, pluck wool" Akk. gaşaşu; kasāsu; sepû siki

gaşāşu 
guruš bur [UNMNG] wr. guru₅-uš bur₂; gur₅-ru-uš bur₂; guru₅ bur₂ "?" Akk. gaşāşu 
zu du [BITE] wr. zu₂ du₃ "to bite" Akk. gaşāşu 
zu gaz [CHEW] wr. zu₂ gaz "to chew" Akk. gaşāşu 
zu rah [BITE] wr. zu₂ ra "to bite" Akk. gaşāşu 
zu sud [BITE] wr. zu₂ sud₂ "to bite" Akk. gaşāşu

Proto-Semitic: *gVzVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eat, munch'

Hebrew: gzr

Meaning: 'food (for a journey)'

Hausa: gùzurī < Arab?

Proto-Semitic: *gVzVw-

Meaning: 'tumor'

Tigre: gǝzwa 'tumor'

Tigrai (Tigriñña): gǝzwa 'cancer tumor'

Proto-Semitic: *gVzim-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cut'

Hebrew: gzm

Arabic: gzm [-i-]

Notes: Cf. Arab gd_m id.

Meaning: 'cut'

Izayan: gezzem

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): egzem

Proto-Semitic: *gVz-

Meaning: kind of bird of prey

Hebrew: PB. gaz (gas) 'name of a bird of prey, supposed to be falcon' [Ja. 228]

Judaic Aramaic: gazzā (bar gazzā) id. [ibid.], [Levy WTM I 316]. Sam. gaz 'a bird' [Tal 139]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): gʷǝzā, guzā 'bird of prey, falcon, hawk' [LGz. 210]

Amharic: gʷǝza 'a kind of hawk' [K 2029]

Notes: [LGz. 210]: Gez., Amh., Hbr. pB., Jud.

Proto-Semitic: *gwz 1, 2 ~ *gzʔ 3 ~ *gVzz- 4 ~ *gizz- 5

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tend, drive cattle to the watering-place; drive (beasts of burden)' 1, 'give money' 2, 'own, possess, govern' 3, 'cattle' 4, 'clip; fleece' 5

Akkadian: gazāzu 'sheer (sheep and goats) OAkk on CAD G 59, gizz- 'clip'

Hebrew: gēz 'fleece (of sheep)', gizzā 'fleece, wool'

Syrian Aramaic: gezzā 'tonsura', gezzǝtā 'vellus' руно, снятая шерсть Br 111

Mandaic Aramaic: gyztʔ 'fleece, wool'

Arabic: ǯzz 'couper le poil, les cheveux, la laine, etc.; tondre (les moutons)' BK 1 285; cf. ǯwz 'aller, marcher; passer, traverser; conduire des bêtes de somme, des montures pour quelqu'un; abreuver les bestiaux, les conduire à l'eau' BK 1 353, IV 'donner à qqn telle ou telle somme d'argent' 354, cf. ʔal-ǯawzāʔ- 'brebis noire, dont le milieau du corps est blanc' 355

Geʕez (Ethiopian): gāz, gāzā, gizān 'treasury, wealth, money' LGz 210 ("<Gr. gaza; also occurs in Aram.-Syr. gazzā going back to Median ganza"), cf. ʔǝgziʔ 'master'

Tigre: gäzʔa 'possess, dominate',

Tigrai (Tigriñña): gäzʔa 'possess, buy'

Amharic: gäzza 'possess, buy, govern'

Argobba: gäzza 'possess, buy, govern', gīzi 'cattle, money' LGur 305

Gafat: gäzzä 'master'; gǝzzä 'cattle, money'

Harari: gäzaʔa 'master'

East Ethiopic: Wol Zw gǝzat, Sel gǝzāt 'cows, domestic animals, cattle' LGur 306

Gurage: *gäza 'own, possess, govern, etc.' LGur 304; Muh Gog Sod gǝzz 'cows, domestic animals, cattle', Sod. gǝzzoday 'shepherd' ibid. 305

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