The blood and its disorders
What kind of tissue is the blood?
Blood is a connected tissue.
What are the main components of the blood?
The main components of the blood are: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, plasma.
What does plasma take part in?
The plasma takes part in transport of some substances.
What is the shape of erythrocytes and what is their quantity per cubic millimetre?
The erythrocytes are discoid in shape, their quantity per cubic millimeter is 4,4-5 mln.
What is the function of erythrocytes?
The function of erythrocytes are: carrying oxygen from the lung capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
What is the function of leukocytes?
The function of leukocytes are: to form the defensive mechanism of the body, be part of the immune system, ingest bacteria and produce antybodies against pathogenic organisms.
What are thrombocytes concerned with?
The thrombocytes are concerned with blood coagulation and clotting.
Blood constituents |
Shape |
Number per cubic millimetre |
Function |
Plasma |
- |
- |
Takes part in transport of some substances |
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
-Discoid -Non-nuclear |
4,4-5 mln |
Carry oxygen from the lung capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction |
Leukocytes (white blood cells) |
-Ameboid -Nucleated |
8000 |
Form the defensive mechanism of the body, are part of the immune system, ingest bacteria and produce antybodies against pathogenic organisms |
Thrombocytes (blood platelets) |
-Discoid -Non-nucleated |
300 000 |
Blood coagulation, blood clotting
|
The cardiovascular system and its disorders
What are the main constituents of the circulatory system?
The main constituents of the circulatory system are: the heart, blood vessels and blood.
What is the function of auricles and ventricles?
The function of auricles is receiving the blood from the veins. The function of ventricles is pumping the blood into the arteries.
How does the blood reach the lung?
The blood reach the lungs from the pulmonary artery.
Where is the blood oxygenated?
The blood is oxygenated in the lung capillaries.
Where is the blood pumped from the left ventricle?
The blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.
What are the common circulatory diseases?
The common circulatory diseases are: arteriosclerosis, heart attack, coarctation of aorta, atrial septal defect, pericarditis, myocarditis
The digestive system
What are the functions of the digestive system?
The functions of the digestive system are: to break down food into chemical components that the body can absorb.
What are the main parts of the digestive system?
The main parts of the digestive system are: the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
What does the mouth contain?
The mouth contains: the gums with teeth, the tongue and the salivary glands.
What are the mouth bounded by?
The mouth are bounded by the upper and lower lips.
What lies at the sides of the pharynx?
At the sides of the pharynx lies the openings of the Eustachian tube.
Where is the stomach situated?
The stomach is situated below the diaphragm.
What does the stomach wall secrete?
The stomach wall secrets the gastric juice which is composed of several enzymes.
What are the main segments of the small intestine?
The main segments of the small intestine are: the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum.
What terminates the digestive tube?
The digestive tube is terminated by the anus.
The process of digestion and gastrointestinal disorders
Where does the process of digestion begin?
The process of digestion begins in the mouth.
What is the function of the saliva?
The function of saliva is to moisten and digest the food.
What do the walls of stomach secrete?
The walls of stomach secrete gastric juice composed of enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
What is the function of the enzymes in the stomach?
The function of enzymes in the stomach is to break down proteins into peptones and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
What is chyme?
The chyme is the semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juice that leaves the stomach.
What processes are completed in the small intestine?
The processes that are completed in the small intestine are: digestion by bile, pancreatic juice and enzymes.
What happens with the digested and undigested food?
The digested food is absorbed by the villi and carried to the tissues. The undigested food passes on the large intestine, water is absorbed and feaces formed.
What are the common diseases of the digestive system?
The common diseases of the digestive system are: gastritis, ulcer, carcinoma, peptic ulceration, abdominal pain.
The urinary system and its disorders
What are the functions of the urinary system?
The function of the urinary system is to secrete and eliminate the liquid waste products of metabolism from the body.
What does the urinary system consist of?
The urinary system consist of: two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
What is the structure of the kidney?
Each kidney is built up of an outer layer called the cortex and the inner portion called the medulla.
What are the symptoms of the urinary tract diseases?
The symptoms of the urinary tract diseases are: pain in the lower back, frequent painful and burning urination, haematuria, nocturia, urine incontinence and tissue oedma.
What is renal failure caused by?
The renal failure is caused by the other urinary system disorders.
The nervous system and its disorders
What are the functions of the nervous system?
The functions of the nervous system are control and coordination of all body systems and organs and receiving information about external environment.
What are the main parts of the nervous system?
The nervous system id divided into three main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Where are the grey matter and white matter located? What are they built up of?
The grey matter is located in the outer portion of the cerebrum and is built up of cell bodies. The white matter is located in the inner portion of the cerebrum and is built up of myelinated nerve fibres.
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary action of such organs as the heart, blood vessels, lungs and intestines.
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work?
The sympathetic system increases the activity of an organ, the parasympathetic system decreases it.
What diseases affect the nervous system? How are they manifested?
The nervous system is affected by diseases like: hydrocephalus, head injury, multiple sclerosis, brain abscess. They are manifested by: acute headaches, drowsiness, vomiting, dizziness, anxiety and photophobia.
The eye and its disorders
What are the protecting structures of the eye?
The protecting structures of the eye are: the eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal glands.
What are the three layers of the eye wall?
The three layers of the wall are: the sclera, choroid, retina.
How many chambers is the eye divided into?
The eye is divided into 2 chambers: anterior and posterior.
What are these chambers filled with?
The anterior chamber is filled with aqueous humour and the posterior chamber is filled with vitreous humour.
What is the function of the lens and the iris?
The function of the lens is to focus the light on the retina. The iris regulates the size of the pupil.
What is the retina composed of?
The retina is composted of rods and cons.
What are the most common defects of vision and eye disorders?
The most common defects of vision and eye disorders are: short-sightedness, long-sightedness, squint, conjunctivitis, stye, glaucoma, astigmatism and cataract.
The ear and its disorders
What are the main parts of the ear?
The main parts of the ear are: the external ear, middle ear and internal ear.
What is the pinna made up of?
The pinna is built up of the helix and lobes.
Where are the three auditory bones located?
The three auditory bones are located in the middle ear.
What does the inner ear contain?
The inner ear contain: the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals.
Where is the sound perception located?
The sound perception is located in the cochlea.