Wigilia Bożego Narodzenia i Sylwester w Polsce - Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve in Poland

In Poland Christmas Eve is a special day. In the morning we decorate our Christmas tree. When the evening comes and children notice the first star we gather in the family circle. We share wafer. Then we have traditional supper. Usually it consists of twelve dishes which symbolise twelve months of the coming year. One is supposed to taste each dish hoping that this will bring them good luck for a whole year. Special food is prepared for the occasion. Fish and other lent food is on the menu that day. After supper we sing carols and children open their presents that were put under the Christmas tree by Santa Claus.

Another day that is traditionally celebrated in New Year's Eve or 'Sylwester' as we call it. Unlike Christmas Eve, we spend it with our friends. It is not a public holiday, so in the morning everyone goes to work. The celebration starts in the evening. People meet at parties in clubs or discos. They chat, listen to music and dance. At midnight crowds gather in the main square or street to celebrate the coming of the new year. All the bells ring, everyone cheers, sings and toasts the new year with champagne.

Ulubiony film - A Favourite Film

"Life is like a box of chocolates - you never know what it will happen to you" - said the mother of the main character in a Robert Zemeckis film entitled Forrest Gump. Forrest is a young man whose intelligence quotient is 76 points. He tells the story of his life to some people he meets at a bus stop in Savannah. The film is not only interesting, but also beautiful and moving. From his childhood Forrest had problems with his peers, who did not accept him. His only kindred person, friend and afterwards his wife was Jenny. Like a Jerzy Kosinski's character in Being there, Forrest Gump had in his life one authority - his mother. All the time he repeated her words and he was guided by them. In the film, the part Forrest Gump is acted by Tom Hanks. Forrest Gump is a hero in many aspects, he is a baseball champion, then he fights in Vietnam, and after that he makes a fortune on shrimps. Forrest Gump lives in his own world, but in spite of this he is extremely courageous while saving his companions' lives. He is a good, honest man, a gourmet of Dr Peppers drink and the owner of a great fish corporation. All his life he is regarded as a stupid man, but he claims that only those who do stupid things can be called stupid. He marries Jenny and they have a son, who is a wise and an intelligent boy. Forrest Gump is guided in his life by a rule stating that one should forget about the past when a new chapter of life begins. After his wife dies, he comes to understand that death is a part of human existence, and that everyone has to face one's fate. I do not agree that Forrest can be called a stupid man. On the contrary, in my opinion he has a lot of interesting things to say, and being a great optimist, he always looks on the bright side of life.

The history of his life is at the same time shows many aspects of American mentality. It is a romantic and amusing story of an extraordinary man who proves that one does not have to be well-educated and intelligent to achieve fame, wealth and moreover, he tries to convince us that cheerfulness and optimism are also important in our life.

Tom Hanks received an Oscar for his role as the character of Winston Groom's book. The film itself was awarded as many as six Oscars. Forrest Gump arouses not only compassion, it also makes us laugh. It is a very moving film about a man who wrestles with adversities, but first and foremost it is a comedy in which the main character gives us a recipe for a happy and successful life. In one scene, Forrest runs away from the kids, then a miracle happens- he begins to walk without splints and runs as fast as he can. His success can only be attributed to his attitude towards life. He never surrenders; he overcomes difficulties with a smile on his face. Strong and determined, he holds on tight, fights and finally wins.

Forrest Gump is one of the best films I have ever seen, one that is certainly food for thought.

Ulubione danie - A Favourite Dish

My favourite dish is baked beans. To make it you need 1 kilo of thick beans, 200 grams of sausage, 50 grams of bacon, 1 medium-sized onion, 1 tin of tomato puree, 1 spoonful of flour and sugar and salt. First you cut up the bacon into small cubes. Next you chop the onion and afterwards you fry it with the bacon. You add one spoonful of flour and you stir the ingredients together. Next you add the beans, some boiled water and the sausage cut up into cubes. You should not forget about the tomato puree, sugar and salt. You cook all the ingredients in the oven. The dish can be served as dinner, with potatoes, or as a snack with bread.

Bon appetite!

Twój ulubiony przepis - Your favourite recipe

I am not very keen on cooking but I can prepare one or two dishes. I can make pancakes. Here is the recipe. The utensils you need are: a bowl, a whisk, a pan, a plate and a fork. And here are the ingredients: some flour, two eggs, a cup of milk, some oil, a bit of sugar, a pinch of salt and some jam or cottage cheese for the filling. First whisk the eggs and the milk and then add the flour and make a smooth mixture. Add the salt. Next pour some oil onto the pan and heat it. When it is really hot pour some mixture on the pan and fry it gently on both sides until it is golden brown. Finally put it on the plate. Spread some jam on it and roll it. Then the pancake is ready. It can be served with cream. Bon appetite.

Sylwetka wybranego artysty - The profile of an artist of your choice

I consider Andrzej Wajda to be one of the most prominent personages in the world of art. He is a leading representative of Polish school in film which parted with the poetics of social realism and the sentimentalism of the pre-war period. Artists of this school rebelled against conventions, they wanted acting to be more natural. Such productions as Pokolenie (The Generation), Popiol i diament (Ashes and diamond) and Kanal (The Canal), all directed by Andrzej Wajda provide the best examples. Wajda has made many classics of Polish literature into films, for example, Popioly (Ashes) by Zeromski, Wesele (Wedding) by Wyspianski, Ziemia obiecana (The Promised Land) by Reymont, and recently Pan Tadeusz by Mickiewicz. Wajda's international success proves that he is a great artist. He has received a lot of prizes, such as the FIPRESCI Prize at the International Film Festival in Cannes, for Czlowiek z marmuru (Man of marble), a Silver Bear at the festival in Berlin for Wielki Tydzien (The Easter Week) or a Golden Palm in Cannes for Czlowiek z zelaza (Man of iron). In recognition of his entire work in film industry Wajda was given a Caesar - the most prestigious prize of the French Film Academy, and he has recently received an Oscar.

Wajda's films have always dealt with history, from Napoleon's campaign in Popioly, to the times of the Solidarity trade union in Czlowiek z zelaza. A number of famous scenes have made the history of Polish film, such as the scene showing burning alcoholic spirit in Popiol i diament, or the sheets stained with the dying Maciek's blood.

Andrzej Wajda has also promoted many Polish actors. He is a legend of Polish cinema, a man of extraordinary abilities and inexhaustible resources, and that is why we should pay tribute to him.

Pytanie o drogę - Asking the Way

- Excuse me.
- Yes, can I help you?
- How can I get to the railway station, please?
- First you have to turn right into Green Street. Go straight ahead until you get the big roundabout and then turn left. You will see the railway station building on the left. You can't miss it.
- Is it far from here?
- It will take you about twenty minutes to get there on foot. You can take a bus from here too.
- OK. Thank you.

Osoba, którą lubię najbardziej ze wszystkich - The Person I Like Most of All

Of all my relatives, I like her best. She is my cousin. She is 21 years old. She is a pretty girl, with a fair complexion, black hair and hazel eyes. She has a kind smiling face. Her slender figure and beautiful legs make her extremely attractive-looking.

She is very clever and eloquent and likes cultivating her mind. Theatre is her greatest hobby. She is also fond of long walks and pets. She likes reading books, listening to the music and cooking. Being responsible and sensitive to people's problems, she is always ready to help, you can turn to her with every kind of problem. She is down to earth, she leads a hectic life. I like her very much. She is one of the persons I can talk to for hours about everything and confide in her. She always tries to find good in people. She does not like violence or the conceited and narrow-minded. She is my cousin, but she is first and foremost my great friend.

Opisz swój pokój - Describe your room

My room is in the attic of a two-storey terraced house located on the outskirts of the city. The house was built few years ago so everything is still new. My room is quite large. It has got two big windows facing the south west so it is always full of sunshine. The colour that I have chosen for the curtains is bright pink - that is my favourite colour. There is a matching bed cover and a nice thick carpet. I do not like too much furniture around. That is why apart from a spacious wardrobe, a bed, a little desk and a chair there is hardly anything there. The wardrobe is in one corner of the room. Opposite, in the second corner, there is the bed. I have got my stereo besides it since music helps me wake up in the morning. Next to the stereo is my desk and two bookcases where I keep all my books and CDs. White walls make the room look a bit cold but I am going to put up some posters of my favourite group.

Moi rodzice i ja - My Parents And Me

My parents are often better friends than my peers. We never quarrel. It is true that they often do not agree with me, but we try to understand each other. I am not afraid of talking to my parents because I know they will understand my problems and they offer me some advice. I do not have got to ask them to let me do what I want to. They do a lot of things for me and I can have nearly everything. As I try not to lie to them, they trust me. But it is normal that they are interested in what I do and where I am. They let me go to the cinema at night or to parties but they must know at what time I am coming back. They know my friends, so they let me go out with them wherever and whenever I want. My parents are sometimes too protective. I know that I am the most important person to them, especially as I am their only child. I understand them in this respect. I am happy that they devote so much time to me. Spending summer holidays with them is not a problem for me, but I prefer going on holidays with my friends.

In conclusion I would like to say that I am happy that I have such beloved parents and I would like to have such a family myself. My parents are wonderful people.

Jaki jesteś? - What are you like?

First I would like to introduce myself. My name is Arek Szymczak. I am a student of Grammar School of class of Arts. I am 19 years old. I am a very ambitious person, as the English say a high-flyer. My dream is to be a polyglot and to master several foreign languages including French, English, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish and Chinese. I am rather pushy but I think that everyone should have an aim in his or her life to give sense to our existence. I would like to make a dazzling career. I am an open-minded and self-confident person; sometimes I am down to earth but other times I like dreaming. I am very responsible and reliable and I expect these qualities of other people. I hate lies, irresponsibility and insincerity. I like clear-minded, intelligent people who are ambitious and have prospects for the future. I am a little crazy as well. I adore going to parties and having a nice time amidst my peers. I am a happy man who knows what he wants. I have great ideals, I am a dreamer, a little idealistic, I often look on the bright side of the life. Here and there my life is like a roller-coaster ride. Sometimes in the dumps but most often over the moon. Being highbrow and at the same time full of beans I live according to an Epicure's rule: 'Seize the day'.

Czas wolny - Leisure Time

Each one of us has their favourite pastime, something one can enjoy doing. I have a hobby too. Some years ago I did not have any favourite pastime, I was not interested in anything. I liked collecting stamps but it was not something I could call a great passion. Everything has changed after I went to a grammar school. I began to like Polish. Actually I have always been keen on writing essays and reading books. During my summer holidays I bought a small book which has changed my life, it was French conversations. Step by step I learnt a new vocabulary and phrases. Moreover, after having spent my holidays in France, I knew what I wanted to do in my life. I found out that communicating with people from all over the world can be great and that is why I decided to be an interpreter and translator. Well, foreign languages are my passion. In the future I would like to become a polyglot. I know that a good command of foreign languages will be useful once Poland joins the European Union where I would like to work. I devote all my free time to learning French and English but I intend to learn Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish and even Chinese. I need to study them just like one needs air to breathe.

Apart from foreign languages I like reading books, collecting phone cards and as everyone at my age I listen to the music. Music makes me forget about my problems, it takes me to a different world. It is obvious that I like meeting my friends, going to parties and having a good time.

If it rains, I read books or I watch television. When the weather is fine, especially in summer, I like walking, cycling, and spending my time in the open. Summer is the greatest time to go abroad where one can discover a foreign country and practice one's language. As for me I like as well visiting different places, bathing at sea and sunbathing on the beach.

In conclusion I would like to say that it is advisable to have a hobby, to be interested in something, to have an aim and enjoy oneself. I love my life because I have found my aim, all the more so since I have several souls - Polish, French and English - my great passions that make my life complete because as Johann Wolfgang Goethe said: 'A man who does not know any foreign languages, does not know himself.'

Czas Future Continuous - Past Continuous Tense

Zdanie twierdzące

podmiot	will	be	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
I	will	be	singing	tomorrow at six.
Ja		będę	śpiewać	jutro o szóstej.
Other people	will	be	eating	when you come.
Inni ludzie		będą	jeść,	kiedy przyjdziesz.

Przeczenie

podmiot	will	not	be	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
I	will	not	be	singing	tomorrow at six.
Ja		nie	będę	śpiewać	jutro o szóstej.
Other people	will	not	be	eating	when you come.
Inni ludzie		nie	będą	jeść,	kiedy przyjdziesz.

Pytanie ogólne

will	podmiot	be	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
Will	I	be	singing	tomorrow at six?
Czy	ja	będę	śpiewać	jutro o szóstej?
Will	other people	be	eating	when you come?
Czy	inni ludzie	będą	jeść,	kiedy przyjdziesz?

Pytanie szczegółowe

wyrażenie pytające	will	podmiot	be	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
What	will	I	be	singing	tomorrow at six?
Co		ja	będę	śpiewać	jutro o szóstej?
What	will	other people	be	eating	when you come?
Co		inni ludzie	będą	jeść,	kiedy przyjdziesz?

Użycie

A) Czas Future Continuous stosujemy, kiedy chcemy powiedzieć, iż w pewnym momencie w przyszłości będzie odbywała się dana czynność.

I will be flying to Paris this time next week.
O tej porze w przyszłym tygodniu będę leciała do Paryża.

Don't phone after seven - we'll be watching TV.
Nie dzwoń po siódmej. Będziemy oglądać telewizję.

B) Czasu Future Continuous użyjemy również, jeżeli dana czynność jest już ustalona lub zaplanowana.

We will be rehearsing this play tomorrow at noon.
Jutro w południe mamy próbę tej sztuki. (będziemy w trakcie próby)

C) Wreszcie, w czasie Future Continuous zapytamy uprzejmie inną osobę o jej plany.

Will you be using your car on Monday?
Czy będziesz korzystać ze swojego samochodu w poniedziałek?

D) Wyrażenia charakterystyczne dla Future Continuous.

this time tomorrow/next week/next Monday/next year
o tej porze jutro/w przyszłym tygodniu/w przyszły poniedziałek/w przyszłym roku

Używamy również:

tomorrow at nine, tonight, all day tomorrow, itp.
jutro o dziewiątej, dziś wieczorem, cały dzień jutro

Czas Past Continuous - Past Continuous Tense

Zdanie twierdzące

podmiot	was/were	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
I	was	writing	yesterday at six.
Ja		pisałem	wczoraj o szóstej.
The girls	were	dancing	when he came in.
Dziewczęta		tańczyły,	kiedy wszedł.

Przeczenie

podmiot	was/were	not	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
I	was	not	writing	yesterday at six.
Ja		nie	pisałem	wczoraj o szóstej.
The girls	were	not	dancing	when he came in.
Dziewczęta		nie	tańczyły,	kiedy wszedł.

Pytanie ogólne

was/were	podmiot	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
Was	he	writing	yesterday at six?
Czy	on	pisał	wczoraj o szóstej?
Were	the girls	dancing	when he came in?
Czy	dziewczęta	tańczyły,	kiedy wszedł?

Pytanie szczegółowe

wyrażenie pytające	was/were	podmiot	czasownik+ing	reszta zdania
What	was	he	doing	yesterday at six?
Co	on	robił	wczoraj o szóstej?
What	were	the girls	doing	when he came in?
Co	dziewczęta	robiły,	kiedy wszedł?

Uwaga: Jak wynika z powyższych przykładów, w 1 i 3 osobie liczby pojedynczej operatorem jest was, a w pozostałych osobach were!


Użycie

Czasu Past Continuous używamy w odniesieniu do:

A) czynności, która była w toku w określonym momencie w przeszłości:

I was dreaming when you woke me up.
Właśnie coś mi się śniło, gdy mnie zbudziłaś.

At eleven, she was still sleeping.
O jedenastej jeszcze spała.

B) czynności, która trwała przez cały określony czas w przeszłości:

I was writing this from noon till midnight yesterday.
Pisałam to wczoraj od południa do północy.

C) czynności o nieokreślonych granicach czasowych w przeszłości:

I was meeting her a lot some time ago.
Spotykałem się z nią często jakiś czas temu.

D) Czasu Past Continuous używamy też mówiąc o dwóch lub więcej czynnościach odbywających się w tym samym czasie w przeszłości:

I was working while they were having a good time.
Pracowałem, podczas gdy oni dobrze się bawili.

E) czynności, która była w toku, gdy coś innego się zdarzyło:

The Browns were having dinner when the telephone rang.
Państwo Brown jedli obiad, gdy zadzwonił telefon.

F) czynności powtarzające się:

Whenever I visited them Jill was always doing the ironing.
Za każdym razem jak ich odwiedzałam, Jill zawsze prasowała.

G) Czasu Past Continuous używamy także zadając uprzejme pytania:

I was wondering if you could tell me the way to the station.
Zastanawiałam się czy mógłby mi pan powiedzieć jak dojść na stadion.

H) Niekiedy zdania w Past Continuous mogą mieć zabarwienie emocjonalne:

I thought you were never letting me in.
Myślałam, że mnie nigdy nie wpuścisz.

Czas Past Simple - Past Simple Tense

I. Formy czasu Past Simple

1. Zdania twierdzące

	czasowniki nieregularne	czasowniki regularne
	to leave (wyjść, opuszczać)	to finish (kończyć)
	I left (Wyszedłem)	I finished (Skończyłem)
	you left	you finished
	he left	he finished
	she left	she finished
	it left	it finished
	we left	we finished
	you left	you finished
	they left	they finished

Uwagi:

- W przypadku czasowników nieregularnych czas Past Simple posiada własne formy. Są nimi drugie formy czasownika.

go - went - gone.
break - broke - broken.

- W przypadku czasowników regularnych czas Past Simple tworzymy poprzez dodanie końcówki -ed do czasownika.

look - looked
open - opened

- Pisownią i wymową 2 i 3 formy czasowników regularnych rządzą zasady ortograficzne:

- Czasowniki zakończone na -e, w drugiej formie przybierają końcówkę -d; -e pozostaje nieme. smile - smiled move - moved - Do czasowników zakończonych na spółgłoski -d i -t dodajemy końcówkę -ed, którą wymawianym jako [-id]. add - added end - ended wait - waited - Do czasowników zakończonych na spółgłoski dźwięczne dodajemy końcówkę -ed, którą wymawiamy jako [-d]. borrow - borrowed rain - rained fill - filled - Do czasowników zakończonych na spółgłoski bezdźwięczne dodajemy końcówkę -ed, którą wymawiamy jako [-t]. help - helped look - looked wash - washed - Czasowniki zakończone na -y, przed którym stoi spółgłoska, w drugiej formie tracą -y i przybierają końcówkę -ied. marry - married carry - carried - Do czasowników zakończonych na -y, przed którym stoi samogłoska, dodajemy końcówkę -ed. play - played enjoy - enjoyed - Istnieje grupa czasowników jednosylabowych, zakończonych na spółgłoskę, przed którą stoi samogłoska. W ich drugiej i trzeciej formie następuje podwojenie ostatniej spółgłoski. beg- begged drop - dropped stop - stopped

2. Przeczenia

	czasowniki nieregularne	czasowniki regularne
	to come (przyjść)	to stop (zatrzymać się)
	I did not (didn't) come (Nie przyszłam)	I did not (didn't) stop (Nie zatrzymałam się)
	you did not (didn't) come	you did not (didn't) stop
	he did not (didn't) come	he did not (didn't) stop
	she did not (didn't) come	she did not (didn't) stop
	it did not (didn't) come	it did not (didn't) stop
	we did not (didn't) come	we did not (didn't) stop
	you did not (didn't) come	you did not (didn't) stop
	they did not (didn't) come	they did not (didn't) stop

Uwagi:

- Formę przeczącą czasu Past Simple tworzymy zarówno dla czasowników regularnych, jak i nieregularnych przy pomocy operatora did i słówka not. Skrótem od did not jest didn't.

- Należy zwrócić uwagę na to, że czasownik podstawowy w przeczeniu występuje w pierwszej formie.

I went to school yesterday.
Poszedłem wczoraj do szkoły.

I did not go to work.
Nie poszedłem do pracy.


3. Pytania

	czasowniki nieregularne	czasowniki regularne
	to call (wołać)	to get up (wstawać)
	Did I call? (Czy wołałem?)	Did I get up? (Czy wstałem?)
	Did you call?	Did you get up?
	Did he call?	Did he get up?
	Did she call?	Did she get up?
	Did it call?	Did it get up?
	Did we call?	Did we get up?
	Did you call?	Did you get up?
	Did they call?	Did they get up?

Uwagi:

- Pytania dla czasowników regularnych i nieregularnych tworzymy przy pomocy operatora did, który znajduje się na pierwszym miejscu w zdaniu.

- Należy zwrócić uwagę na czasownik, który w pytaniach jest w pierwszej formie.

Jimmy went to school.
Jimmy poszedł do szkoły.

Did Jimmy go to work?
Czy Jimmy poszedł do pracy?


II. Podstawowe zasady użycia czasu Simple Past

1. Czasu Past Simple używamy do wyrażenia czynności przeszłej - takiej, która odbyła się i zakończyła się w przeszłości.

Alex got married last month.
Alex ożenił się w zeszłym miesiącu.

Sue didn't use your computer.
Sue nie użyła twojego komputera.

Did you buy a car yesterday?
Czy kupiłeś wczoraj samochód?


2. Czasowi Past Simple towarzyszą wyrażenia:

last week
last month
last year
yesterday
ago

I met Kate two days ago.
Spotkałem Kate dwa dni temu.

Did you see that film last week?
Czy widziałeś ten film w zeszłym tygodniu?

We didn't borrow that umbrella last month.
Nie pożyczyliśmy tej parasolki w zeszłym miesiącu.

Czasowniki angielskie - English Verbs

I. Bezokolicznik

1. W języku angielskim bezokolicznik czasownika wyrażany jest przy pomocy słówka to:

to come
przyjść

to be
być

to run
biec

2. Istnieje grupa czasowników, tzw. czasowniki modalne, których forma bezokolicznikowa nie jest poprzedzana przez słówko to:

can
móc

must
musieć



II. Formy czasownika - podstawowe wiadomości

1. Każdy czasownik w języku angielskim - poza czasownikami modalnymi - posiada trzy podstawowe formy.

Infinitive	Past	Past Participle
play	played	played
do	did	done

2. Czasowniki w języku angielskim dzielimy na regularne i nieregularne. Regularne tworzą formę Past i Past Participle poprzez dodanie do bezokolicznika końcówki -(e)d.

Infinitive	Past	Past Participle
walk	walked	walked
smile	smiled	smiled
cry	cried	cried

3. Czasowniki nieregularne posiadają własne formy Past i Past Participle.

Infinitive	Past	Past Participle
go	went	gone
bring	brought	brought
cut	cut	cut

4. W języku angielskim, szczególnie w mowie, funkcjonują skróty niektórych form czasowników posiłkowych i ułomnych.

I am - I'm
he is - he's
she is - she's
it is - it's
we are - we're
you are - you're
I am not - I'm not
is not - isn't
are not - aren't
was not - wasn't
were not - weren't
do not - don't
does not - doesn't
did not - didn't
I will - I'll
will not - won't
I have - I've
you have - you've
he has - he's
we have - we've
they have - they've
have not - haven't
has not - hasn't
cannot - can't



III. Czasowniki to be, to have, must, can

- Odmiana czasownika to be - być

1. Czas Present Simple

Zdania twierdzące	Przeczące	Pytania
I am (Jestem)	I am not	Am I?
you are	you are not	Are you?
he is	he is not	Is he?
she is	she is not	Is she?
it is	it is not	Is it?
we are	we are not	Are we?
you are	you are not	Are you?
they are	they are not	Are they?

2. Czas Past Simple

Zdania twierdzące	Przeczące	Pytania
I was (Byłem)	I was not	Was I?
you were	you were not (weren't)	Were you?
he was	he was not (wasn't)	Was he?
she was	she was not (wasn't)	Was she?
it was	it was not (wasn't)	Was it?
we were	we were not (weren't)	Were we?
you were	you were not (weren't)	Were you?
they were	they were not (weren't)	Were they?

3. Czas Future Simple

Zdania twierdzące	Przeczące	Pytania
I will be (Będę)	I will not (won't)	Will I?
you will	you will not (won't)	Wille you?
he will	he will not (won't)	Will he?
she will	she will not (won't)	Will she?
it will	it will not (won't)	Will it?
we will	we will not (won't)	Will we?
you will	you will not (won't)	Will you?
they will	they will not (won't)	Will they?

- Odmiana czasownika to have - mieć.

1. Czas Present Simple

Zdania twierdzące	Przeczące	Pytania
I have (Mam)	I have not (haven't)	Have I?
you have	you have not (haven't)	Have you?
he has	he has not (hasn't)	Has he?
she has	she has not (hasn't)	Has she?
it has	it has not (hasn't)	Has it?
we have	we have not (haven't)	Have we?
you have	you have not (haven't)	Have you?
they have	they have not (haven't)	Have they?

- Odmiana czasowników can - móc i must - musieć w czasie Present Simple.

1. Zdania twierdzące

I can (Mogę)	I must (Muszę)
you can	you must
he can	he must
she can	she must
it can	it must
we can	we must
you can	you must
they can	they must

Uwagi:

- Należy pamiętać, że po czasownikach can i must piszemy czasowniki w formie bezokolicznikowej z pominięciem słówka to:

I must go.
Muszę iść.

She can run fast.
Ona potrafi szybko biegać.

2. Przeczenia

I cannot (can't) (Nie mogę)	I need not (needn't) (Nie muszę)
you cannot (can't)	you need not (needn't)
he cannot (can't)	he need not (needn't)
she cannot (can't)	she need not (needn't)
it cannot (can't)	it need not (needn't)
we cannot (can't)	we need not (needn't)
you cannot (can't)	you need not (needn't)
they cannot (can't)	they need not (needn't)

Uwagi:

- Przeczenia od can i must tworzymy przez dodanie do nich wyrazu przeczącego not.
- Forma przecząca czasownika must oznacza zakaz.
- Żeby wyrazić, że czegoś nie musimy robić, używamy formy przeczącej czasownika need.

I must do it.
Muszę to zrobić.

She mustn't go there.
Nie wolno jej tam iść.

We needn't come to school tomorrow.
Nie musimy przychodzić jutro do szkoły.

3. Pytania

Can I? (Czy mogę?)	Must I? (Czy muszę?)
Can you?	Must you?
Can he?	Must he?
Can she?	Must she?
Can it?	Must it?
Can we?	Must we?
Can you?	Must you?
Can they?	Must they?

Uwagi:

- Pytania od mustUwagi:

i can Uwagi:

tworzymy przy pomocy inwersji - przestawienia podmiotu i orzeczenia.

Can I come at 5?
Czy mogę przyjść o 5?

Must we do it?
Czy musimy to robić?

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