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© Tom Stewart/Corbis
Figure 2.1 Judy's case, as seen from a multidimensional perspective.
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People who experience the same traumatic event will have different long-termreactions.
Mark Wallheiser/Reuters/Landov
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A normal female has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
© Bio-Photo Associates/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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A DNA molecule, which contains genes, resembles a double spiral, or helix.
Will & Deni Mcintyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Genetic contributions to behavior are evident in twins who were raised apart. When these brothers were finally reunited, they were both firefighters, and they discovered many other shared characteristics and interests.
© Peter Byron Photography
Figure 2.2 In the diathesis-stress model, the greater the underlying vulnerability, the less stress is needed to trigger a disorder.
Figure 2.3 Interaction of genes and early environment in producing adult major depression. (Reprinted with permission from Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386-389. Copyright © 2003 AAAS.)
Figure 2.4 Divisions of the nervous system. (From Psychology by Bruce Goldstein. Copyright © 1994 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.)
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The central nervous system screens out information that is irrelevant to the current situation. From moment to moment we notice what moves or changes more than what remains the same.
David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
Figure 2.5 The transmission of information from one neuron to another. (Adapted from Psychology by Bruce Goldstein. Copyright © 1994 Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.)
Figure 2.6a Divisions of the brain. (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed. by J. W. Kalat, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
Figure 2.6b Major structures of the brain. (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed., by J. W. Kalat, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
Figure 2.6c The limbic systems. (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed. by J. W. Kalat, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
Figure 2.6d The basal ganglia. (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed. by J. W. Kalat,© 2001. Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
Figure 2.7 Some major subdivisions of the human cerebral cortex and a few of their primary functions. (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed. by J. W. Kalat, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
Figure 2.8 The sympathetic nervous system (red lines) and parasympathetic nervous system (blue lines). (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed., by J. W. Kalat, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
Figure 2.9 Location of some of the major endocrine glands. (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed., by J. W. Kalat, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
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A PET scan shows the distribution of serotonergic neurons.
J. James Frost MD, PhD/Johns Hopkins University School
Figure 2.10 Major serotonin pathways in the brain.
Figure 2.11 Manipulating serotonin in the brain.
Figure 2.12 Major norepinephrine pathways in the human brain. (Adapted from Kalat, 1998.)
Figure 2.13 Two major dopamine pathways. The mesolimbic system is apparently implicated in schizophrenia; the path to the basal ganglia contributes to problems in the locomotor system, such as tardive dyskinesia, which sometimes results from use of neuroleptic drugs. (Adapted from Kalat, 1998.)
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Brain function is altered in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, but it normalizes after effective psychosocial treatment.
University of California/Lewis Baxter Jr., M.D.
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Rhesus monkeys injected with a specific neurotransmitter react with anger or fear, depending on their early psychological experiences.
Thomas Insel/1986 study/National Institute of Mental Health
Figure 2.14 Rescorla's experiment that showed contiguity—pairing a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus—does not result in the same kind of conditioning. The dog in the contiguity-only group (top panel) experiences the usual conditioning procedure: Pairing a tone and meat causes the tone to take on properties of the meat. For the dog in the contiguity-and-random group, the fact that the meat appeared away from the tones and with it makes the tone much less meaningful.
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The Stroop paradigm. Have someone keep time as you name the colors of the words, and not the words themselves, and again as you name the words and colors together.
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882) drew this cat frightened by a dog to show the fight or flight reaction.
Charles Darwin; Evolution of the Species, 1896
Figure 2.15 Emotion has three important and overlapping components: behavior, cognition, and physiology.
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Our emotional reaction depends on context. Fire, for example, can be threatening or comforting.
© Michael Goulding/Orange County Register/Corbis
© Bill Losh/Taxi/Getty Images
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A “possessed” person receives treatment in a voodoo ritual.
K. McGlynn/The Image Works
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A long and productive life usually includes strong social relationships and interpersonal relations.
© Tom & Dee Ann McCarthy/Corbis
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