`Learning to learn' by G. Ellis & B. SinclairCUP

HOW TO LEARN

Learning training is based on two assumptions:

1. individuals learn in different ways & may use a variety of different learning techniques. The choice of techniques depends on:

• personal abilities which affect the choice of strategy,

• age of learners,

• different taska requiring different techniques,

• motiation.

2. the more informed learners are at the lg and lg techniques, the more effective they will be at organizing their work.

Learners should be informed about:

1. the lg itself,

2. the ways of learning lg,

3. themselves.

A GOOD LEARNER should have following qualities:

Self- awareness Inquisitivity Tolerancy Self- criticism Realism A will to experiment Being actively involved Good organization

Abilities, feelings, attitudes Eager to learn Accept differences between lgs Be critical to the progress made Know it takes a long time to learn lgs Try new techniques Ready for taking risk Plan work, materials, notes

T's role in the classroom:

1. make SS familiar with various techniques & strategies.

2. Show how to use & make study skills.

3. Show SS which techniques are best for them.

4. Create the environment for learning.

5. Share lg experiences.

6. Be able to experiment.

7. Be tolerant & realistic.

8. Not to be very dominant.

9. Show SS to have their own conclusions about lg learning.

10. Give guidance to individual learners when possible.

11. Set them at the right tracks.

Study habits

1. working in an environment free of disruptions,

2. realistic work targets,

3. rewards,

4. being consistant,

5. punctuality,

6. whole- & part- learning ( 1^st go over all, 2^nd divide the material),

7. organizing material ( completing resources, note taking, organizing notes),

8. rewriting abbreviations in the full way,

9. putting resources under notes,

10. involving oral & visual memory,

11. revising ( systematically & regularly)

+ OVERLEARNING ( repeating & revising things remembered)

+ MAINTENANCE ( not allowing it to become less)

12. revising things before become forgotten.

KINDS OF MEMORY

1. short-term memory

2. long-term memory

• all the info we get enters our short- term memory. We either forget it, or transfer it into our long- term memory.

TEACHER'S TOOLS THAT HELP TRANSFER THINGS INTO LONG- TERM MEMORY:

1. pausing,

2. repeating,

3. questioning,

4. relevants & interests,

5. attention span,

6. practical use,

7. meaningfulness & logic,

8. overlearning,

9. association,

10. visual aids,

11. differences between recognition & recall.

---