Note:

If you want the Unicode converted document, please send a request to the author

THIS SUMERIAN IS SO AKKADIAN

So the Sumerian genitive particle [šu] is identical with the genitive Semitic [ša]. Hmmm… What else now!

There is no end in sight of the particle [and]. How is it possible that two dialectally different languages can use the same grammatical formation? Could you identify two languages of different family groups that are so identical as Sumerian and Akkadian? Since its very formation Sumerian has been using the same ideogram as Akkadian:

u_{3 =} IGI.DIB = IGI [a mathematical term used for fractions] + DIB [board]

That means that this combinations of those two ideograms is strictly phonetically, it bears no meaning, which is very intriguing because a grammatical element bears no meaning in any language. Sumerian which associates every single ideogram with a silly meaning different of the corresponding Akkadian cognate, this time lost the key to the labyrinth and is sending us as witnesses straight to the altar. Sumerian and Akkadian are getting married grammatically speaking. No cheating this time! And why is that? Because the people who cooked Sumerian bricks were Sumerians, the way of thinking was Semitic, they simply chose Akkadian syllables to express their thoughts in Sumerian but the bedrock of their sentence was Semitic.

This magical Semitic particle has been used more than in 6340 instances across Sumerian documents. The numbers are simply staggering because Sumerian does not have any other particle apart from the Semitic one. Very strange coincidence that a language that came straight from heaven to us is using a mortal particle. Very bizarre indeed.

Sum.

u [AND] (6340x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. u₃ "and; but; also" Akk. u

[1]

u3

7 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

u₃ me-de₃ me-de₃ = ni-nu ni-nu-u₃ 

u₃ me-en-ze₂-en me-en-ze₂-en = at-tu-nu at-tu-nu-u₃ 

u₃ e-ne-ne ur₅-bi = šu-nu šu-nu-u₃ 

me-en-de₃ u₃ me-en-ze₂-en = ni-nu u₃ at-tu-nu 

u₃ i₇-mah da tir ambar^ki 

da GAN₂/giš u₃ ki 

u₃ u₃-i₃-li₂ 

u₃ en-an-na-tum₂ [x] Adab 0652 6; u₃ur-^dašašgi^gi₄ Adab 0660 r i 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu u₃ ur-e₂-an-na RTC 266 10; u₃ ur₂-nig₂-du₁₀-ga RTC 266 12; u₃ ur-tur CT 50, 181 3. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur u₃ ne-sag sagi OSP 2, 128 r i 9; u₃ tab-su-ga OSP 2, 130 o i 11. ELA/Old Akkadian/unclear u₃ en-ku-li MC 4, 58 8. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown u₃ me-sag₂ MAD 5, 108 5;igi 3(diš) gal₂ u₃ 1(aš@c) gin₂ e₂ OrNS 51, 355 1 o i 1. ELA/Lagash II/Girsu giri₃ lu₂-^dnanna u₃ ur-^dba-ba₆ gu-za-la₂ MVN 06, 144 8; u₃ me-ri-iš dumu [nu-banda₃] MVN 07, 386 11; u₃ ur-nigar [...] MVN 07, 386 14; u₃giri₃-ne₂-i₃-sa₆ lu₂-[kas₄] MVN 07, 386 5; ma₂-lah₆ u₃ lu₂ ma₂-gur₈-me MVN 07, 417 4. ELA/Lagash II/Ur u₃^urudae₂-dim-še₃ UET 3, 0291 4. ELA/Ur III/Adab u₃ di-na MVN 03, 209 5; u₃ ziz₂ sig₁₅ gur MVN 03, 250 2;1(diš) 1/3(diš) sar 6(diš) gin₂ e₂-du₃-a u₃ kislah MVN 03, 268 1; 1(geš₂) zi₃ u₃ pu-uh₃-ru-um MVN 03, 369 1; giri₃ i-ri-ib-bu-um u₃ mu-tum-dingir MVN 03, 376 3. ELA/Ur III/Drehem mu ki-maš^ki u₃ hu-ur₅-ti^ki ba-hulAAS 211 4; u₃ ma-da-bi Aegyptus 17, 57, 103 7; u₃ ^dul-ma-ši-tum Aegyptus 19, 235, 03 2. ELA/Ur III/Eshnunna u₃^[dbe-la-at]-te-ra-ba-an JCS 28, 179 ii 7. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 8(diš) sila₃ 4(diš) gin₂ [tab]-be-li₂ u₃ dan-num₂ AAS 167 2; 8(diš) sila₃ 4(diš) gin₂ tab-be-li₂ u₃ dan-num₂ AAS 168 3; [2(ban₂)] 4(diš) gin₂ ur-^dnin-pirig u₃A₂-MI-na-si-la AAS 170 4. ELA/Ur III/Mazyad gu₄ u₃ al ag ASJ 11, 333 07 2; še numun u₃ ša₃-[gal] ASJ 11, 345 22 2'. ELA/Ur III/Nippur u₃ gal-su-ke₄ AUCT 3, 360 4; 2(aš) gur ša₃-gal gu₄ u₃ nig₂-sa₁₀ duh-a iti 1(u)4(diš)-a-kam NATN 978 o ii 8; u₃ geme₂-^den-lil₂ dam-na-ni BE 03/1, 001 8. ELA/Ur III/Susa u₃ lu₂-MI-[...] MDP 10, 74 126 9; u₃ mi-a-ti MDP 28, 057 410 4. ELA/Ur III/Umma iti min-eš₃ u₃ iti iti-6(diš) AAS 026 9; u₃ ki-su₇-ragub-ba AAS 027 2; ki ab-ba-gi-na u₃ [x x-ta] AAS 082 2. ELA/Ur III/Ur u₃ giri₃-se₃-ga ba-tug₂ MVN 03, 261 4; še-ba nu-^geškiri₆ SIG₇-a du₃-a-ku₅ u₃ lu₂ didli MVN 10, 120 r ii 2; u₃ lu₂-^dgeš-bar-e₃ TMH NF 1-2, 131 6.ELA/Ur III/Wilayah a-da-lal₃ u₃ JCS 38, 031 06 4; i₃-li₂-an-dul₃ u₃ bur-ma-ma JCS 38, 036 10 6; iš-me-dingir u₃na-ni JCS 38, 037 11 4. ELA/Ur III/unclear a-ša₃-da tuš-a u₃ a-ša₃-ge a du₁₁-ga AAS 197 3; u₃ ša₃-bi su-gaAAS 199 4; u₃ gudu₄ ^dnin-uš-gi-da-me Atiqot 4, pl. 12 72 o iii 10. ELA/Ur III/unknown u₃ gaba-ri-bi MVN 15, 288 5; giri₃ bu-ku-šum u₃ lu₂-sa₆-ga Rochester 243 14. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/Nippur ^diša-li₂-a-hi u₃ a-pil₂-[i₃-li₂-šu] OB Contracts, pl. B1 no. 7 3; u₃ ^dnanna-ma-an-šum₂ OB Contracts, pl. A2 no. 2 10; u₃ ^den-lil₂-an-dul₃-hiOB Contracts, pl. A2 no. 2 7. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown giri₃ ^dnanna-ki-ag₂ u₃ kur-ru-ub-er₃-ra BIN 09, 027 4; giri₃ nu-ur₂-eš₁₈-dar u₃ ur-^dšu-bu-[la] BIN 09, 029 3; giri₃ ur-^dšu-bu-la u₃ a-li₂-šu-ni BIN 09, 030 5.ELA/Old Babylonian/Nippur u₃ na-ra-am-tum dam-a-ni OB Contracts, pl. D4 no. 24 3; u₃ da e₂-^dsin-i-tu-ra-am OB Contracts. pl. D7 no. 29 13'; ^dišdsin-i-tu-ra-am u₃ ad-[da-dingir] OB Contracts. pl. D7 no. 29 3'. ELA/Old Babylonian/unclear u₄ kur₂-še₃ i₃-li₂-ha-zi-<ri> u₃ a-pil₂-sin MC 3, 47 13; u₃ a-pil₂-^dsin dumu a-li₂-wa-aq-rumMC 3, 47 5; ki i₃-li₂-ha-zi-ri u₃ a-pil₂-^dsin-ta MC 3, 47 6. ELA/Old Babylonian/unknown u₃ ibila-a-ni a-na-[me-a-bi] CBS 07194 17; ku₃-ta sa₁₀-a ki i₃-li₂-e-ri-[ba-am u₃ ri-im]-ištar CBS 07194 3; u₃ na-wi-ir-tum ama-ne-[ne] CBS 07194 5. unknown/Ur III/Umma ah-da gub-ba u₃ in-u dusu-bi 7(diš)-am₃ SNAT 536 r i 2; 1(u) 5(diš)muhaldim u₃ ugula SNAT 536 o i 9. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu u₃ [i₇] mah DP 568 o ii 1; u₃ i₇ mah-ta DP 646 r ii 4;kin-bi 1/2(aš@c) eš₂ 5(diš) gi kin du₃-a u₃ i₇ mah DP 647 o i 2. unknown/ED IIIb/Lagash lu₂ u₃ da ki mu nimun da e BiMes 03, 31 r iii 2. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab u₃^* e₂-ka-nun OIP 014, 078 o ii 11. unknown/Old Akkadian/Girsu engar u₃ lugal-ur₂-ra-ni engar ITT 2, 03160 o i 14; u₃ lugal-si-gar ITT 2, 03160 o vi 2; nu u₃ur-^dba-ba₆ engar ITT 2, 03160 r i 13'; 1(aš@c) nu gu₄ su-su engar u₃ ur-pisan engar ITT 2, 03160 o iii 11; mu[...] u₃ siki zi-ga-bi RTC 176 3. unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown u₃ e-ga nigin₂-na BIN 08, 184 5; u₃ en-te-me-na BIN 08, 221 5; u₃ ku₃ nu-gal₂ BIN 08, 293 r i 11; [u₃ e] ki-eren₂-na Bridges p. 477 14; u₃ RIAA 007 8.unknown/Ur III/Drehem mu ki-maš^ki u₃ hu-ur₅-ti^ki ba-hul Aleppo 008 3; ma₂ dim₂ u₃ ga ku₆ ba-zi gid₂-da Aleppo 176 3; u₃ gur-ra Aleppo 176 4. unknown/Ur III/Girsu u₃ ur-^dšuš₃-^dba-ba₆ maškim ASJ 10, 088 2 o ii 8; lu-lu-bu-na u₃ ASJ 11, 326 20 4; ša₃ i₇-da u₃ kun-zi-da ASJ 13, 224 70 5. unknown/Ur III/Lagash u₃ a e₃-da-ta ki-ba ga₂-ga₂ Rochester 223 2. unknown/Ur III/Nippur u₃ mu 1(diš) he₂-gal₂ BBVO 11, 256, 4N-T191 o iv 15; u₃ kaš šeeš₃-ta de₆-a BBVO 11, 256, 4N-T191 o ii 5; nig₂-ezem didli u₃ x BBVO 11, 257, 4N-T197 o iv 40. unknown/Ur III/Umma lu₂-ur₄-ša₃-ga u₃ AR RIM 07 13 1; u₃ gu₂-de₃-na ArOr 62, 247 I 879 5; lu₂ kin-gi₄-a u₃ a-pi₄-sal₄^kiArOr 62, 247 I 879 5. unknown/Ur III/Ur u₃ ur-^dlamma SAT 2, 0151 2. unknown/Ur III/unclear u₃ lu₂-du₁₀-ga šar₂-ra-ab-du DoCu 285 1; u₃ x [...] DoCu 318 2; lu₂ nig₂-dab₅ ^geškiri₆ eš₃ didli u₃ lu₂ didli LLŐuomo 68 3.unknown/Old Babylonian/Nippur u₃ nu-ur₂-kab-ta i₃-li₂-tu-ra-am SAOC 44, 01 18; u₃ a₂-da-am dil-dil a-na me-a-bi SAOC 44, 01 37; u₃ a-li₂-a-bu-ša dumu-me-ni SAOC 44, 01 6. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown nam-gudu₄u₃ nam-ugula-e₂-ni-ta TIM 04, 13 17; še-ba [i₃]-ba u₃ siki-ba TIM 04, 13 3; nam-ugula-e₂ nam-i₃-du₈ nam-kisal-luh u₃ bur-šu-ma TIM 04, 13 8.

2. but

3. also

Akk. u "and, but, also".

[2004] P. Attinger and M. Krebernik, St Schretter 71 n151.

See ETCSL: u₃=and.

---