QUEEN ANNE

Mary I's protestant daughter.

Jacobites decided to act -> Jacobite revolt 1715, but they failed.

1745 - another Jacobites' attempt. James II's grandson Prince Charles Edward Stuart (called Bonny Prince Charlie) landed on the coast of Scotland in 1746, but was defeated by British army at Culloden. Now Scotland was punished for supporting Jacobites - real cruelty, many Highlanders were killed or sent to America, tartan and bagpipes were forbidden (to crush Scottish traditions).

HISTORY OF SCOTLAND - REVISION

1. Scottish Gaelic name of Scotland: “Alba”

2. Roman called Scotland Caledonia, it was inhabited by Scottish Picts, who painted their faces blue

3. Death of heir Alexander III and Margaret Maid of Norway caused The Great Cause - Edward I was asked for help and chose John Balliol

4. William Wallace - Wars of Scottish Independence 1296-1328

5. Robert Bruce - new leader in Scotland -> Robert I

6. Battles for independence for over 20 years - victory at The Battle of Bannockburn 1314 and Scotland finally won its independence

7. James I - England and Scotland joined by personal union

8. 1707 - political union - England and Scotland have the same parliament and law

SCOTTISH SYMBOLS:

1. Kilt - knee-length garment

2. Royal Stewart Tartan (used by Queen Elisabeth II)

3. Thistle: Scottish legend - thistle warned warriors about Vikings (because they stepped on thistles and shouted)

4. St. Andrew's Cross

GERMANS ON ENGLISH THRONE - GREGORIAN ENGLAND - THE HANOVERIANS - 1714-1901

1. George I (1714-27) - great grandson of James I

2. George II (1727-60) - son of James I

3. George III (1760-1820)

4. George IV (1820-30)

5. William IV (1830-37)

6. Queen Victoria (1837-1901)

ACT OF SETTLEMENT 1701

Queen Anne died childless. The throne was supposed to go to James I's granddaughter - Sophia, but she died before Queen Anne, so crown went to Sophia's son - George.

Tories still wanted the deposed James II's son to take the throne (if he had given up Catholicism he could get it, but he didn't).

George I didn't trust the Tories. He allowed Whighs to form their government. That's why rule of first two Georges is called Whiggism. Tories wouldn't have returned to power for over half-century.

Septennial Act - extended duration of Parliament to 7 years.

Unlike rest of Europe, in England there was NO absolute monarchy. Power of monarch was limited by constitution. Real policy was done by king's ministers. With German monarch (foreigner) it was easier for Parliament to control monarch.

GEORGE I

He was not really happy about the throne, he spent his life in Germany. With new land and title he was more powerful in Hanover, because he could use English sources in the case when Hannover independence was threatened.

He was opposed by Jacobites in 1715.

He was not deeply involved in British politics which caused development of modern political system -> especially CABINET.

ERA OF WALPOLLAN SUPREMACY (ROBINOCRACY)

Robert Walpole - greatest political leader during the reign of George I and George II, for over 20 years. He was leader of Whighs and now he is considered first Prime Minister (but this term was not used in his times). He came to power as a result of financial ability - he had capital (money) and wanted to invest it in Trading Companies in Indies. Cost of a share in Trading Company became really expensive.

1720 - South Sea Company offered to pay off national debts (they wanted monopoly rights to trade on South Seas for this favour).

How could be country in debts? In 1694 - Bank of England was established and government borrowed money from it.

Company decided to raise money by selling shares. People suddenly lost their money (went bankrupt). Economic crisis called South Sea Bubble. Walpole was the one who restored public confidence - it was first step to make company socially responsible for interests of the public.

Walpole claimed that ministers should work in small groups - he developed Cabinet. If group of ministers made decision, all of them were responsible for the decision. If somebody disagreed, he should resign, because otherwise it was also HIS decision as a member of group.

1. Control of Crown by Parliament

2. Non-involvement in any wars

3. Increased taxes to pay back national debts (on luxury goods: tea, coffee etc.)

4. Income rose, no effect on national debt

GEORGE II

He transferred political power to R. Walpole.

1745 - Jacobite Rebellion (Culloden).

He was last British monarch to lead his troops personally in battle and last king from outside of England.

In his family fathers quarreled with their sons. George I sent George II's mother to prison and forbade her to see her children. George II couldn't forgive his father what he did.

1756 -63- George II allied England with The Great of Prussia against France, Austria and Russia. It was occasion to destroy French trade (fur, fish, wood). War was called Seven Years War. Battles took place also in colonies - Canada and Indies.

1759 - English won - they controlled the sea, captured Quebec in Canada, conquest in Indies, Carribean, Montreal.

GEORGE III

It should be Friedriech (eldest son of George II) who inherited the throne, but he died before his father, so George II's grandson gained the throne. He was first Hanoverian to be born in Britain, he knew English language, never visited Hanover.

1763 - Seven Years War ended, France was defeated. Treaty of Paris - Britain got New France (French territory in Florida) and Florida (from Spanish). Great Britain was world colonial power, displacing France.

West Indies (knives, swords, clothes were exchanged for slaves

HISTORIA - WYKŁAD - 15.12.2011

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