Beasts of burden (from J. Downer, Lifesense)
No image so symbolises a dominated animal (1)................... a fully laden donkey. These animals were brought (2)..................... human control 6000 years ago in the desert regions of North Africa, (3)..................... the few remaining wild asses are fighting extinction today. By Egyptian times they were (4)....................... used as beasts of burden, to help tread seeds into the soil and for threshing.
From North Africa they eventually spread into Europe, but as desert animals they were ill-equipped to (5)......................... with life in (6).......................... climes and they rarely thrived in the far north. They are still used (7)....................... exclusively for hard labour. The horse, their close relative, has fared better.
(8)........................ the horse had been extensively hunted since paleolithic times, it was the last of the main animals to be domesticated and (9).................... then people had gained experience with many other species. The partnership (10)...................... 5500 years ago in the area of the southern Ukraine. From the beginning the relationship was special and horses were (11)..................... as symbols of prestige. As they are slow to mature, they were (12)................ valuable as meat producers, but soon proved their (13)........................ as draught animals. Horses could transport goods far (14).................... quickly than people and twice as (15)...................... as oxen.
The nature of their society predisposed horses to (16)................ more equal partnership with people. Although they have dominance hierarchies, so a human could (17).................... the role of a lead horse, bonds of friendship frequently (18)...................... between individual horses and the same attachments can be (19)......................... to people. Horses demonstrate this friendship to each other by mutual grooming. Humans provide similar (20)....................... whenever they groom a horse.
Sacrificing reverence (from J. Downer, Lifesense)
The concept of animal sacrifice goes (1)................ as far as recorded history. It probably originated in the kinship that early men (2)................. with the creatures they hunted. To appease the animals' spirits killing them became imbued (3)................ ritual and eventually a belief developed that gods were pleased by sacrifice. Sacrifice was then used to avert catastrophe or secure (4)................. .
Religions that practise animal sacrifice share the (5)................. basic rituals. Often the animal is encouraged to appear willing or (6).............. happy that it has been selected for (7)............. an important role. Only a priest, who has divine sanction and is therefore blameless, is (8)................ to perform the slaughter. As a (9)............... , temples became not only places of worship but also abatoirs and butcher shops.
Animal sacrifice was to become the main (10).................. of both the Greek and Roman religions, (11)................ were loosely structured but shared polytheistic beliefs. Sacrifice was used as a way of (12)................... contact with the multiple deities. The entrails of the animal victim were read (13)................ signs that the gods (14)................ or rejected the sacrifice. The meat was eaten by (15)............... taking part.
Sacrifice continued to be important throughout the Egyptian era. As the civilisation developed, (16)..............., the animal gods that were central to the religion (17).............. increasingly symbolic and their earthly living representatives were no longer (18)................ with the same reverence, though animals were still regarded as partners. In the societies that grew (19)........... of this cultural background, reverence for animal life (20).............. to disappear completely.
Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase
1) The ship is ......................................................... sunk by pirates.
2) I'd rather your cat ......................................... my armchair.
3) I have hated this place ever ........................................... here.
4) I'm moving in June but .......................................... being I'll be at this address.
5) Don't forget .................................. a line to let me know how you are.
6) The doctor ................................... spoke yesterday told me not to worry.
7) .......... it ............... the cooperation of the public, the work of the police would be impossible.
8) I must confess I was on ...................... of giving up, when I finally found the text I was looking for.
9) ................................. suggest that I would take a bribe! I've never been so insulted!
10) She must have taken ............................... something I said, though I didn't mean to offend her.
11) Whoever ................................. to last was probably the person who murdered him.
12) She asked me a question .............................. I had no reply.
1) The only person that was allowed to speak to him was his sister.
Nobody....
2) "Just make sure you avoid staying in the city centre, Mike," said Ruth.
Ruth warned ....
3) I won't tell you this again.
This ....
4) As soon as the police officer left, the neighbours started shouting again.
No sooner .....
5) I am not willing to discuss this matter at the moment.
This ....
6) The doctor advised him against taking a holiday in a tropical country.
The doctor's ....
7) Although it was expected that he would stand for election, he decided not to.
Contrary ....
8) I will go only if all my expenses are paid.
Unless ...
9) If I take the job I'll have to move to Paris.
Taking the job ....
10) I'm sure he will eventually apologize.
He is ....
11) "I know it was you, I've seen you make off with my bike!"
She accused ....
12) It was only after a few days that I learned who my companion was.
Not ....
13) This doesn't concern you.
This is ....
14) Jane doesn't take any exercise, which is why she is so unfit.
Jane's unfitness .....
15) You won't have any problems with passing the exam, providing you don't make any stupid mistakes.
Unless .....
16) She works better when she is pressed for time.
The less ....
1) If she comes to London she can stay with us, we have a spare room. put
2) He had high ideals and tried to act in accordance with them. live
3) Someone told me my flight was cancelled when I got to the airport. arriving
4) Nobody has ever explained these things to me. I
5) Tina has a habit of upsetting people unintentionally. inclined
6) All our plans came to nothing because you didn't know how to behave. through
7) Recent research has changed theories about the cause of the disease. light
8) She waited, looking up at the sky, until the roar of the shuttle engines became inaudible. die
9) My sister is too young and too shy to defend herself when someone criticises her. stand
10) Is that your final decision or will you change your mind? last
11) In the end I was unable to find a mechanic to service my car. get
12) Would it inconvenience you if I stayed for dinner? put
13) I think that this is the right building. appears
14) He may not be as dependable as you think rely
15) Every year more and more people in England take tranquilisers as the ultimate remedy for stress.
resort
THE KEY: BEASTS OF BURDEN 1) as; 2) under; 3) where; 4) being / widely, normally; 5) cope, deal; 6) cold, cool, cooler, other, different; 7) almost, practically; 8) although; 9) by; 10) began, started, originated; 11) regarded; 12) not, less; 13) worth; 14) more; 15) fast; 16) a; 17) play, take, assume, adopt; 18) develop, exist; 19) transferred; 20) signals;
THE KEY: SACRIFISING… 1) back; 2) felt; 3) with; 4) success, prosperity; 5) same; 6) even; 7) such; 8) allowed, permitted, entitled; 9)result; 10) ritual; 11) which; 12) making, maintaining; 13) for; 14) accepted; 15) those; 16) however; 17) became; 18)treated, approached; 19) out; 20) began, started, tended, seemed;
3.
THE KEY: 1) being; 2) didn't sit on/wasn't sitting on; 3) since I got; 4) for the time; 5) to drop me; 6) to whom I; 7) were it not for; 8) the verge/the brink/the point; 9) How dare you; 10) (was the person) he spoke/ he talked; 12) to which;
THE KEY:
1) Nobody was allowed to speak to him except his own sister / nobody except / but his own sister was allowed to…
2) Ruth warned Mike not to stay in the city centre / warned hm against staying in the city centre
3) This is the last time I have told you this
4) No sooner had the police officer left than / when the neighbours started shouting again
5) This is not a good moment to discuss this matter / This is not something I am willing to discuss at the moment
6) The doctor's advice was not to take a holiday in… / was against taking a holiday in…
7) Contrary to what had been expected / was expected, he decided not to stand for election
8) Unless all my expenses are paid, I will not go
9) Taking the job means/involves (my) moving to Paris
10) He is bound/certain to apologize eventually
11) She accused me of stealing her bike/ of making off with her bike
12) Not until after a few days did I learn who my companion was
13) This is none of your business / not your concern
14) Jane's unfitness is due to her not taking any exercise
15) Unless you make some stupid mistakes, you won't have any problems…
16) The less time she has, the better she works
THE KEY: 1) If she comes to London we can put her up, we have a spare room.
2) He had high ideals and tried to live up to them.
3) On arriving at the airport I was told that my flight was cancelled.
4) I have never had these things explained;
5) Tina is inclinded to upset people unintentionally.
6) All our plans fell through because you didn't know how to behave.
7) Recent research has thrown/shed (a) new light on the cause of the disease.
8) She waited, looking up at the sky, for the roar of the shuttle engines to die away.
9) My sister is too young and too shy to stand up for herself when someone criticises her.
10) Is that your last word?
11) In the end I couldn't get anybody to service my car.
12) Would it put you out if I stayed for dinner?
13) This appears to be the right building.
14) Perhaps you can't/shouldn't rely on him as you think you could
15) Every year more and more people in England resort to tranquilizers as the ultimate remedy for stress.