WSJO US HISTORY lecture outlines


DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENT UNTIL 1607

PRE-COLOMBIAN AMERICA

16,000 - 14,000 - first humans appear in America crossing a land bridge from Siberia to Alaska - the last ice age.

5,000 - reaching Tierra del Fuego - the Land of Fire - the end of nomadic period.

AMERICAN INDIANS

Main Indian groups:

  1. 800 BC - 600AD MOUNDBUILDERS - culture in the Ohio River valley and the Mississippian culture - the descendants were the later Natchez Indians.

Examples of mounds:

  1. ANASAZI - yielding Pueblos and other Southwest Indians.- present day Arizona and New Mexico

  1. APACHES - neighbors to the Pueblo

  1. IROQUOIS - North East - Iroquois Confederation of Six Nations - founded in the 16th century:

  1. Cayuga, 2) Mohawk, 3) Oneida, 4) Onondaga, 5) Seneca, 6) Tuscarora

  1. ALGONQUIANS - Northeast

  1. INDIANS OF THE PLAINS - Dakota - 'allies' or Sioux - 'enemies' (name used by the French)

  1. INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST - scattered ethnic and linguistic groups

PRE-COLOMBIAN EUROPEAN DISCOVERIES

1000 AD - LEIF ERICSON leading Viking expedition from Iceland

European exploration starts by the end of the 15th century due to:

CRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, Oct 12, 1492 - not a real romantic discoverer.

WHY 'AMERICA'?

1490s Amerigo Vespucci (Florence) describes the new land in letters

1507 - Martin Waldeseemuller - calls the new land America in honor of Vespucci.

1541 - Gerardus Mercator - Flemish cartographer, who invents geographical latitude and longitude, applies the name to both continents.

Other discoverers from various European countries:

JOHN CABOT - an Italian in service of Henry VII of England reaches Newfoundland and Chesapeake Bay in 1497, opening British claim to America.

PONCE DE LEON - companion of Columbus and governor of Puerto Rico

GIOVANNI VERRAZANO - Italian sailor in service of Francis I of France

JACQUES CARTIER

HERNANDEZ DE SOTO

FRANCESCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO

Spain claims a huge territory in North America

1565 - St. Augustine, Florida - the oldest settlement in the USA

FRANCIS DRAKE 1578 - arrives in today's San Francisco Bay

1585-88 ROANOKE, the LOST COLONY - an early American legend.

1602 - Bartholomew Gosnold discovers Cape Cod

1608 - Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec.

1609 - Henry Hudson explores Hudson River

1610 - the Spanish found Santa Fe

THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH CENTURY SETTLEMENTS

REASONS:

  1. prospects of enrichment

  2. fleeing religious or political persecution

  3. adventure

DIFFICULTIES:

  1. climate

  2. diseases

  3. failing crops - hunger

  4. hostile Indians

  5. lots of lands in America already taken by the Spanish or the French in Canada

East Coast - dense forests - for the first hundred years colonies strictly along the coast - only fur traders travel across the Appalachians.

English colonization - often private enterprises rather than sponsored by governments such as Virginia Company - London joint stock company based on division of prospective profits.

  1. 'Jesus of Lubeck' - first black slaves arrive in Jamestown on a Dutch ship for plantation labor.

  1. HOUSE OF BURGESSES and the Governor, George Yeardley - the first elective (by rich men only) body precedent of American representative democracy.

AMERICAN COLONIES 1620-1733

PLYMOUTH - 1620 - Pilgrim Fathers - Separatists and Strangers - Congregationalists based on Calvin arrive in America by ship “MAYFLOWER” and found the colony.

NEW AMSTERDAM AND FORD ORANGE - 1624 - (today's NYC and Albany) by the Dutch

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY - 1628 - led by John Winthrop and Puritans

MARYLAND - 1634 - founded by English Roman Catholic fleeing persecution, under Cecillius Calvert, Lord Baltimore

RHODE ISLAND 1636 by Roger Williams, a separatist banished from Puritan Mass

His ideas:

DELAWARE 1638 - settled by the Swedes, taken by Dutch, then by the English

CAROLINAS 1663 - by private proprietors; Charleston, named after Charles II

PENNSYLVANIA 1681 established by William Penn and QUAKERS

GEORGIA 1733 - Savannah established by James Oglethorpe

1733 - THIRTEEN COLONIES ALONG THE EAST COAST

THREE REGIONS (political, economic, cultural, social):

I. New England (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island)

II. Middle Colonies (New York, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania)

III. The South (Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

Religion in the Colonies

Different patterns:

  1. Established churches and intolerance - church government (e.g. New England)

  2. Religious tolerance (e.g. Pennsylvania)

  3. Banishment results in settlements in other colonies - Anne Hutchinson - heretic from Mass. in Rhode Island

1692 - Salem Witchcraft trials - hysteria: women blamed for evil in the colony resulting in witch hunt

William Penn's reaction - "There is no law in Pennsylvania against riding a broomstick"

Political developments

Colonies founded by different groups, also from DIFFERENT countries.

  1. representative ELECTED assemblies

vs.

2) royal colonies

Each colony having its governor; voting rights often larger than in Europe at the time.

Colonies surrounded by:

  1. Louisiana - West - explored by La Salle, sparse French settlement along theGulf of Mexico and Mississippi e.g. Detroit, St. Louis, Old Biloxi, New Orleans.

  2. New France - North - Acadia (today's eastern Canada)

  3. New Spain - South - Spanish Florida

Indian wars

Resulting from outward expansion of settlers:

1675 - King Philip War, New England

Culture

American Enlightenment - Benjamin Franklin - personification of Middle Colonial life.

Education - free compulsory education in most colonies

Universities:

  1. 1636 - Harvard College founded, Cambridge, Mass.

  2. 1693 - William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va.

  3. 1701 - Yale College, New Haven, Conn.

COLONIAL WARS AND INDEPENDENCE (1733-1783)

Territorial expansion

Settlement along the coast but slowly moving west:

Daniel Boone - crossing the Appalachians with axmen and establishing the Wilderness Road

1741 - Vitus Bering, a Danish in Russian service, discovers Alaska.

COLONIAL WARS

British colonies surrounded by French colonies with different patterns of settlement:

French territories in North America:

  1. Canada - along St. Lawrence River - discovered by Samuel de Champlain; Quebec and Montreal

  1. Louisiana - Great Lakes and Mississippi valley - explored by Rene la Salle; Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans

European Anglo-French wars - offshoots in America - decisive results for political European situation.

  1. 1701-1713

Queen Anne's War - (the War of the Spanish Succession)

RESULT:

  1. 1754-1763

French and Indian War - (the Seven Years' War)

CAUSES:

COURSE:

RESULTS:

BUILD-UP TO THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

  1. Consequences of the Treaty of Paris

  1. objection to new import taxes - difficult for colonial merchants to trade; taxes put by the British are seen as an attack on smuggling prospering in the Colonies:

SO FAR: only light taxes - 'sleeping dogs lie' - Robert Walpole.

  1. the end to French threat - British troops unnecessary after the war but stationing in the colonies and making colonists obey strictly the British government.

SO FAR: rare interference of Britain in colonial matters

c. lots of conflicting interests on both sides

II. Sugar Act, 1764; Stamp Act, 1765; Quartering Act, 1765:

III. 1767-70, the British remove the Acts but:

"British government has full power and authority over the colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever"

IV. Boston Massacre, 1770

Samuel Adams stirs up the colonies against Britain

Paul Revere produces pictures 'Massacre' and circulates them in colonies

V. BOSTON TEA PARTY, 1773

  1. closing of Boston ports and stationing of British troops

  2. power of local assemblies reduced

  3. George III: "the die is cast; the colonies must either submit or triumph"

  1. assembly of all colonies loyal to the King

  2. appeal to colonists to refuse buying British goods

  3. organization of armed militia and preparing for war

  1. Ideas of the Enlightenment - very popular and implemented in the colonies - no burden of absolutist past:

  1. John Locke - representative government, protective of the people

  2. Thomas Paine's Common Sense pamphlet - first American bestseller - calling for independence!

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE - AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1775-1783)

John Adams: The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the hearts and minds of people"

American colonial militia vs. British well-trained regular army

Gradual development of the American army and navy.

Knowledge of their own territory and motivation!

COURSE:

  1. the spark - Lexington and Concord, 1775 - first victory

  1. SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1775, Philadelphia

  1. The Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775 - first major battle of the war - lost by Colonists but heavy casualties on the British.

  1. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, July 4, 1776

'Life liberty and pursuit of happiness', 'the consent of the governed', 'all men are created equal'

  1. The British capture NEW YORK; the city remains the loyalist bastion until the end of the war.

  1. BATTLE OF SARATOGA, 1777

  1. BATTLE OF YORKTOWN, 1781

  1. Treaty of Paris, 1783 - United States becomes formally recognized.

THE NEW NATION (1783-1815)

First attempt of unification after the War of Independence - ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, 1777, ratified in 1781 by Second Continental Congress

May 1787 - Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia led by George Washington - Twelve state delegations (no Rhode Island) - the Founding Fathers - gather together in order to revise the Articles.

After long debates they disagree on many matters and split into:

  1. FEDERALISTS - for strong government

- Madison, Hamilton, John Adams

  1. ANTI-FEDERALISTS (Republicans) - for more power given to states

Forming the first American political parties.

1787 - CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Campaigning for ratification begins: 9 out of 13 states are required to ratify the Constitution

Constitution goes into effect in 1789.

1791 - first 10 amendments are introduced to the Constitution known as THE BILL OF RIGHTS which deal with basic citizen rights.

The CAPITALS of the USA:

  1. New York (1789-1790)

  2. Philadelphia (1790-1800)

  3. Washington DC (1800-) - built on a neutral ground, on a grid pattern by Pierre l'Enfant.

PRESIDENCY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON (1789-1797)

First American Cabinet - balance of political interests - (cabinet not mentioned in the US constitution)

Very small - later developing with each new presidency

  1. John Adams - Vice President

  2. Thomas Jefferson - Secretary of State

  3. Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of Treasury

d. John Jay - Chief Justice of the United States

Farewell Address, 1796 - a powerful speech made by George Washington before retiring to Mount Vernon, VA. Some ideas:

"the people are real pillar of independence'

"avoidance of permanent alliance'

"maintaining commercial rather than political ties to other nations"

Presidency of John Adams (1797-1800);

Moving capital to Washington DC

Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809); Republican

SOCIETY AND ECONOMY

The new country faces economic difficulties after the War of Independence- DEBTS and extensive taxation!

Growing opposition:

  1. Daniel Shay's Rebellion, 1786 - in Massachusetts against debts - in consequences debt laws changed if favor of the taxpayers and executive powers are strengthened.

  1. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 - Pennsylvania - against heavy taxation on corn and whiskey - burning down revenue agents' houses. The army is sent by Washington to crush down the rebels - later pardoned by President.

In economy characteristic division:

North - industry;

South - plantations with "peculiar institution" of slavery; slave trade banned in 1808 -

INVENTIONS

Samuel Slater introduces cotton mill in 1789, bringing industrial revolution to America and improving agricultural production

Eli Whitney invents COTTON GIN (engine), 1793 - mechanization of cotton plantations. - "Father of Mass Production"

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

Gradual expansion of the US to the Northwest - the so-called Ohio Territory. The process of westward expansion is ruled by an act of law passed by the US Congress called

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE ACT, 1787

LOUISIANA PURCHASE, 1803 by Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon in need for money - $ 15mln (3 cents per acre)

Land boundary: from Mississippi to the Rockies and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico

Americans organize expedition to explore the new territory:

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark's expedition -From St. Louis to the Pacific, yielding huge information about the land, Indians, maps. Later their path is followed by future pioneers - Oregon Trail, and the expedition becomes an inspiration for future expansion and settlement.

FOREIGN POLICY

USA emerged from the war of independence as an ally to France but in 1789 - the French Revolution begins followed by a French-British conflict - America stays neutral.

Citizen Genet Affair, 1793 - a newly appointed French Revolutionary ambassador in USA is involved in the scandal of recruitment of American privateers against Britain. He is finally recalled.

John Jay's Treaty, 1794 - with Britain to avert another war:

The country splits into:

I. Republican pro-French - opposed to the treaty.

II. Federalists pro-British - supporting the treaty

France becomes outraged with the treaty and begins to seize American ships.

Undeclared naval war with France in West Indies

In 1798 the Congress passes Alien and Sedition Acts:

Finally, a separate treaty with France averts the war and the Acts are annulled (1801)

In 1812 the USA becomes involved in a war against Britain in the so-called

WAR OF 1812 - or SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, (1812-1815)

CAUSES:

Tecumseh, Chief of Shawnee, and his brother Prophet attempt to restore Indians to the Northwest. They form a confederation of Great Lakes Indians and side with the British against Americans.

In War of 1812 Tecumseh joins the British army in the rank of General but dies in the battle of River Thames (1813) leaving the cause and the British on their own.

COURSE:

  1. In 1814 the British burn down Capitol and the White House

  2. During the British siege of Fort Henry - Star Spangled Banner - the American anthem is written

RESULTS:

blockade makes Americans manufacture goods

EXPANSION AND DEVELOPMENT (1815-1845)

Indian wars and territorial expansion

New discoveries and aftermath of the War of 1812 - increased westward expansion bring on conflicts with the Indians:

FIRST - Northwest Ordinance (1787) - "lands and property shall never be taken from them (Indians) without their consent; and in their property, rights and liberty they shall never be invaded or disturbed"

THEN - President James Monroe's change of mind in 1817 - "Indian hunting way of life requires a greater extent of territory than is compatible with the progress of civilized life and must yield to it. If the Indian tribes do not abandon that state and become civilized they will decline and become extinct"

Seminole Wars 1817-18 - Gen. Andrew Jackson against Florida Seminoles - Seminoles defeated and scattered all over Florida swamps

1819, FLORIDA CESSATION - Florida is ceded from Spain

1825 - opening of Erie Canal - important trade route inland

Indian Removal Act, 1830:

Shameful instances:

THE TEXAS ISSUE

Until 1830s steady settlement of Texas by Americans, although Texas remains under Mexican rule.

Problems:

1835 - rebellion of Texans under Sam Houston

  1. the Alamo 1836 - heroic defense of the fort and legend.

  1. San Jacinto 1836 - victory of Sam Houston. In result:

POLITICS

Disappearance of the FEDERALIST PARTY

President James Monroe's doctrine, 1823 - American rules of foreign policy are formed. The doctrine becomes the basis for American ISOLATIONISM in the 19th century

Four points of the doctrine:

  1. American continents should not be colonized by any European powers

  1. USA has a different political system from European countries

  1. Any attempt of extending European system of government in western hemisphere would be direct threat against the USA

  1. USA will not interfere with European politics or wars.

Presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829-37)

Jacksonian democracy - power of common people - new quality in American politics - a new democracy based on wide participation of society.

MEXICAN WAR AND BUILDUP TO THE CIVIL WAR (1845-1860)

Manifest Destiny, 1845 - an idea included in the article by John O'Sullivan. It becomes a huge propaganda leading to claiming Texas and conflict with Mexico:

"America's manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions"

Oregon Question, 1846

Oregon was a British territory ruled from Canada. Soon the constant flood of American settlers come to Oregon by Oregon Trail outnumbering the British. Manifest Destiny - gives Americans justification to take the whole of Oregon for Americans - America should stretch from Atlantic to Pacific

A radical SLOGAN appears in the USA: "Fifty Four Forty or Fight" - propaganda to claim the whole Oregon up to Alaska by J. Polk - expansionist president.

Oregon Treaty, 1846 - America agrees to divide Oregon along the 49th parallel - fixed boundary between USA and Canada (straight line today).

MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848)

CAUSES:

  1. annexation of Texas

  2. unresolved question of Mexican-Texan border

  3. getting to California already settled by some Americans

COURSE:

Campaign of Z. Taylor - battle of Monterrey and Buena Vista - northern Mexico under US occupation. Soon Americans occupy Mexico City

CONSEQUENCES:

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 - 1/3 of Mexican territory - New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, California becomes US territories.

Soon, 1847 - gold discovered by James Marshall in California

* the greatest Gold Rush in history starts

THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY

Slavery question was unresolved in the Constitution - Jefferson and Washington held slaves!

Whole southern economy and society based on slavery.

Northern states - smaller agriculture - opposing slavery also for moral reasons - beginning of ABOLITIONIST movement:

1817 - American Colonization Society, Philadelphia:

QUESTION in the 1st half of the 19th century: Should slavery be permitted in new territories in the West? - fierce arguments between North and South as the EXPANSION went on.

1831 - radicalization

  1. first great slave insurrection under Nat Turner in VIRGINIA - 55 white planters killed - a scare to the South; the only slave rebellion before the Civil War.

  1. William Lloyd Garrison - radical abolitionist finds a Boston newspaper - The Liberator. Radical ABOLITIONIST becomes popular literature all over the North.

1850 - after getting new lands from Mexico the Missouri question appears again - Should we permit slavery in the new territories?

COMPROMISE of 1850:

Abolitionist movement continues:

Uncle Tom's Cabin a famous novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1853) becomes first huge bestseller and immense anti-slavery propaganda

CONSEQUENCE - "Bleeding Kansas"

BUILDUP TO THE CIVIL WAR

  1. economic and social differences between North and South

  1. SLAVERY - the question not over its existence but extension to new territories

  1. State rights vs. Union rights

  1. Republican Party (1854) grows out of abolitionist movement - a huge political force of the North - led by powerful speaker - ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

  1. Debate between A. Lincoln and S. Douglas - spread of slavery should be stopped:

"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe that this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.

  1. 1860 - Lincoln becomes the first Republican President - opposed strongly by the South for fear of ending slavery.

  1. In response, 1860 South Carolina secedes from the Union followed by ten other states forming independent country -

The Confederate States of America (CSA) with their own flag - Stars and Bars; president - Jefferson Davis, and capital - Richmond, VA.

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION (1861-1877)

After election of Lincoln the two countries wait in tension.

The South orders holding federal military property in the South

FORT SUMTER Apr 12, 1861 - first shots of the Civil War

Comparison of the sides

North - UNION

South - CONFEDERACY

COURSE

Area of war:

  1. Virginia and other East Coast confederate states

  2. Mississippi Valley

  3. The Atlantic ocean and the rivers

1861 - both sides appeal for volunteers

1862 - more Confederate victories and more discouragement in the North

BUT

1863 - reversal of fortune

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, the largest battle of the war

Lincoln's GETTYSBURG ADDRESS - one of the most famous speeches in American history:

"...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth"

EMANCIPATION ACT is issued by A. Lincoln to arouse more enthusiasm for the war.

Slavery abolished in the territory of Confederacy from Jan 1, 1863.

Blacks also join the Union regiments forming - Buffalo Soldiers

1864 - great misery and constant defeat of the South running out of everything

1865 - General Lee surrenders the Southern Army at APPOMATTOX, Apr 9, 1865 - Lee surrenders to Grant

CONSEQUENCES:

"slavery was dead, secession was dead, six hundred thousand men were dead"

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH (1865 - 1877)

Reconstruction in the hands of the new president Andrew Johnson

Black Codes - discrimination of 'free' blacks - less social opportunity for former slaves than the whites - huge limitation on jobs, land rent, etc.

As a reaction to mistreatment the 14th amendment, 1866 is included in the Constitution which guarantees rights to vote for all blacks - they become full citizens.

The 14th is not accepted by the southern states - in reaction the Congress passes the:

Military Reconstruction Act

Military governments established in all states

Southern opposition to Reconstruction:

Policies in the South against blacks - treated as 'second class citizens':

INDIANS, IMMIGRATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

Territorial development

1867 Purchase of Alaska from Russia

WILD WEST

Death of Old South gives rise to the Wild West not affected by the Civil War

Factors affecting western movement:

INDIAN WARS

Westward movement opposed by prairie Indians:

INDIAN TREATIES - signing giving lands to white settlers

  1. Nebraska from the Pawnees

  2. Dakotas from the Sioux

  3. Kansas, Colorado and Texas from Kiowas and Comanches

1868 - Treaty of Laramie - lands between Missouri and Rockies given to the Sioux:

"as long as the grass should grow and the water flow"

BUT: promises were never really kept

1874 - gold discovered in the Black Hills - sacred land of the Dakotas - Indians refuse to sell it. White settlers flow into the area - breaking the Laramie Treaty.

Solution: putting Indians into RESERVATIONS - to secure settlement lands - government promises supplies to reservations.

Oklahoma becomes the Indian Territory - eastern Indians moved there.

In opposition to enclosing Indians enter a series of conflicts:

Wars of Geronimo's Apaches

1890 - THE US Census acclaims the end of the frontier:

  1. US territory is settled

  2. Indians remain in reservations - 1924 Indian Citizenship Act.

IMMIGRATION

The end of the Civil War - massive influx of immigrants to the USA.

Waves of immigrants:

  1. 1845-1860 - the Irish from Great Famine

  2. 1860s - the German - immigration encouraged by the Union

  3. until 1880s - OLD IMMIGRATION - from the north and west of Europe.

  4. After 1880s - NEW IMMIGRATION - east and south of Europe (Polish immigration in large numbers) - especially Jews.

Immigrants often deprived of anything but their votes - usually settle in big industrial centers - work in hard conditions

Means of immigration control:

1882 - Chinese Exclusion Act - ban on Asian immigrants until 1924.

1924 - Immigration Act to limit immigration of southern and eastern Europe:

INDUSTRIALIZATION

1870s - huge INDUSTRIALIZATION and URBANIZATION all over the country:

Great inventors:

  1. Alexander Graham Bell - telephone, 1876

  2. Thomas Alva Edison - electricity, bulbs, dynamos, phonograph, motion picture

Development of different industries:

Organization of industry - controlled by rich monopolists:

EXAMPLES:

  1. Andrew Carnegie - steel and railway - also cultural activities:

  1. John D. Rockefeller - the richest man ever founder of the Standard Oil Company

  1. Henry Ford, 1903 - Model T - the SYSTEM of mass production:

"A customer can have an automobile painted any color that he wants so long as it is black"

  1. Cornelius Vanderbilt - railroads - "The public be damned!"

  1. George Eastman, Rochester, NY - founder of the Kodak camera

In response to growing capitalism:

  1. American Federation of Labor is founded

  1. Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890, - illegal contracts or combination in restraint of interstate or foreign trade.

  1. Pullman Strike, 1894, - Eugene V. Debs' - paralysis of intercontinental transportation

AGE OF PROGRESS AND WORLD WAR ONE (1897-1918)

PROGRESSIVISM

1900 - USA - the richest and industrialized country in the world

ONE THIRD of world's steel and coal production.

DUALISM: great industrial development vs. multiple social problems

2% - owning 1/3 of wealth

50% - owning nothing

Problems:

Before 1900 - the idea of 'laissez faire" - state non-intervention

After 1900 - the idea of progressivism - where necessary government should intervene in the problems of society.

In the USA: PROGRESSIVISM instead of SOCIALISM

Progressive president - Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) initiates the program of reforms known as:

SQUARE DEAL:

Progressivism continued under President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1919) in his program of:

THE NEW FREEDOM:

Progressivism changed face of America but many people distrusted government intervention.

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY

From 1867 USA remains isolated and growing internally. The continental expansion is over in 1890 and the whole continent is settled.

At the same time European powers build their empires - America lags behind.

In 1890s expansionist ideas are revived justified by Monroe Doctrine from 1823 and gain more support in politics:

Orville Platt, 1893:

"We are the most advanced and powerful nation on earth and our future demands an abandonment of the policy of isolation. It is the ocean our children must look, as they once looked to the boundless west"

STAGES of building American Empire:

  1. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, 1898:

Causes:

Course - American forces two campaigns in Cuba and the Philippines

Consequences:

US GAINS:

Cuba

- becoming a protectorate - independence controlled by the USA.

Philippines - US protectorate until 1946

Puerto Rico - US territory until today

Guam - US territory and military base until today

  1. ANNEXATION OF HAWAII, 1898 - formerly an independent kingdom. First constitutional monarchy from 1840 written by the USA. Later, Pearl Harbor built.

  1. OPEN DOOR POLICY IN CHINA, 1899-1900

USA joins other European countries in dividing up China economically

Crushes with others - the Boxer uprising

  1. PANAMA CANAL, 1903 - 1914

Taking the Isthmus for America - "I took Panama" Theodore Roosevelt.

2000 Canal reverted to Panama.

AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC INITIATIVES:

Empire maintained through:

  1. Dollar Diplomacy - American investments in areas strategically important for the USA

  1. Roosevelt's Corollary, 1904 - addition to Monroe Doctrine - USA can intervene militarily anywhere in Latin America, if necessary:

Examples:

THE USA AND WORLD WAR ONE, 1914 -1918

Initially US stays neutral - "impartial" - "European affair"

Soon, situation changes:

Actual causes:

APRIL 2, 1917 - US troops join the war in Europe

Developments:

"To make the world safe for democracy, the war to end all wars"

The war is over in 1918 but there are differences between the UK and France and the USA as for the future of Germany:

  1. US - peace ensured first of all, Germans must be treated fairly

  1. Allies - Germans must pay in compensation - reparations in millions of dollars

President Wilson's proposal of the Fourteen Points:

Treaty of Versailles signed

JAZZ AGE AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION (1918-1939)

1920s - Jazz Age - Roaring Twenties

Economy - ERA OF PROSPERITY

USA emerges as the richest country in the world after WWI:

Republican presidents until 1929 - no more Progressive themes:

Presidents W. Harding, C. Coolidge, H. Hoover - strong endorsement of business!

Coolidge - "The business of America is business"

Generally:

Society - diversified - 50 % under poverty line

POLITICS

America stays with its own matters - idea of isolation present again

World communism causes RED SCARE in 1919-20:

Introduction of PROHIBITION, 1919 - 1933, - the 18th Amendment

Idea: to stop drinking and make the US a happier and healthier country

REASONS:

Course:

Effects:

GREAT DEPRESSION

BLACK THURSDAY - 24 October 1929 - Great Crash in Wall Street - America plunges into economic and social crisis.

CAUSES:

The Great Depression affects majority of people - sharp end to the era of prosperity.

PROBLEMS:

a) in cities:

b) in the country:

Culmination in 1932 - PROTESTS against the situation and President Hoover who's not able to take proper steps.

NO CONCRETE STEPS are however taken by Hoover

PRESIDENCY OF FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT, 1933-1945

Completely new attitude to previous Republican - government MUST do something about the situation - set up a NEW DEAL to heal economy and society.

In one HUNDRED DAYS - the Congress is flowed with Roosevelt's proposals and bills to improve the economic situation in the country.

New Deal - a series of social and economic improvement schemes throughout the decade based on the idea of liberal welfare state - government intervention taxation based.

The government sets up ALPHABET AGENCIES to help the nation recover:

Social Security Act, 1935:

Roosevelt becomes the MOST POPULAR president.

The US government earned a new role - a credible assistant - not a police force

USA AND WORLD WAR TWO

US FOREIGN POLICY BEFORE WWII:

Following pattern of American behavior from before WWI. Generally, USA stays isolated after WWI but prospering very well.

1922 - Arms Conference in Washington - nine powers present:

1928 - Briand - Kellog Pact in Paris - the war should not be a solution in international conflicts - later legal basis for the Nuremberg trials.

1930's world developments and conflicts (Spain, China, Hitler) divide the country:

  1. Roosevelt - "Innocent nations are being cruelly sacrificed to a greed of power and supremacy. If these things come to pass in other parts of the world, let no one imagine that America will escape."

  1. Isolationist politicians - powerful in Congress pass Neutrality Acts (1935-41):

The outbreak of war in 1939 is economically:

Politically:

USA squeezed between Japanese and German expansions. Roosevelt pressing for American war preparation:

Solution in March 1941:

LEND LEASE ACT - Leasing all sorts of equipment and weapons to countries whose defense was necessary to the USA - Britain, Soviet Union - famous Murmansk convoys begin.

Aug 1941 - ATLANTIC CHARTER signed by Roosevelt and Churchill off Newfoundland - later becoming the UN Charter:

Causes for US joining in:

Spark: PEARL HARBOR, Hawaii, Dec 7, 1941

Declaration of war on Japan follows immediately - followed by declaration of war by Germany on the USA

Isolation is no longer the case - the idea is dead in American history!

America joins fully the Allies.

US economy directed towards winning the war - massive weapon industry replaces consumer goods production.

Top secret research - Manhattan Project starts atom bomb working

USA AT WAR WITH GERMANY

In close alliance with British forces under Montgomery. Famous American Generals Eisenhower and Patton

FIRST FRONT

Dwight Eisenhower becomes the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe.

SECOND FRONT

THE USA AT WAR WITH JAPAN

An attempted invasion of Japan ends with dropping atom bombs on HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI

Aug 1945 - Japan surrenders VJ DAY

53



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