The purpose of Sumerian language is to create confusion, to wear out the suspicious audience, to fool them to infinity. Hypothetically the Sumerian language was older than Akkadian. Ideally, the Sumerian tongue had come from above. It was a divine language. In reality Sumerian was an artificial creation. It was a ruse to legitimize the existence of the gods.

The origin of the name bronze became the basic root word for the bronze seals, metal bowls, bronze vessels became the name of the city Sippar. We can see that the Sumerian writers invented an artificial language and artificial names for their cities in order to convince the audience of the sacred nature of their religion.

The derivatives zabar/ zimbir/ sippar prove that Akkadian writers wrote in Semitic and Sumerian simultaneously. Their effort to hide their tracks becomes evident when they try to explain the same words, the same derivatives with different ideograms and different phonetic values, creating a maze of tracks when in reality the name of the city, the name of cylinder seals, the name of bronze metal means the same thing.

Base forms: sippar^ki; zimbir (UD.(GIŠ%GIŠ)^g.AN)^ki; zimbir^ki.

Periods: Early Dynastic IIIa [1]; Early Dynastic IIIb [1]; Old Babylonian [3]; Hellenistic [3].

Written forms: sippar^ki; zimbir(UD.(GIŠ%GIŠ)^g.AN)^ki; zimbir^ki.

Normalized forms: Zimbir (sippar^ki, zimbir(UD.(GIŠ%GIŠ)^g.AN)^ki, zimbir^ki).

Morphological forms:

UD.GIŠ%GIŠ.NUN

Also: buranun, buranuna, buranunu, burunun, burununa, sippar, zimbir.

zabar [BRONZE] (810x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. zabar; zabar₃ "(to be) bright, pure; arrowhead; weapon; metal mirror; (to be) shiny; measuring vessel made of bronze; a metal bowl; bronze" Akk. ebbu; hutpu; kakku; mušālu; namru; qû; sappu; siparru

zabar [BRONZE] (810x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. zabar; zabar₃ "(to be) bright, pure; arrowhead; weapon; metal mirror; (to be) shiny; measuring vessel made of bronze; a metal bowl; bronze" Akk. ebbu; hutpu; kakku;mušālu; namru; qû; sappu; siparru

[1]		zabar
[2]		zabar3

16 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. (to be) bright, pure (810x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur zabar OB Nippur Ura 2 534; [[zabar]] =U₄.KA.BAR = si₂-pa-ar-ru OB Diri Nippur 321; [[zabar]] =ka-ak-kum OB Diri Nippur 322; [[zabar]] =qu₃-um OB Diri Nippur 323. LEX/unknown/unknown gu₂-un zabar CBS 01862 r ii 23'.ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu [1(aš@c)] zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun VS 14, 013 o ii 2; 1(aš@c) sazabar₃ kuš gu₄ sumun VS 25, 075 r ii 8; 2(u@c) 5(aš@c) ha-zi zabar₃ VS 27, 091 o i 1;2(u@c) 5(aš@c) a₂-gam NIG₂ zabar₃ VS 27, 091 o i 2; 1(aš@c) ma-na nagga zabar₃ Nik 1, 310 r iv 4; 5(aš@c) zabar₃ ku₃ luh-ha RA 06, p. 139, Enz. 1 r i 2. ELA/ED IIIb/Nippursila₃ zabar-ta OSP 1, 064 o i 2. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown 3(u@c) la₂ 2(aš@c) 1/2(aš@c)^! ma-na an-na zabar ASJ 19, 054 o iii 2; 3(u@c) la₂ 2(aš@c) 1/2(aš@c) ma-na an-na zabarASJ 19, 054 r ii 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab 1(aš@c) gin₂ ku₃-babbar zabar Adab 0815 8.ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1/2(aš@c) ma-na urudu zabar CT 50, 179 2; [1(diš)] 6(aš@c) ma-na la₂ 5(aš@c) gin₂ urudu zabar ITT 1, 01070 3; 2(aš@c) 1/3(aš@c)^ša ma-[na]4(aš@c) gin₂ zabar ITT 2, 04438 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Lagash 1(aš@c) ma-na nagga zabarBM 025184 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur 1(u@c) 1(aš@c) zabar urudu TMH 5, 147 4;1(aš@c) ha-zi zabar urudu OSP 2, 044 o i 3; [1(diš)] zabar še-u₃-suh₅-[urudu] OSP 2, 045 o i 7; 1(aš@c) zabar še-u₃-suh₅ urudu OSP 2, 048 o i 10; 6(diš) zabar urudu OSP 2, 048 o i 9; [1(diš)] zabar nim urudu OSP 2, 049 o i 10; [...] zabar^? OSP 2, 065 1.ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma 2(u) zabar ku₃-babbar CT 50, 052 2; 1(aš@c) urudu a-LAK171-dilim₂ zabar CT 50, 052 4; 4(u) urudu zabar-zabar CT 50, 052 5. ELA/Old Akkadian/Ur3(aš@c) zabar UET 2 supp 01 o i 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown [2(diš)] urudu zabar MAD 4, 064 2; 2(aš@c) urudu zabar MAD 4, 069 2. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(diš) ma-sa₂-ab zabaruruda ki-maš^ki ur₂ ^dnin-kas₄ HU uruda ku₃-babbar AUCT 1, 078 1; 5(diš) gin₂ sa₁₀zabar AUCT 1, 237 2; 1(diš) ma-la₂ zabar AUCT 1, 296 5. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 7(aš)2(barig) še gur lugal gur zabar-[ta] ASJ 03, 157 120 1; 1(aš) še gur lugal gur zabar-ta ASJ 03, 162 131 1; 1(aš) še gur zabar-ta ASJ 03, 162 131 1. ELA/Ur III/Nippur x nig₂šu udu gan zabar 1(diš) tug₂ a-ga₂ x 1(diš) dug ru-[...] BE 03/1, 076 1; 1(diš) gi pisangal zabar BE 03/1, 076 8; 1(diš) e₂ šu-luh-ha zabar BE 03/1, 078 4. ELA/Ur III/Ummagur zabar-ta AAS 096 7'; gur zabar-ta AAS 096 12'; 6(diš) ur₅-dim zabar AAS 140 o i 8. ELA/Ur III/Ur e₂ eš₃ e₂ zabar-še₃ UET 3, 0103 4; e₂ eš₃ e₂ zabar-še₃ UET 3, 0106 2; nig₂-dab₅ balag zabar UET 3, 0282 15. ELA/Ur III/unclear 8(geš₂) 5(u) 5(diš) kak zu₂zabar AUCT 1, 321 1; 3(geš₂) 1(u) 7(diš) kak zu₂ zabar ku₅ 2(diš)-ta AUCT 1, 321 2;3(u) 3(diš) kak zu₂ zabar tur AUCT 1, 321 3. ELA/Ur III/unknown 3(diš) za₃-mi-ri₂-tumzabar geš-a du₃-a YOS 15, 181 1. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown zabar-bi ba-ra-keš₂BIN 09, 027 6; 2(diš) pisan gal zabar sag^? BIN 09, 183 3; 1(diš) ^geše₂ zabar BIN 10, 150 6. ELA/Old Babylonian/Nippur balag li-li-eš₃ [zabar] OB Contracts, pl. A6 no. 5 10'.ELA/Old Babylonian/Umma 1(diš) 2/3(diš) ma-na zabar AUCT 3, 412 1; sag zabar-a-bi šu-agi₄-gi₄-dam AUCT 3, 412 4. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu 1(aš@c) zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun DP 051 o ii 4; 1(aš@c) zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun DP 069 o i 1; 1(aš@c) zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun DP 069 o ii 6. unknown/ED IIIb/Nippur 1(aš@c) URI^urudu zabar OSP 1, 095 4;8(aš@c) ha-[zi] zabar urudu OSP 1, 098 1; zabar mah-zu mu-URU^!? ASJ 16, p. 43-46 prism v 14. unknown/ED IIIb/unclear 5(aš@c) zabar MC 4, 07 o i 4. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown 1(aš@c) ha-zi zabar₃ ITT 5, 09249 o i 1. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab 1(aš@c)ma-ša-lum zabar OIP 014, 100 1; 1(aš@c) šu-nig₂ zabar OIP 014, 103 1; 1(aš@c) kun-gag zabar OIP 014, 103 2. unknown/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(aš) zabar šu MVN 10, 137 1.unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown [...] zabar PBS 09, 072 2; 1(aš@c) pa₂-tar₂ zabar PBS 09, 132 3; sa₁₀ zabar-kam STTI 054 4; sa₁₀ zabar-kam STTI 054 2; 1/2(aš@c) ma-na6(aš@c) gin₂ zabar STTI 054 2; 1(aš@c) pisan tur zabar gu₂-ne-sag gal₂-a ITT 2, 04690 o ii 5. unknown/Ur III/Drehem 1(diš) ^zabarma₂-gur₈ zabar MVN 15, 226 1; 1(diš)šu-ša-gar zabar MVN 20, 031 1; 1(diš) kun-du₃ zabar MVN 20, 031 2. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 1(diš) 2/3(diš) ma-na 2/3(diš) gin₂ zabar ASJ 18, 166 8 r ii 13; 1(u) 2(diš)1/3(diš) ma-na 5(diš) gin₂ zabar ASJ 18, 167 9 o ii 10; 1(u) 2(diš) 2/3(diš) ma-na 5(diš)gin₂ zabar ASJ 18, 167 9 o i 8. unknown/Ur III/Nippur 8(diš) gin₂ zabar BBVO 11, 268, 5N-T500 1; 1(diš) ga-uh₃ gal zabar BBVO 11, 298, 6N-T717 5. unknown/Ur III/Umma1(diš) kuš sa zabar LÕuomo 55 o i 19; ba-ri₂-ga zabar MVN 16, 0669 3; 1(diš) a₂-aš-gar zabar MVN 16, 1142 1. unknown/Ur III/Ur 1(diš) šu ša nig₂ zabar SAT 2, 0039 1';1(diš) kun-kak zabar SAT 2, 0039 2'; 4(diš) ^gešdur₂ zabar sumun SAT 2, 0039 4';1(diš) gir₂-ur₂-ra zabar sumun SAT 2, 0039 5'. unknown/Ur III/unclear [x] ma-di-tumzabar ba x x x x MVN 18, 618 5. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown 1(diš) ^gišgu-za ser₃-[da] zabar gar-ra TLB 5, 08 1.

~ hi[mix]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur zabar hi-a OB Nippur Ura 2 539. ELA/Ur III/GirsuŠU+LAGAB 4(diš) gal za-hum zabar hi-a HSS 04, 005 r ii 2; 1(u) 5(diš) gal za-hum zabarhi-a MVN 17, 007 14; 6(diš) ha-zi zabar hi-a MVN 17, 007 18; [x] za-hum zabar hi-aOTR 244 16; 6(diš) ha-zi-in zabar hi-a TUT 126 o i 17; [x] la₂ 1(diš) gal za-hum zabarhi-a UDT 001 11. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab ŠU+LAGAB 3(u) 2(aš@c) zabar hi-a OIP 014, 103 4. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 3(diš) gal za-hum zabar hi-a ASJ 18, 167 9 r i 5; 3(diš)gal za-hum zabar hi-a ASJ 18, 167 9 r i 16.

See: guza gar zabar ĝar; mar zabar; šu zabar du.

2. arrowhead

3. weapon

4. metal mirror

5. (to be) shiny

6. measuring vessel made of bronze

7. a metal bowl

8. bronze

Akk. ebbu "bright; pure; clean"; hutpu "bronze arrowhead"; kakku "stick; weapon"; mušālu "metal mirror"; namru "bright, shining"; qû "a capacity measure, as measuring vessel"; sappu "a bowl; a lance"; siparru "bronze".

[1992] P. Steinkeller and J.N. Postgate, LAT 48.

See ETCSL: zabar=bronze.

ša'uša [LANCE] wr. ^ĝešša₃-u₁₉-ša₄ "a lance" Akk. sappu

[1]

^ĝešša3-u19-ša4 (^gešša3-u19-ša4)

1. a lance

Akk. sappu "a bowl; a lance".

UD.KA.BAR

zabar

zabar [BRONZE].

Full listing.

Also: sipar, zibar.

zabar	zabar [BRONZE]
zabar-dab5	zabardab [OFFICIAL]
zabar-šu	zabaršu [MIRROR]

Sippar (Sumerian: Zimbir) was an ancient Near Eastern city on the east bank of the Euphrates river, located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah in Iraq's Babil Governorate, some 60 km north of Babylon and 30 km southwest of Baghdad.

History

Despite the fact that thousands of cuneiform tablets have been recovered at the site, relatively little is known about the history of Sippar. As was often the case in Mesopotamia, it was part of a pair of cities, separated by a river. Sippar was on the east side of the Euphrates, while its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum, was on the west.

While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic period of the 3rd millennium BC, the Old Babylonian period of the 2nd millennium BC, and theNeo-Babylonian time of the 1st millennium BC. Lesser levels of use continued into the time of the Achaemenid, Seleucid andParthian Empires.

Sippar was the cult site of the sun god (Sumerian Utu, Akkadian Shamash) and the home of his temple E-babbara.

The Code of Hammurabi stele was probably erected at Sippar. Shamash was the god of justice, and he is depicted handing authority to the king in the image at the top of the stele. A closely related motif occurs on some cylinder seals of the Old Babylonian period. By the end of the 19th century BC, Sippar was producing some of the finest Old Babylonian cylinder seals.

Sippar has been suggested as the location of the Biblical Sepharvaim in the Old Testament, which alludes to the two parts of the city in its dual form.

Classical speculation on Sippar

Xisuthros, the "Chaldean Noah" in Sumerian mythology, is said by Berossus to have buried the records of the antediluvian world here—possibly because the name of Sippar was supposed to be connected with sipru, "a writing". And according to Abydenus, Nebuchadnezzar II excavated a great reservoir in the neighbourhood.

Pliny (Natural History 6.30.123) mentions a sect, or school of Chaldeans called the Hippareni.

Akkadian:

siparru 
zabar [BRONZE] wr. zabar; zabar₃ "(to be) bright, pure; arrowhead; weapon; metal mirror; (to be) shiny; measuring vessel made of bronze; a metal bowl; bronze" Akk. ebbu; hutpu; kakku; mušālu; namru; qû; sappu; siparru

sippu 
ĝeškanak [JAMB] wr. ĝeš-kan₄-na; ni-iš-ka-an-ka-na-ak "a part of a door frame, door jamb" Akk. giškanakku; sippu 
zadu [JAMB] wr. za₃-du₈ "door jamb" Akk. sippu

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