Before the Celts.

Pre-Norman Britain

1. Prehistory division

• 10000 - 8000 BC - Paleolith

• 8000-4800BC –Mezolith

• 4800-2000 BC- Neolith

• 2000-600 BC – Bronze Age: The Beaker Folk

• 600 BC- Iron Age

2. Prehistory

• 25,000 BC– The first settlement in the British Isles- the end of the Ice Age. One of the periods in Ic eAge finishes, the Ice melts and what emerges from the ice is lush forest. The forest attracts the hunters from the south of Europe. The hunters move to the South Britain. During that time Britain was a peninsula and not an Island. They could have wandered unchecked and settled in what is now Britain

• 18,000 BC- Habitation ceases- the Ice Age hits again!

• 10,000 BC - Settlement resumed -Continuous settlement of what is now Great Britain

• 7000-5000 BC – Global Warming. Melts the Ice. Sea Level rises. Britain becomes an Island. It is SEPARATED(Alienated! Cut Off! Isolated! Disconnected!) from the Main Land Europe. Despite the bad juju of the word, this brought some good stuff. It did not in fact lead to isolation! It increased the amount of contact between the mainland Europe and British Island. It in fact is a beginning of British being expert sailors!

• 4000 BC – Neolithic Revolution – Transition from the nomadic lifestyle to settlements. Man learns how to cultivate crops, clear forests, rare animals. Culture and civilization begins. (Recommended reading → Norman Davis; Karen Armstrong A Short History of Myth) Orkney, north of Scotland →Skara Brae → Europe's most complete Neolithic Village discovered in1815.

3. The first settlers: Pre Norman Britain

• Iberians -3000 BC

• The Beaker People – 2000 BC Bronze Age

• The Celts -1000/800 BC – 43AD

• The Romans – 55/54 BC – 43AD

• The Angles, Saxons and Jutes

• The Vikings

The Celtic Supremacy 1000/800BC- 43AD

1. Keltoi (gr) – a stranger, foreginer, emigrant

2. -Tacitus – pretium victoriae – Worth the conquest

3. Celts came from the upper reaches and tributaries of three major rivers :

   1. The Rhine (Ren)

   2. The Rhone (Rodan)

   3. The Danube (Dunaj)

4. Fun Fact → Southern part of Modern Poland were influenced by the Celts → Norman Davis → Holy Cross Mountains and Krakow, also a grave of a celtic chief buried in the modern district of Kujawy.

   1. Sources:

      • -Herodotus – Nesoi Kassiterides, the tin islands

      • -Pytheas of Massilia – Pretanike, Ierne, Nesos Albionon.

5. Society: fast developing, dynamic, we know everything from sources produced by the people from other cultures, travelers rich culture: trade (Tin, Jewellery), agriculture, artwork, first towns – St. Albans, Colchester

6. Celts had a primitive alphabet called Ogham but they wouldn't use it, because everything worth knowing should be remembered. There was a ban on writing. Druids had all access to the knowledge.

7. Social Structure of a Celtic Tribe:

   1. -Ruled by either King or a Queen.

   2. -Farmers and Merchants (Middle Class)

   3. -Working Class

   4. -Slaves

8. Two groups of people close to the Monarch

   1. Druids – spiritual leaders, responsible for rituals, education and knowledge (Knowledge is Power). To become a druid one had to study for twenty years. Druids would advise the ruler. Women could also be druids. Celts believed that soul resided in the head, so to make your enemy really dead you had to remove his head(Common image- a Celtic warrior riding with a head strapped to his saddle.). Human sacrifice is common too

   2. The Fianna or Fenians. They are a sort of Celtic Royal Bodyguards. Sort of. Fionn MacCumhaill or Finn MacCool – most known Fenian. In fact they were so popular that they were written down. Believed to be a prototype of King Arthur.

9. People were generally positive towards Celtic Britain

Roman Britain 55 BC -410 AD: From Prehistory Into History

1. The first man who came up with the idea of conquering of Celts was Julius Caesar, who did it for Prestige.

2. 55 BC – the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar sets sail from Gaul. His plan is sabotaged twice by bad weather.

3. 54 BC –First Roman Invasion - He finally arrives. Nothing changed. The whole thing was completely and utterly uneventful. He got there, declared Britain the Roman Province, Celts said “OK”, and he went back to Gaul to fight some riots.

4. 43 AD –Second Roman Invasion - Claudius (smarter than Caesar) invades Britain. He figures that for the invasion to be eventful he needs a large army (40-50k soldiers 10% of regular Roman army). He reaches Britain and starts exterminating of those who don't collaborate. He burns villages, destroys places of worship and other important things for Celts. Claudius had a cunning plan. He offered sons of Celtic Nobility a trip to Rome for them to see Roman Dolce Vita. They were to taste the splendor, love it, and start following Rome. Time of Roman settlement, huge mistakes and paradoxes.

5. 60 AD – the Queen Boudicca, of the East Anglian tribe of the Iceni, resists Roman occupation. One governor (Gaius Suetonius Paulinus) decided to turn the East Anglia into slave province. The governor invited Boudicca on a meeting along with her daughters. Then he ordered for queen to be flogged and for her daughters to be raped. Boudicca then marches to Colchester and slaughters every Roman there. Then she moves to London and burns it to ground. Boudicca was defeated by regular Roman Army. Boudicca is seen as prototype woman warrior and a symbol of resistance against Roman Rule.

6. 2nd Century Onwards : Fusion of Celtic and Roman culture. The beginning of Romano-British Culture. Three areas in which Roman influences on Celtic culture

   1. Landscape - The world of Roman invaders starts with Barracks and Garrisons. Then forts. Then they built roads. The climax is that they start building cities.

   2. Economy- After 43 AD some fifty thousand soldiers settled in Britain. They became the first wage-earners in Britain. And actually first people with money to spend there as well.Their presence is responsible for radical enrichment of British Society.

   3. Multiculturalism and spiritualism - People who came to British (the invaders) where from all the empire. They were multicultural(different religions, beliefs, cultures). Multiculturalism was an integral part of Roman Empire.

7. Londinium 43 AD Theories for the origin of the name:

   1. Llyn-don a town by the stream

   2. Londons – fierce

   3. Laindon – long hill

They built the city, right after the invasion in order to achieve the control over the conquered territory (consolidation of power)

8. The Roman walls(3km long, 6m high, 2,5 wide) froze the city for centuries (The Square Mile) -Lord Mayor of London – the King of Square Mile

9. The arrival of first Christians( Archeologists found Chi-Rho Monogram [Px thingie]).

10. Pelagius – the first heretic, said that being a good person was enough to get salvation

Anglo-Saxon Britain

1. Last years of the 4th century – the Rome is in big trouble. There is a great political turmoil Tribes are on the move. Rome is attacked from every possible direction. The empire is just about to fall.

2. 407 - “departure of the Romans” - the end of Roman Britain. Army is withdrawn from Britain. The bond between Rome and Britain is broken. It creates a vacuum of power. Britain becomes a target for everyone- Irish from the west, Picts from the North and Germanic tribes.

3. Two strong groups

   1. Those who adopted Roman lifestyles

   2. Those who rejected the Roman lifestyle and maintained Celtic Lifestyle.

Those two groups start a war for power.

4. -Vitalinus one of the Celtic king becomes The Vortigen (Overlord), the most powerful man in Britain. Seeing no other option for winning he comes up with a cunning plan that does not work. He asks Hengist - “an early form of contract-killer”. After Hengist and his brother did the work Vitalinus forgot to pay him. In turn Hengist took some of the land. This leads to:

5. 449 AD – The first Anglo-Saxon landing takes place. Three Germanic tribes land:

   1. Saxons – Southern part of Britain

   2. Jutes - Kent

   3. Angles - “Angle-Land” England – North of the river Thames.

6. Saxons were illiterate – no records written by them of the events of 5th/6th century.

7. Anglo-Saxons

   1. Destroyed political order in Britain (Saxons were organised into tribes)

   2. Destroyed economy

   3. Caused the immigration of the British elite

8. Anglo-Saxon contributions to British Culture:

9. Social organisation of Tribes into kingdom (Germanic Model) –

   1. Heptarchy (From Greek hepta -seven Seven Rulers)

      • Northumbria (A) (680)

      • Mercia (A) (655)

      • East Anglia (A) (700)

      • Sussex (S) (709)

      • Wessex (S) (634)

      • Essex (S)

      • Kent (J)

   2. Witan(agemot) – the council of the Elders -chief's decision is to be first discussed with the Council

   3. Fyrd - A type of army called up only during the time of war (Armia Kontraktowa)

Unification of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

Introduction of Christianity

1. The process of conversion to Christianity starts in 6th Century

2. 597 -St. Augustine lands in Kent, founds a Benedictine monastery at Canterbury and converts King Aethelbert of Kent. It turns out that Aethelber's wife was Christian (Pope thought that Aethelbert would convert easily because he was already familiar with the rituals → The reason for sending St. Augustine to Kent)

3. The process of converting of Britain to Christianity takes about 100 years.

4. Anglo-Saxon kingdom are due to that influenced by Latin culture (Headquarters at Rome). With Christianity comes literacy. Monasteries became the centers for learning and education.

5. Reciprocity (wzajemność) of relationships between the King and The Pope. The Church becomes a great supporter of the King (Represented as God's deputy on Earth – Stronger Position).

6. By the end of the 7th century Seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have finally one thing in common –religion.

7. History of Heptarchy is the history of wars between the kingdoms.

   1. Mercia – King Offa – first Anglo-Saxon monarch who managed to consolidate power over a large part of Heptarchy. He enjoyed international reputation ( he was known on the Continent – first king to be addressed by the Pope as the “King of English”. “My Dearest Brother” - Charlemagne). He extends his power to Northumbria, and parts of East Anglia and Essex. -Another step in unification (Mercian Empire). Mercia controls the large part of the Empire. But then Offa die and days of Mercia's Glory are over.

   2. 829 – The King Egbert manages to unite all the kingdoms (it didn't last long). Other kings began to rebel but still another step to unification was taken.

   3. After Offa dies power is taken over by Wessex

8. In the meantime very strange things happen in England, namely :

THE SCANDINAVIAN INVASION

1. June 28, 793 - “the heathen men miserably destroyed God's church at Lindisfarne with rapine and slaughter. Lindisfarne monastery were destroyed

Next attacks:

1. 794 – Jarrow monastery were destroyed

2. 795 –Iona monastery were destroyed

Vikings attacked undefended monastaries.

2. Vikings:

   1. Norsmen

   2. Normans, people of the North

   3. Viking; viken -people of the Fjords

   4. Danes; thegn - warriors

   5. to go Viking – to go off as pirate.

3. Vikings were among the most mobile people of Europe at the time (They were pretty much everywhere – North America (Vinland), Greenland, Paris, Iceland, Kiev (founded by Vikings), Smolensk(founded by Vikings)) They could produce boats that were capable of sailing shallow waters. Vikings were trying to gain land.

4. Invasions were time of “production” of national heroes. The vikings performed a very big part in unification (Uniting against the common threat).

5. People who resisted Vikings invasions:

   1. Brian Boru – Ireland – the symbol of Irish resistance against the Vikings

   2. Kennet MacAlpin -Scotland

   3. Alfred the Great – England

   4. People start to identify with something bigger.

6. Time line of invasions

   1. 793. Lindisfarne monastery were destroyed

   2. 794 – Jarrow monastery were destroyed

   3. 795 –Iona monastery were destroyed

   4. Until 830s – infrequent (testing the land for settlement)

   5. Exception the Isle of Men (Headquarters; Tinvald -first parliament)

   6. After 850 -large scale invasion – regular settlement.

   7. 871 the battle of Ashdown, king Aethelred of Wessex (brother of Alfred) wins with Danelaw (Vikings). King Alfred: Reformation of defense system, building of fortressess, becomes a father of the English fleet

   8. 878 – the battle of Edington, King Alfred fights with Vikings and wins. King Guthrum agrees on the borderline and accepts Christianity.

7. The outcome- the creation of the Danelaw (England).

8. Wessex is not incorporated – becomes the symbol of Anglo-Saxon resistance against the Viking. Wessex produces the man responsible for pushing back the Danes -Alfred the Great.

   1. A great soldier

   2. A great scholar

   3. A great politician

   4. He was a clever man, and a man “who had dream”. His dream was to push the Danes back from Danelaw. He was aware that it was not the one-man project. He was a aware of its extent.

   5. First of all he realized that in order to push the Vikings back from Danelaw he needed a strong army, and for that he needed time. At the time he did not have enough soldiers so he decided to buy the Vikings off. They agreed to leave Wessex alone, but after a while they realized that it was not the best idea so they returned (but with no money). But Alfred was more or less ready and he went into hiding and began a Guerilla War (Thanks to that he became a legend [Che Guevara???]) Wessex won and King Gothram had to accept the peace treaty Alfred created. (Accepting the Christianity – Alfred was his godfather). That began the -Reconquest of the Danelaw -Alfred reorganizes the army and build the fleet.

9. The process is continued by his son.

   1. 930-990 – England free from Viking attacks.

   2. Ethelred the Unready (Bezradny) – utopian desire to show the world that he was a great man and soldier. He butchered hundreds of Danes in Oxford. On the very next England was invaded again.

   3. Viking's full-scale invasion by Svein Tjugeskjegg

10. Canute (1016-1035), the son of Świętosława, the grandson of Mieszko I England is now Wildermuth. Facing Scandinavia (Part of Scandinavian Empire). His death starts conflict around the throne.

    1. Godwin, the earl of Wessex. -Canute's advisor.

11. Edward the Confessor (Wyznawca) (1042-1066) wind the battle. He was brought up in Normandy. His first language was French. He was brought up surrounded by nobility. Godwin was always there waiting for his chance. When Edward became the king, Godwin was still around. He arranged the marriage of his daughter and Edward. Edward the Confessor was not fond of his wife so he REFUSED to sleep with his wife. Godwin still fortunately has sons. So the rumor was spread that Edward touched the hand of Harold Godwin (meaning that he wanted him to be the next king.

12. 1066 -Edward dies heirless. Harold Godwin and William of Normandy say they have equal rights to become kings. War broke up.

    1. Harold Godwin

    2. William of Normandy (The Bastard)..

13. The impasse is solved as usual by war.

14. Harold's Army

    1. 3000 huscarls -professional soldiers

    2. the core of the army was provided by 5000 thanes – or nobleman

    3. 13000 part-time soldiers – the fyrd – obliged to give 2 months service to the king each year.

15. Williams gathers army in August 1066 in Normandy and waits for the wind to invade England.

16. Godwin's brother attacked York, therefore Harold runs with his army to York and wins with his brother and then the wind blows, due to that he runs back with his army to Hastings. In October part-time soldiers should have been released.

17. 14 October 1066 -the battle of Hastings -slaughter. Regular slaughter. The Anglo-Saxon England was exterminated. England was no longer facing Scandinavia. Half of Anglo-Saxon nobility were murdered. The rest was depossessed. They became strangers in their own land. Their place is taken by Norman nobility “Foreigner grew wealthy with the spoils of England, while her own sons were either shamefully slain or driven as exiles to wander hopelessly through foreign kingdoms” Orderic Vitalis

Britain 1066-1485

1. The Reign of William I (1066-1087)

   1. Consolidation of power:

   2. Castles, land and Domesday book

   3. William built lots of Castles. (he forbid anyone else from building them) (Most of English castles were built in 11th century).

   4. The deal made with his people when he went to conquer the Britain was “You help me → You get the land”

   5. gave church privilege to his own courts, but bishops and archbishops appointed by the king. If they wanted to make an appeal to the pope, this would have to be accepted by the king

   6. rebellions, which he suppressed

   7. Doomsday book → William was the first data based king. To get the taxes he needed to know how many people are under his reign, how much they have and how much can he take from them. Thus he sent out an army of Royal Clerks to gather the needed information.

      • Domesday Book 1085/86

      • Dom – (OE) -accounting, reckoning

2. After William's death...

   1. William II Rufus

   2. Henry I

3. William's grandchildren

   1. Stephen (1135-1154)

   2. Matilda

Stephen and Matilda wage a civil war and destroy pretty much everything William and his sons built. Matilda marries Geoffrey of Anjou, thus defeating Stephen.

3. Angevin Empire

4. Anjou, Angers

5. house of Anjou or Angevin dynasty

6. -Planta Genista -janowiec/ żarnowiec

Plantagenets beat Stephen. The deal is that Stephen keeps the throne but Matilda's son Henry gets the throne.

4. The Family Firm : The Plantagenets

   1. Henry II (1154-1189) + Eleanor of Acquitane

      • Henry II:

        • 1152 – marriage of Henry and Eleanor. Eleanor had wealth and territories.

        • 1153 Henry Plantagenet crossed the channel.

        • Henry spoke no English.

        • the professional courts (Stationary in Westminster and touring ones) (Specializations)

        • the first legal textbook

        • common law

      • The problem of the Church:

        • Priests were not subjects to the Royal Law but to the Church Law

        • Henry didn't like that and thought that Clerics were also supposed to be tried by Royal Courts

        • Pope didn't like that at all.

        • Conflict is ready!

        • Henry II thinks that if he has people in church structures he will have an upper hand.

5. Murder in the Cathedral. Thomas Becket (son of a wealty merchant and friend of a King) becomes the Archbishop.The problem is that Becket started to support the Pope in the midgame

   1. December 29th 1170 – four knights enter the Canterbury Cathedral and murder Becket and mutilate his body

6. Henry II's sons:

   1. Richard the Lionheart -1189 – the coronation – Mister permanently-not-at-home (He spends six months in total in England). He didn't have time to meddle with the changes his father started. He needed money for Crusades and thus he emptied the treasury. Problems started when Richard was taken prisoner. The ransom for his head were 34 tons of gold. Nobody in England had that kind of money.

   2. John the Lackland -probably the worst King of England EVER. Richard dies and John happily becomes the king. He doesn't have money for it though.

The XIII century: The Age of Paradox

1. Henry II's sons:

   1. Richard the Lionheart – 1189 the coronation, absent king. Ruled for 10 years, he spent all his time on crusades. He spent in England only 6 months. Crusades were very expensive, Richard used nearly all of English money for the crusades. Because Richard was absent, all the laws were stabilized, they weren't changing for the time while he was the king

   2. John the Lackland – the worst king in the English history. Lawlessness of the king and his administration. He was in a situation when the budget was empty. He started imposing high taxes. John was putting nobility into prison. For the first time English barons realised they could use law against the king's administration. The recognition of their power led to: Magna Carta (15 July 1215, 63 clauses, it represented the interest of the nobility and land owners). Magna Carta was canceled by the pope, after John went to him to complain he was forced to sign a document he didn't like.

2. Henry III (1216-1272), during his reign English parliament began. He was 9yrs old when his father died and inherited the throne.

   1. 1258 – the Provisions of Oxford, Simon de Montfort wanted to limit the power of the monarchy, while Henry wanted it to be the other way around. Provisions of Oxford was one of the most revolutionary programs of changes in medieval England. The idea of the country ruled by the council (bishops and English nobility). The king signed it, having no choice, becoming a 'co-ruler'.

   2. 1263 – the beginning of the civil war, the king organised the army and fought with the English barons.

   3. 1264 – the battle of Lewes, Henry the III and his son Edward were imprisoned. Council is ruling the country.

   4. 1265 – the beginning of Parliament, it wasn't the first meeting, but there were people representing various groups.

   5. Henry's first son broke from the imprisonment and organized an army royal to the king, who is freed. During the following battle, Simon is killed.

14th Century: The Century of Unrest

1. -The reign of Edward I (1272-1307)

   1. 1290 – The expulsion of Jews. They were invited and protected by the monarchy, because they wanted their money.

      • Usury (Lichwa)- reason for hating them

      • Blood Libels – rituals, the idea of them were that Jews drink blood of little babies, after they were very hated by society, anti-Semitism was very common.

      • York – 150 Jews were murdered by people, who borrowed money from them.

      • 1275 – Statue of the Jewry – all Jews have to wear signs, that they are Jews, usury became illegal, Jews were not allowed to posses land

      • 1285 – Religious observance were banned even in homes

      • 1290 – the edict of Expulsion was signed by king, and Jews were deported from England

   2. Edward the Longshanks, The Hammer of Scots

   3. Edward wanted to built English empire, a domestic empire. The first truly English King -English imperialism – Notion for the Britain to be united by England → Edward decides to extend his power to Scotland and Wales → He turns Wales into dependent territory (sort of English colony)

2. 13^th century – colonization of Wales

3. 13^th /14^th war with Scotland

   • The Stone of Scone – famous coronation stone of Scottish monarchy, stolen by Edward 1^st , it was kept in Westminster Abbey under the English coronation chair. It was returned to Scotland in 1996- act showing that Scots have sort of autonomous power

   • 1314 – The battle of Bannockburn won by Scotland. Declaration of Arbroath – Scots write to the Pope saying that they are independent from the English

   • 1328 – Edward 3^rd recognizes the independence of Scotland

4. The Plague – King Death

   1. 1348 -33%-50% population dead

   2. Yersinia Pestis person who started everything.

   3. Bubos – Bubonic plague

   4. 1361-64, 1368, 1371, 1373-75, 1390, 1405

   5. The beginning of the end of the feudal system in England – the serf died en masse resulting in a shortage of labour-> The serfs started to negotiate their working conditions

   6. The authority of the Catholic church is challenged.

5. Social and political consequences of the Plague.

   1. 1381 Peasants' Revolt Old village elites were replaced by the new.\

      • 1381 – Break out of the revolt, King send tax collectors to villages, and they were beaten and thrown out, and a month later they back with army.

      • Wat Tyler – the general, who lead the army

      • John Ball- a landlord, anticlerical, idea of equality

      • March from Exeter to London in a glorious formation of a Mob. 5 thousands – of angry men are marching toward London to express their anger, they want equality, stabilization

      • King promised to meet with Watt Tyler and start negotiations, they made a “New Magna Carta” to protect the interests of poor people, but king murdered Watt Tyler ;< Revolutionaries were executed.

   2. Shortage of Labour → Serf are capable of negotiating new conditions of labor

6. 100 years war ( 1337 – 1453)

   1. A lot of little wars with France

   2. Limitation of English power in France

   3. Help to Scotch revolts by France

   4. Claims to French throne by King

   5. French Army- better than English, more people, better flight and everything happened in France.

   6. Archers – English secret weapon, so dangerous that if they were caught their fingers were cut off to punish and humiliate them.

   7. 1360 –the Treaty of Bretigny/ Calais (English enlarge their territory).

   8. 1415 – culmination of English success The battle of Agincourt, Henry 8^th, England won.

   9. 1425 – both king died, radical turn

   10. 1429 Joanna D’Arc – the defending of the Orleans she claimed that she has connection with god, she lead the army and became saint.

   11. 1452 – peace was signed, the end of war

7. The battle of the roses 1455-1485

   1. The one of the most brutal civil wars,

   2. House of York – White rose

   3. House of Lancaster – Red rose

   4. The sides were fighting for everything

   5. Executions of prisoners, a lot of English nobility were exterminated

   6. Henry Tudor - distant relative to the house of Lancaster decided to unite houses

   7. 1485 – the battle of Bosworth field After the battle Henry marries Elsabeth of York. Thus houses are married to each other.

Reformation In England

1. Martin Luther's grievances (1517 Wittenburg).

   1. indulgences-odpusty-“buying off” sins should be forbidden: the case of John Tetzel and Pope Leo X- making the Vatican into a Palace.

   2. Priests are not divine beings

   3. Priests should be subject to the law of the land

   4. People should be able to read and understand the Bible

   5. Transubstantiation (przeistoczenie). - or rather the lack of it during the mass. Thus a role of the priest is reduced significantly.

   6. Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments)-ironically written by Henry VIII – for that he gets the title of Fidei Defensor - “Defender of the Faith” from the Pope

2. Henry VIII (he was not predicted to be King, and he was brought up by women)+ Catherine of Aragon (His first wife). Henry wanted a son. No luck with Cathy (she gave him a daughter). Henry VIII wanted a divorce but the pope was not that enthusiastic about the idea (Pope wanted to be friends with King of Spain) So Old man Henry started to look for justification to divorce her. And he found one. “If a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing […] they shall be childless” Leviticus, chapter 20, verse 21. Catherine was first a wife of Henry's brother Arthur. After Arthur kicked it Henry inherited the throne and the wife. And by marrying her he committed a Sin

   1. 1532 – The Submission of the Clergy – the documents stops English Priests from sending money to Rome.

   2. Thomas Cranmer – The Archbishop of Canterbury (Important Fella – The Real Architect of Reformation in England – he worked out the protestant dogma)

   3. 1533 – His marriage to Catherine was annulled and he married Anne (Mary → His daughter from the first marriage loses the right to the throne. Doesn't work). The Act in Restraint of Appeals → No foreigner can have power in England (ie. The Pope).

   4. 1534 – The Act of Succession. Henry made himself Head of the Church in England and the Act of Supremacy made this official.

   5. 1536- Dissolution of Monasteries – The problem is Henry VIII was a total bankrupt at that time so he figured out that taking over the property of the Church was a way to solve it. It had many social and cultural consequences. First the Monastery was a centre of Education. Most of Manuscripts that were kept in Monasteries were destroyed (covers – full of ornaments, precious stones. In other words Very Expensive → The beginning of the antiquarian movement in England → John Leland and Matthew Parker). Land sold to the gentry ( The gap between the poor and the gentry widens). Depopulation of villages. Monasteries were centre of economic life of villages around it. It provided job to people. Whenever a monastery was build, soon small villages were built around it.

   6. NOTE: Religious dogma of Catholic Church remain unchanged in England

   7. 1539 – The Act of Six Articles – Henry VIII makes it clear that no religious dogma is changed.

   8. 1539 – publication of the Bible in English

   9. Edward VI (1547-1553) (Inherits not only the throne but also Syphilis from his father and days at the age of 22 or so.

3. Thomas Cranmer – the real architect of reformation.

   1. Book of Common Prayer (1549) – Modlitewnik Powszechny. One book of common prayer is used in the ENTIRE country. First time something like that happens in England.

   2. 42 Articles of Religion (1553) – The list of all things protestants should believe in.

4. 1553 – Edward Dies. And there is that tiny itty bitty problem of succession. Mary was around but she was a Catholic (and majority of English were surprise surprise Catholic.). So people began to think how to put her on the throne. So Protestants started to look for someone to take the throne that wasn't Mary was Protestant and was Tudor.

   1. Lady Jane Grey becomes the Queen. She fainted after the news (she realized that she was a pawn). And so she ruled for the whole 9 days. On the tenth day Mary I decides to take over the throne.

   2. Lady Jane Grey is imprisoned and in 1554 she and her husband are executed

The Reign of Elisabeth the First

1. Mary The First “Bloody Mary”(1553 – 1558) – a Catholic She made 3 mistakes when she became a queen.

   1. When she became the queen she was already 34, she needed to have a child and a catholic husband, she married the king of Spain, who's catholic, but people do not want to be ruled by foreigner.

   2. She disappeared from public life because she's pregnant. People are waiting for her kid, however it turns out she wasn't pregnant. She tried for a long time to get pregnant, but she couldn't. When finally she thought she had a kid, it was a cancer

   3. She dragged England in war with France. Usually it was good, but this time England had only Cale in the mainland, the result of the war she started was lose of that territory

   4. -Marriage – Marries a foreigner (King of Spain), what was not exactly a popular thing. Shame.

   5. War – Mary drags England into a war with France. English were not exactly that happy about being dragged into that war (since the last one was not exactly successful), and loses Calais.

   6. Religion – Mary is driven by a desire to restore Roman Catholicism in England.

   7. 1554 – All the members of the Parliament are forced to kneel down and apologise to the pope for all the anti-papal thingies they did – symbolical apology of the whole country

   8. Heresy Law 1554 – being a protestant is a Crime. All who didn't run away or converted are BURNED at stakes.

   9. John Foxe Book of Martyrs (1563) – quite a piece of Propaganda, a record of all crimes committed by people under Mary – quite popular – the second most avaliable book in England for TWO CENTURIES

   10. People started to associate Catholicism with lawlessness and blood and stuff and foreigners while Protestantism was seen as patriotic and heroic. Thus Mary Failed rather epically at her attempts of reinforce Catholicism in English

   11. Mary died of Stomach Cancer in 1558 heirless.

3. The reign of Elizabeth I (1558 -1603)

   1. The first monarch aware of the power of the image (PR). It mattered to have a good image. During her time a great manner of portraits were made. Portrait with a sieve : Symbol of Purity

2. Time of relative stability and peace and stuff. During her reign it was felt for the first time that it was good to be English. The beginning of the overseas expansion.

3. Religious Policy

   • Governor of the Church of England – not as proud of Henry VIII, Elizabeth wanted to make space for Catholics and protestants at the same church

   • Book of Common Prayer restored

   • The return of the exiled priests

   • Some Christian ceremonies kept

4. 1570 – The Pope excommunicates Elizabeth; a series of Catholic plots against Elizabeth. A great number of persecutions of Catholics in England.

5. Bloody questions – people who were thought to be Catholics were taken to prisons and questioned in very bloody way

1. Elizabeth vs Mary Stuart

   1. Mary Stuart – Grand-daughter of Henry VIII's sister Margaret

   2. 1561 Mary returns to Scotland as Queen (she asks Elizabeth the 1^st if she could pass the England to get into Scotland, but she weren’t allowed to do it)

   3. 1565 Marries Lord Darnlet (lazy drunker). Has a son James

   4. 1567 Darnley murdered. Marries James Hepburn, Lord Bothwell. Mary is seen as prostitute and Hepburn exits stage right.

   5. 1568 Flees to England. Mary is put under house arrest.

   6. 1587 Mary is executed

2. The War with Spain

   1. 1588 – Tillbury, she gave a speech to the army, so they were motivated to fight the biggest Spanish army ever, a lot of Spanish soldiers died, a head of armada had sea disease, English ships were faster and better.

3. 1603 – Elizabeth 1^st dies

1. 1649-1660 interregnum

2. James I – he wanted to be a peacemaker

   1. Robert Catesby and Guy Fawkes- wanted to burn a parliament, Gun powder plot, initiation of catholic revolution, they rent a house against parliament and made a tunnel and put under the parliament 50 boxes f gun powder

   2. 5^th November 1605 – a leak out, public hanging something very similar to street festival.

3. Charles I and Parliament

   1. To dissolve

      • 1625 – dissolves Parliament (Screw you, we won't lend you the money – in each case)

      • 1626 – dissolves Parliament

        • forced loans

        • billeting (billet – a house) -quartering the soldiers in private households (Not belonging to soldiers that is)

      • 1629 – dissolves Parliament

      • 1629-1640 -”11-year-tyranny”

      • Long Parliament 1640- 1660– the wars with Scotland

        • The Kirk – separate Church in Scotland [Presbyterian]

        • Presbyter – priest

4. Civil Wars 1642 -1649

   1. Royalists vs Parliamentarians

   2. 1st Civil War – 1642-1646

   3. 2nd Civil War -1647-1649

   4. 1649- King is executed (First time in history)

   5. House of Lords is suspended. And the question arises who will rule:

      • Republicans? (The Rump Parliament)

      • Royals?

      • The Army?

   6. Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658)

      • the statesman and soldier

      • one of the greatest English generals

      • in charge of the Ironsides – the battle of Marston Moor

      • a general of house of New Model Army

   7. 1649 – Cromwell orders the massacre of Drogheda and Wexford (Contamination of Anglo-Irish relations for centuries). Royalist are killed. Christian dispossessed. Those people were unarmed.

5. Cromwell and the Scots

   1. 1649 – The Scottish estates proclaim Charles II the king

   2. 1650- Cromwell defeats the Scots at Dunbar

   3. 1651 – Charles II is crowned at Scone. Invades England and is defeated at Worcester.

   4. 1653- Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament. Only House of Common, because House of Lords were accused with King.

   5. The Barebone Parliament meets (Nominated Assembly) -People loyal to Cromwell. Dissolved after few months due to in-fighting,

6. Cromwell becomes Lord Protektor (1653-1658)

He refused to be a king, he believed that he works in the name of god, he divided England into zones, each zone controlled by general, he believed in moral campaign, he introduces a lot of regulations which aim was to increase morality of people, he banned drinking beer, swearing, dancing in public, he thought that it was dangerous to morality.

1. The Ordinance Of Abolishing Of Festivals -

7. Richard Cromwell – he becomes a lord protector, but he wanted to be a farmer, and army wasn’t accepting him, than they wanted to back to the monarchy, he was replaced by son of executed king. He was dig out, his head cut off, and put on a pale.

8. 1660 – no more absolute monarchy

   1. Charles 2^nd (1660-1685)– he restored Stuart Dynasty

   2. opened theatres, singing and drinking were legal again, man of science, he loved art, generally everyone were happy. He had Catholic advisors.

   3. 1660 – declaration of Breda – he promised to rule with parliament, offers a free and general pardon for those who acted against the Crown during Civil war.

9. Cavalier Parliament – professionalizing of politics

   1. the Tories (XVII )

• „Tory” derives from the Irish toraidhe (outlaw)

• squires (landowners)

• the Anglican church

• masses of the rural population

• want strong monarchy

• the tories change into the conservative party in the 1830s

• Robert Peel – founder

• Benjamin Disraeli – first Prime Minister

1. The Whigs (XVIIc)

   • whig” - a pejorative name of obscure origin

   • merchants

   • financial capitalists

   • landed aristocracy

   • the liberal party in the second half of the XIXc

   • Strong Parliament

1. 1679 – Habeas Corpus Act

   1. Writ – nakaz

   2. Required – anyone defeating an individual to produce him to court within a specified period

   3. Demonstrate- the reason of detention.

2. James II

   1. James – was to not to show off that he’s a catholic.

   2. Mary M, William the Orange and Anne – his protestant children

   3. James Edward Stuart baptized with roman rites (1688) people not hapi

18th century: The Age of Reason

1. The Restored Stuart Dynasty

   1. -Charles II (1660-1685)

   2. -James II (1685 -1688)

   3. -William of Orange and Mary

   4. -Anne (Pregnant 18 times, give birth to 5 children, 4 died in infancy, 1 some time later)End of Stuart dynasty.

2. Act of Settlement 1701 → It specified who would inherit in case of Mary and Anne's childless death. The throne would go to DUN DUN DUN Sophia, electress of Hanover or her Protestant descendants. Sophia was a granddaughter of James I and a decent protestant woman.

3. Hanoverian Dynasty

   1. George I (1714-1727) -Not very happy of the fact

   2. George II (1727 -1760)

   3. George III (1760-1820) -first of the kings happy to become the king of Britain

   4. George IV (1820 – 1830) -Prince Regent during George III

   5. William IV (1830-1837)

   6. Victoria (1837 - 1901)

4. All wars are waged outside the country

5. Brits become leaders of the slave trade, slave trade becomes the foundation of British Economy

6. Glorious Revolution: 1688

7. Scotland after 1660

   1. a deadline to pledge an oath of allegiance January 1st 1692

   2. MacDonald clan missed the deadline by five days. The most important members of the clan were butchered (Glencoe Massacre). The Scottish parliament declared it the act of murder RUINING FOREVER relations between Britain and Scotland.

   3. Darien Scheme: the project that was supposed to help the Scots rebuild their sense of national identity. Willian Paterson was the leader. The decided to build a trading post in Isthmus of Darien in Panama. They wanted to monopolize the trade in area. Pirates said that this area was good to live, there was a mild climate, friendly natives, fertile lands etc. Pirates Lied. Every Scot invested money into it.

   4. 1698 – the first ship (carrying Bibles and Combs( they were told that natives like Combs) sails to Panama

   5. British seeing that Darien Scheme failed epically (diseases and stuff), banned to help Scots in Panama. After Scots escaped Brits offered to pay off Scots debts if they would sign the Act of Union.

   6. 1707- The Act of Union with Scotland Scots retain some control over their country (Banking, Law and Education)

8. The Jacobites Risings

   1. Latin Jacobus – James

   2. People who supported James Edward Stuart and his return to the throne

   3. Two Risings

   4. 1715 – It was too late. George I got used to England and English got used to him. He appointed people to rule England in his stead

   5. James Edward Stuart + Maria Clementina Sobieska, grandaughter of John III Sobieski Epic Fail

   6. 1745

   7. Charles Edward Stuart – great grandson of John Sobieski

   8. Charles Edward Louis Casimir Silvester Severino Maria Stuart (Bonnie Prince – The hero of the legend)

   9. He was in France, thus a secret symbol of secret societies was a toast over a bowl of water

27 | History of England