Carl Orff's philosophies in Musci Education
 
         While Carl Orff is a very seminal composer of the 20th century, his greatest
 success and influence has been in the field of Music Education.  Born on July
 10th in Munich, Germany in 1895, Orff refused to speak about his past almost
 as if he were ashamed of it.  What we do know, however, is that Orff came
 from a Bavarian family who was very active in the German military.  His
 father's regiment band would often play through some of the young Orff's
 first attempts at composing.  Although Orff was adamant about the secrecy of
 his past, Moser's Musik Lexicon says that he studied in the Munich Academy of
 Music until 1914.  Orff then served in the military in the first world war.
  After the war, he held various positions in the Mannheim and Darmstadt opera
 houses then returned home to Munich to further study music.  In 1925, and for
 the rest of his life, Orff was the head of a department and co-founder of the
 Guenther School for gymnastics, music, and dance in Munich where he worked
 with musical beginners.  This is where he developed his Music Education
 theories.  In 1937, Orff's Carmina Burana premiered in Frankfurt, Germany.
  Needless to say, it was a great success.  With the success of Carmina Burana,
  Orff orphaned all of his previous works except for Catulli Carmina and the En
 trata which were rewritten to be acceptable by Orff.
         One of Orff's most admired composers was Monteverdi.  In fact,  much of
 Orff's work was based on ancient material.     Orff said:
 I am often asked why I nearly always select old material, fairy tales and
 legends for my stage works.  I do not look upon them as old, but rather as
 valid material.  The time element disappears, and only the spiritual power
 remains.  My entire interest is in the expression of spiritual realities.  I
 write for the theater in order to convey a spiritual attitude.1
 What Orff is trying to say here is that he does not use "old" material, but
 material that is good enough to be used again.  If one eliminates the fact
 that this material was written many years ago, then there is nothing to stop
 that material from being any less legitimate in recent times.
         Orff's work in Music Education has been astounding.  In the early 1920's,
 Orff worked with Mary Wigman.  Wigman was a pupil of Emile Jaques-Dalcroze,
 another very influential name in Music Education.  In fact, Orff's approach
 to music is very similar to Dalcroze's, but Orff focuses on education through
 percussion instruments.  In 1924, Orff joined Dorthee Guenther and together
 they founded the Guenther School.  The schools focus was coordinated teaching
 of gymnastics, dance, and music.  Orff believed that music, movement, and
 speech are not separate entities in and of themselves, but that they form a
 unity that he called elemental music.  When Orff refers to elemental music,
 he means the music, movement, or speech created by children that requires no
 special training, or in other words, the things that children do without
 really thinking about it.  The basis for the Orff method is the belief that
 the historical development of music is reenacted in the life of every
 individual.  This means that, when a child is young, he is similar to a
 primitive human being - at least musically - in that both are naive and rely
 primarily on natural rhythms and movement to make music.  Although this
 theory has not been very widely accepted by most music educators, this is
 where the Orff method of teaching music begins.  The Orff method was so
 impressive to the public that the Ministry of Culture recommended the
 adoption of the Guenther-Orff experiments in the elementary schools in
 Berlin.  Unfortunately, the rise of Hitler and the outbreak of war stunted
 the growth of these plans.  Finally, in 1948, the German broadcasting
 authorities urged Orff to resume his educational activities.
         The Orff approach, not unlike the Suzuki method, begins with the idea that
 music should be learned by a child the same way a language is learned.
  Suzuki calls this the "mother tongue approach".  A child learns to speak
 simply by listening and then imitating and then, later in life, the child
 learns to interpret symbols as a written form of that language.  So, then, a
 child should learn music in the same way.  At an early age, a child is
 exposed to music and learns to sing and play percussion instruments, then,
 later in the child's musical development, he learns to interpret the symbols
 on a score as music.  The music a child learns during this time of his life
 is very simple melodies that involve a lot of moving.  Orff believed that
 rhythm was the most important part of music.  This is because rhythm is what
 movement, speech, and music all have in common.  Rhythm is what ties these
 all together to make what Orff called elemental music.  Orff uses this
 approach because it is believed that children must feel and move to music
 before they are asked to conceptualize about it.
         Speech is one of the key elements in the Orff approach not only because
 speech is an inherently rhythmic action, but because Orff was the only one of
 the major educational philosophers (Dalcroze, Kodaly, and Suzuki) to use
 speech in this way.  Orff's thought was that a transition from speech to
 rhythmic activities and then to song was the most natural for a child.  So,
 the student moves from speech to body rhythms such as clapping or tapping,
 and then finally leads to the playing of an instrument.  Orff's philosophy
 continues on in this way even after a child has developed a skill for an
 instrument.  For example, concepts such as meter, accent, and anacrusis are
 introduced in speech patterns, reinforced in other activities, and  then
 studied in a musical context.  A specific example of this is the teaching of
 the concept of a canon.  A simple yet varied chant or other form of rhythmic
 speech is taught to the class.  The students then use the idea of a "round"
 to explore how each entrance by each different part is achieved.  Finally,
 the teacher notates the rhythmic pattern and shows how each part of the
 pattern works with the other parts.
         Orff's approach to Music Education notes that speech, chant, and song are
 all points along the same line.  That is to say that one leads directly to
 the next.  Children's experiences with singing follow directly from speech.
  This means that melody is actually an extension or an outgrowth of rhythm.
  When children begin to learn to use their voices as musical instruments,
 they enter another pre-planned part of Orff's method.  There is a very
 specific order in which students learn to use solfege.  As with most other
 theories that involve singing, the descending minor third, sol-mi, is the
 first interval that is taught.  Other tones follow in succession in this
 order: la, re, do, to complete the pentatonic scale, and then finally fa and
 ti.  The Orff method uses the pentatonic scale because Orff believed it to be
 the native tonality of children.  This is cohesive with Orff's belief that
 music history is relived in the development of each individual because he
 considered the pentatonic mode appropriate to the development of each child.
  The use of the pentatonic scale also gave the students confidence.  After
 all, it's very difficult to improvise and sound bad when the only notes
 available are those in the pentatonic scale.  This kind of constant
 affirmation is crucial to a child's development.
         The last part of Orff's elemental music is elemental movement.  As stated
 earlier, the word elemental in this sense refers to the kind of action, in
 this case movement, in which the child participates with no prior training or
 instruction.  Orff said that this kind of activity made it easier for
 children to become expressive.  This is because children are more able to
 express their thoughts and feelings through movement and painting than
 through words.  Allowing children to express themselves in this way allows
 them to use their imagination because, as we adults often forget, children
 have the most vivid imagination.  After observing these actions, the teacher
 then relates them in some way to music and build musical concepts out of
 them.  Unfortunately, many of the activities that adults scold their children
 for are the same ones that are the most suitable for expressing feelings,
 such as walking on tiptoe, hoping over imaginary obstacles, or spinning to
 the point of dizziness.  These are actions that adults would react to as
 being 'fidgety' or 'squirmy' when, in fact, they are simply natural movements
 that children use to express themselves.  The ideal Orff educator would
 encourage these behaviors and use them to teach musical concepts.
         The end goal of the Orff method is to develop a child's musical creativity.
  Where traditional Music Education dictates that  a child must learn to read
 music right away in order to be a self-guided and independent musician, the
 Orff method focuses on the creative and expressive side of music.
         The instruments that are commonly associated with the Orff method
 distinguish it from other methods.  Orff uses xylophones and various
 metalophones that use removable bars.  This allows an educator to change bars
 for different modes or to remove unnecessary bars to keep from confusing
 young students.  The Orff instruments are modeled after and are closely
 related to the Indonesian gamelans.  These instruments allow great
 flexibility for children who have handicaps.  For example, students with
 visual handicaps or hearing handicaps can hit just about anywhere on an Orff
 instrument set up to use a pentatonic scale so he can feel like he is being
 included.
         In conclusion, the Carl Orff has been a
 very influential person in the field
 of Music Education.  He has demonstrated to us that the way to teach music to
 children is to let then go back to the basics, or elements, of speech,
 movement, and singing.  He has reminded us how much we really expect children
 to learn music differently in the traditional method than it is natural for
 them to learn.