dostępność promieniowania słonecznego do obudowy budynku zlokalizowanego w polsce centralnej

background image

UaSOMSOĜvMdO\aSOMŵųųż

ZYV]UKOXO\QO^cUK]ĚYXOMdXK

@9;8@*-C.72.

-XMX`XUWNSYXLQbUXWNS`cPU¢MNVYXcRXV^YX`RN[cLQWR

MXLRN[J Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN KNcYXĵ[NMWRN Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN [Xc
Y[X\cXWN Y[cNc J]VX\ON[¢ SJT [ß`WRNŖ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN XM
KR]NXMP[^W]^R[ßŖWbLQY[cNMVRX]ß`cWJSM^SžLbLQ\R¢`\ž
\RNMc]`RN [Xc`JŖJWNS YX`RN[cLQWR -X`XUWJ YX`RN[cLQWRJ
WJT^URcRNV\TRNS`cJUNŖWXĵLRXMSNSUXTJURcJLSR^\b]^X`JWRJ
T\c]Jũ]^VJ]N[RJũ^cT]ß[NPXSN\]`bTXWJWJR\cN[NP^RWWbLQ
LcbWWRTß` VJ [ßŖWX[XMWN `J[^WTR MX XMKRX[^ R YXcb\TJWRJ
NWN[PRR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX @ J[]bT^UN [Xc`JŖXWX
MX\]¢YWXĵîY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXMXYX`RN[cLQWRYũJ
\TRLQ]`X[cžLbLQXK^MX`¢K^MbWT^Y[cbYXM\]J`X`bVRLQ
^\b]^X`JWR ]S YXLQbUNWR^ R cX[RNW]X`JWR^ `cPU¢MNV \][XW
ĵ`RJ]J -X\]¢YWXĵî Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ MNLbM^SN X VXŖUR`XĵLR
YXcb\TJWRJ NWN[PRR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ @ [Xc`JŖJWRJLQ Y[cbS¢
]XŖN`\cb\]TRNYX`RN[cLQWRNYXcJ]bVŖN[ßŖWRž\R¢^\b]^
X`JWRNVYXũXŖNWRNV`cPU¢MNV\][XWĵ`RJ]JRYXLQbUNWRNV
VJSž]JTRN\JVN`J[^WTRMXXMKRX[^NWN[PRRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
\ũXWNLcWNPX ]S WRN \ž WRLcbV cJLRNWRJWN JWR WRN VJ ` RLQ
X]XLcNWR^YX`RN[cLQWRXc`R¢T\cXWNS[N³NT\bSWXĵLR

8<Ũ*+2.72.9;862.728@*72*9;C.3Ĵ,2.6

9;C.C*=68</.;¡C2.6<4

9[XVRNWRX`JWRN \ũXWNLcWN cJWRV MX][cN MX YX`RN[cLQWR

CRNVR ^UNPJ [ßŖWNPX [XMcJS^ XMMcRJũb`JWRXV R X\ũJKRJ \R¢
9[XVRNWRX`JWRN \ũXWNLcWN YJMJSžLN WJ cN`W¢][cWž `J[\]`¢
J]VX\ON[bcRNV\TRNSSN\]Y[XVRNWRX`JWRNVKNcYXĵ[NMWRV-X
LRN[JSžLMXJ]VX\ON[bcRNV\TRNS^UNPJLc¢ĵLRX`NV^XMKRLR^XM
SNScN`W¢][cWbLQ`J[\]`YX`[JLJSžLMXY[cN\][cNWRTX\VRLc
WNS 7J\]¢YWRN Y[cNLQXMcžL Y[cNc J]VX\ON[¢ cRNV\Tž ^UNPJ

33.@>5<42
2W\]b]^]=NLQWRTR,RNYUWNS@bMcRJũ6.R5
9XUR]NLQWRTJ@J[\cJ`\TJ@J[\cJ`J
2W\]b]^]9XM\]J`X`bLQ9[XKUNVß`=NLQWRTR
9XU\TJ*TJMNVRJ7J^T@J[\cJ`J

DOSTĘPNOŚĆ PROMIENIOWANIA
SŁONECZNEGO DO OBUDOWY BUDYNKU
ZLOKALIZOWANEGO W POLSCE CENTRALNEJ

.Y\Y^K-2A3/.?5

=></=D-D/83/

AK\^cU_VOZ\dON]^KaSYXYNY]^òZXYijàZ\YWSOXSYaKXSK]ĚYXOMdXOQYNVKZYaSO\dMRXS\ÌŔXSOdY\SOX^YaKXcMRSZYMRcVYXcMR]^KXYaSÞMcMRYL_NYaòWY
NOVYaOQYL_NcXU_dVYUKVSdYaKXOQYaAK\]dKaSO8Ka]^òZSOYZS]KXYdTKaS]UKdaSÞdKXOdZ\dOTijMSOWZ\YWSOXSYaKXSK]ĚYXOMdXOQYZ\dOdK^WY]PO\ò
dSOW]UÞSZYaYN_TÞMOTOQYY]ĚKLSOXSO:\dON]^KaSYXYWYNOVKXSdY^\YZYacZ\YWSOXSYaKXSK\YdZ\Y]dYXOQY2.5<5Y\dc]^KTÞMd^OQYWYNOV_S\dOMdcaS
]^cMR]_WQYNdSXXcMRZ\YWSOXSYaKXSK]ĚYXOMdXOQYYNZYaSONXSY_ij\ONXSYXcMRZ\dOZ\YaKNdYXYYLVSMdOXSK]cW_VKMcTXOXKZ\YWSOXSYaKXSKZYaSO\dMR
XSY\ÌŔXcW_]c^_YaKXS_KaK\^cU_VOdKWSO]dMdYXYacXSUSYLVSMdOĜaZY]^KMSNYLYacMR\YdUĚKNÌaXKZ\YWSOXSYaKXSKZÌĚ]PO\cMdXOQY_ij\ONXSYXcMR
aUYVOTXcMRWSO]SÞMKMR\YU_8KZYN]^KaSOdKWSO]dMdYXOTSX^O\Z\O^KMTSQ\KoMdXOT acXSUÌa TKU S KXKVSdc SXXcMR acXSUÌa ]cW_VKMTS X_WO\cMdXOT Z\dON]^K
aSYXYaXSY]USYNXYijXSONYU]d^KĚ^YaKXSKYL_NYacL_NcXU_aUYX^OUijMSONY]^òZXYijMSZ\YWSOXSYaKXSK]ĚYXOMdXOQY

MJU\cNV^ X\ũJKRNWR^ KX`RNV J]VX\ON[J cRNV\TJ Lc¢ĵLRX`X
YXLQũJWRJWRJR[XcY[J\cJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWN

9[XLN\bYXLQũJWRJWRJ\žKJ[McXR\]X]WNKX`RNV``bWR

T^ RLQ `b\]¢YX`JWRJ ^UNPJ cVRJWRN `RMVX Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
\ũXWNLcWNPX MXLRN[JSžLNPX MX YX`RN[cLQWR CRNVR ` YX[ß`
WJWR^c`RMVNVY[XVRNWRX`JWRJMXLRN[JSžLNPXMXcN`W¢][c
WbLQ `J[\]` J]VX\ON[b cRNV\TRNS 4[cb`J [XcTũJM^ XKWRŖJ
\R¢ X\ũJKRNWRN Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ R SN\] KJ[McRNS hYX\cJ[YJWJm
cVRJWbP¢\]XĵLR\][^VRNWRJNWN[PRRY[cb[ßŖWbLQMũ^PXĵLRJLQ
OJUR @b\]¢YX`JWRN Y[XLN\ß` YXLQũJWRJWRJ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
cJUNŖb XM Mũ^PXĵLR OJUR XK\cJ[^ [XcTũJM^ `RMVX`NPX Y[X
VRNWRX`JWRJLcbURVJLQJ[JT]N[\NUNT]b`Wb9[XVRNWRX`JWRN
^U][J²XUN]X`N X Mũ^PXĵLRJLQ OJU λ % tV SN\] LJũTX`R
LRN YXLQũJWRJWN Y[cNc SXWb R Lcž\]NLcTR ]UNW^ XcXW^ R JcX]^
LQbKJŖN`J[\]`JXcXWX`J^UNPũJ^\cTXMcNWR^@XK\cJ[cN
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ`RMcRJUWNPXtV%λ % tVLcb\]J
J]VX\ON[JLJũTX`RLRNY[cNY^\cLcJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWN
T]ß[NVXŖNWRNX\ũJKRXWNMX][cNîMXYX`RN[cLQWRcRNVRC`b
TUN XTXũX Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ ` cJT[N\RN KUR\TRNS YXMLcN[
`RNWRT[ß]TXOJUX`N tV%λ %tVSN\]JK\X[KX`JWN
`J]VX\ON[cNcRNV\TRNSPũß`WRNY[cNcLcž\]NLcTRYJ[b`XMWNS
RM`^]UNWT^`¢PUJRcSJ`R\TXVJLQJ[JT]N[\NUNT]b`Wb@J]
VX\ON[cN cRNV\TRNS XY[ßLc JK\X[YLSR \NUNT]b`WNS VJ VRNS\LN
YXLQũJWRJWRN WRN\NUNT]b`WN Y[cNc JN[XcXUN J]VX\ON[bLcWN
`b\]¢Y^SžLNWJ[ßŖWbLQ`b\XTXĵLRJLQWJMcRNVRžMX]bLcb]X
LJũNPX`RMVJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX

8Y[ßLc Y[XLN\ß` YXLQũJWRJWRJ ` J]VX\ON[cN cRNV\TRNS

`b\]¢Y^SN[XcY[J\cJWRNY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX/X]XWb
ĵ`RJ]ũJ\ũXWNLcWNPXWRN\ž`\]JWRN[XcN[`Jî`RžcJĢLcž\]N
LcNTJ]VX\ON[bR^UNPJSž[XcY[X\cNWR^`N`\cb\]TRLQTRN[^W
TJLQ ;XcY[J\cJWRN SN\] Y[XLN\NV cJUNŖWbV XM Mũ^PXĵLR OJUR
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ 9XUNPJ XWX WJ XMMcRJũb`JWR^ Y[XVRNWRX
`JWRJ c VJ]N[Rž ` `bWRT^ T]ß[NPX cVRJWRN ^UNPJ TRN[^WNT
[XcLQXMcNWRJ \R¢ OJUR JUN Mũ^PXĵî OJUR YXcX\]JSž KNc cVRJW
;XcY[J\cJWRN MX]bLcb Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ `RMcRJUWNPX R YXM
LcN[`XWNPXVJVRNS\LNWJLcž\]NLcTJLQPJcX`bLQJ]VX\ON
[bPũß`WRN8

7

R1

8X[JcWJJN[XcXU^J]VX\ON[bLcWbV

2W]NW\b`WXĵî [XcY[J\cJWRJ cJUNŖb XM \TũJM^ J]VX\ON[b XM
SNS `RUPX]WXĵLR cJLQV^[cNWRJ cJYbUNWRJ R cJWRNLcb\cLcNWRJ
J ]JTŖN XM M[XPR Y[cNKb]NS Y[cNc Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN \ũXWNLcWN
`J]VX\ON[cNCTXUNRMũ^PXĵî]NSM[XPRcJUNŖbXMYXũXŖNWRJ

background image

UaSOMSOĜvMdO\aSOMŵųųż

ZYV]UKOXO\QO^cUK]ĚYXOMdXK

<ũXĢLJXYR\JWNPXTž]NVcNWR]JUWNPXYJMJWRJY[XVRNWR\ũX
WNLcWbLQR`b\XTXĵLRWJMYXcRXVNVVX[cJJWJURcX`JWNSYX
`RN[cLQWRcRNVR/JT]]NWSN\]^`cPU¢MWRJWbYXY[cNc`Y[X`J
McNWRNYJ[JVN][^XY]bLcWNSVJ\bJ]VX\ON[b8Y]bLcWJVJ\b
J]VX\ON[bSN\]XT[NĵUJWJSJTX\]X\^WNTVJ\bJ]VX\ON[bY[cNc
T]ß[ž Y[cNLQXMcR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN KNcYXĵ[NMWRN JKb MX][cNî
MXMJWNPXY^WT]^WJCRNVRMXVJ\bJ]VX\ON[bT]ß[žV^
\RJũXKb Y[cNSĵî PMbKb <ũXĢLN cWJSMX`JũX \R¢ ` cNWRLRN -UJ
Tž]ß`cNWR]JUWbLQ`cJT[N\RNXM

X

MX

X

Y[cbSV^SN\R¢ŖN

`J[]XĵîXY]bLcWNSVJ\bJ]VX\ON[bSN\]XM`[X]WXĵLRžO^WTLSR
LX\RW^\JTž]JYJMJWRJY[XVRNWR\ũXWNLcWbLQYX`RN[cLQWRCRN
VR-^ɼN +NLTVJW ""

CSJ`R\TX[XcY[X\cNWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX`J]

VX\ON[cNSN\]cJUNŖWNXMRUXĵLRLcž\]NLcNTT]ß[NY[XVRNWRX`J
WRNWJYX]bTJWJ\`NSM[XMcNRXM`bVRJ[ß`]bLQLcž\]NLcTR
`cPU¢MNVMJWNSMũ^PXĵLROJURY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ,cž\]NLcTRYX
`RN][cJVJSžKJ[McXVJũN`bVRJ[bWY]UNWJcX]`\]X\^WT^
MXMũ^PXĵLROJURY[XVRNWRX`JWRJCPXMWRNc]NX[Rž;JbUNRPQJ
[XcY[J\cJWRNWJLcž\]NLcTJLQYX`RN][cJSN\]cWJLcžLNSNMbWRN
MUJVJũbLQMũ^PXĵLROJUR]cWVWRNS\cbLQWRŖVVMUJT]ß
[bLQ]X`\YßũLcbWWRT[XcY[J\cJWRJSN\]O^WTLSžMũ^PXĵLROJURMX
VRW^\Lc`J[]NSYX]¢PRλ

@c`RžcT^c]bVWJ]¢ŖNWRNY[X

VRNWRX`JWRJ [XcY[X\cXWNPX [XĵWRN \cbKTX cN cVWRNS\cJWRNV
\R¢Mũ^PXĵLROJUR-UJOJU`cJT[N\RNYX`bŖNSVV[XcY[J\cJ
WRNWJLcž\]NLcTJLQYX`RN][cJSN\]YXVRSJUWRNVJũN

@ J]VX\ON[cN `b\]¢Y^SN ]JTŖN [XcY[J\cJWRN WRN\NUNT

]b`WN `bWRTJSžLN c R\]WRNWRJ `XMb R T^[c^ LcbUR JN[XcXUR
T]ß[N MX]bLcb LJũNPX cJT[N\^ `RMVJ 4^[c R `XMJ ]`X[cž
`J]VX\ON[cNLcž\]NLcTRcWJLcWRN`R¢T\cbLQ[XcVRJ[ß`SN\]
]Xc`RžcJWNcP[XVJMcNWRNV\R¢Lcž\]NLcNT`XMb`SNMWbV
VRNS\L^ R c TXWMNW\JLSž `XMb WJ Lcž\]NLcTJLQ T^[c^ 8YR\
[XcY[J\cJWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJWJLcž\]NLcTJLQ`XMbRT^[c^
SN\]cWJLcWRN][^MWRNS\cbYXWRN`JŖRLQWJ]^[JRTXWLNW][JLSJ
`J]VX\ON[cNSN\]\RUWRNcJUNŖWJXMLcJ\^RVRNS\LJ`b\]¢YX
`JWRJ;XcY[J\cJWRNWJJN[XcXUJLQKbũXKJMJWNVRWY[cNc
6RNPX 8Y[JLX`Jũ XW ]NX[R¢ cPXMWRN c T]ß[ž [Xc`JŖJ \R¢
[XcY[J\cJWRN Y[cNc Lcž\]NLcTR `R¢T\cN XM Mũ^PXĵLR OJUR
J `\YßũLcbWWRT [XcY[J\cJWRJ MUJ JN[XcXUR SN\] XM`[X]WRN
Y[XYX[LSXWJUWb MX Mũ^PXĵLR OJUR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ 9[cbS¢]X
ŖN`J]VX\ON[cN[cNLcb`R\]NS`\YßũLcbWWRT[XcY[J\cJWRJSN\]
Y[XYX[LSXWJUWbMXλ

W

Y[cbLcbVWcVRNWRJ\R¢XMMX

RVJ]VX\ON[JSN\]Lcb\]\cJ]bVWSN\]KURŖ\cN`J[]XĵLRJcN
`c[X\]NVcJYbUNWRJWVJUNSN

;NJ\^V^SžL ` Y[cbYJMT^ KNcLQV^[WNPX WRNKJ RW]NW

\b`WXĵî[XcY[J\cJWRJcJUNŖbXMYXcbLSR<ũXĢLJWJWRNKRNXT[N
ĵUXWNSYXY[cNcTž]YJMJWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJYXY[cNc`RNUTXĵî
VJ\bXY]bLcWNSVX[JcXMcJ`J[]XĵLRJN[XcXUR`J]VX\ON[cN
@Y[cbYJMT^WRNKJcJLQV^[cXWNPX[XcY[J\cJWRNY[XVRNWRX
`JWRJ ` J]VX\ON[cN XLcb`RĵLRN c`R¢T\cJ \R¢ CJUNŖb XWX XM
\]XYWRJcJLQV^[cNWRJWRNKJ[XMcJS^LQV^[RYXcbLSR<ũXĢLJWJ
WRNKRN9[cbLJũTX`R]bVcJLQV^[cNWR^WRNKJLQV^[JVRYR¢][J
WR\TRNPXRĵ[NMWRNPXMXYX`RN[cLQWRcRNVRMXLRN[JY[JT]bLc
WRNSNMbWRNY[XVRNWRX`JWRN[XcY[X\cXWN9[cbLJũTX`R]bVcJ
LQV^[cNWR^LQV^[JVRYR¢][J`b\XTRNPXMXYX`RN[cLQWRcRNVR
MXLRN[JWRN`RNUTJRUXĵîY[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNcYXĵ[NMWRNPX

@VXVNWLRN`\LQXM^<ũXĢLJU^KcJLQXM^PMbcWJSM^SN

\R¢XWXKNcYXĵ[NMWRXWJMQX[bcXW]NVLJũNY[XVRNWRX`JWRN
\ũXWNLcWNMXLRN[JSžLNMXYX`RN[cLQWRYXcRXVNScRNVR\]JWX`R
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN [XcY[X\cXWN CN `c[X\]NV Tž]J `cWRN\RNWRJ
<ũXĢLJ^McRJũY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXY[cNc`J[\]`b
J]VX\ON[b VJUNSN 9[cb TžLRN `cWRN\RNWRJ <ũXĢLJ YX`bŖNS

X

^McRJũ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ [XcY[X\cXWNPX ` Y[XVRNWRX`J

WR^ LJũTX`R]bV MžŖb MX VRWRV^V Y[cb LcbV WJ`N] Y[cb
KJ[McXLcb\]bVR\^LQbVYX`RN][c^SNPX^McRJũSN\]WJYXcRXVRN
@T[JSJLQ`bŖ\cbLQ\cN[XTXĵLRPNXP[J²LcWbLQ Tž]b
`cWRN\RNWRJ <ũXĢLJ YX`bŖNS

X

`b\]¢Y^Sž ]bUTX ` LRNYũbLQ

VRN\RžLJLQ`PXMcRWJLQKUR\TRLQLcJ\^YXũ^MWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX
\]žM]NŖ`J[^WTRWJ\ũXWNLcWRNWRJLQJ[JT]N[bc^SNM^Ŗb^McRJũ
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPX

@`bWRT^Y[cNSĵLRJY[cNcJ]VX\ON[¢Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũX

WNLcWN^UNPJ`VWRNS\cbVU^K`R¢T\cbV\]XYWR^X\ũJKRNWR^
9[cb`c[XĵLRNcJLQV^[cNWRJX\ũJKRNWRN\][^VRNWRJY[XVRNWRX
`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXXLcb`RĵLRN`c[J\]J3NMWJTŖNWJ`N]Y[cb
\ũXWNLcWNSYXPXMcRNWJ\T^]NTXMKRLRJYXLQũXWR¢LRJRcJũJ
VJWRJVJSžVRNS\LN\][J]bNWN[PRRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWN
PX`J]VX\ON[cN\žXWN`P[JWRLJLQXM7J]XVRJ\]
Y[cbM^ŖbVcJLQV^[cNWR^\][J]b]NVXPž\R¢PJîWJ`N]"
8Y[ßLccJLQV^[cNWRJ`Yũb`WJcVWRNS\cNWRN\][^VRNWRJY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ MXLRN[JSžLNPX MX YX`RN[cLQWR CRNVR VJ ]JTŖN
cJYbUNWRN cJWRNLcb\cLcNWRN J]VX\ON[b CJYbUNWRN VXŖN Kbî
`bWRTRNVWJ]^[JUWbLQcSJ`R\TSJT#N[^YLSJ`^UTJWß`YXŖJ[b
UJ\ß`YbũY^\]bWWbM^ŖJTXWLNW][JLSJYbũ^c`ũJ\cLcJ`LcJ
\RNK^[cYRJ\TX`bLQJ]JTŖNVXŖNKbî`bWRTRNVMcRJũJUWXĵLR
LcũX`RNTJ#Y[cNVb\ũXĵ[XMTRVRNS\TRN

@BC7*,C*72.7*9;862.728@*72*<Ũ87.,C7.08

-8@857.398@2.;C,172

7JYX`RN[cLQWR¢CRNVRYJMJY[XVRNWRX`JWRNKNcYXĵ[NM

WRN R [XcY[X\cXWN Y[cNc J]VX\ON[¢ 9[XVRNWRX`JWRN KNcYX
ĵ[NMWRNSN\]]XY[XVRNWRX`JWRNT]ß[NMXLRN[J`cMũ^ŖURWRRY[X
\]NSXM]J[Lcb\ũXWNLcWNSMX`bK[JWNPXMX`XUWNPXY^WT]^WJ
CRNVRK¢MžLNPXVRNS\LNVXK\N[`JLSR7J]XVRJ\]Y[XVRNWRX
`JWRN[XcY[X\cXWNMXLRN[Jc[ßŖWbLQTRN[^WTß`

-X MX`XUWRN ^\b]^X`JWNS YX`RN[cLQWR MXLRN[J Y[XVRN

WRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWNYßũ\ON[bLcWN-XLRN[JXWXcLJũNSYßũT^UR
WRNKX\TũXW^LcbURcTž]JK[bũX`NPX[ß`WNPXπ \[9ßũ\ON
[bLcWN Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN \ũXWNLcWN XMKRN[JWN Y[cNc YXcRXVž
YX`RN[cLQWR¢ WJcb`JWN SN\] Y[XVRNWRX`JWRNV LJũTX`R]bV
9[XVRNWRX`JWRN ]X \TũJMJ \R¢ c Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ KNcYXĵ[NM
WRNPX]SY[XVRNWRX`JWRJMXLRN[JSžLNPXcVJũNPXTž]JK[bũX
`NPX`bLQXMcžLNPXc]J[Lcb\ũXWNLcWNSRcY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
[XcY[X\cXWNPX Y[cNc J]VX\ON[¢ cRNV\Tž 7J]XVRJ\] Yßũ\ON
[bLcWNY[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWNMXLRN[JSžLNWJYX`RN[cLQ
WR¢WJLQbUXWžMXYXcRXV^\TũJMJ\R¢cY[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNc
YXĵ[NMWRNPX [XcY[X\cXWNPX R MXMJ]TX`X c Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
XMKR]NPXXMX]XLcNWRJ`\ž\RNMc]`RN[Xc`JŖJWNSYX`RN[cLQ
WR CPXMWRN c ]N[VRWXUXPRž WX[Vb 97.7 2<8 "!!
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRNMbO^cbSWNSN\]]XhY[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWN
Yßũ\ON[bLcWNVRW^\Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWNKNcYXĵ[NMWRNm
LcbUR MUJ YX`RN[cLQWR YXcRXVNS Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN MbO^cbSWN
SN\] [ß`WX`JŖWN Y[XVRNWRX`JWR^ [XcY[X\cXWNV^ J MUJ YX
`RN[cLQWR YXLQbUXWNS `cPU¢MNV YXcRXV^ Y[XVRNWRX`JWR^
[XcY[X\cXWNV^ R XMKR]NV^ 7J [b\^WT^ ` \YX\ßK RMNX`b
Y[cNM\]J`RXWX \TũJMX`N Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX Yßũ\
ON[bLcWNPXMXLRN[JSžLNPXMXXK^MX`bK^MbWT^

8T[NĵUJWRN TRN[^WT^ YJMJWRJ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ [XcY[X\cX

WNPX SN\] cũXŖXWN c [NP^ũb Y[cbSV^SN \R¢ ŖN \TũJMJ \R¢ XWX
c][cNLQ\TũJMX`bLQ-^OWRN+NLTVJW""#
oY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXRcX][XYX`NPXMXLRN[JSžLN

PX[ß`WXVRN[WRNcN`\cb\]TRLQ\][XWWRNKX\TũXW^Yßũ\ON

background image

UaSOMSOĜvMdO\aSOMŵųųż

ZYV]UKOXO\QO^cUK]ĚYXOMdXK

[bSNPXNWN[PRJWRNcJUNŖbXMTRN[^WT^cT]ß[NPXMXLRN[J
RXMMũ^PXĵLROJUR$

oY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXXTXũX\ũXWNLcWNPX`bWRTJ

SžLNPX c [XcY[J\cJWRJ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX ` J]
VX\ON[cN]^Ŗ`XTßũTRN[^WT^YJMJWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNc
YXĵ[NMWRNPX$Y[cbSV^SN\R¢ŖNSN\]XWX\T^YRXWN`²TLbSWNS
Y[cN\][cNWR \]XŖTJ c `RN[cLQXũTRNV ` LNW][^V CRNVR
T]ß[NPX`b\XTXĵîXMYX`RJMJTRN[^WTX`R[XcLQXMcNWRJ\R¢
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNcYXĵ[NMWRNPX$

o Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ SJĵWRNSžLNPX QX[bcXW]^ TXWLNW][^SžLNPX

\R¢KUR\TXQX[bcXW]^`b\]¢Y^SžLNPX\cLcNPßUWRN`b[JŔWRN
Y[cbLcb\]bVWRNKRN

;b\ 2MNJ YJMJWRJ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX Yßũ\ON[bLcWNPX R SNPX
\TũJMX`bLQWJXK^MX`¢K^MbWT^

7JY[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWNP¢\]XĵîNWN[PRRYßũ\ON[bLc

WNPXMcRWWN2Lc^`cPU¢MWRNWRNVYX\cLcNPßUWbLQ\TũJMX`bLQ
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXMXLRN[JSžLNPXMXMX`XUWRNYX
LQbUXWNSRcX[RNW]X`JWNSYX`RN[cLQWRVXŖWJcJYR\Jî`WJ\]¢
Y^SžLb\YX\ßK#

2\]WRNSN\cN[NP[ßŖWNPX[XMcJS^VXMNURVJ]NVJ]bLcWbLQ

X[ßŖWbV\]XYWR^\TXVYURTX`JWRJYXc`JUJSžLbLQ`bcWJLcbî
WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN WJ YXLQbUXWž YX`RN[cLQWR¢ ;ßŖWRLN YX
VR¢Mcb]bVRVXMNUJVRMX]bLcžY[cNMN`\cb\]TRVcJũXŖNĢLX
MXR\]X]bY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPX

-X JWJURcb R XKURLcNĢ WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ `bTX[cb\]JWX

VXMNUJWRcX][XYX`b1-4;Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX[Xc
Y[X\cXWNPX7Jc`J]NPXVXMNU^YXLQXMcRXMYRN[`\cbLQUR
]N[WJc`R\TKJMJLcbT]ß[cbY[cbLcbWRUR\R¢MXSNPXYX`\]JWRJ
1JbR-J_RN\Y[cbS¢UR1Jb-J_RN\"!ŖNY[XVRNWRX`JWRN
[XcY[X\cXWN\TũJMJ\R¢cY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXRcX
][XYX`NPXRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXXTXũX\ũXWNLcWN
PXT]ß[NY[cbSV^SN]NW\JVTRN[^WNT[XcLQXMcNWRJ\R¢]NPX
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJLXY[XVRNWRX`JWRNKNcYXĵ[NMWRN1JbR-J
_RN\`Y[X`JMcRUR]c`RWMNT\JWRcX][XYX`XĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
MbO^cbSWNPX T]ß[b SN\] O^WTLSž ][JW\VR\bSWXĵLR Y[cNc[XLcb
\]XĵLRJ]VX\ON[bMUJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNcYXĵ[NMWRNPXRXMWX
\R \R¢ MX Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ WJ cN`W¢][cWNS `J[\]`RN J]VX\ON
[b]S`J[\]`RNXTXũXcRNV\TRNS@Y[cbYJMT^Lcb\]NPXWRNKJ
`J[]XĵLRRWMNT\^JWRcX][XYX`XĵLR\ž`b\XTRN8cWJLcJ]XŖN
` Y[XVRNWRX`JWR^ [XcY[X\cXWbV MXVRW^SN Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN
XTXũX\ũXWNLcWN9[cbM^ŖbVcJLQV^[cNWR^SNŖNURWRNVJY[X

VRNWRX`JWRJKNcYXĵ[NMWRNPX]X[Xc`JŖJWbRWMNT\SN\][ß`Wb
cN[XR`b\]¢Y^SNSNMbWRNRcX][XYX`NY[XVRNWRX`JWRN[XcY[X
\cXWNJ]VX\ON[b

4RUTJ UJ] YßŔWRNS ;NRWMU c P[^Yž WJ^TX`Lß` \TX[cb\]Jũ

c VXMNU^ 1JbJ R -J_RN\J R MXMJũ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN [XcY[X
\cXWN SJĵWRNSžLNPX QX[bcXW]^ cPXMWRN c `LcNĵWRNS\cž ]NX[Rž
4U^LQN[J4U^LQN[" "Y[cbLcbV]`X[cžLKJ[McRNS^MX\TX
WJUXWb VXMNU Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ ^`cPU¢MWRũ `\YßũLcbWWRT TX
[NTLSRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJMbO^cbSWNPXQX[bcXW]^cJY[XYXWX`J
WbY[cNc=NVY\JR,X^U\XWJ" 6XMNU]NWcX\]JũSN\cLcN
YßŔWRNScVXMb²TX`JWb Y[cNc 4U^LQN[J YXY[cNc `Y[X`JMcNWRN
`\TJŔWRTJ^`cPU¢MWRJSžLNPX\]XYRNĢcJLQV^[cNWRJ8\]J]NLc
WRNWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRNYßũ\ON[bLcWNMX`XUWNSYX`RN[cLQWR`P
VXMNU^1-4;XKURLcJ\R¢ccJUNŖWXĵLR#

@RNUTXĵLR WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ PXMcRWWNPX 2K 2M MX]bLcž

YX`RN[cLQWRYXcRXVNSR\žXMYX`RNMWRXTX[bPX`JWN^`cPU¢M
WRJSžL#
oWJ]^[¢Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ`MJWbVLcJ\RN`bWRTJSžLžc`J

[^WTß` VN]NX[XUXPRLcWbLQ XYR\JWž `\YßũLcbWWRTRNV
JWRcX][XYX`XĵLR [ß`WJWRN R `\TJŔWRTRNV \]XYWRJ cJ
LQV^[cNWRJ[ß`WJWRN

oYXLQbUNWRNYX`RN[cLQWRLX^`cPU¢MWRJ`\YßũLcbWWRTTX[NT

LSR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ [XcY[X\cXWNPX RcX][XYX`NPX [ß`WJ
WRN `\YßũLcbWWRT TX[NTLSR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ XMKR]NPX
[ß`WJWRN X[Jc LcũXW [ß`WJWRJ T]ß[b XMWX\R \R¢
MXY[XVRNWRX`JWRJSJĵWRNSžLNPXQX[bcXW]^RSN\]c`RžcJWb
YXY[cNcYXLQbUNWRNMXTũJMWRNTž]JYXLQbUNWRJ`O^WT
LSR\RW^\MX][cNLRNSYX]¢PR$

o^\b]^X`JWRNYX`RN[cLQWR`]bV#YXLQbUNWRNX[RNW]JLS¢RSNS

UXTJURcJLS¢WJCRNVRX[JcLcJ\]SYX[¢MWRJR[XT^LXSN\]
c`RžcJWNcNcVRNWRJSžLbV\R¢YXũXŖNWRNVMJWNSYX`RN[cLQ
WR `cPU¢MNV <ũXĢLJ LX XYR\^Sž cJUNŖWXĵLR PNXVN][RR \ON
[bLcWNSYXũXŖNWRJCRNVR`cPU¢MNV<ũXĢLJRLX^`cPU¢MWRJ
`\YßũLcbWWRT TX[NTLSR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ KNcYXĵ[NMWRNPX
XYR\JWbcPXMWRNcVN]XMž1X]]NUJ@XN[]cJ[ß`WJWRNV

9X\cLcNPßUWN`RNUTXĵLRVXŖWJ`bcWJLcbîcWJ\]¢Y^SžLbLQ

cJUNŖWXĵLR#

9[cNY[X`JMcXWX XKURLcNWRJ WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLc

WNPX [ßŖWRN ^\b]^X`JWbLQ YX`RN[cLQWR Y[cb `bTX[cb\]JWR^
VXMNU^Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ1-4;XYR\JWNPX[ß`WJWRNVRc

background image

UaSOMSOĜvMdO\aSOMŵųųż

ZYV]UKOXO\QO^cUK]ĚYXOMdXK

WRVc`RžcJWbVR[ß`WJWRJVRo LXXYR\JWXRY[cNJWJU
RcX`JWX`TXUNSWNSLc¢ĵLRJ[]bT^ũ^

@B7242<B6>5*,327>6.;B,C7.3

8KURLcNWRJ WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ YX`RN[cLQWR [ßŖWRN ^\b

]^X`JWbLQ Y[cNY[X`JMcXWX Y[cb `bTX[cb\]JWR^ VXMNU^
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX 1-4; TX[cb\]JSžL c MJWbLQ
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX`YX\]JLR\^VPXMcRWWbLQY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ LJũTX`R]NPX R [XcY[X\cXWNPX cVRN[cXWbLQ WJ
YX`RN[cLQWR YXcRXVNS cRNVR WJ \]JLSR JT]bWXVN][bLcWNS 26
R0@ WJ +RNUJWJLQ @J[\cJ`J J WJ\]¢YWRN ^ĵ[NMWRXWbLQ `
XMYX`RNMWR\YX\ßK,Q`RNM^T+XPMJĢ\TJ

9[cNMY[cNM\]J`RNWRNV`bWRTß`XKURLcNĢ\bV^UJLbSWbLQ

WJ[b\^WT^YXTJcJWXcVRJWb`TXUNSWbLQVRN\RžLJLQ[XT^
`J[]XĵLR^ĵ[NMWRXWNPXMcRNWWNPXRWMNT\^*RJWRcX][XYX`XĵLR
R^McRJũ^/2MY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPX`Y[XVRNWRX`J
WR^LJũTX`R]bVMUJ@J[\cJ`b2WMNT\JWRcX][XYX`XĵLRX\RžPJ
WJS`R¢T\cN`J[]XĵLR`VJS^R\RN[YWR^;XcTũJMY[cN\][cNWWb
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXVJ`]bLQVRN\RžLJLQLQJ[JT
]N[cMNLbMX`JWRNJWRcX][XYX`b`R¢T\cN\][^VRNWRNY[XVRNW
RX`JWRJMXLRN[JSžcTRN[^WT^[XcLQXMcNWRJ\R¢Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
KNcYXĵ[NMWRNPX9[cbM^ŖbLQYXLQbUNWRJLQMXMJ]TX`X[XĵWRN
^McRJũ M[^PRNS \TũJMX`NS JWRcX][XYX`NS Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ [Xc
Y[X\cXWNPXSJĵWRNSžLNPXQX[bcXW]^6JSR\RN[YRNĢ`WJ\cbLQ
`J[^WTJLQ TURVJ]bLcWbLQ SJTX R\]X]Wb XT[N\ LcJ\^ ` JWJUR
cJLQYJ\b`WbLQ[Xc`RžcJĢ\][^T]^[bK^MbWT^YX`RWWb`R¢L
KbîYXMMJ`JWN\cLcNPßũX`bV[Xc`JŖJWRXVcN`cPU¢M^WJ
VXPžLN \R¢ YXSJ`RJî ` ]bV LcJ\RN cSJ`R\TX Y[cNP[cN`JWRJ
YXVRN\cLcNĢ 7JSWRŖ\cN `J[]XĵLR `\YßũLcbWWRTJ *R YXWRŖNS
`b\]¢Y^Sž`P[^MWR^WJ\]¢YWRN`\]bLcWR^RUR\]XYJMcRN
2V VWRNS\cb SN\] `\TJŔWRT JWRcX][XYX`XĵLR ]bV `R¢LNS Y[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXMXLRN[J`\YX\ßKRcX][XYX`b

;b\ >ĵ[NMWRXWN McRNWWN `J[]XĵLR *R RWMNT\^ JWRcX][XYX`XĵLR R `\Yßũ
LcbWWRTJ/2M^McRJũ^Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPX`Y[XVRNWRX`JWR^LJũ
TX`R]bV`TXUNSWbLQVRN\RžLJLQ[XT^MUJ@J[\cJ`b

7J [b\^WTJLQ Y[cNM\]J`RXWX cJLcN[YWR¢]N R XYR\JWN

`\YX\ßK\cLcNPßũX`b`UR]N[J]^[cN,Q`RNM^TRW]N[
Y[N]JLS¢P[J²LcWž`bWRTß`XKURLcNĢ\bV^UJLbSWbLQMX]bLcžLbLQ
[XcTũJMß`WJ]¢ŖNWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJYßũ\ON[bLcWNPX`LcJ\RN
MXKb`J[]XĵLRWJ]¢ŖNWRJ\žXKURLcJWNLXPXMcRW¢Y[XVRNWRX
`JWRJMXLRN[JSžLNPXMXYX`RN[cLQWRcN`W¢][cWbLQXK^MX`b#
YRXWX`bLQ[b\RYXLQbUXWbLQ`cPU¢MNVYXcRXV^YXM
Tž]NV[b\ c`[ßLXWbLQ`Lc]N[NLQYXM\]J`X`bLQ
TRN[^WTJLQĵ`RJ]J]STXUNSWXYXũ^MWRX`bV`\LQXMWRVcJ
LQXMWRVRYßũWXLWbV7JYXM\]J`RNX][cbVJWbLQ`bWRTß`
VXŖWJ\]`RN[McRîŖN\cLcNPßUWJ^`JP¢cN`cPU¢M^WJWJY[X
VRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWNWJUNŖbc`[ßLRîWJYXũ^MWRX`žOJ\JM¢

K^MbWT^ LX SN\] ` YN`WbV \NW\RN XLcb`R\]N JUN ]JTŖN WJ
cJLQXMWRž LX Y[JT]bLcWRN WRN SN\] cWJWN 9X`RN[cLQWRN YR
XWX`N XK^MX`b K^MbWT^ \ž WJSUNYRNS WJY[XVRNWRX`b`JWN
`UNLRNXM\][XWbcJLQXMWRNSWJ]XVRJ\]`YXcX\]JũbLQYX[JLQ
[XT^J\cLcNPßUWRN`cRVRNXM\][XWbYXũ^MWRX`NS

@Y[cbYJMT^YRXWX`bLQNUNVNW]ß`XK^MX`b`cJUNŖWXĵLR

XM cX[RNW]X`JWRJ MJWNS YX`RN[cLQWR XK^MX`b K^MbWT^
VJT\RV^V [XcTũJM^ WJ]¢ŖNWRJ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX
Y[cN\^`J\R¢WJXMYX`RNMWRžYX[¢MWRJTRNMb]XMJWJYX`R
N[cLQWRJh`RMcRmKNcYXĵ[NMWRX<ũXĢLNJ`R¢LMUJYXVRN\cLcNĢ
`\LQXMWRLQ WJS`R¢T\cN WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN `b\]¢Y^SN Y[cNM
YXũ^MWRNVMUJcJLQXMWRLQYXYXũ^MWR^

,QJ[JT]N[b\]bLcWbSN\][XcTũJMWJ]¢ŖNWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ

` UNLRN MUJ YX`RN[cLQWR YßũWXLWbLQ MX T]ß[bLQ Y[XVRNWRX
`JWRN\ũXWNLcWNMXLRN[JKNcYXĵ[NMWRX`PXMcRWJLQ[JWWbLQ
R YXYXũ^MWRX`bLQ <ũXĢLN `\LQXMcR R cJLQXMcR Y[cNM URWRž
`\LQßMocJLQßM9XcRXVWJ]¢ŖNWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLc
WNPXSN\]\cLcNPßUWRN`b\XTR`PXMcRWJLQYXũ^MWRX`bLQLX
YX`XM^SNLQJ[JT]N[b\]bLcWbP`Jũ]X`Wb`c[X\]WJ]¢ŖNWRJY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJMXLRN[JSžLNPXMXYRXWX`NSYX`RN[cLQWRYßũWXL
WNSPMbYXWX`WRN`LRžP^MWRJcJLcbWJh`RMcRNîm<ũXĢLNWJ
[b\YRTWJ]¢ŖNWRJ`UNLRNXTXũXPXMcRWb!]NS0`Jũ]X`WN
cVRJWb`[XcTũJMcRNWJ]¢ŖNWRJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ`b\]¢Y^SžLN
]JTŖN WJ YRXWX`NS YX`RN[cLQWR `\LQXMWRNS R cJLQXMWRNS \ž
`bWRTRNVWJPũNScVRJWbMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNcYX
ĵ[NMWRNPX R Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ MbO^cbSWNPX XTXũX\ũXWNLcWNPX
`YX\cLcNPßUWbLQYX[JLQMWRJ

CVWRNS\cNWRN YXLQbUNWRJ Y[cNP[ßM `cPU¢MNV YXcRXV^

[b\ YX`XM^SN ŖN cVRJWb WJ]¢ŖNWRJ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
Y[cNKRNPJSž `cPU¢MWRN ũJPXMWRN Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN \ũXWNLcWN
MXLRN[JKX`RNV`\YX\ßKKJ[McRNS[ß`WXVRN[Wb`LRžP^MWRJ
YX`RN[cLQWRN X VJũbLQ YXLQbUNWRJLQ hMũ^ŖNS `RMcžm <ũXĢLN
` YX[ß`WJWR^ c JWJUXPRLcWRN cX[RNW]X`JWbVR YX`RN[cLQWRJ
VRXM^ŖbLQYXLQbUNWRJLQJ\cLcNPßUWRNYRXWX`bVRCVWRNS
\cNWRNYXLQbUNWRJY[cNP[ßMXK^MX`bK^MbWT^c`R¢T\cJXT[N\
MX\]¢YWXĵLR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX MUJ `\cb\]TRLQ
X[RNW]JLSRcJ[ß`WXUJ]NVSJTRcRVž

9XcJ Y[cNM\]J`RXWbVR ` YX\]JLR P[J²LcWNS WJ [b\

`bWRTJVRXKURLcNĢ\bV^UJLbSWbLQY[cNY[X`JMcXWX]JTŖN\cN
[NPRWWbLQXKURLcNĢMX]bLcžLbLQWJY[XVRNWRX`b`JWRJ`MX
`XUWbV Y[cNMcRJUN LcJ\^ [ßŖWRN ^\b]^X`JWbLQ YX`RN[cLQWR
7JYXM\]J`RN`\cb\]TRLQX][cbVJWbLQ`bWRTß`\OX[V^ũX`J
WX`WRX\TRXMWXĵWRNT\c]Jũ]X`JWRJXK^MX`bK^MbWT^`TXW
]NTĵLRNSNPXWJ\ũXWNLcWRNWRJ,Q`RNM^T

4<C=*Ũ=8@*72.8+>-8@B+>-B74>

@487=.4Ĵ,2.3.087*<Ũ87.,C72.72*

@J[^WTRWJ\ũXWNLcWRNWRJLQJ[JT]N[bc^Sž\R¢M^ŖžcVRNW

WXĵLRžWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJcJ[ß`WX`T[ß]TRVMcRNWWbVSJT
R`Mũ^PRV[XLcWbVY[cNMcRJUNLcJ\^-cR¢TRJWJURcRN[XcTũJ
Mß`WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ`N`\cb\]TRLQVRN\RžLJLQ[NY[NcNW]J
]b`WNPX[XT^VXŖWJMXTXWJîYXMcRJũ^`J[^WTß`WJ\ũXWNLc
WRNWRJWJ][cbXT[N\bXMYX`RJMJSžLN`YN`WbVY[cbKURŖNWR^
YX[XV[XT^#
oXT[N\WJSUNY\cNSMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX#

`RX\NWWXUN]WR]S2??222$

oXT[N\Y[cNSĵLRX`bYXVR¢McbXT[N\NVWJSUNY\cNSRWJSPX[\cNS

MX\]¢YWXĵLR#cRVX`Xo`RX\NWWb#22222$UN]WRXoSN\RNWWb2A
RA$JWJUXPRJ`b\]¢Y^SNYXVR¢Mcb22RA222R2A$

background image

UaSOMSOĜvMdO\aSOMŵųųż

ZYV]UKOXO\QO^cUK]ĚYXOMdXK

oXT[N\WJSPX[\cNSMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX#

cRVX`b#A22

@ XT[N\RN WJSUNY\cNS MX\]¢YWXĵLR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũX

WNLcWNPXWJSKJ[McRNSWJ\ũXWNLcWRXWN\žYX`RN[cLQWRNXVJ
ũbV YXLQbUNWR^ β&Œ KUR\TRN YXcRXVbV R cX[RNW]X`JWR^
`TRN[^WT^YXũ^MWRX`XocJLQXMWRVXTžLRNJcbV^]JUWbV
ϒ

&Œ@VRN\RžL^LcN[`L^`T]ß[bV`b\]¢Y^SžWJSUNY\cN

`J[^WTRWJ\ũXWNLcWRNWRJ`\TJUR[XT^ĵ[NMWRNMcRNWWNWJY[X
VRNWRX`JWRN X\RžPJ YXcRXV " 63V

McRNĢ CN `c[X\]NV

YXLQbUNWRJ `cPU¢MNV YXcRXV^ WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN VJUNSN
X\RžPJSžL WJSVWRNS\cN `J[]XĵLR MUJ YX`RN[cLQWR YRXWX`bLQ
-UJTRN[^WT^YXũ^MWRX`NPXϒ&Œĵ[NMWRNMcRNWWNYßũ\ON[bLc
WN WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN YX`RN[cLQWR YRXWX`NS X\RžPJ YXcRXV
63V

McRNĢLcbURSN\]Y[J`RNM`^T[X]WRNVWRNS\cNWRŖ

MUJ WJSUNYRNS NT\YXWX`JWbLQ YX`RN[cLQWR 9X`RN[cLQWRN YX
ũ^MWRX`N X M^ŖbLQ YXLQbUNWRJLQ J \cLcNPßUWRN YRXWX`N \ž
`UNLRN`cPU¢MWRN[ß`WXVRN[WRNWJY[XVRNWRX`b`JWN`LRž
P^ MWRJ R RLQ McRNWWN Yßũ\ON[bLcWN WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN SN\]
cWJLcWRNVWRNS\cNWRŖYX`RN[cLQWR`\LQXMWRLQJ\cLcNPßUWRN
cJLQXMWRLQ 9X`RN[cLQWRN cJLQXMWRN XK^MX`b K^MbWT^ \ž
WJSKJ[McRNSWJY[XVRNWRX`b`JWN`LcJ\RNLJũNPXUJ]J

@LcN[`L^J]JTŖN`RWWbLQVRN\RžLJLQXT[N\^WJSUNY\cNS

MX\]¢YWXĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXLQJ[JT]N[b\]bLcWN
\ž`b\XTRN`J[]XĵLR\TũJMX`NSKNcYXĵ[NMWRNSWJY[XVRNWRX`J
WRJ Yßũ\ON[bLcWNPX @c[X\] YXLQbUNWRJ YX`XM^SN \]XYWRX`N
YXPX[\cNWRN `J[^WTß` MX\]¢YWXĵLR NWN[PRR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
\ũXWNLcWNPX\YJMNT\TũJMX`NSKNcYXĵ[NMWRNSJUNSNMWXLcN
ĵWRN `b\]¢Y^SN `c[X\] \TũJMX`NS Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ XMKR]NPX
R [XcY[X\cXWNS SJĵWRNSžLNPX QX[bcXW]^ 7JS`R¢T\cN `J[]X
ĵLR \^V PXMcRWWbLQ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ LJũTX`R]NPX `b\]¢Y^Sž
`LcN[`L^`PXMcRWJLQYXũ^MWRX`bLQTRNMb]XY[cbVJũbLQ
YXLQbUNWRJX[JcX[RNW]JLSRYXũ^MWRX`NSRYXũ^MWRX`XcJLQXM
WRNS P &Œ ϒ &Œ WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN PXMcRWWN SN\]
YX`bŖNS 63V

Y[cb LcbV Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN KNcYXĵ[NMWRN

SN\] [c¢M^ 63V

\]JWX`RžL Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ Yßũ

\ON[bLcWNPX9[cb`c[XĵLRNTž]JYXLQbUNWRJYX`RN[cLQWRVJ
UNSN WRN ]bUTX YXcRXV WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ JUN R LcJ\ MX\]¢Y^
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ KNcYXĵ[NMWRNPX ` XMYX`RNMWRLQ YX[JLQ
MWRJ >`cPU¢MWRJSžL LcJ\ WJ\ũXWNLcWRNWRJ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRNV
KNcYXĵ[NMWRV SJT [ß`WRNŖ YXcRXV WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ JKb
cVWRNS\cbîMX\]¢YWXĵîY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX`UNLRN
JY[cNMN`\cb\]TRVXP[JWRLcbîYXcRXVY[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNc
YXĵ[NMWRNPXWJUNŖbPũß`WžOJ\JM¢K^MbWT^c`[JLJî`\][X
W¢`\LQXMWRž]XMX]bLcbY[cNMN`\cb\]TRVK^MbWTß``bTX
[cb\]b`JWbLQ\NcXWX`X`UNLRNU^KYXũ^MWRX`X`\LQXMWRž
JWRNWJcJLQßMU^KYXũ^MWRX`bcJLQßM

@ XT[N\RN WJSPX[\cNS MX\]¢YWXĵLR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũX

WNLcWNPX ` cRVRN WJSUNYRNS WJ\ũXWNLcWRXWN \ž YX`RN[cLQWRN
XM^ŖbLQYXLQbUNWRJLQ`R¢T\cbLQLXWJSVWRNSXŒXMUX
TJUWNS \cN[XTXĵLR PNXP[J²LcWNS R c`[ßLXWN WJ YXũ^MWRN -UJ
@J[\cJ`b YXLQbUNWRN ]X `bWX\R @ P[^MWR^ VRN\RžL^
X WJSPX[\cbLQ `J[^WTJLQ WJ\ũXWNLcWRNWRJ MUJ hWJSUNYRNSm
^\b]^X`JWNS YX`RN[cLQWR β & ϒ & Œ ĵ[NMWRN McRNW
WNYßũ\ON[bLcWNWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN`bWX\RXTXũX63V

McRNĢ7JY[XVRNWRX`JWRNMcRNWWNYX`RN[cLQWRYRXWX`NSYX
ũ^MWRX`NS`bWX\R`]bVXT[N\RNXTXũX"63V

McRNĢLcb

URSN\]Y[cN\cũXYR¢LRXT[X]WRNWRŖ\cNWRŖ`LcN[`L^7J]XVRJ\]
` P[^MWR^ WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN YX`RN[cLQWR YXcRXVNS `bWX\R
cJUNM`RN 63V

McRNĢ CVRJWb WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ž

Lc^ũNcJ[ß`WXWJYXLQbUNWRNSJTRWJX[RNW]JLS¢Y[cbLcbV
`b\]¢Y^SN `b[JŔWJ Y[NON[NWLSJ MUJ TRN[^WT^ YXũ^MWRX`NPX

RTž]ß`JcbV^]JUWbLQKUR\TRLQcN[^cN`cPU¢M^WJc`R¢T\cN
WRNcb\Tß`\ũXWNLcWbLQ

@P[^MWR^J]JTŖN`RWWbLQVRN\RžLJLQXT[N\^WJSPX[\cNS

MX\]¢YWXĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX`b\]¢Y^SNKJ[McX
VJũbYXcRXVWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJRVJũJSN\]URLcKJPXMcRW\ũX
WNLcWbLQMcRNWWbLQT]ß[J`P[^MWR^`bWX\RXTXũX!PXMcRW
WJMXK¢9[XVRNWRX`JWRNKNcYXĵ[NMWRN`]bVVRN\RžL^`b\]¢
Y^SNY[cNcPXMcRWWJMXK¢JUNLcJ\]NW`cJUNŖWXĵLRXM^\b
]^X`JWRJYX`RN[cLQWRXMYX`RNMWRX\T[JLJ\R¢@WJSKJ[McRNS
TX[cb\]WbLQ`J[^WTJLQ^\b]^X`JWRJYX`RN[cLQWRXMKRN[JSžLNS
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWN]SY[cbYXLQbUNWR^[c¢M^β&Œ
RX[RNW]JLSRYXũ^MWRX`NS`PXMcRWJLQYXũ^MWRX`bLQPXMcRW
WNWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRNYßũ\ON[bLcWNX\RžPJYXcRXV63V

`]bVPXMcRWWNWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRNKNcYXĵ[NMWRN`bWX\RXTX
ũX 63V

LX \]JWX`R Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ Yßũ\ON[bLc

WNPX @ cRVRN KJ[McX R\]X]WN SN\] XMYX`RNMWRN YXLQbUJWRN
`cPU¢MNVYXcRXV^YX`RN[cLQWRXMKRN[JSžLNSY[XVRNWRX`JWRN
` LNU^ c`R¢T\cNWRJ ^McRJũ^ Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ KNcYXĵ[NMWRNPX
` Y[XVRNWRX`JWR^ Yßũ\ON[bLcWbV @ Y[cbYJMT^ `R¢T\cbLQ
YXLQbUNĢYXLcž`\cbXMβ&Œ[XĵWRN^McRJũ\TũJMX`NS[Xc
Y[X\cXWNS Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ SJĵWRNSžLNPX QX[bcXW]^ R Y[XVRN
WRX`JWRJXMKR]NPXVJUNSN^McRJũ\TũJMX`NSRcX][XYX`NSY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPX-UJYX`RN[cLQWRYRXWX`NSY[cb
]bYX`bVYXMũXŖ^X]XLcNWRJρ&^McRJũY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
XMKR]NPX MXLQXMcR MX TRUT^WJ\]^ Y[XLNW] ;XUJ YX`RN[cLQWR
[N³NT\bSWbLQ ` \YX\ßK cJYUJWX`JWb `Y[X`JMcJWbLQ ` X]X
LcNWRNK^MbWT^SN\]R\]X]WJMUJc`R¢T\cJWRJMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX`XT[N\RNcRVb

CRVžcJ[ß`WXNUNVNW]bJT]b`WNSJTRYJ\b`WNc`RžcJ

WNcPũß`WžOJ\JMžK^MbWT^YX`RWWbKbî^VRNS\LX`RXWNXM
\][XWbYXũ^MWRX`NS+^MbWNTWRNYX`RWRNWKbî`XPßUNcJLRN
WRJWbVXŖWJ\]X\X`JîYX`RN[cLQWRNXMKRSJSžLN`X]XLcNWR^
K^MbWT^WY`YX\]JLR\]J`^KJ\NW^U^KcJRW\]JUX`JWbLQ
WJK^MbWT^WY`YX\]JLRXMKũbĵWRTß`Y[cbRW\]JUJLSJLQTX
UNT]X[X`bLQ

@ XT[N\RN Y[cNSĵLRX`bV `RX\NWWbV R SN\RNWWbV YXcRXV

WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ Yßũ\ON[bLcWNPX R SNPX \TũJMX`NS KNcYX
ĵ[NMWRNSc`ũJ\cLcJY[cbTX[cb\]WRN^\b]^X`JWbLQYX`RN[cLQ
WRJLQSN\]`cPU¢MWRN`b\XTR7JS`R¢T\cN`J[]XĵLRPXMcRWWN
PXWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJYßũ\ON[bLcWNPX`b\]¢Y^Sž`YXũ^MWRN
TRNMb ]X Y[cb TX[cb\]WbLQ `J[^WTJLQ YXLQbUNWRJ β&Œ
RX[RNW]JLSRYXũ^MWRX`NS`bWX\cžXTXũX 63V

Y[cbLcbV

PXMcRWWN WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN KNcYXĵ[NMWRN VXŖN MXLQXMcRî
MX63V

\]JWX`RžLY[XVRNWRX`JWRJYßũ\ON[bLcWN

PX -JU\cb `c[X\] YXLQbUNWRJ MX β&Œ J ]bV KJ[McRNS MX
β

&"ŒYX`XM^SN\]XYWRX`NYXPX[\cNWRN`J[^WTß`MX\]¢Y

WXĵLRNWN[PRRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXLQXîMUJ]bLQYX
LQbUNĢ`c[J\]J\TũJMX`JY[XVRNWRX`JWRJXMKR]NPXR\TũJMX
`JY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ[XcY[X\cXWNPXSJĵWRNSžLNPXQX[bcXW]^]X
WRN[NTXVYNW\^SžXWN\YJMT^Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNcYXĵ[NMWRN
PXR[XcY[X\cXWNPXRcX][XYX`NPX

9X`RN[cLQWRN `\LQXMWRN R cJLQXMWRN WRN \ž WJY[XVRN

WRX`b`JWN Y[XVRNWRX`JWRNV KNcYXĵ[NMWRV XMYX`RNMWRX
Y[cNMcJLQXMNVRYX`\LQXMcRN<ũXĢLJCN`c[X\]NVYXLQb
UNWRJ`bMũ^ŖJ\R¢XT[N\K[JT^MX\]¢Y^Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNc
YXĵ[NMWRNPX CVWRNS\cNWR^ ^UNPJ ` YX[ß`WJWR^ c XT[N\NV
UN]WRV McRNWWJ URLcKJ PXMcRW \ũXWNLcWbLQ MUJ YX[ß`WJWRJ
`LcN[`L^`bWX\RJ`N`[cNĵWR^PXMcRWCWJSXVXĵî
[XcTũJM^Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJKNcYXĵ[NMWRNPXSN\]KJ[McX`JŖWJ
c`ũJ\cLcJPMbSNPX^McRJũSN\]`cPU¢MWRN`b\XTR[c¢M^
]JTSJTVJ]XVRNS\LN`N`[cNĵWR^9X`RN[cLQWRNYXũ^MWRX`N

background image

UaSOMSOĜvMdO\aSOMŵųųż

ZYV]UKOXO\QO^cUK]ĚYXOMdXK

RYXũ^MWRX`XcJLQXMWRNJWJ\]¢YWRNYXũ^MWRX`X`\LQXMWRN
\ž WJSUNYRNS WJ\ũXWNLcWRXWN 9XcRXV WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ WRN
SN\]]JT`b\XTRSJTUJ]NVSNMWJTŖNY[cbY[XSNT]X`JWR^OJ\JMb
K^MbWT^ WJUNŖb ^`cPU¢MWRî VXŖUR`Xĵî \]X\X`JWRJ cJLRNWRN
WRJYX`RN[cLQWRWJSKJ[McRNS`b\]J`RXWbLQWJXMMcRJũb`JWRN
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX0ũß`WžOJ\JM¢K^MbWT^`bTX
[cb\]b`JWNPX]bUTX`YX[cNY[cNSĵLRX`NSWJUNŖJũXKbc`[JLJî
`\][XW¢YXũ^MWRX`X`\LQXMWRž7J]XVRJ\]MžŖžLMXc`R¢T
\cNWRJcb\Tß`\ũXWNLcWbLQWJUNŖb`bTX[cb\]b`JîYX`RN[cLQ
WRNYXũ^MWRX`NXTžLRNYXLQbUNWRJWRŖ\cbVXTRUTJ\]XYWRXM
UXTJUWNS\cN[XTXĵLRPNXP[J²LcWNS

@ XMWRN\RNWR^ MX YX\cLcNPßUWbLQ XT[N\ß` MX\]¢YWXĵLR

Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX Y[cbYR\JWX RV YN`WN `\YßUWN
cJUNLNWRJXMWXĵWRNYXLQbUNWRJRcX[RNW]X`JWRJXK^MX`bK^
MbWT^<žXWNWJ\]¢Y^SžLN#
oMUJXT[N\^WJSUNY\cNSMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLc

WNPXoUN]WRNPX#
¬ \]X\X`JWRN SJT WJS`R¢T\cbLQ YXLQbUNĢ β → "Œ KNc

`cPU¢MWRNWJUNŖb^WRTJîYX`RN[cLQWRYXcRXVbLQRXVJ
ũbLQTž]JLQYXLQbUNWRJ$

¬Pũß`WJOJ\JMJYX`RWWJKbîcX[RNW]X`JWJ`cJT[N\RNTž

]ß`JcbV^]JUWbLQ#
"Œrγ rŒ$WJUNŖb^WRTJîX[RNW]JLSR`TRN[^WT^cJ
LQXMWRV\cLcNPßUWRN`cJT[N\RNŒrγ r"ŒTX
WRNLcWNSN\]cJLRNWRJWRNMUJŒrγ r"Œ$

oMUJXT[N\^Y[cNSĵLRX`NPXX^VRJ[TX`JWbVYXcRXVRNWJY[X

VRNWRX`JWRJ#
¬ Pũß`WJ OJ\JMJ YX`RWWJ Kbî c`[ßLXWJ ` \][XW¢ YXũ^

MWRX`žγ → Œ

¬YX`RN[cLQWRNXK^MX`bYX`RWWbKbîYXLQbUXWNYXMTž

]NVβ sŒWJUNŖb^WRTJî\]X\X`JWRJYX`RN[cLQWRYX
cRXVbLQRXVJũbLQTž]JLQYXLQbUNWRJ$

oMUJXT[N\^WJSPX[\cNSMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLc

WNPXcRVX`NPXcN`cPU¢M^WJKJ[McXWR\TRYXcRXVWJY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ#
¬ Y[NON[X`JWN SN\] \]X\X`JWRN X[RNW]JLSR YXũ^MWRX`NS

cVXŖUR`bVWRNcWJLcWbVXMLQbUNWRNVWJ`\LQßMRcJ
LQßMWRNVXŖN`b\]¢YX`JîcJLRNWRNWRNK^MbWT^$

¬WJUNŖb\]X\X`JîM^ŖNYXLQbUNWRJYX`RN[cLQWR#

Œ%β % Œ$cJUNLJWNŒ

+^MbWNTVXŖNKbîY[XSNT]X`JWbYXMTž]NVSNPX\NcXWX

`NPX `bTX[cb\]JWRJ Y[cb LcbV \NcXWX`Xĵî SN\] cJUNŖWJ XM
XT[N\^ ^Ŗb]TX`JWRJ MJWNPX XKRNT]^ K^MX`UJWNPX 7JSLc¢
ĵLRNS\NcXWXMYX`RJMJXT[N\X`RYX[bLRNYũNS#`RX\NWWXUN]
WRNST]ß[Jc[NP^ũb][`JXMVJSJMXTXĢLJ`[cNĵWRJVRN\R¢
LbLXXMYX`RJMJXT[N\X`RO^WTLSXWX`JWRJUN]WRLQXĵ[XMTß`
`bYXLcbWTX`bLQ X[Jc `bTX[cb\]JWRJ UN]WRLQ MXVß` [NT[N
JLbSWbLQ 3NMWJTŖN MUJ WRNT]ß[bLQ XKRNT]ß` \NcXWX`Xĵî
XcWJLcJ `bTX[cb\]JWRN Y[cNc VRN\R¢Lb ` LRžP^ [XT^ `b
ũžLcJSžLXT[N\`JTJLbSWb]SXT[N\WJSUNY\cNSMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX-X]JTRLQK^MbWTß`WJUNŖžY[cNMN
`\cb\]TRV\cTXũbRRWWNXKRNT]bcWRVR\TXSJ[cXWN

9X`bŖNS \OX[V^ũX`JWN cJUNLNWRJ VXPž Kbî XMWRN\RXWN

` \YX\ßK KNcYXĵ[NMWR MX XKRNT]ß` `bTX[cb\]b`JWbLQ \N
cXWX`X MX T]ß[bLQ WJUNŖž `\YXVWRJWN MXVb UN]WR\TX`N
R RWWN XKRNT]b `bYXLcbWTX`N `bTX[cb\]b`JWN ` LcJ\RN
UJ]J CN `cPU¢M^ WJ M^ŖN WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN K^MbWTR `b
TX[cb\]b`JWNXT[N\X`X`\NcXWRNUN]WRVWRNVXPžKbî`b
YX\JŖXWN`\]JWMJ[MX`N[Xc`RžcJWRJYJ\b`WN^ũJ]`RJSžLN
YXcb\TR`JWRNNWN[PRRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXJ`[¢Lc
XM`[X]WRN V^\cž YX\RJMJî NUNVNW]b XP[JWRLcJSžLN MX\]¢Y

Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ0ũß`WJOJ\JMJK^MbWT^WRNYX`RWWJKbî
c`[ßLXWJWJYXũ^MWRNRcJLQßM]S`cJT[N\RNTž]ß`JcbV^
]JUWbLQXMŒMX"Œ7JUNŖbXM]NS\][XWbK^MbWNTcJLRN
WRJîcJ[ß`WXNUNVNW]JVR\JVNS\][^T]^[bK^MbWT^XTJYb
`bT^\cN SJT R WJ]^[JUWbVR NUNVNW]JVR X]XLcNWRJ cRNUNĢ
/J\JMJ K^MbWT^ YX`RWWJ Kbî c`[ßLXWJ ` \][XW¢ `\LQXM
WRž N`NW]^JUWRN YXũ^MWRX`X o `\LQXMWRž YXũJLRN MJLQ^
YX`RWWbKbîYXLQbUXWNYXMM^ŖbVTž]NV`LNU^^WRTWR¢LRJ
RLQY[cNP[cN`JWRJ

@Y[cbYJMT^K^MbWTß`\cTXUWbLQWRN`bTX[cb\]b`JWbLQ

YX[JUN]WRžPũß`WJOJ\JMJK^MbWT^YX`RWWJKbîc`[ßLXWJ
`\][XW¢YXũ^MWRX`žYXũJLRNMJLQ^YX`RWWbKbîYXLQbUXWN
YXMTž]NV[c¢M^Œ.UNVNW]bcJLRNWRJSžLNXK^MX`bK^MbW
T^YX`RWWbKbîXP[JWRLcXWNMXRLQ`bTX[cb\]JWRJ`LcN[`L^
N`NW]^JUWRN`VJS^R`[cNĵWR^7JSUNY\cN`J[^WTRMXXMKRX[^
NWN[PRR Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX MUJ [Xc`RžcJĢ RW\]JUJ
LbSWbLQVJSžYX`RN[cLQWRNYXLQbUXWNYXMTž]NVXMŒMX
ŒXTžLRNJcbV^]JUWbV`cJT[N\RNXMŒMXŒ

8YR\JWN`LcNĵWRNS\NcXWX`NcJUNLNWRJYXc`JUJSž\OX[V^

ũX`Jî]JTŖNYXM\]J`X`N`\TJcJWRJ`TXW]NTĵLRNMX\]¢YWXĵLR
Y[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXMXXK^MX`bK^MbWT^`LRžP^
LJũNPX[XT^<]X\X`JWRNYũJ\cLcbcWYXcRXVbLQWYMJLQß`
LcbY[cN\cTUXWbLQYXcRXVbLQYX`RN[cLQWRJ][R^VWRNSN\]cJUN
LJWN`K^MX`WRL]`RN``J[^WTJLQT[JSX`bLQ9X`RN[cLQWRN
YXcRXVNRXWRN`RNUTRLQTž]JLQYXLQbUNWRJ\ž\cLcNPßUWRNVXL
WXWJY[XVRNWRX`b`JWN`UNLRNTRNMbWRNSN\]]XYXŖžMJWN
WJ]XVRJ\]`WRN`RNUTRV\]XYWR^`XT[N\RNcRVb9XũJLRNMJLQ^
YX`RWWbKbîYXLQbUXWN`cJT[N\RNTž]ß`XMŒMXŒLX
`XT[N\RNcRVbc`R¢T\cJMX\]¢YWXĵîNWN[PRRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
\ũXWNLcWNPXJ`UNLRNXP[JWRLcJ0ũß`WJOJ\JMJK^MbWT^YX
`RWWJKbîc`[ßLXWJWJYXũ^MWRNRXM]NS\][XWbYX`RWWbcWJS
MX`Jî\R¢[Xc`RžcJWRJYJ\b`WN\][^T]^[bK^MbWT^Y[cNP[X
MbYRXWX`NU^KYXLQbUXWNYXMTž]NV`cJT[N\RNXMŒMX
Œ@UNLRNM^ŖNYXLQbUNWRNYX`RN[cLQWR`cPU¢MNVYXcRXV^
cVWRNS\cJMX\]¢YWXĵîY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX`LcN[`
L^WJ`N]M`^T[X]WRN`YX[ß`WJWR^cYX`RN[cLQWRžYXcRXVž
-UJ `R¢T\cbLQ YXLQbUNĢ J \cLcNPßUWRN MUJ YX`RN[cLQWR YRX
WX`bLQ `b\]¢Y^SN LQJ[JT]N[b\]bLcWN `b[ß`WJWRN YXcRXV^
WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ`LRžP^MWRJ`LRNYũNSYX[cN[XT^]SXM
T`RN]WRJMXTXĢLJ`[cNĵWRJ

8M`[cNĵWRJMXTXĢLJVJ[LJYXũ^MWRX`JOJ\JMJK^MbW

T^YX`RWWJKbîhX]`J[]JWJXMMcRJũb`JWRNY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
\ũXWNLcWNPXmYXcJ]bVXT[N\NVYX`RWWJKbîcJLRNWRJWJ9X
`RN[cLQWRNYRXWX`NcJLQXMWRN\žWJ[JŖXWNWJY[cNP[cN`JWRN
UJ]NV KJ[McRNS WRŖ YX`RN[cLQWRN YXũ^MWRX`N R YX`RWWb Kbî
\cLcNPßUWRN cJLRNWRJWN YXY[cNc NUNVNW]b \][^T]^[b K^MbWT^
RX]XLcNWRJcN`W¢][cWNPX-X`XUWRNYXLQbUXWJYX`RN[cLQWRJ
^TRN[^WTX`JWJ`\][XW¢cJLQXMWRžSN\]cMNLbMX`JWRNUNYRNS
WJY[XVRNWRX`b`JWJ WRŖ YX`RN[cLQWRJ `\LQXMWRJ X ]bV \J
VbVYXLQbUNWR^YXMXKWRNYũJ\cLcbcWJYXũ^MWRX`XcJLQXM
WRJ`YX[ß`WJWR^cYXũ^MWRX`X`\LQXMWRž

*WJURcJcVRJWĵ[NMWRNPX[XLcWNPXWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJYX

`RN[cLQWR[ßŖWRNYXLQbUXWbLQR[ßŖWRNcX[RNW]X`JWbLQXMWX\R
\R¢ Y[JT]bLcWRN MX QNURXJT]b`WbLQ NUNVNW]ß` \][^T]^[b K^
MbWT^LcbURMXTXUNT]X[ß`\ũXWNLcWbLQRVXM^ũß`XPWR`OX]X
`XU]JRLcWbLQCJ\]X\X`JWRNJT]b`WbLQ\b\]NVß`\ũXWNLcWbLQ
WJ[c^LJ`Y[cbYJMT^WX`bLQK^MbWTß`TXWRNLcWXĵîXMYX
`RNMWRNPXcJY[XSNT]X`JWRJYXũJLRMJLQ^U^KRWWbLQY[cNP[ßM
K^MX`UJWbLQWJT]ß[bLQNUNVNW]b]NK¢Mž^\JMX`RXWN3N\]
]X\cLcNPßUWRNR\]X]WN`Y[cbYJMT^PMb\b\]NVbJT]b`WN\]J
WX`Rž ]c` NUNVNW]b cRW]NP[X`JWN c XK^MX`ž K^MbWT^ LX

background image

UaSOMSOĜvMdO\aSOMŵųųż

ZYV]UKOXO\QO^cUK]ĚYXOMdXK

!

SN\]LX[JcKJ[McRNSYX`\cNLQWN*T]b`WNNUNVNW]bK^MbWT^
cJY[XSNT]X`JWN MX LJũX[XLcWNPX YXcb\TR`JWRJ NWN[PRR Y[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPXWYTXUNT]X[b\ũXWNLcWNYX`RWWb
VRNîYXLQbUNWRNRcX[RNW]X`JWRNXMYX`RJMJSžLN^\b]^X`JWR^
YX`RN[cLQWR WJSKJ[McRNS WJY[XVRNWRX`b`JWNS ` VRN\RžLJLQ
`RX\NWWX UN]WRLQ @ WX`XY[XSNT]X`JWbLQ K^MbWTJLQ R\]
WRNSN MX`XUWXĵî ` T\c]Jũ]X`JWR^ K[bũb K^MbWT^ R VXŖWJ Sž
]JTcJY[XSNT]X`JîJKbKbũb\YNũWRXWN`\cb\]TRN`bVJPJWRJ
XMWXĵWRN XMYX`RNMWRNPX ^\b]^X`JWRJ YX\cLcNPßUWbLQ YX
`RN[cLQWR 7JUNŖb ]NŖ cJcWJLcbî ŖN XY[ßLc `cPU¢Mß` Lcb\]X
NWN[PN]bLcWbLQ`JŖWN\ž`cPU¢MbN\]N]bLcWNRO^WTLSXWJUWN
VXŖUR`JSN\]`R¢LYN`WJMX`XUWXĵîCN`cPU¢M^WJcb\TRNWN[
PN]bLcWN`\TJUR[XT^`\TJcJWNSN\]^VRN\cLcJWRNNUNVNW]ß`
QNURXJT]b`WbLQ`YXcbLSRXYR\JWNSTž]NVYXLQbUNWRJRTž]NV
JcbV^]JUWbV[ß`WbVRXMYX`RNMWRXβ&ŒRγ&Œ7J]X
VRJ\]`Y[cbYJMT^K^MbWT^`bYX\JŖXWNPXcJ[ß`WX`NUN
VNW]bQNURXJT]b`WNSJTRQNURXYJ\b`WNcJUNLNWRJXMWXĵWRN
^\b]^X`JWRJYX\cLcNPßUWbLQYX`RN[cLQWRXK^MX`bK^MbWT^
V^\cž Kbî \`XR\]bV TXVY[XVR\NV YXVR¢Mcb `\TJcJWRJ
VR MUJ QNURXJT]b`WbLQ R QNURXYJ\b`WbLQ [Xc`RžcJĢ Lc¢\]X
\Y[cNLcWbLQcN\XKž

3NŖNURUXTJURcJLSJMcRJũTRWJ[c^LJWY^\b]^X`JWRNK^MbW

T^cMũ^Ŗ\cžĵLRJWžc`[ßLXWžWJ`\LQßMU^KcJLQßM]XPũß`
WJ OJ\JMJ c NUNVNW]JVR YJ\b`WbLQ \b\]NVß` \ũXWNLcWbLQ
YX`RWWJ Kbî XM \][XWb `\LQXMWRNS UNYRNS XM YXũ^MWRX`X
o`\LQXMWRNSWJ]XVRJ\]NUNVNW]b[Xc`RžcJĢRW\]JUJLbSWbLQ
WYTXUNT]X[b\ũXWNLcWNVXPžKbîcUXTJURcX`JWNWJYXLQbUX
WbVMJLQ^XM\][XWbcJLQXMWRNS

CPXMWRN c X][cbVJWbVR `bWRTJVR WJSUNY\cN `J[^WTR

WJ\ũXWNLcWRNWRJ ` LRžP^ [XT^ VJ YX`RN[cLQWRJ YXLQbUX
WJYXMTž]NVŒWJ\]¢YWRNŒRŒ`cJT[N\RNTž]ß`
JcbV^]JUWbLQXMŒMXŒCJUNLJWNcX[RNW]X`JWRNYX
`RN[cLQWRXMYX`RJMJTž]X`RŒ9X`RN[cLQWRNYXLQbUXWN
YXMTž]NVŒRcX[RNW]X`JWN`\][XW¢YXũ^MWRX`žcXM
LQbUNWRNVŒXMKRN[JSž[XLcWRNXTXũX63V

[XT

-JSžLNWJS`R¢T\cNcb\TR`\TJUR[XT^YXLQbUNWRNYX`RN[cLQWR
YXM Tž]NV Œ WRNcWJLcWRN XMKRNPJ XM YXLQbUNĢ cJUNLJ
WbLQ MX \]X\X`JWRJ ^XPßUWRXWž OX[V^ũž -^ɼNPX R +NLT
VJWJ -^OWRN +NLTVJW "" `P T]ß[NS cJUNLJWN YXLQb
UNWRNYX`RN[cLQWRYXcb\T^SžLbLQY[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWN
MUJ@J[\cJ`bSN\]`P[JWRLJLQXMŒMXŒ8cWJLcJ]X
ŖNXPßUWN^WR`N[\JUWNOX[V^ũbMX]bLcžLNMX\]¢YWXĵLRY[X
VRNWRX`JWRJ \ũXWNLcWNPX WRN \Y[J`McJSž \R¢ 4XWRNLcWJ
SN\] cWJSXVXĵî [cNLcb`R\]bLQ `J[^WTß` WJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ
`MJWbV[NSXWRNLcbURMX\]¢YMX[cNLcb`R\]bLQcVRN[cXWbLQ
MJWbLQWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ

<92<<B6+852

*Ro`\YßũLcbWWRTJWRcX][XYX`XĵLR

Oo`\TJŔWRTR\]XYWRJcJLQV^[cNWRJ

0oWJ]¢ŖNWRNY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX@V

2oPXMcRWWNWJY[XVRNWRX`JWRN\ũXWNLcWN 3V

WoW^VN[MWRJ`[XT^

;o`\YßũLcbWWRTTX[NTLSRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX
]oLcJ\ \

27-.4<B

KoKNcYXĵ[NMWRN

Mo[XcY[X\cXWN

RcXoRcX][XYX`N

QcoSJĵWRNSžLNPXQX[bcXW]^

XoXMKR]N

XT\oXTXũX\ũXWNLcWN

Yo9X`RN[cLQWRNYXLQbUXWN

<B6+85.0;.,42.

β

oTž]YXLQbUNWRJ`cPU¢MNVYXcRXV^

MNP

δ

oMNTURWJLSJ

MNP

ϒ

oTž]JcbV^]JUWb

MNP

λ

oY[cN`XMWXĵîLRNYUWJ

@V4

λ

oMũ^PXĵîOJUR

tV

ρ

o[N³NT\bSWXĵî \cN[XTXĵî PNXP[J²LcWJ

MNP

ω

oTž]PXMcRWWb\ũXĢLJ

MNP

52=.;*=>;*

,Q`RNM^T-#6XMNUX`JWRNRJWJURcJYXcb\TR`JWRJX[JcTXW`N[\SR]N[VRLcWNS

NWN[PRRY[XVRNWRX`JWRJ\ũXWNLcWNPX`K^MbWT^9;*,.299=‰2/=;;.98;=<
YY@J[\cJ`J

,Q`RNM^T - +XPMJĢ\TJ +# <XVN [NLXVVNWMJ]RXW\ OX[ RWLURWJ]RXW\ JWM

X[RNW]J]RXW\XOK^RUMRWPNUNVNW]\^WMN[\XUJ[[JMRJ]RXWRW9XUR\QLXWMR]RXW\
;NWN`JKUN.WN[Pb3X^[WJU""!

-^ɼN 3 * +NLTVJW @ *# <XUJ[ .WPRWNN[RWP XO =QN[VJU 9[XLN\\N\ 3XQW

@RUNbū<XW\2WL7N`BX[T""

1Jb3.-J_RN\3*#,JUL^UJ]RXWXO]QN<XUJ[;JMRJ]RXW2WLRMNW]XWJW2WLURWNM

<^[OJLN9[XLNNMRWP\/R[\],JWJMRJW<XUJ[;JMRJ]RXW-J]J@X[T\QXY"
"!6RWR\][bXO<^YYUbJWM<N[_RLN,JWJMJ

4U^LQN[=6#._JU^J]RWP6XMNU\]X9[NMRL]2W\^UJ]RXWXW=RU]NM<^[OJLN\<XUJ[

.WN[Pb?XU" "

97.72<8"!!.WN[PRJ\ũXWNLcWJo=N[VRWXUXPRJ@J[\cJ`J
=NVY\;,,X^U\XW45#<XUJ[;JMRJ]RXW2WLRMNW]^YXW<UXYN\XO-RɾN[NW]

8[RNW]J]RXW\<XUJ[.WN[Pb"" "


Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
Wartosci natezenia promieniowania slonecznego w Wm2 doprowadzanego do pomieszczenia marzec wrzesie
Promieniowanie słoneczne
oddzialywanie promieniowania slonecznego z atmosfera(full permission)
PN B 02025 2001 Obliczanie sezonowego zapotrzebowania na ciepło do ogrzewania budynków mieszkalnych
Alfabet.Mafii.czesc10.Korek.Szykuje.sie.do.Wystrzalu.UoM, Mafia w Polsce
Rośliny jako potencjalne źródło filtrów UV w ochronie przed promieniowaniem słonecznym
Wniosek o podanie możliwości i warunków technicznych do podłączenia budynku do miejskiej sieci ga
obl;iczenie sezonowego zapotrzebowania na ciepło do ogrzewania budynków mieszkalnych i zamieszkania
kont padania promieni słonecznych
Pn B 02025 2001 Obliczanie Sezonowego Zapotrzebowania Na Ciepło Do Ogrzewania Budynków Mieszkaln2
Wniosek o podanie możliwości i warunków technicznych do podłączenia budynku do gminnej kanalizacj
dostep uzytkownikow mobilnych do baz danych wap, pqa, mbts zkpjy2ly76foe7e2jm5bgz7ytxqqyaxaghe36ha
Wentylatory o obniżonym poziomie głośności do obudów i zasilaczy
Promieniowanie słoneczne
PROMIENIE SŁONECZNE A2
Jakie bariery stoją na przeszkodzie do tworzenia społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Polsce, Prace naukow
Wniosek o podanie możliwości i warunków technicznych do podłączenia budynku do miejskiej sieci wo
Meteorologia i Klimatologia Obliczanie promieniowania słonecznego

więcej podobnych podstron