Nowicki Andrzej Ateizm

background image

$QGU]HM1RZLFNL

Ä$WHL]P´

6à2:2:6731(

$WHL]P EXG]L FRUD] ZLNV]H ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH Z V]HURNLFK NUJDFK OXG]L

ZLHU]F\FK1LHEUDNZ\ELWQ\FKP\OLFLHOLNDWROLFNLFKLSURWHVWDQFNLFKNWyU]\
]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHWRVWDUDM VL UR]EXG]DüXPDFQLDüLSRJáELDü)LOR]RINDWROLFNL
*DEULHO 0DUFHO GRPDJD VL RG NDWROLNyZ SR]QDQLD L ]UR]XPLHQLD UDFML
SU]HPDZLDMF\FK ]D DWHL]PHP ,QQ\ ILOR]RI NDWROLFNL -HDQ /DFURL[
SRVWXOXMHÄ>@VSRWNDQLH]PLHU]HQLHVLVWDQLFLHRNRZRNRFKU]HFLMDVWZDL
DWHL]PX´ L ]DFKFD NDWROLNyZ GR ÄNRQIURQWDFML GZyFK VSRVREyZ P\OHQLD´
FKU]HFLMDVNLHJRLDWHLVW\F]QHJR

2 VSRVRELH Z MDNL SRZLQQR VL RGE\ü ÄVSRWNDQLH FKU]HFLMDVWZD ]

DWHL]PHP´ SLV]H WHRORJ HZDQJHOLFNL +HOPXW *ROOZLW]HU 8 QDV Z 3ROVFH
$QQD 0RUDZVND Z VZRLFK LQWHUHVXMF\FK UR]ZD*DQLDFK R ZVSyáF]HVQ\P
ÄDWHL]PLHQDGZLODVNLP´GRZRG]L*HÄ>@UHOLJLDZáDQLHLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP
RQDPXVL]GRE\üVL QDORMDOQHVSRMU]HQLHZWZDU]DQW\UHOLJLL´
1LHMHGQRNURWQLH WR FR WHRORJRZLH L ILOR]RIRZLH FKU]HFLMDVF\SLV] QDWHPDW
DWHL]PX VWZDU]D LQWHUHVXMF L PR*OLZ GR DNFHSWRZDQLD SU]H] DWHLVWyZ
SODWIRUP GR G\VNXVML PLG]\ DWHLVWDPL D ZLHU]F\PL NWyUHM FHOHP E\áRE\
ZVSyOQH SU]HP\OHQLH Z DWPRVIHU]H WROHUDQFML Z]DMHPQHM *\F]OLZRFL L
ZVSyOQHJR SRV]XNLZDQLD SUDZG\ W\FK UDFML NWyUH VNáDQLDM QDV GR DWHL]PX
3UDFH WH ]DFKFDMF ] SR]\FML FKU]HFLMDVNLFK GR P\OHQLD R DWHL]PLH
Z\WZDU]DM XZLHU]F\FKF]\WHOQLNyZJRWRZRüGRNRQVWUXNW\ZQHJRGLDORJX]
DWHLVWDPLLWRMHVWQDSHZQREDUG]RFHQQH-H*HOLSUDFHP\OLFLHOLLSXEOLF\VWyZ
FKU]HFLMDVNLFK QD WHPDW DWHL]PX ]QDMGXM ZUyG OXG]L ZLHU]F\FK ZLHOX

background image

F]\WHOQLNyZ DQLHPDSU]HFLH* SRZRGXGRSRGDZDQLDWHJRZZWSOLZRü WR
FKFLDáRE\VL ]WHJRIDNWXZ\FLJQüZQLRVHN*HZRNUHORQ\FKURGRZLVNDFK
OXG]L ZLHU]F\FK LVWQLHMH SRWU]HED GRZLHG]HQLD VL F]\P MHVW DWHL]P
&]\WHOQLNDPL WDNLFK NVL*HN V ]DUyZQR FL NWyU\FK ZLDUD UHOLJLMQD ]DFKZLDáD
VL L ZREHF WHJR FKF SR]QDü DWHL]P *HE\ RVWDWHF]QLH GRNRQDü ZLDGRPHJR
Z\ERUX PLG]\ UHOLJL D DWHL]PHP MDN L FL NWyU\FK ZLDUD MHVW WDN VLOQD L
JáERND*HQLHREDZLDM VL VNRQIURQWRZDQLDMHM]DWHL]PHP-HGQ\PLGUXJLP
FKFLDáE\P SRZLHG]LHü &]\WDMF SUDFH SU]HFLZQLNyZ DWHL]PX QLH PDFLH
PR*OLZRFLVNRQIURQWRZDQLDZáDVQHMSRVWDZ\UHOLJLMQHM]DXWHQW\F]Q SRVWDZ
DWHLVW\F]Q ]DPLDVW XMU]Hü ÄWZDU] DQW\UHOLJLL´ RJOGDFLH ZFL* ]QDQ VRELH
WZDU] FKU]HFLMDVNLHM DSRORJHW\NL ]DPLDVW NRQIURQWDFML GZyFK Uy*Q\FK
VSRVREyZP\OHQLDVW\NDFLHVL ]P\OHQLHPSRGREQ\PGRZDV]HJR-HOLZLF
FKFHFLHSRUyZQDüUHOLJL ]DWHL]PHPVLJQLMFLHSRNVL*N DWHLVW\RDWHL]PLH:
DWHLVW\F]Q\P REUD]LH ZLDWD QLH PD *DGQ\FK EyVWZ 3U]\F]\Q\ WDNLHJR VWDQX
U]HF]\PRJ E\üGZLHPR*QDE\üDWHLVWSRQLHZD* QLHSRVLDGDVL UHOLJLMQ\FK
SU]H*\ü L QLJG\ QLH SU]\MáR VL UHOLJLMQ\FK SU]HNRQD ]D ZáDVQH DOER PR*QD
]RVWDüDWHLVW ZZ\QLNX]HUZDQLD]UHOLJL OXERGHMFLDRGUHOLJLL:SLHUZV]\P
SU]\SDGNXZDWHLVW\F]Q\PREUD]LHZLDWDQLHPDEyVWZSRQLHZD* QLJG\VL QLH
SRMDZLá\ L QLJG\ QLH XZLHU]\áR VL QDSUDZG Z LFK LVWQLHQLH : GUXJLP
SU]\SDGNXZDWHLVW\F]Q\PREUD]LHZLDWDQLHPDEyVWZSRQLHZD* ]RVWDá\]WHJR
REUD]XXVXQLWHDOERVDPH]EODGá\LUR]ZLDá\VL5HOLJLMQ\REUD]ZLDWDMHVW
QDMRJyOQLHM ELRUF WDNLP RGELFLHP RELHNW\ZQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRFL Z NWyU\P
SRMDZLDM VL EyVWZD 7R SRMDZLHQLH VL EyVWZD Z UHOLJLMQ\P REUD]LH ZLDWD
F]áRZLHN ZLHU]F\ Z\MDQLD RELHNW\ZQ\PLVWQLHQLHP EyVWZD EyVWZR SRMDZLD
VL Z ZLDGRPRFL F]áRZLHND SRQLHZD* LVWQLHMH $WHLVWD Z\MDQLD WHQ IDNW
LQDF]HM EyVWZ QLH PD D ]DWHP UHOLJLMQ\ REUD] ZLDWD MHVW ]QLHNV]WDáFRQ\P
RGELFLHP RELHNW\ZQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRFL 3U]HMDZHP WHJR ]QLHNV]WDáFHQLD MHVW
SRMDZLHQLH VL Z ZLDGRPRFL F]áRZLHND ZLHU]FHJR LVWRW QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK
NWyU\FKZU]HF]\ZLVWRFLQLHPD3RMDZLá\VL ]D RQHZWHQVSRVyE*HSHZQH

background image

HOHPHQW\ RELHNW\ZQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRFL Z\GDM VL F]\P LQQ\P QL* V
SU]\ELHUDM PLDQRZLFLH SR]yU LVWRW QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK 3URFHV WHQ WUDIQLH L
]ZL(OH VFKDUDNWHU\]RZDá Z URNX )U\GHU\N (QJHOV>@ :V]HOND UHOLJLD
MHVW W\ONR IDQWDVW\F]Q\P RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHP Z OXG]NLFK JáRZDFK W\FK
]HZQWU]Q\FKVLáNWyUHU]G] FRG]LHQQ\PE\WHPOXG]LRG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHP
Z NWyU\P VLá\ ]LHPVNLH SU]\ELHUDM SRVWDü VLá QDG]LHPVNLFK : ]DUDQLX
G]LHMyZ RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH WDNLH ]QDMGXM QDMSLHUZ VLá\ SU]\URG\
SU]HFKRG]F Z GDOV]\P FLJX X Uy*Q\FK QDURGyZ SU]H] QDMUR]PDLWV]H L
QDMEDUG]LHMSVWUHZFLHOHQLD>@5\FKáRMHGQDNRERNVLáSU]\URG\]DF]\QDM
WH* G]LDáDüVLá\VSRáHF]QHVLá\NWyUH VL SU]HFLZVWDZLDM OXG]LRPMDNRWDN
VDPRREFHLQDSRF]WNXWDNVDPRQLHZ\WáXPDF]DOQHSDQXMFHQDGQLPL]
W VDP QDSR]yUNRQLHF]QRFL QDWXUDOQFRVDPHVLá\SU]\URG\

:\REUD*HQLD LVWRW QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK V QDMUR]PDLWV]H =D LVWRW\

QDGSU]\URG]RQH XZD*DQH E\ZDM QLHNWyUH NDPLHQLH GU]HZD U]HNL VáRFH
NVL*\F JZLD]G\ SODQHW\ ]ZLHU]WD L OXG]LH ,VWRW\ QDGSU]\URG]RQH E\ZDM
UyZQLH* Z\REUD*DQH SRG SRVWDFL LVWRW PQLHM OXE EDUG]LHM IDQWDVW\F]Q\FK D
ZLF QD SU]\NáDG SRG SRVWDFL OXG]L ] JáRZDPL ]ZLHU]W MDN OLF]QH EyVWZD
HJLSVNLH LVWRW R GZyFK WZDU]DFK MDN U]\PVNL -DQXV WU]HFK WZDU]DFK MDN
VáRZLDVNL 7U\JáDZ F]WHUHFK WZDU]DFK MDN ZLDWRZLG WU]HFK JáRZDFK MDN
JUHFNL&HUEHUVLHGPLXJáRZDFKLG]LHVLFLXURJDFKMDNEHVWLD]$SRNDOLSV\R
VWX RF]DFK MDN JUHFNL $UJXV R V]HFLX UNDFK MDN EyVWZD KLQGXVNLH SRG
SRVWDFL LVWRW VNU]\GODW\FK MDN EDELORVNLH L JUHFNLH EyVWZD ZLDWUyZ OXE
FKU]HFLMDVNLH DQLRá\ SRG SRVWDFL ROEU]\PyZ OXE LVWRW QLHZLG]LDOQ\FK L
QLHPDWHULDOQ\FK FKRü PRJF\FK REMDZLDü VL SRG SRVWDFL SáRQFHJR NU]DND
Z*DOXEJRáELF\:Z\REUD*HQLDFKW\FK XWUZDORQ\FKZOLF]Q\FKU\VXQNDFK
PDORZLGáDFK SáDVNRU]H(EDFK L Z SRHW\FNLFK XWZRUDFK PR*QD RGNU\ü SUDZD
U]G]FH Z\REUD(QL UHOLJLRWZyUF] OXGyZ L SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK DUW\VWyZ =
Z\REUD*H W\FK UR]ZLMDM VL PLW\ F]\OL IDQWDVW\F]QH RSRZLHFL R LVWRWDFK
QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK :\REUD(QLD UHOLJLRWZyUF]D áF]\ LVWRW\ QDGSU]\URG]RQH Z

background image

]ZL]NL URG]LQQH EyVWZD PVNLH L EyVWZD *HVNLH áF]RQH V Z PDá*HVWZD
MHGHQEyJ]RVWDMHX]QDQ\]DRMFDGUXJLEyJ]DMHJRV\QD3RZVWDM RSRZLHFLR
QDURG]LQDFK ERJyZ R ZDOFH GREUHJR ERJD ]H ]á\P ERJLHP R PLHUFL L
]PDUWZ\FKZVWDQLX ERJyZ 3RMDZLHQLH VL Z REUD]LH ZLDWD LVWRW
QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK ZSá\ZD ]QLHNV]WDáFDMFR QD LQQH HOHPHQW\ WHJR REUD]X
ZLDWDZLDW ]RVWDMHSR]EDZLRQ\VZRMHMLVWRWQHMFHFK\ ZLHF]QHJRLVWQLHQLD
]DF]\QD E\ü XZD*DQ\ ]D G]LHáR ERJD 3RV]F]HJyOQH ]DFKRG]FH Z ZLHFLH
SURFHV\]RVWDM SR]EDZLRQHORJLNLZáDVQHJRUR]ZRMXSU]H]SRGSRU]GNRZDQLH
LFKNDSU\VRZLEyVWZ1DMZLNV]\P]QLHNV]WDáFHQLRPXOHJDSRMFLHF]áRZLHND
NWyU\ZUHOLJLMQ\PREUD]LHZLDWDVWDMHVL LVWRW JU]HV]QEH]UDGQ]DOH*Q RG
VLá QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK = PLWDPL FLOH VSODWDM VL REU]G\ F]\OL UR]PDLWH
F]\QQRFLNXOWRZHPDMFHQDFHOXX]\VNDQLHáDVNLEyVWZOXE]PXV]HQLHLFK ]D
SRPRF ]DELHJyZ PDJLF]Q\FK GR SRPDJDQLD OXG]LRP &]DVDPL REU]G
Z\UDVWD ] PLWX F]FLHM PLW VWDQRZL X]DVDGQLHQLH GOD MDNLHJR ]Z\F]DMX OXE
VWDUHJR REU]GX R NWyUHJR SUDZG]LZHM JHQH]LH ]DSRPQLDQR = ELHJLHP F]DVX
F]\QQRFL NXOWRZH NRVWQLHM Z RNUHORQ\ QLH]PLHQQ\ U\WXDá F]\OL VSRVyE
Z\PDZLDQLD SHZQ\FK VáyZ L Z\NRQ\ZDQLD SHZQ\FK JHVWyZ Z RNUHORQHM
]DZV]H WHM VDPHM NROHMQRFL 3RMDZLDM VL OXG]LH VSHFMDOL]XMF\ VL Z
Z\NRQ\ZDQLX F]\QQRFL NXOWRZ\FK Z RGPDZLDQLX PRGáyZ VNáDGDQLX RILDU
SLOQRZDQLX SU]HGPLRWyZ NXOWX D ZLF F]DURZQLF\ V]DPDQL NDSáDQL NWyU]\
Z\FKRZXM VRELHLV]NRO SRPRFQLNyZLQDVWSFyZ3RZVWDMHVWDQNDSáDVNL]
ZáDVQ\PL RGUEQ\PL LQWHUHVDPL D ZUD] ] QLPL XOHJD UR]EXGRZLH
LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ VWURQD UHOLJLL : PLDU UR]ZRMX *\FLD XP\VáRZHJR URQLH SR
WU]HEDLQWHOHNWXDOQHJRXSRU]GNRZDQLDLLQWHUSUHWDFMLPLWyZ UHOLJLMQ\FK7RFR
LVWQLDáRGRWGMHG\QLHQDSáDV]F]\(QLHZ\REUD*HQLRZHMPXVL]RVWDüSU]HáR*RQH
QD M]\N SRMü 5HOLJLD Z]ERJDFD VL R ZáDVQ ILOR]RIL = PLWyZ SRZVWDM
GRJPDW\ D ZUD] ] QLPL XOHJD UR]EXGRZLH GRNWU\QDOQD VWURQD UHOLJLL : WHM
UHOLJLMQHM GRNWU\QLH V]F]HJyOQH PLHMVFH ]DMPXM UR]PDLWH ]DND]\ L QDND]\
SU]HSLV\ L QRUP\ SRVWSRZDQLD ]ZL]DQH ] RFHQDPL L ZDUWRFLRZDQLHP

background image

3RZVWDMHUHOLJLMQDDNVMRORJLD QDU]XFDMFDRNUHORQ KLHUDUFKL ZDUWRFLLGHDá\
Z]RU\RVRERZHLV\VWHPHW\F]Q\:UHV]FLH² ZURGRZLVNXNDUPLRQ\PPLWDPL
LUHOLJLMQ LQWHUSUHWDFM ZV]\VWNLFK]MDZLVN² SRMDZLDM VL SU]H*\FLDUHOLJLMQH
VQ\ZL]MHSU]HF]XFLDLXF]XFLD&]áRZLHNRZLZ\FKRZDQHPXSU]H]URGRZLVNR
UHOLJLMQHLQWHUSUHWDFMDUHOLJLMQDZáDVQ\FKVWDQyZSV\FKLF]Q\FKQDU]XFDVL VDPD
SU]H]VL:\PLHQLOLP\ZWHQVSRVyEV]HüLVWRWQ\FKHOHPHQWyZUHOLJLLPLW\
HOHPHQW Z\REUD*HQLRZ\ REU]G\ HOHPHQW F]\QQRFLRZ\ NOHU HOHPHQW
LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\ GRJPDW\ HOHPHQW GRNWU\QDOQ\ QRUP\ HOHPHQW
DNVMRORJLF]Q\ L SU]H*\FLD HOHPHQW HPRFMRQDOQ\ .D*G\ ] W\FK HOHPHQWyZ
UHOLJLLEDGDQ\MHVWSU]H]LQQ QDXN0LW\V EDGDQHSU]H]KLVWRUL OLWHUDWXU\L
KLVWRUL V]WXNLF]\QQRFLNXOWRZHLG]LDáDOQRüNOHUXSU]H]VRFMRORJL LKLVWRUL
GRJPDW\ L QRUP\ SU]H] KLVWRUL GRNWU\Q ILOR]RILF]Q\FK VSRáHF]Q\FK L
HW\F]Q\FKSU]H*\FLD SU]H]SV\FKRORJL6FDOHQLHW\FKEDGD GRSURZDG]LáRGR
SRZVWDQLDUHOLJLR]QDZVWZDXVLáXMFHJREDGDüUHOLJL RGUy*Q\FKVWURQZVSRVyE

PR*OLZLH ZV]HFKVWURQQ\ DE\ XMü M Z FDá\P MHM VNRPSOLNRZDQLX
2NROLF]QRFL L SU]\F]\Q\ SRZVWDQLD UHOLJLL SU]HREUD*HQLD MDNLP XOHJD L
SU]\F]\Q\ W\FK SU]HREUD*H SRGRELHVWZD L Uy*QLFH PLG]\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\PL
UHOLJLDPL VWRVXQNL Z MDNLH ZFKRG] ] LQQ\PL G]LHG]LQDPL *\FLD L NXOWXU\ D
]ZáDV]F]DVSHáQLDQHSU]H]QLHIXQNFMHVWDQRZL G]L SU]HGPLRWV\VWHPDW\F]Q\FK
EDGD UHOLJLR]QDZF]\FKQDFDá\PZLHFLH$OHLSU]HGSRZVWDQLHPQDXNRZHJR
UHOLJLR]QDZVWZD² LWRFRQDMPQLHMRGGZyFKLSyáW\VLFDODW² LVWQLHOLOXG]LH
NWyU]\ZREHFUHOLJLLVWDUDOLVL ]DMPRZDüSRVWDZ EDGDZF]
']LHMH NU\W\F]QHM UHIOHNVML QDG UHOLJLDPL VWDQRZL SU]HGPLRW V]F]HJyOQ\FK
]DLQWHUHVRZD DXWRUD WHM NVL*NL 2VWDWQLR RSXEOLNRZDá RQ NLOND SUDF
SUH]HQWXMF\FK LQWHUHVXMFH PDWHULDá\ ² Z\ERU\ WHNVWyZ Uy*Q\FK P\OLFLHOL

Z\SRZLDGDMF\FK VL QD WHPDW UHOLJLL RUD] SURSRQXMF\FK SHZQH

XSRU]GNRZDQLH L LQWHUSUHWDFM W\FK PDWHULDáyZ 2GV\áDMF &]\WHOQLND SR
EDUG]LHMZ\F]HUSXMFHZLDGRPRFLRG]LHMDFKNU\W\F]QHMUHIOHNVMLQDGUHOLJLDPL
GR :\NáDGyZ R NU\W\FH UHOLJLL :\SLVyZ ] KLVWRULL NU\W\NL UHOLJLL L VHULL

background image

)LOR]RIRZLH R UHOLJLL ² WX RJUDQLF]\P\ VL GR QDV]NLFRZDQLD QDMEDUG]LHM
]ZL]áHJR ]DU\VX W\FK G]LHMyZ MDNR MHGQHJR ] SXQNWyZ Z\MFLD GR
ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK UR]ZD*D QDG UHOLJL L DWHL]PHP 3RMDZLHQLH VL NU\W\F]QHM
SRVWDZ\ ZREHF UHOLJLL MHVW Z G]LHMDFK NXOWXU\ OXG]NLHM ]MDZLVNLHP
SRZV]HFKQ\PLSUDZLGáRZ\P=MDZLVNRWRPDSU]HZD*QLHGZD(UyGáDMHGQ\P
MHVW VSRáHF]Q\ SURWHVW SU]HFLZNR UHOLJLL MDNR SRGSRU]H QLHVSUDZLHGOLZHJR
SRU]GNX VSRáHF]QHJR GUXJLP MHVW UR]ZyM ZLHG]\ GRZLDGF]DOQHM L
VDPRG]LHOQHJR UR]XPQHJR P\OHQLD .U\W\ND UHOLJLL MHVW ZLF SU]HMDZHP
]DUyZQRZDONL NODVRZHMMDNUR]ZRMXQDXNLLILOR]RILL=ELHJLHPF]DVXFRUD]
ZLNV]HJR ]QDF]HQLD QDELHUD NRQIOLNW PLG]\ UHOLJL D ZLHFNLP VSRVREHP
P\OHQLD QD SáDV]F]\(QLH DNVMRORJLF]QHM $WHLFL ]DF]\QDM NZHVWLRQRZDü
SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP UHOLJLMQH KLHUDUFKLH ZDUWRFL UHOLJLMQH LGHDá\ L Z]RU\
RVRERZHNWyU\PSU]HFLZVWDZLDM SR]\W\ZQHWUHFLZáDVQHJRSRJOGXQDZLDWL
*\FLH$WHL]PQLJG\QLHVSURZDG]DáVL GRQHJDFMLUHOLJLLDOH]ZDOF]DMFUHOLJL
]MDNLFK RNUHORQ\FKSR]\FMLRQWRORJLF]Q\FKLDNVMRORJLF]Q\FK]DZV]HSRVLDGDá
ZáDVQ WUHü SR]\W\ZQ ZáDVQ\ REUD] ZLDWD ZáDVQ KLHUDUFKL ZDUWRFL
ZáDVQ LGHRORJL VSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]Q =DGDQLHP KLVWRU\ND DWHL]PX MHVW
RGWZRU]HQLHQLHW\ONRDWHLVW\F]QHMNU\W\NLUHOLJLLDOH UyZQLH* FDáHJRERJDFWZD
RZ\FKSR]\W\ZQ\FKWUHFLNWyUHE\á\UHOLJLLSU]HFLZVWDZLDQH+LVWRU\NDWHL]PX
QLH PR*H RJUDQLF]\ü VZRLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZD W\ONR L Z\áF]QLH GR DWHL]PX Z
SRVWDFL GRMU]DáHM L NRQVHNZHQWQHM 3RZLQLHQ LQWHUHVRZDü VL UyZQLH* GURJDPL
GRFKRG]HQLDGRDWHL]PXWUXGQ\PLLVNRPSOLNRZDQ\PLSURFHVDPLRGFKRG]HQLD
RG UHOLJLL L SU]H]Z\FL*DQLD UHOLJLL D ZLF ]DMPRZDü VL QLH W\ONR
NRQVHNZHQWQ\PL DWHLVWDPL DOH UyZQLH* P\OLFLHODPL ]DMPXMF\PL SR]\FMH
ÄSRUHGQLH´ ]EOL*DMFH VL GR DWHL]PX ']LHMH NU\W\NL UHOLJLL PR*QD SRG]LHOLü
QDMRJyOQLHM QD GZD ]DVDGQLF]H RNUHV\ GR 0DUNVD L RG 0DUNVD :UD] ]
SRZVWDQLHPPDUNVL]PXUR]SRF]\QDM VL G]LHMHQDXNRZHJRDWHL]PX3U]HGWHP
PDP\ GR F]\QLHQLD W\ONR ] SU]HGQDXNRZ ILOR]RILF]Q NU\W\N UHOLJLL 2G
0DUNVD NU\W\ND UHOLJLL Z\UD(QLH UR]ZLGOD VL RERN QDXNRZHJR DWHL]PX

background image

NRQW\QXRZDQD MHVW² SU]H] ILOR]RIyZ EXU*XD]\MQ\FK ² UyZQLH* ILOR]RILF]QD
NU\W\ND UHOLJLL MDNNROZLHN L RQD UyZQLH* VWDUD VL Z FRUD] ZLNV]\PVWRSQLX
F]HUSDü XRJyOQLHQLD ] RVLJQLü QDXNRZHJR UHOLJLR]QDZVWZD 3LHUZV]\FK
MDZQ\FK DWHLVWyZ VSRW\NDP\ MX* Z VWDUR*\WQHM *UHFML 'ZDM VSRUyG QLFK
SU]HV]OL QDZHW GR G]LHMyZ ILOR]RILL ] SU]\EUDQ\PL SU]H] VLHELH SU]\GRPNDPL
DWHLVWyZPLDQRZLFLH'LDJRUDV$WHLVWD]0HORVL7HRGRU$WHLVWD]DIU\NDVNLHM
&\UHQ\ $ SRGUy*QLND (XKHPHUD ] 0HVVHQ\ *\MFHJR RNRáR URNX SU]HG
QDV] HU QD]ZDá MHGHQ ]H VWDUR*\WQ\FK SLVDU]\ FKU]HFLMDVNLFK
ÄQDMDWHLVW\F]QLHMV]\P´ ]H VWDUR*\WQ\FK DWHLVWyZ L FK\ED VáXV]QLH SRQLHZD*
ZáDQLH Z MHJR WHRULL UHOLJLL ² Z\MDQLDMFHM NXOW ERJyZ NXOWHP NUyOyZ ²
PR*QDGRSDWU]\üVL ]DO*NyZQDXNRZHMWHRULLUHOLJLLZHGáXJNWyUHM]DVDGQLF]
IXQNFM UHOLJLLSDQXMF\FKMHVWZSDMDQLHZPDV\SU]HNRQDQLDRQLHQDUXV]DOQRFL

SRU]GNX VSRáHF]QHJR NWyUHJR SHUVRQLILNDFM V OXG]LH VSUDZXMF\ ZáDG]
0\OLFLHOHVWDUR*\WQLZ\VXQOLZLHOHFHQQ\FKGRP\VáyZQDWHPDWSRFKRG]HQLDL
LVWRW\ UHOLJLL +HUDNOLW ] (IH]X ZLG]LDá Z PLWDFK WZyU Z\REUD(QL SRHW\FNLHM
VRILVWD .U\WLDV] ² WZyU SROLW\NyZ SUDJQF\FK XPRFQLü SRVáXV]HVWZR GOD
SUDZSDVWZRZ\FK]DSRPRF UHOLJLMQHJRONXSU]HGZ\P\ORQ\PSU]H]QLFK
EyVWZHP0DWHULDOLVWD'HPRNU\WZLG]LDá(UyGáRUHOLJLLZONXSLHUZRWQ\FKOXG]L
SU]HG VLáDPL SU]\URG\ .VHQRIDQHV ² Z VNáRQQRFL XP\VáX GR
DQWURSRPRUIL]XMF\FK SHUVRQLILNDFML D ZLF GR Z\REUD*DQLD VRELH WHJR FR
QLH]QDQH Z SRVWDFL OXG]NLHM 7KHDJHQHV ] 5KHJLRQ L 0HWURGRU ] /DPSVDNRV
ZLG]LHOL Z EyVWZDFK SHUVRQLILNDFMH VLá SU]\URG\ L VWDQyZ SV\FKLF]Q\FK
3URGLNRV].HRV² SHUVRQLILNDFMHV]F]HJyOQLHFHQLRQ\FKZDUWRFL)LOR]RIRZLH
JUHFF\ +HUDNOLW 'HPRNU\W L (SLNXU VWZRU]\OL UR]ZLQLWH V\VWHP\ ILOR]RILL
PDWHULDOLVW\F]QHM : LFK REUD]LH ZLDWD QLH PD *DGQHJR SROD GR G]LDáDQLD GOD
EyVWZ QLH VWZRU]\á\ RQH ZLDWD SRQLHZD* ZLDW LVWQLHMH ZLHF]QLH QLH PRJ
PLHü *DGQHJR ZSá\ZX QD ELHJ Z\GDU]H SRQLHZD* ZV]\VWNR FR VL G]LHMH
Z\QLND]RELHNW\ZQ\FKSUDZUXFKXPDWHULLL]G]LDáDOQRFLOXG]NLHM6WZRU]RQH
SU]H] W\FK P\OLFLHOL JUHFNLFK V\VWHP\ HW\F]QH RSLHUDM VL QD ZLHFNLHM

background image

DWHLVW\F]QHM KLHUDUFKLL ZDUWRFL L Z X]DVDGQLHQLX QRUP QLH RGZRáXM VL GR
EyVWZ
1DMZ\ELWQLHMV]\PDWHLVW VWDUR*\WQHJR5]\PXE\áSRHWD/XNUHFMXV]RN²

SU]HG QDV] HU NWyUHJR SRHPDW 'H UHUXP QDWXUD QD]ZDQR ÄHZDQJHOL
ZDOF]FHJR DWHL]PX´ /XNUHFMXV] NLONDNURWQLH RZLDGF]D *H FHOHP MHJR
SRHPDWXMHVWÄZ\]ZROHQLHGXFKDOXG]NLHJR]FLDVQ\FKZL]yZUHOLJLL´]DUD]QD
SRF]WNX SRHPDWX SRGGDMH RVWUHM NU\W\FH QHJDW\ZQ\ ZSá\Z UHOLJLL QD
PRUDOQRü RVNDU*DMF UHOLJLH R LQVSLURZDQLH ]EURGQL QD SU]\NáDG ]DELMDQLH
OXG]L QD RáWDU]DFK Z RILHU]H ERJRP : SLHUZV]\FK NVLJDFK SRHPDWX GDMH
PDWHULDOLVW\F]QH Z\MDQLHQLH ]MDZLVN SU]\URG\ Z SLWHM NVLG]H SUyEXMH Z
VSRVyE PDWHULDOLVW\F]Q\ L NRQVHNZHQWQLH DWHLVW\F]Q\ RGWZRU]\ü G]LHMH
OXG]NRFL NWyUD VZRLP ZáDVQ\P WUXGHP ² Z FL*NLHM ZDOFH ] SU]\URG ²
Z\GRVWDáDVL ]PURNyZG]LNRFLLEDUEDU]\VWZDLEH]*DGQHMSRPRF\EyVWZ
]EXGRZDáDZVSDQLDá NXOWXU:]RUHPRVRERZ\PMHVWGOD/XNUHFMXV]D(SLNXU
Z NWyU\P ZLG]L SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP F]áRZLHND UR]XPQHJR ]DDQJD*RZDQHJR Z

ZDON R V]F]FLH OXG]NRFL L ZáDQLH GODWHJR ]ZDOF]DMFHJR UHOLJL
:HZQWU]QHVSU]HF]QRFLZLDWDVWDUR*\WQHJRGRSURZDG]Lá\GRNDWDVWURI\1D
JUX]DFK NXOWXU\ VWDUR*\WQHM ]DF]áD SRZROL NV]WDáWRZDü VL QRZD IRUPDFMD
VSRáHF]QRHNRQRPLF]QD QD]\ZDQD IHXGDOL]PHP *áyZQ\P LGHRORJLHP
IHXGDOQHJR SRU]GNX VSRáHF]QHJR E\á .RFLyá U]\PVNRNDWROLFNL .DWROLF\]P
E\á SDQXMF LGHRORJL ZLHNyZ UHGQLFK : WHM V\WXDFML ZHZQWU]QH
VSU]HF]QRFL ZLDWD IHXGDOQHJR GDZDá\ R VRELH ]QDü Z SRVWDFL VSRUyZ
WHRORJLF]Q\FKZNWyU\FKNU\W\NDSDQXMFHJRV\VWHPXWHRORJLLVSODWDáDVL PQLHM
OXE EDUG]LHM Z\UD(QLH ] NU\W\N LQVW\WXFML IHXGDOQ\FK : QLHNWyU\FK
RSR]\F\MQ\FK V\VWHPDFK WHRORJLF]Q\FK ZLHNyZ UHGQLFK PR*QD GRVWU]HF
WHQGHQFMH UDFMRQDOLVW\F]QH L SU]HMDZ\ ZROQHM P\OL QD SU]\NáDG X $EHODUGD
² NWyU\ SRZLDGDá *H RERZL]NLHP ILOR]RID MHVW Ä>@ V]XNDü
SUDZG\ UR]XPRZDQLHP L ZH ZV]\VWNLP Lü QLH ]D PQLHPDQLHP OXG]L OHF] ]D
ZVND]DQLHP UR]XPX´ W\P EDUG]LHM *H PQLHPDQLD OXG]L D ]ZáDV]F]D LFK

background image

ZLHU]HQLDUHOLJLMQHRSDUWHV QDW\PFRLPZSRMRQRZG]LHFLVWZLHÄ>@]DQLP

E\OL ]GROQL GR ]UR]XPLHQLD WHJR Z FR WZLHUG] *H ZLHU]´ :\ELWQ\P
SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHP UHGQLRZLHF]QHM ZROQHM P\OL E\á :LOOLDP 2FNKDP RN
²NWyU\SRGZD*\áRGZHZQWU]JPDFKUHGQLRZLHF]QHMVFKRODVW\NL
LWRURZDáZWHQVSRVyEGURJ UHQHVDQVRZHPXKXPDQL]PRZLLPDWHULDOL]PRZL
:\UD]HP SRJáELDMFHJR VL NU\]\VX ZLDWD IHXGDOQHJR E\á\ UyZQLH* KHUH]MH
OXGRZH ]ZL]DQH ] EXQWDPL L SRZVWDQLDPL FKáRSVNLPL :DUWR ]ZUyFLü
]ZáDV]F]DXZDJ ² Z;,9ZLHNX² QDUXFKÄEUDFLLVLyVWUZROQHJRGXFKD´
]ZL]DQ\ ] SRZVWDQLHP FKáRSVNLP ZH )ODQGULL UXFK ÄEUDFL DSRVWROVNLFK´
]ZL]DQ\ ] SRZVWDQLHP 'ROFLQD Z SyáQRFQ\FK :áRV]HFK LGHH OROODUGyZ L
:\FOLIIHD]ZL]DQH]SRZVWDQLHP:DWD 7\OHUDZ$QJOLLZ;9ZLHNX² QD
UXFKKXV\FNLZ&]HFKDFKLZ3ROVFHD]ZáDV]F]DQDMHJROHZLF WDERU\WyZLZ
;9,ZLHNXQDZRMQ FKáRSVN Z1LHPF]HFKNWyUHMLGHRORJLHPLSU]\ZyGF E\á
7RPDV] 0XQ]HU FLW\ Z URNX : UHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK UHZROXF\MQ\FK
Z\VWSLHQLDFK PDV OXGRZ\FK *DUOLZRü UHOLJLMQD VSODWDáD VL ] WHQGHQFMDPL

PDWHULDOLVW\F]Q\PLLDWHLVW\F]Q\PL:URGRZLVNDFKW\FKZ\SRZLDGDQHE\á\
P\OLRZLHF]QRFLZLDWD² ]F]HJRZ\QLNDáR*HZLDWQLH]RVWDáVWZRU]RQ\

SU]H] %RJD 5R]ZyM QRZ\FK ZF]HVQRNDSLWDOLVW\F]Q\FK VWRVXQNyZ
SURGXNF\MQ\FK Z áRQLH IHXGDOL]PX Z\WZRU]\á VSU]\MDMFH ZDUXQNL GOD
ZLHONLHJR SU]HZURWX XP\VáRZHJR NWyU\ GRNRQDá VL Z ;9 L ;9, ZLHNX
3U]HZUyWWHQQD]\ZDP\2GURG]HQLHP OXE5HQHVDQVHP0\OLFLHOHUHQHVDQVRZL
SU]HFLZVWDZLOL UHGQLRZLHF]QHPX NRQWHPSORZDQLX ÄVSUDZ ER*\FK´
]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH SU]\URG L *\FLHP OXG]NLP2GNU\OLQD QRZR SLNQRZLDWD L
VáRG\F] *\FLD &KDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q FHFK UHQHVDQVRZ\FK SUDF R UHOLJLL E\áR
VWDZLDQLHZV]\VWNLFKUHOLJLLQDMHGQHMSáDV]F]\(QLHSRUyZQ\ZDQLHLFK]HVRE
Z\NU\ZDQLH SRGRELHVWZ L Z\FLJDQLH VWG ZQLRVNX *H FKU]HFLMDVWZR MHVW
W\ONRMHGQ ]ZLHOXUHOLJLLLPR*HE\üSU]HGPLRWHPRELHNW\ZQHJRUDFMRQDOQHJR
EDGDQLD 6]F]HJyOQH PLHMVFH Z G]LHMDFK NXOWXU\ 2GURG]HQLD ]DMPXMH G]LHáR
0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND²2REURWDFKVIHUQLHELHVNLFKZ\GDQHZURNX

background image

']LHáHPW\P.RSHUQLNGDáSRF]WHNQLHW\ONRQRZR*\WQHMDVWURQRPLLDOH
WDN*H FDáHPX QRZR*\WQHPX SU]\URGR]QDZVWZX L GRNRQDá UHZROXF\MQHJR
SU]HZURWXQLHW\ONRZQDXFHDOHUyZQLH* ZVSRVRELHXMPRZDQLDZLDWDLUROL
F]áRZLHND Z ZLHFLH SU]\F]\QLDMF VL GR SRZVWDQLD L UR]ZRMX QRZR*\WQHM
ILOR]RILL PDWHULDOLVW\F]QHM ']LHáR .RSHUQLND GRZRG]FH UXFKX =LHPLGRRNRáD
6áRFD EXU]\áR WU]\ SRGVWDZRZH IXQGDPHQW\ UHGQLRZLHF]QHJR UHOLJLMQHJR
SRJOGX QD ZLDW )XQGDPHQW\ WH E\á\ QDVWSXMFH SU]HFLZVWDZLDQLH
GRVNRQDáHJR ÄQLHED´ PDUQHM SRJDUG]DQHM =LHPL SU]HNRQDQLH R PDUQRFL L
VáDERFLUR]XPXOXG]NLHJRU]HNRPRVND*RQHJRL]DPURF]RQHJRSU]H]ÄJU]HFK
SLHUZRURGQ\´ RUD] SU]HNRQDQLH R QLHRP\OQRFL 3LVPD ZLWHJR L RMFyZ
.RFLRáD 3U]HFLZVWDZLDQLH ÄQLHED´ =LHPL E\áR PR*OLZH W\ONR SU]\ XZD*DQLX
=LHPL ]D QLHUXFKRP L ]QDMGXMF VL QD VDP\P ÄGROH´ KLHUDUFKLF]QLH
]Uy*QLFRZDQHJR ZLDWD :\ND]DQLH SU]H] .RSHUQLND *H =LHPLD SRGREQLH MDN
LQQH SODQHW\ NU*\ GRRNRáD 6áRFD RGHEUDáR VHQV UHGQLRZLHF]QHPX SRMFLX
ÄQLHED´ 1LHEHP RND]DáD VL WHUD] FDáD SU]HVWU]H REHMPXMFD ZV]\VWNLH FLDáD
QLHELHVNLHZáF]QLH]=LHPL.RSHUQLNSU]\ZUyFLáSRJDUG]DQHM=LHPLJRGQRü
Z\ND]XMF *H ]QDMGXMH VL RQD ÄZ QLHELH´ F]\OL Z WHM VDPHM QLHVNRF]RQHM
SU]HVWU]HQL ]XSHáQLH Z WDNL VDP VSRVyE MDN LQQH SODQHW\ 6áRFH L JZLD]G\
2GNU\FLH UXFKX =LHPL RGHEUDáR VHQV WHRORJLF]QHPX DEVROXW\]RZDQLX
Z\Uy*QLRQ\FK PLHMVF Z SU]HVWU]HQL 7HRORJRZLH XF]\OL *H ÄQLHER´ ZUD] ]
%RJLHPDQLRáDPLLZLW\PL]QDMGXMHVL Z\VRNRÄZJyU]H´QDGQDPLR6\QX
%R*\PSRZLDGDQR*HÄZVWSLáQDQLHELRVD´7HUD]]UXFKX=LHPLZ\QLNDáR*H
ZFLJXGZXQDVWXJRG]LQ WRFRE\áRQDGQDPL]QDMGXMHVL SRGQDPLDWRFR
E\áR ÄQD GROH´ ]QDMGXMH VL WHUD] ÄQD JyU]H´ 2ND]DáR VL ZLF *H VáyZ
FRG]LHQQLH RGPDZLDQHM PRGOLWZ\ QLH PR*QD EUDü GRVáRZQLH 2GNU\FLH
SUDZG]LZHJRXNáDGXFLDáQLHELHVNLFKZREUELHV\VWHPXVáRQHF]QHJRE\áRWDN
ZLHONLP WULXPIHP UR]XPX OXG]NLHJR *H GDOV]H SRQL*DQLH F]áRZLHND SU]H]
WHRORJyZPXVLDáREXG]LüSURWHVW2ND]DáRVL ² QDSU]\NáDG]LH.RSHUQLND²
*HUR]XPOXG]NLQLHMHVWZFDOHVáDE\LPDUQ\DOHVWDQRZLZVSDQLDáHQDU]G]LH

background image

SR]QDZDQLD RELHNW\ZQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRFL 2ND]DáR VL *H Z RSDUFLX R
SUDZLGáRZR]DSODQRZDQHREVHUZDFMHLSUDZLGáRZRSU]HSURZDG]RQHREOLF]HQLD
UR]XPOXG]NLPR*HVZRLPZáDVQ\PZ\VLáNLHP² EH]*DGQHMÄáDVNLER*HM´EH]
*DGQHM QDGSU]\URG]RQHM SRPRF\ ² RGNU\ZDü SUDZG 3U]HFLZVWDZLDQLH
QG]QHJR UR]XPX OXG]NLHJR GRVNRQDáHPX UR]XPRZL ER*HPX VWUDFLáR VHQV
7HRULD .RSHUQLND ² MDN WR ZNUyWFH ]DXZD*\OL WHRORJRZLH FKU]HFLMDVF\ ²
VWDáDZZ\UD(QHMVSU]HF]QRFL]ZLHORPDWHNVWDPL3LVPDZLWHJRXZD*DQHJR
GRWG]DQLHRP\OQH:HGáXJ%LEOLL=LHPLDMHVWQLHUXFKRP\PURGNLHPZLDWDD
6áRFH NU*\ GRRNRáD =LHPL =UR]XPLHQLH WHRULL .RSHUQLND ]PXV]DáR GR
X]QDQLDMHM]DSUDZG]LZDZREHFWHJRLGRX]QDQLDSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKWHNVWyZ
%LEOLL ]D IDáV]\ZH $ SU]HNRQDQLH VL *H Z 3LPLH ZLW\P ]QDMGXMH VL
FKRFLD*E\MHGQR]GDQLHIDáV]\ZHRGELHUDRGUD]XWHPXG]LHáXFHFK ÄZLWRFL´
L ÄQLHRP\OQRFL´ .RSHUQLN VSUDZLá *H 3LVPR ZLWH SU]HVWDáR E\ü ²
SU]\QDMPQLHMGODZLHOXOXG]LZ\NV]WDáFRQ\FK² SLVPHPÄZLW\P´LVWDáRVL
]Z\Ná NVL*N 3RGREQLH L RSDUWH QD NRPHQWRZDQLX 3LVPD ZLWHJR G]LHáD
RMFyZ .RFLRáD L UHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK WHRORJyZ FKU]HFLMDVNLFK SLV]F\FK R
QLHUXFKRPRFL =LHPL R REURFLH 6áRFD GRRNRáD =LHPL R QLHPR*OLZRFL
LVWQLHQLDDQW\SRGyZLWGSU]HVWDá\E\üXZD*DQH]DVNDUEQLF ZV]HONLHMZLHG]\L
]DF]WR MH XZD*Dü ]D SU]HVWDU]DáH ']LHáR .RSHUQLND XSU]\WRPQLáR XF]RQ\P
QLHNRPSHWHQFM WHRORJyZZVSUDZDFKQDXNL.RSHUQLNRGPDZLDáLPSUDZDGR
Z\SRZLDGDQLD VL QD WHPDW\ QDXNRZH MH*HOL QLH SRVLDGDM Z\NV]WDáFHQLD
PDWHPDW\F]QHJR L RGSRZLHGQLHJR ]DVREX ZLHG]\ ]DF]HUSQLWHM ]
GRZLDGF]HQLD SRQLHZD* ÄDUJXPHQW\´ ]DF]HUSQLWH ] 3LVPD ZLWHJR QLH V
*DGQ\PL DUJXPHQWDPL L GOD G\VNXVML QDXNRZHM QLH PDM *DGQHJR ]QDF]HQLD
:\GDQLHG]LHáD.RSHUQLNDQD]ZDá(QJHOV

>@ DNWHP UHZROXF\MQ\P NWyU\P SU]\URGR]QDZVWZR RJáRVLáR VZ

QLH]DOH*QRü>@RGWHMFKZLOLGDWXMHVL Z\]ZROHQLHSU]\URGR]QDZVWZDRG
WHRORJLL FKRFLD* VSyU R SRV]F]HJyOQH URV]F]HQLD Z]DMHPQH SU]HFLJQá VL

background image

D* GR QDV]\FK F]DVyZ L Z ZLHOX XP\VáDFK QLH ]DNRF]\á VL E\QDMPQLHM L

REHFQLH

7R ]QDF]\ Z XP\VáDFK ZLHOX OXG]L ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK WNZL MHV]F]H UR]PDLWH

SR]RVWDáRFL SU]H*\WNL UHGQLRZLHF]QHJR UHOLJLMQHJR SRJOGX QD ZLDW MDN
JG\E\*\OLMHV]F]HSU]HGRGNU\FLDPL.RSHUQLNDZLDWRSRJOGRZ\DWHLVW\F]Q\
VHQV Z\GRE\á ] WHRULL .RSHUQLND ZLHONL P\OLFLHO ZáRVNL *LRUGDQR %UXQR
² QDMZ\ELWQLHMV]\ ] ILOR]RIyZ 2GURG]HQLD -HJR ILOR]RILF]QD
NU\W\ND UHOLJLL RSLHUD VL Z ]QDF]QHM PLHU]H QD SU]HVáDQNDFK GR NWyU\FK
GRFKRG]LáGURJ RELHNW\ZQHJREDGDQLDLSRUyZQ\ZDQLDUy*Q\FKUHOLJLL%UXQR
RGUy*QLDá SRV]F]HJyOQH DVSHNW\ UHOLJLL L UR]PDLFLH RFHQLDá LFK Uy*QH VWURQ\
XQLNDMF MHGQRVWURQQRFL L QLH Z\NOXF]DMF PR*OLZRFL *H Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK
UHOLJLDFKPRJ WNZLüMDNLH HOHPHQW\FHQQH3UyERZDáWDN*HVSRMU]HüQDUHOLJLH
]KLVWRU\F]QHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLD=DXZD*\á*HUHOLJLH]PLHQLDM VL ² LWRZ
VSRVyE SUDZLGáRZ\ ² D ZLF SU]HREUD*HQLD LFK SRGOHJDM RELHNW\ZQ\P
SUDZRP SU]\URG\ MDN ZV]\VWNR QD ZLHFLH UyZQLH* UHOLJLH VWDU]HM VL L

XPLHUDM Ä>@ V JU\]LRQH L SR*HUDQH SU]H] F]DV´ .U\W\ND UHOLJLL
FKU]HFLMDVNLHM Z G]LHáDFK %UXQD V]áD Z WU]HFK JáyZQ\FK NLHUXQNDFK 3R
SLHUZV]H² %UXQR]GHF\GRZDQLH]ZDOF]DSRVWDZ RSDUW QDZLHU]HF]\OLWDN
]ZDQH SU]H] QLHJR ÄSU]\]Z\F]DMHQLH GR ZLHU]HQLD´ XZD*DMF MH ]D
QDMSRZD*QLHMV] SU]HV]NRG UR]ZRMX QDXNL 3R GUXJLH ² ]ZDOF]D
FKU]HFLMDVN KLHUDUFKL ZDUWRFL L FKU]HFLMDVNL VSRVyE XMPRZDQLD
SUREOHPDW\NLPRUDOQHM3RWU]HFLH² ]ZDOF]DURV]F]HQLDWHRORJLLGRSDQRZDQLD
QDG ILOR]RIL L QDXNDPL %UXQR E\á MHGQ\P ] SLHUZV]\FK P\OLFLHOL NWyU]\
Z\VXQOLKDVáRZROQRFLEDGDQLD*áRV]RQHMSU]H]VLHELHLGHLWROHUDQFML%UXQR
GDáJáERNLHX]DVDGQLHQLHWHRUHW\F]QH8ZD*DMF*HRELHNW\ZQDU]HF]\ZLVWRü
SRVLDGDZLHOHVWURQLMHVWQLHVNRF]HQLHZLHORUDNDVG]Lá*HQDXNRZ\VSRVyE
EDGDQLD PXVL E\ü VSRVREHP ZV]HFKVWURQQ\P L ZLHORUDNLP UH]XOWDWHP
]ELRURZHJR Z\VLáNX ZLHOX Py]JyZ EDGDMF\FK ND*G\ SU]HGPLRW RG Uy*Q\FK
VWURQ:HW\FH%UXQDQLHRGJU\ZDáR*DGQHMUROLSRMFLHÄáDVNLER*HM´&]áRZLHN

background image

QLH MHVW GOD %UXQD REFL*RQ\ *DGQ\P ÄJU]HFKHP SLHUZRURGQ\P´ L ZFDOH QLH
]QDMGXMH VL Z VWDQLH ÄXSDGá\P´ 1LH]EGQ GR SRVWSRZDQLD PRUDOQHJR
HQHUJL F]HUSLHF]áRZLHN]ÄGRVNRQDáRFLZáDVQHJRF]áRZLHF]HVWZD´%yJQLH
MHVWF]áRZLHNRZLSRWU]HEQ\(W\ND%UXQDPDFKDUDNWHUKHURLF]Q\3UDZG]LZ\PL
OXG(PL V GOD QLHJR MHG\QLH FL NWyU]\ ERKDWHUVNR VáX* ZLHONLP
SRQDGRVRERZ\P ZDUWRFLRP Z RSDUFLX R SUDZLGáRZH RULHQWRZDQLH VL Z
RELHNW\ZQHMKLHUDUFKLLZDUWRFL)\FLHPVZRLP² LPLHUFL QDVWRVLH]Z\URNX
ZLWHM ,QNZL]\FML ² %UXQR GDá SU]\NáDG ZLHUQRFL HW\FH KHURLF]QHJR
HQWX]MD]PX Z VáX*ELH QDXNL 0\OLFLHOH 2GURG]HQLD Z\VXQOL ZLHOH FHQQ\FK
GRP\VáyZ QD WHPDW VSRáHF]QHM IXQNFML UHOLJLL RGNU\ZDMF Z QLHM SU]HGH
ZV]\VWNLP QDU]G]LH SROLW\F]QH GR XMDU]PLDQLD SURVWHJR OXGX 1D SU]\NáDG
*LXOLR&HVDUH9DQLQL²SLVDá*HUHOLJLHÄZ\P\ORQH]RVWDá\SU]H]
ZáDGFyZ´ L ÄSU]H] NDSáDQyZ FKFLZ\FK FKZDá\ L ERJDFWZ´ D ÄOXG ZLHMVNL
]PXV]DQ\MHVWGRVáX*HQLDREDZ SU]HGQDMZ\*V]\PEyVWZHPNWyUHZV]\VWNR
ZLG]L L ]D ZV]\VWNR SáDFL ZLHF]Q\PL NDUDPL L ZLHF]Q\PL QDJURGDPL´ .D*GD
UHOLJLD ÄF]\QL SRGGDQ\FK XOHJá\PL GOD SDQXMF\FK´ =D SRJOG\ DWHLVW\F]QH
9DQLQL ]RVWDá VSDORQ\ QD VWRVLH 1D WDN VDP NDU ]RVWDá VND]DQ\ Z\ELWQ\
P\OLFLHO SROVNL .D]LPLHU] à\V]F]\VNL ² DXWRU DWHLVW\F]QHJR
WUDNWDWX 2 QLHLVWQLHQLX %RJD UR]SRF]WHJR Z URNX L OLF]FHJR NDUW
UNRSLVX DOH NUyO -DQ ,,, 6RELHVNL ]áDJRG]Lá Z\URN ]JDG]DMF VL DE\ SU]HG
VSDOHQLHP FLDáD NDW FLá à\V]F]\VNLHPX WRSRUHP JáRZ :\URN ]RVWDá

Z\NRQDQ\ Z :DUV]DZLH GQLD PDUFD URNX $QJLHOVNLP
NRQW\QXDWRUHP ZáRVNLHM UHQHVDQVRZHM ILOR]RILL SU]\URG\ E\á )UDQFLV %DFRQ
² NWyU\ ZSUDZG]LH RG*HJQ\ZDá VL RG DWHL]PX DOH Z G]LHáDFK
VZRLFK SU]HFLZVWDZLá NRQFHSFMRP FKU]HFLMDVNLP ZáDVQ ZLHFN L
DWHLVW\F]Q NRQFHSFM VHQVX*\FLDOXG]NLHJR&HOHP*\FLDQLHE\áRGOD%DFRQD
RVLJQLFLH]EDZLHQLDZLHF]QHJRLGRVWDQLHVL GRNUyOHVWZDQLHELHVNLHJRDOH
RSDQRZDQLH SU]\URG\ SU]H] GRNRQ\ZDQLH RGNU\ü L Z\QDOD]NyZ
6\VWHPDW\]DWRUHP PDWHULDOL]PX %DFRQD E\á 7KRPDV +REEHV ²

background image

NWyU\ GRNRQDá RGNU\FLD ]DOH*QRFL SRJOGyZ OXG]L RG LFK LQWHUHVyZ
PDWHULDOQ\FKVWZLHUG]DMF*HOXG]LHQLH]DZV]HFKF SRVáXJLZDüVL UR]XPHP
DOH SUDZLH ]DZV]H´>@ SU]HFLZVWDZLDM VL UR]XPRZL JG\ W\ONR UR]XP MHVW

SU]HFLZQLP´'RQLRVáH]QDF]HQLHGODG]LHMyZDWHL]PXPLDáDGRNRQDQDSU]H]
%HQHG\NWD 6SLQR] ²LGHQW\ILNDFMD%RJD] SU]\URGSR]ZDODMFD
PX ]DFKRZDü WUDG\F\MQ WHUPLQRORJL GOD Z\UD*HQLD QRZ\FK WUHFL ILOR]RILL
PDWHULDOLVW\F]QHM 8ZD*DQ\ ]D RMFD ILOR]RILL QRZR*\WQHM 5HQ 'HVFDUWHV
.DUWH]MXV] ² QLH E\á DWHLVW D QDZHW SUyERZDá RSUDFRZDü QRZH
GRZRG\LVWQLHQLD%RJD0LPRWRZáDQLH]MHJRUDFMRQDOL]PXLPHFKDQLVW\F]QHM
IL]\NL Z\UyVá DWHLVW\F]Q\ PDWHULDOL]P IUDQFXVNLHJR 2ZLHFHQLD ;9,,, ZLHNX
NWyUHJR F]RáRZ\PL SU]HGVWDZLFLHODPL E\OL /D 0HWWULH ²
+HOZHFMXV] ² 'LGHURW ² L .ROEDFK ²
7HRUHW\F]Q\P SRGVXPRZDQLHP UR]ZRMX P\OL DWHLVW\F]QHM ;9,,, ZLHNX MHVW
UR]G]LDá ] 6\VWHPX SU]\URG\ +ROEDFKD SRG FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\P W\WXáHP 2

PRW\ZDFK NWyUH VNáDQLDM GR DWHL]PX %\áR UyZQLH* L SRGVXPRZDQLH
SUDNW\F]QH Z W\P VDP\P URNX NLHG\ XPDUá +ROEDFK Z\EXFKD ZLHOND
IUDQFXVND UHZROXFMDEXU*XD]\MQDDNLONDODWSy(QLHMZURNXXF]QLRZLH
ZLHONLFK ILOR]RIyZ IUDQFXVNLHJR 2ZLHFHQLD PLDQRZLFLH &KDXPHWWH ²
+HEHUW²&ORRWV²6\OYDLQ0DUHFKDO²
)DEUH G(JODQWLQH L ZLHOX LQQ\FK ² SU]HSURZDG]DM UHZROXF\MQ
GHFKU\VWLDQL]DFM )UDQFML 6\OYDLQ 0DUHFKDO XáR*\á SLHUZV]\ 6áRZQLN DWHLVWyZ
REHMPXMF\ RNRáR QD]ZLVN L SLHUZV]\ VWDWXW ÄWRZDU]\V]HQLD DWHLVWyZ´
$WHL]P IUDQFXVNLHJR 2ZLHFHQLD VWDá VL MHGQ\P ]H (UyGHá PDUNVLVWRZVNLHJR
DWHL]PX DOH SRSU]H] ILOWU NODV\F]QHM ILOR]RILL QLHPLHFNLHM L VRFMDOL]PX
XWRSLMQHJR $WHL]P RZLHFHQLRZ\ E\á LGHRORJLF]Q\P RU*HP EXU*XD]ML WRWH*
PyJá E\ü SRGMW\ SU]H] PDUNVL]P MHG\QLH Z UH]XOWDFLH NU\W\NL UH]XOWDWyZ
VSRáHF]QRHNRQRPLF]Q\FK L SROLW\F]Q\FK UHZROXFML IUDQFXVNLHM L XVXQLFLD ]
QLHJR W\FK HOHPHQWyZ NWyUH E\á\ ]ZL]DQH ] EXU*XD]\MQ\P VWRVXQNLHP GR
UHOLJLL$WHL]P2ZLHFHQLDE\áFLOH]ZL]DQ\]PHFKDQLVW\F]Q LPHWDIL]\F]Q

background image

IRUP PDWHULDOL]PX WRWH* PyJá E\ü SU]\VZRMRQ\ SU]H] PDUNVL]P GRSLHUR
SRSU]H] NU\W\N PHFKDQLF\]PX L SU]H] SRGSRU]GNRZDQLH FHQQ\FK ZWNyZ
RZLHFHQLRZHM NU\W\NL UHOLJLL KLVWRU\F]QHPX L GLDOHNW\F]QHPX VSRMU]HQLX QD
UHOLJL :LHONL ILOR]RI QLHPLHFNL ,PPDQXHO .DQW ²² WRURZDá
VZRM WHRUL SR]QDQLD GURJ QRZ\P EDUG]LHM Z\UDILQRZDQ\P SRVWDFLRP
ILGHL]PX MHGQRF]HQLH MHGQDN VZRM NU\W\N GRZRGyZ LVWQLHQLD %RJD RUD]
NU\W\N X]DOH*QLDQLDHW\NLRGUHOLJLLSU]\F]\QLáVL SRZD*QLHGRUR]ZRMXP\OL
DWHLVW\F]QHM ;,; ZLHNX 8 QLHJR PR*QD ]QDOH(ü ]DO*NL WHRULL UHOLJLL MDNR
SU]H*\WNX D WDN*H ]DO*NL WHRULL UHOLJLMQHM DOLHQDFML 1DMZLNV]H ]QDF]HQLH GOD
WRURZDQLDGURJLPDUNVL]PRZLPLDáDNDQWRZVNDNRQFHSFMDF]áRZLHNDMDNRLVWRW\
DNW\ZQHM]GROQHMGRSU]HREUD*DQLD U]HF]\ZLVWRFL'UXJLZLHONLSU]HGVWDZLFLHO
NODV\F]QHMILOR]RILLQLHPLHFNLHM*:)+HJHO²FKFLDáSRJRG]Lü
ILOR]RIL ] UHOLJL GRZRG]F *H SRVLDGDM RQH W VDP WUHü W\OH W\ONR *H
Z\UD*RQ Z LQQHM IRUPLH : UHOLJLL WUHü ILOR]RILF]QD Z\UD*RQD MHVW M]\NLHP
REUD]RZ\P PLWRORJLF]Q\P QDLZQ\P Z ILOR]RILL QDWRPLDVW Z\UD*RQD MHVW
M]\NLHPSRMFLRZ\P:\QLNDáVWGZQLRVHN*HILOR]RILD² SU]\QDMPQLHMSRG
Z]JOGHPIRUP\LM]\ND² MHVWF]\P Z\*V]\PRGUHOLJLL+HJHOUR]EXGRZDá
PHWRG KLVWRU\F]QHJR L GLDOHNW\F]QHJR UR]SDWU\ZDQLD UHOLJLL ² SU]HMW L
UR]ZLQLW SU]H]PDUNVLVWRZVN WHRUL UHOLJLL
&HQQ\P X]XSHáQLHQLHP RZLHFHQLRZHM UDFMRQDOLVW\F]QHM NU\W\NL UHOLJLL E\áD
URPDQW\F]QD NU\W\ND UHOLJLL 3U]HGWHP PRJáR VL Z\GDZDü *H NU\W\ND UHOLJLL
PR*H PLHü ]D VRE W\ONR UR]XP XF]XFLD OXG]NLH QDWRPLDVW SU]HPDZLDM ]D
UHOLJL5RPDQW\F\² NWyU]\VWDOLVL U]HF]QLNDPLXF]XüLZ\REUD(QL² SRGGDOL
UHOLJL NU\W\FH ] QRZHJR SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD NU\W\NRZDOL LQVW\WXFMH UHOLJLMQH ]D
WHQGHQFMH GR NUSRZDQLD L UHJODPHQWRZDQLD *\FLD UHOLJLMQHJR SURSDJRZDOL
UDG\NDOQ\ LQG\ZLGXDOL]P UHOLJLMQ\ ZROQRü RG MDNLHJRNROZLHN SU]\PXVX L
UHJXáZVSUDZDFKUHOLJLLSUDZRGRVZRERGQHJRZ\ERUXUHOLJLLLIRUPNXOWXD
QDZHWGRWZRU]HQLDQRZ\FKUHOLJLL$SHOH)U\GHU\ND6FKOHJOD²L)

' ( 6FKOHLHUPDFKHUD ² R WZRU]HQLH QRZ\FK UHOLJLL QLH

background image

SR]RVWDá\ EH] HFKD :LHN ;,; MHVW Z G]LHMDFK ILOR]RILL UHOLJLL ZLHNLHP
UHOLJLRWZyUFyZ ² SRMDZLDM VL OLF]QH Z\P\ORQH SU]H] ILOR]RIyZ ÄNXOW\´
NXOW/XG]NRFLNXOW1DXNLNXOW3LNQDNXOW6]WXNL3RMDZLHQLHVL W\FKNXOWyZ
VWDQRZL GRZyG *H ² ZHGáXJ ZLHOX ILOR]RIyZ ;,; L ;; ZLHNX ² UHOLJLD
FKU]HFLMDVND QLH ]DVSRNDMD SRWU]HE GXFKRZ\FK ZVSyáF]HVQHJR F]áRZLHND
VWGSUyE\]DVSRNRMHQLDW\FKSRWU]HEQRZ\PLUHOLJLDPL:QLHNWyU\FK]RZ\FK
V]WXF]Q\FK Z\P\ORQ\FK SU]H] ILOR]RIyZ ÄUHOLJLDFK´ ]QDMGXM VL JRGQH
UR]SDWU]HQLD SURSR]\FMH DNVMRORJLF]QH .DQW L +HJHO E\OL LGHDOLVWDPL
3U]\VZRMHQLHVRELHLFKGLDOHNW\F]QHMPHWRG\Z\PDJDáRXSU]HGQLHMNU\W\NLLFK
LGHDOL]PX6WGGRQLRVáDURODPDWHULDOL]PX/XGZLND)HXHUEDFKD²
² EH]SRUHGQLHJR SRSU]HGQLND PDUNVLVWRZVNLHJR DWHL]PX 1DMZLNV]\P
RVLJQLFLHPLQWHOHNWXDOQ\P)HXHUEDFKDE\áDMHJRWHRULDSRZVWDQLDLGHLERJDZ

UH]XOWDFLH SURFHVyZ DOLHQDF\MQ\FK 0DUNV SU]\Má L SRJáELá W WHRUL
GRNRQXMF RGNU\FLD *H RSUyF] DOLHQDFML NWyUD GRNRQXMH VL Z ZLDGRPRFL
OXG]NLHM LVWQLHM UyZQLH* SURFHV\ DOLHQDF\MQH GRNRQXMFH VL Z RELHNW\ZQHM

U]HF]\ZLVWRFL L Z ]ZL]NX ] W\P VSUDZD Z\]ZROHQLD F]áRZLHND L
SU]\ZUyFHQLDPXSHáQHJRF]áRZLHF]HVWZDQLHVSURZDG]DVL W\ONRGRVSUDZ\
Z\]ZROHQLDZLDGRPRFLOXG]NLHMRGUHOLJLMQHMPLVW\ILNDFMLDOHSROHJD² WDN*H
L SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ² QD Z\]ZROHQLX F]áRZLHND RG U]HF]\ZLVWHJR XFLVNX L
Z\]\VNXDZLFRGDOLHQDFMLNWyUDMHVWLVWRWQ FHFK NDSLWDOLVW\F]QHJRVSRVREX
SURGXNFML 0DUNVL]P MHVW NRQVHNZHQWQ\P DWHL]PHP : PDWHULDOLVW\F]QR
GLDOHNW\F]QHM RQWRORJLL QLH PD PLHMVFD GOD %RJD QLH PD QDZHW QDMPQLHMV]HM
V]F]HOLQ\ SU]H] NWyU PRJáRE\ VL ZOL]Qü MDNLHNROZLHN EyVWZR :V]\VWNLH
]MDZLVND Z\MDQLDQH V RELHNW\ZQ\PL SUDZDPL UXFKX PDWHULL :
PDWHULDOLVW\F]QRGLDOHNW\F]QHM KLVWRULR]RILL MHG\Q\PL WZyUFDPL KLVWRULL V
OXG]LH D LFK G]LDáDOQRü MHVW RELHNW\ZQLH XZDUXQNRZDQD SU]H] G]LDáDQLH VLá
SU]\URG\ L SUDZ VSRáHF]QRHNRQRPLF]Q\FK : PDUNVLVWRZVNLHM WHRULL
Z\]ZROHQLD VSRáHF]QHJR DWHL]P MHVW HOHPHQWHP RJyOQHJR SUREOHPX
ZV]HFKVWURQQHJR Z\]ZROHQLD F]áRZLHND L XPR*OLZLHQLD ND*GHPX SHáQHJR

background image

UR]ZLQLFLDZV]\VWNLFK]GROQRFL0DUNVL]PWRVRFMDOL]PNWyU\]XWRSLLVWDáVL
QDXN0DUNVL]PWRPDWHULDOL]PNWyU\]ILOR]RILLVWDáVL QDXNRZ\PSRJOGHP
QD ZLDW ']LNL PDUNVL]PRZL UyZQLH* DWHL]PSU]HNV]WDáFD VL ] ILOR]RILF]QHM
NU\W\NL UHOLJLL Z QDXN ² MDNR XRJyOQLHQLH RVLJQLü QDXN SU]\URGQLF]\FK
QDXN VSRáHF]Q\FK D Z V]F]HJyOQRFL MDNR XRJyOQLHQLH QDXNRZ\FK EDGD
UHOLJLR]QDZF]\FK3RZVWDQLHPDWHULDOL]PXKLVWRU\F]QHJRF]\OLRGNU\FLHSU]H]
0DUNVD L (QJHOVD QDMRJyOQLHMV]\FK SUDZ UR]ZRMXVSRáHF]QHJR GDáRSRGVWDZ\
QDXNRZHSRGUR]ZyMQDXNRVSRáHF]HVWZLHLXPR*OLZLáRSRZVWDQLHQDXNRZHJR
UHOLJLR]QDZVWZD
= G]LHá 0DUNVD (QJHOVD L /HQLQD Z\QLNDM Z\UD(QH G\UHNW\Z\ GOD
WHRUHW\F]Q\FKUR]ZD*D QDGUHOLJLDPL:V]F]HJyOQRFLQDOH*\
² XQLNDü V]WXF]QHJR L]RORZDQLD L RGU\ZDQLD UHOLJLL RG LQQ\FK ]MDZLVN
VSRáHF]Q\FK EDGDü SRV]F]HJyOQH UHOLJLH ]DZV]H Z LFK NRQNUHWQ\FK
RELHNW\ZQ\FKSRZL]DQLDFK]LQQ\PL]MDZLVNDPL
² XQLNDü ZXOJDU\]DFML L XSURV]F]H SDPLWDü ]DZV]H R QLHVá\FKDQ\P
VNRPSOLNRZDQLXLZLHORDVSHNWRZRFLEDGDQ\FK]MDZLVNVSRáHF]Q\FK
² XQLNDü SU]HNV]WDáFDQLD UHOLJLL Z ]MDZLVNR QLH]PLHQQH L VWDW\F]QH QLH
]DSRPLQDü QLJG\ R W\P *H Z U]HF]\ZLVWRFL ]DZV]H PDP\ GR F]\QLHQLD ]
NRPSOHNVDPL SURFHVyZ D ZLF EDGDü ND*G UHOLJL L ND*G\ DVSHNW UHOLJLL Z
UR]ZRMX]ZUDFDMFV]F]HJyOQ XZDJ QDPRPHQW\MDNRFLRZ\FKSU]HNV]WDáFH
NU\]\VyZLZ\JDVDQLD
² QLHSRSU]HVWDZDüQD]ELHUDQLX RSLV\ZDQLXLSRU]GNRZDQLXPDWHULDáXOHF]
V]XNDüRELHNW\ZQ\FKSUDZLGáRZRFLEDGDQ\FKSURFHVyZ
² SRGFKRG]Lü GR UHOLJLL Z VSRVyE PDWHULDOLVW\F]QRKLVWRU\F]Q\ VWDUDMF VL
RGNU\üRELHNW\ZQHKLVWRU\F]QHLVSRáHF]QHXZDUXQNRZDQLHND*GHJREDGDQHJR
DVSHNWXUHOLJLL
² EDGDMF UHOLJLH LVWQLHMFH Z VSRáHF]HVWZDFK NODVRZ\FK V]XNDü SRZL]D
SRV]F]HJyOQ\FKDVSHNWyZUHOLJLL]ZDON NODVRZ

background image

² EDGDMF UHOLJL VWDUDü VL SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP RGNU\üMHM RELHNW\ZQH IXQNFMH
VSRáHF]QHU]HF]\ZLFLHVSHáQLDQHZGDQ\PRNUHVLHLURGRZLVNX

² X]QDMFUHOLJL ]DIRUP ZLDGRPRFLVSRáHF]QHMRGUy*QLDüIRUP RGWUHFL

]ZUDFDMFV]F]HJyOQ XZDJ QDWUHFLVSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]QH
²

SU]\RFHQLHUHOLJLL² SRGREQLHMDNSU]\RFHQLHLQQ\FK]MDZLVNLSURFHVyZ

VSRáHF]Q\FK ² QLH VXJHURZDü VL UHOLJLMQ IRUP UHOLJLMQ\P M]\NLHP OHF]
NRQFHQWURZDüXZDJ QDWUHFL
²

SDPLWDMF RW\P*HND*GH]MDZLVNR VSRáHF]QHPDZLHOH VWURQRFHQLDü

Uy*QH VWURQ\ UHOLJLL ZHGáXJ Uy*Q\FK QDMEDUG]LHM ZáDFLZ\FK NU\WHULyZ SU]\
RFHQLH VSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]QHM WUHFL L IXQNFML UHOLJLL RFHQLDü UHOLJL
NRQVHNZHQWQLH ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD LQWHUHVyZ QDMEDUG]LHM SRVWSRZ\FK NODV
VSRáHF]Q\FK7\ONRWDNLSXQNWZLG]HQLDJZDUDQWXMHRFHQ RELHNW\ZQ

:GRW\FKF]DVRZ\PPDUNVLVWRZVNLPUHOLJLR]QDZVWZLHSU]HZD*DáDGRQLHGDZQD
SUREOHPDW\ND SRFKRG]HQLD UHOLJLL : NVL*FH WHM QLH EG]LHP\ VL MHGQDN
]E\WQLR ]DJáELDü Z NZHVWL SRFKRG]HQLD UHOLJLL Z\FKRG]F SR SLHUZV]H ]
]DáR*HQLD *H NZHVWLD WD ]RVWDáD MX* ]DVDGQLF]R UR]VWU]\JQLWD L SR GUXJLH *H
NZHVWLDWDPD]QDF]HQLHGUXJRU]GQHSRQLHZD* QLHSU]HVG]DRZDUWRFLUHOLJLL
:SUDZG]LHDWHLVWD-HDQ0DULH*X\DX²E\áLQQHJR]GDQLDL² ZUD]
] yZF]HVQ\PL HZROXFMRQLVWDPL ² SU]\SLV\ZDá NZHVWLL SRFKRG]HQLD UHOLJLL
V]F]HJyOQ GRQLRVáRü WZLHUG]F *H Ä>@ FKRG]L WX QLH W\ONR R SUDZG]LZRü
PLQLRQ\FKIDNWyZLZ\GDU]HDOHLRZDUWRüQDV]\FKREHFQ\FKLGHLLZLHU]H´
D ZLF *H Ä>@ XVWDOHQLH Z VSRVyE DEVROXWQLH ]XSHáQ\ SRFKRG]HQLD UHOLJLL
E\áRE\ W\P VDP\P SRWSLHQLHP MHM OXE SU]HFLZQLH XPRFQLHQLHP MHM L

RFDOHQLHP´ ² DOHSRJOGWHQQLHZ\GDMHVL VáXV]Q\=DVDPRSRFKRG]HQLH
QLH PR*QD MHV]F]H UHOLJLL SRWSLDü L QLH SRFKRG]HQLH PR*H M G]L RFDOLü DOH
W\ONRLZ\áF]QLHMHMZáDVQDZDUWRü%R]MHGQHMVWURQ\QDZHWMH*HOLX]QDP\
UHOLJL ]DWZyUFDáNRZLFLHOXG]NL]DSURGXNWOXG]NLHMZ\REUD(QLWRSU]HFLH* QLH
R]QDF]D WR MHV]F]H ZFDOH MHM G\VNZDOLILNDFML 7ZRUHP Z\REUD(QL OXG]NLHM V

background image

SU]HFLH* DUF\G]LHáD SRH]ML L V]WXNL NWyU\FK ZDUWRü MHVW ROEU]\PLD 1LH
Z\VWDUF]D ZLF VWZLHUG]Lü *H UHOLJLD MHVW WZRUHP OXG]NLP WU]HED MHV]F]H
UR]SDWU]\ü NZHVWL F]\ MHVW WR WZyU XGDQ\ F]\ QLHXGDQ\ = GUXJLHM VWURQ\
QDZHW MHOL ZLHU]\P\ *H UHOLJLD ]RVWDáD ÄREMDZLRQD´ WR SU]HFLH* F]XMHP\*H
ZDUWRüUHOLJLLSRZLQQDWNZLüZQLHMVDPHMDQLHW\ONRVSURZDG]DüVL GRWHJR
IDNWX *H ]RVWDáD ÄREMDZLRQD´ 1LH VDP IDNW ÄREMDZLHQLD´ VWDQRZL ZDUWRü
UHOLJLL DOH SU]HFLZQLH GRSLHUR VWZLHUG]HQLH MHM ZDUWRFL PR*H VNáDQLDü OXG]L
ZLHU]F\FK GR SU]\SXV]F]DQLD *H MHVW RQD F]\P ÄERVNLP´ D ZLF
ÄREMDZLRQ\P SU]H] %RJD´ :SUDZG]LH ] GRZLDGF]HQLD ZLHP\ *H GOD
RJURPQHMZLNV]RFLOXG]LVSUDZDWDQLHSU]HGVWDZLDVL WDNORJLF]QLH:LDUDZ
ÄERVNRü´ RNUHORQHJR WHNVWX XZD*DQHJR ]D ÄREMDZLHQLH´ VNáDQLD OXG]L
Z\NV]WDáFRQ\FK D QDZHW ILOR]RIyZ GR SRW*QHJR Z\VLáNX LQWHOHNWXDOQHJR Z
FHOXZ\GRE\FLD]QLHJRMDNLHM PGUHML JáERNLHMWUHFLDNLHG\WHNVWMHVWSá\WNL
L EDQDOQ\ ZyZF]DV QLH PRJF ] QLHJR Z\GRE\üWHJR F]HJR Z QLP QLH PD
VDPLZWáDF]DM GRQLHJRVZRMHZáDVQHP\OLLQDVWSQLH]WULXPIHPZ\GRE\ZDM
WRFRVDPLZáR*\OL² MDNWRJHQLDOQLH]DXZD*\á.DQW&]\QLOLWRMX* VWDUR*\WQL
NRPHQWDWRU]\ +RPHUD ] PLWDPL JUHFNLPL VSHFMDOL]RZDOL VL Z W\P VWRLF\ L
QHRSODWRQLF\ D QD ZLHON VNDO Z\GRE\ZDá ] Uy*Q\FK UHOLJLL WH WUHFL
ILOR]RILF]QH NWyUH VDP Z QLH ZáR*\á ² +HJHO :LDGRPR WDN*H *H NU\W\ND
UHOLJLL ]H Z]JOGX QD MHM SRFKRG]HQLH RGJU\ZD ROEU]\PL URO Z SURFHVLH
]U\ZDQLD ] UHOLJL 3UDZLH ND*G\ NWR SU]HNRQD VL *H UHOLJLD MHVW WZRUHP
OXG]NLP OXE *H MHJR ZáDVQH SU]\ZL]DQLH GR RNUHORQHM UHOLJLL MHVW Z\QLNLHP
Z\FKRZ\ZDQLD VL Z RNUHORQ\P URGRZLVNX SRQLHZD* LQQH URGRZLVNR
ZV]F]HSLáRE\ Z QLHJR SU]\ZL]DQLH GR LQQHM UHOLJLL ² ]D]Z\F]DM ]U\ZD ]
UHOLJL :\QLND WR MHGQDN VWG *H Z\FKRZDQLH UHOLJLMQH SU]\ZL]XMH QD]E\W
ZLHONLH]QDF]HQLHVSUDZLHQDGSU]\URG]RQHJRSRFKRG]HQLDUHOLJLL.LHG\]D WR
Z\GDVL NRPX ZWSOLZHZyZF]DVF]áRZLHN]U\ZD]UHOLJLDOHQLHGODWHJR*H
MHVW RQD WZRUHP OXG]NLP W\ONR GODWHJR *H QLH MHVW W\P ]D FR M SRGDZDQR
3U]HFLH* GODQDVPDUNVLVWyZIDNW*HPDUNVL]PMHVWG]LHáHPF]áRZLHND.DUROD

background image

0DUNVDE\QDMPQLHMQLH]PQLHMV]DZDUWRFLPDUNVL]PX7RWH* GRVNRQDOHPR*QD
VRELHZ\REUD]LüWDNLZDULDQWNDWROLFNLHJRZ\FKRZDQLDZNWyU\PZ\FKRZDZFD
SU]HGVWDZLDáE\ ZVSyáF]HVQHPX F]áRZLHNRZL LPPDQHQWQ ZDUWRü NDWROLFNLHM
SURSR]\FML HW\F]QHM EH] OHJLW\PRZDQLD MHM ÄREMDZLHQLHP´ &R ZLFHM Z\GDMH
VL *H Z SU]\V]áRFL W\ONR WDNL ZDULDQW NDWROLF\]PX EG]LH SV\FKRORJLF]QLH
PR*OLZ\:ND*G\PUD]LHZWHMNVL*FHVSyURUHOLJL QLHEG]LHUR]ZD*DQ\QD
SáDV]F]\(QLHNZHVWLLSRFKRG]HQLDUHOLJLLOHF]QDSáDV]F]\(QLHMHMZDUWRFL7R
]QDF]\ SXQNW FL*NRFL QLH EG]LH OH*Dá QD SáDV]F]\(QLH UHOLJLR]QDZF]HJR
IDNWX ÄZ MDNL VSRVyE NLHG\ SRZVWDá\ UHOLJLH"´ DOH QD SáDV]F]\(QLH
DNVMRORJLF]QHM ÄMDN ZDUWRü GOD ZVSyáF]HVQHJR Z\NV]WDáFRQHJR F]áRZLHND
PRJ SRVLDGDüFKU]HFLMDVNLHSURSR]\FMHLQWHOHNWXDOQH"´$ZFHOX XF]\QLHQLD
G\VNXVML G\VNXVM ZVSyáF]HVQ ]UH]\JQXMHP\ WX ] áDWZHJR FKZ\WX
G\VNXWRZDQLD SURSR]\FML ]DZDUW\FK Z 3LPLH ZLW\P F]\ Z G]LHáDFK
7HUWXOLDQD Z $XJXVW\QD F]\ Z 7RPDV]D ] $NZLQX DOH VSUyEXMHP\
UR]SDWU]\ü SURSR]\FMH MDN QDMEDUG]LHM ZVSyáF]HVQH ]JáDV]DQH SU]H] WDNLFK

P\OLFLHOL NDWROLFNLFK MDN +HQUL GH /XEDF (WLHQQH *LOVRQ -DFTXHV

0DULWDLQ(PPDQXHO 0RXQLHU-HDQ/DFURL[*DEULHO0DUFHO3LHUUH

7HLOKDUG GH &KDUGLQ 3LRWU &KRMQDFNL 6WHIDQ 6ZLH*DZVNL F]\ $QQD

0RUDZVND%\áRE\U]HF] SR*GDQ*HE\&]\WHOQLN² SR]DSR]QDQLXVL ]
SURSR]\FMDPL LQWHOHNWXDOQ\PL P\OLFLHOL FKU]HFLMDVNLFK ² ]HFKFLDá SR]QDü
UyZQLH* UR]ZD*DQLDNU\W\NyZUHOLJLL]LFKZáDVQ\FKWHNVWyZSU]\QDMPQLHMW\FK
NWyUH ]HEUDáHP Z GZyFK DQWRORJLDFK :\SLV\ ] KLVWRULL NU\W\NL UHOLJLL L

)LOR]RIRZLHRUHOLJLL RUD]]DQWRORJLLNODV\NyZPDUNVL]PXOHQLQL]PX:DUWR

WDN*H]DMU]HüGRSHáQ\FKWHNVWyZSU]\QDMPQLHM+ROEDFKD L)HXHUEDFKD=
QRZV]\FKSUDFSU]HFLZQLNyZDWHL]PXQDOH*\]DV\JQDOL]RZDüQDVWSXMFH-HDQ

/DFURL[ =QDF]HQLH L ZDUWRü ZVSyáF]HVQHJR DWHL]PX *DEULHO 0DUFHO

/DWKHLVPH SKLORVRSKLXH HW OD GLDOHFWLTXH GH OD FRQVFLHQFH UHOLJLHXVH

background image

,JQDFH/HSS3V\FKDQDO\VHGHDWKHLVPHPRGHUQH+HOPXW*ROOZLW]HU'LH

PDU[LVWLVFKH 5HOLJLRQVNULWLN XQG FKULVWOLFKH *ODXEH (ULF :HLO 'LH

6DNXODULVLHUXQJ GHU 3ROLWLN XQG GHV SROLWLVFKHQ 'HQNHQV LQ GHU 1HX]HLW

0DUFHO 5HGLQJ 'HU SROLWLVFKH $WKHLVPXV $QQD 0RUDZVND 1LHZLDUD

QLHGRZLDUVWZR $XWRU MHVW KLVWRU\NLHP DWHL]PX $OH SUDFD QLQLHMV]D QLH MHVW
SUDF ] KLVWRULL DWHL]PX OHF] ² SU]\QDMPQLHM Z LQWHQFMDFK ² SUDF ] WHRULL
DWHL]PX:SU]HFLZLHVWZLHGRVZRLFKSUDF]KLVWRULLDWHL]PXZNWyU\FKDXWRU
VWDUDáVL Z\GRE\üWRFRQDMLVWRWQLHMV]H]FXG]\FKP\OLWX² FKRüZFLVá\P
QDZL]DQLX GR WDPW\FK SUDF L Z FHOX LFK QLH]EGQHJR X]XSHáQLHQLD ² Z WHM
SUDF\JáyZQHDNFHQW\SDGDM QDWRFRZ\NUDF]DSR]DSUREOHPDW\N KLVWRU\F]Q
D ZLF QD QRZH SUREOHP\ QD SUyE\ UR]ZLQLFLD L SRJáELHQLD P\OL GDZQLHM
Z\SRZLDGDQ\FKQDQRZHSURSR]\FMHLQWHOHNWXDOQH%R² ]DVWDQyZP\VL ²
F]HJR QDMEDUG]LHM SUDJQOL FL P\OLFLHOH NWyU\FK G]LHáD PDM QDMZLNV]
ZDUWRü"&]\WHJR*HE\P\W\ONRSR]QDOLL]DSDPLWDOLLFKP\OL"&]\WH* WHJR
DE\ ZáDVQ\PL P\ODPL EXG]Lü QDV]H XP\Vá\ ] XSLHQLD L SREXG]Dü QDV GR
VDPRG]LHOQHJR LQWHOHNWXDOQHJR WUXGX" 'OD &]\WHOQLNyZ SXQNW\ GRMFLD
UR]ZD*D DXWRUD WHM NVL*NL PRJ VWDü VL SXQNWDPL Z\MFLD LFK ZáDVQ\FK
UR]ZD*D QD WHPDW UHOLJLL L DWHL]PX 'R &]\WHOQLNyZ QDOH*\ RF]\ZLFLH
267$71,(6à2:22Wy*JG\E\]QDOH(OLVL WDF\&]\WHOQLF\NWyU\FKNVL*ND
WDSREXG]LáDGRP\OHQLDLQDV]NLFRZDQLDZáDVQ\FKUHIOHNVMLQDZL]XMF\FKGR
SUREOHPDW\NL SRUXV]DQHM Z WHM NVL*FH DXWRU E\áE\ LP EDUG]R ZG]LF]Q\ ]D
SU]HVáDQLH ² QD DGUHV Z\GDZQLFWZD ² V]NLFX JáyZQ\FK P\OL %\á\E\ RQH
SXQNWHPZ\MFLDGRNRQW\QXRZDQLDGLDORJX

&=7(5<52'=$-(.5<7<.,5(/,*,,

background image

$PHU\NDVNL REURFD UHOLJLL ILOR]RI L WHRORJ (GJDU 6KHIILHLG %ULJKWPDQ
² RGUy*QLD GZD URG]DMH NU\W\NL UHOLJLL PLDQRZLFLH NU\W\N

ZHZQWU]Q L ]HZQWU]Q .U\W\ND ZHZQWU]QD PLHFL VL Z UDPDFK
UHOLJLMQHJR VSRVREX P\OHQLD 1LH DWDNXMH RQD IXQGDPHQWyZ DQL ]DVDG QD
NWyU\FK V\VWHP VL RSLHUD OHF] W\ONR ZHZQWU]QH VSU]HF]QRFL L REHFQRü
QLH]JRGQ\FK HOHPHQWyZ -DNR ÄVDPRNU\W\ND UHOLJLL´ MHVW RQD F]\QQLNLHP
UR]ZRMX UHOLJLL 1DVWSQLH %ULJKWPDQ Z\Uy*QLD F]WHU\ IRUP\ ZHZQWU]QHM
NU\W\NLUHOLJLLNWyUHMHGQDNVSURZDG]DM VL ZáDFLZLHGRGZyFKSRSLHUZV]H
UHOLJLMQDNU\W\NDWHUD(QLHMV]RFLMDNRQLH]JRGQHM]SU]HV]áRFLDZLFDWDNVLá
NRQVHUZDW\ZQ\FKQDWHQGHQFMHNWyUH]EDF]DM RGWUDG\FMLNRQVHUZDW\]PWHQ
]GDQLHP %ULJKWPDQD SHáQL SR*\WHF]Q IXQNFM SRQLHZD* EURQL FLJáRFL
WUDG\FML ² QLF Z W\P G]LZQHJR SRQLHZD* VDP %ULJKWPDQ ]DMPXMH SR]\FMH
NRQVHUZDW\ZQRDSRORJHW\F]QH SR GUXJLH UHOLJLMQD NU\W\ND ZVSyáF]HVQRFL L
SU]HV]áRFLMDNRQLH]JRGQHM]LGHDáHP-HVWWRNU\W\ND]DVWDQ\FKWUDG\FMLZLPL
QRZ\FKZ\*V]\FKLGHL7HGZDURG]DMHNU\W\NLZHZQWU]QHMEG]LHP\QD]\ZDü
NU\W\N NRQVHUZDW\ZQRDSRORJHW\F]Q RUD] NU\W\N UHOLJLMQRUHIRUPDWRUVN
2ED URG]DMH NU\W\NL VSRW\NDP\ Z ZDOFH .RFLRáD SDQXMFHJR ] KHUH]MDPL
&]\QQLNL RILFMDOQH VWDá\ ]D]Z\F]DM QD SR]\FMDFK NRQVHUZDW\ZQR
DSRORJHW\F]Q\FK D KHUH]MDUFKRZLH WZyUF\ KHUH]ML QD SR]\FMDFK UHOLJLMQR
UHIRUPDWRUVNLFK:SUDZG]LHRJURPQDZLNV]RüKHUH]MDUFKyZSRZRá\ZDáDVL
QD WUDG\FM ² SURWHVWDQFL ]DU]XFDOL SDSLHVWZX RGHMFLH RG WUDG\FML
HZDQJHOLF]QHMLGODSRGNUHOHQLDSRVWXODWXÄSRZURWXGRHZDQJHOLL´QD]ZDOLVL
HZDQJHOLNDPL ² DOH SU]HFLH* PLPR SRZRá\ZDQLD VL QD SU]HV]áRü WR RQL
ZáDQLH UHSUH]HQWRZDOL ² SU]\QDMPQLHM Z ;9, L ;9,, ZLHNX ² SRVWS
1DWRPLDVWMHOLFKRG]LRNRQWUUHIRUPDFMWR² MDNZ\ND]Dá/HV]HN.RáDNRZVNL
² PD RQD VWUXNWXU EDUG]LHM VNRPSOLNRZDQ L RSUyF] ZLGRF]QHJR REOLF]D
NRQVHUZDW\ZQRDSRORJHW\F]QHJRXMDZQLDMFHJRVL ZVSDOHQLX*LRUGDQD%UXQD
LZL]LHQLX*DOLOHXV]DSRVLDGDRQDGUXJLHPQLHMZLGRF]QHREOLF]HXMDZQLDMFH
VL Z >@ SUyELH ZHZQWU]QHJR SU]HNV]WDáFHQLD NWyUH SR]ZROL .RFLRáRZL

background image

]DV\PLORZDü ZDUWRFL VWZRU]RQH SR]D QLP L ZEUHZ QLHPX XF]\QLü MH
VNáDGQLNDPLZáDVQHJRFLDáDLSU]H]WRVSUDZLüDE\SU]HVWDá\VL SU]HFLZNR

QLHPXREUDFDü

: REUELH ZHZQWU]QHM NU\W\NL UHOLJLL PLHV]F] VL UyZQLH* SROHPLNL PLG]\
SU]HGVWDZLFLHODPLUy*Q\FK UHOLJLL : MDNLH NRQNUHWQHM VSUDZLH MHGQD ]H VWURQ
]DMPXMH]D]Z\F]DMVWDQRZLVNREDUG]LHMNRQVHUZDW\ZQHLSU\PLW\ZQHDGUXJD
EDUG]LHMSRVWSRZHQDSU]\NáDGZVSUDZLHOXGR*HUVWZDVNáDGDQLDRILDU]OXG]L
REU]GyZ SROHJDMF\FK QD RNDOHF]DQLX LWG : WDNLFK VSUDZDFK SURSR]\FMD
NZDOLILNDFMLVWDQRZLVNPR*HOLF]\üQDQLHPDOSRZV]HFKQ ]JRG RF]\ZLFLH]
Z\MWNLHP ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK 1DWRPLDVW MH*HOL FKRG]LáRE\ R JOREDOQ RFHQ
ZLHONLFKUHOLJLLLSUyE XSRU]GNRZDQLDLFKZMHGQ\PV]HUHJXRGÄQDMQL*V]HM´
GR ÄQDMZ\*V]HM´ WR R SRZV]HFKQHM ]JRG]LH WUXGQR PDU]\ü : ND*G\P UD]LH
NU\WHULXPFKURQRORJLF]QHE\áRE\WXPDáRSU]\GDWQHSRQLHZD* PáRGV]\RNLOND
VWXOHFLLVODPQLHZ\GDMHVL UHOLJL ÄZ\*V]´RGFKU\VWLDQL]PXDFKU\VWLDQL]P
QLH Z\GDMH VL UHOLJL ÄZ\*V]´ RG EXGG\]PX OXE RG JUHFNLHJR SROLWHL]PX
.U\W\FH ] SR]\FML NRQVHUZDW\ZQRDSRORJHW\F]Q\FK QLH PR*QD RF]\ZLFLH
RGPyZLü SHZQHMZDUWRFL =QDF]HQLH MHM SROHJDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPQDW\P*H
VZRLP DWDNLHP QD SRVWSRZH WUHFL QRZ\FK SUGyZ UHOLJLMQ\FK XMDZQLD QDP
ZEUHZZáDVQ\PLQWHQFMRPV\PSDW\F]QHLFHQQHVWURQ\DWDNRZDQHMSU]H]VLHELH
UHOLJLL .U\W\ND ]H VWDQRZLVND UHOLJLMQRUHIRUPDWRUVNLHJR MHVW VRMXV]QLF]N
QDXNRZHM NU\W\NL UHOLJLL Z Z\NU\ZDQLX QDMVáDEV]\FK L QDMFLHPQLHMV]\FK VWURQ
VWDU\FK SU]H*\W\FK NV]WDáWyZ RNUHORQHM UHOLJLL -HVW MHGQDN RQD NU\W\N
QLHNRQVHNZHQWQ L]DWU]\PXMF VL ZSRáRZLHGURJL'RWHJRURG]DMXNU\W\NL
PR*QD ]DOLF]\ü UyZQLH* ILOR]RILF]Q NU\W\N UHOLJLL ] SR]\FML ILOR]RILF]QHJR
LGHDOL]PXNWyU\RGU]XFDQHMSU]H]VLHELHUHOLJLLSU]HFLZVWDZLD]D]Z\F]DMMDN
QRZ VNRQVWUXRZDQ SU]H] VLHELH ÄUHOLJL ILOR]RILF]Q´ =HZQWU]Q NU\W\N
UHOLJLL QDOH*\ SRG]LHOLü UyZQLH* QD GZD ]DVDGQLF]H URG]DMH NU\W\N
DQW\UHLJLMQ RUD]NU\W\N GLDOHNW\F]Q3LHUZV]DPDFKDUDNWHUMHGQRVWURQQ\D

background image

SU]H]WRSRZLHU]FKRZQ\GUXJDQDWRPLDVWVWDUDVL SRGFKRG]LüGRNU\W\NRZDQHM
SU]H]VLHELHUHOLJLLZVSRVyEMDNQDMEDUG]LHMRELHNW\ZQ\LZV]HFKVWURQQ\*HE\
QLHXURQLüQLF]HJRFRFHQQH.U\W\NDDQW\UHOLJLMQDRGJU\ZDáDZG]LHMDFKURO
SRVWSRZSRQLHZD* PLDáRLNRQVHNZHQWQLHDWDNRZDáDUHOLJL EGF SRGSRU
UHDNFML VSRáHF]QHM %\áD WR MHGQDN NU\W\ND Sá\WND L ]E\WQLR VXJHURZDáD VL
UHOLJLMQ IRUP SU]H] FR XWUXGQLDáD VRELH GRWDUFLH GR LVWRWQ\FK WUHFL
NU\W\NRZDQHMSU]H]VLHELHUHOLJLL7RWH* LQWHOHNWXDOQDZDUWRüWDNLHMNU\W\NLMHVW
QLHZLHOND 1DMZLNV] ZDUWRü QDXNRZ SRVLDGD NU\W\ND GLDOHNW\F]QD
UR]SDWUXMFDUHOLJL NROHMQRRGZV]\VWNLFKVWURQLRFHQLDMFDRGG]LHOQLHND*G\
DVSHNWLHOHPHQWUHOLJLL1DZL]XMFGRGHZL]\/HLEQL]D²NU\W\ND
GLDOHNW\F]QD QDVWDZLRQD MHVW QLH W\OH QD Z\V]XNLZDQLH FXG]\FK EáGyZ L
VáDE\FKVWURQGHIHFWXVDOLHQRVLOHQDZ\GRE\ZDQLHWHJRZV]\VWNLHJRFRPR*H
QDV VDP\FK GXFKRZR Z]ERJDFLü L SU]\QLHü QDP LQWHOHNWXDOQ NRU]\ü
SURIHFWXV QRVWURV .U\W\N GLDOHNW\F]Q SU]HFLZVWDZLDá NU\W\FH ZXOJDUQHM L
EH]NU\W\F]QHM /HQLQ : =HV]\WDFK ILOR]RILF]Q\FK /HQLQ SRWSLDá IDNW *H Z
PDUNVLVWRZVNLHM OLWHUDWXU]H ILOR]RILF]QHM SU]HZD*D NU\W\ND ZXOJDUQD
PHFKDQLVW\F]QD EH]NU\W\F]QD QDVWDZLRQD Z\áF]QLH QD REDOHQLH
G\VNUHG\WRZDQLHLRPLHV]DQLHLQQ\FKNLHUXQNyZILOR]RILF]Q\FKNU\W\NDNWyUD
QLH SRWUDIL Z\GRE\ZDü ] NU\W\NRZDQ\FK V\VWHPyZ WHJR FR Z QLFK MHVW
UDFMRQDOQHLZDUWHUR]ZLQLFLD:]ZL]NX]W\P/HQLQVIRUPXáRZDáSRVWXODW
DE\ ILOR]RIyZ LGHDOLVWyZ NU\W\NRZDü Z VSRVyE GLDOHNW\F]Q\ WR ]QDF]\ QLH
RGU]XFDü LFKUR]XPRZD DOH MH SRGHMPRZDü SRSUDZLDü UR]ZLMDüSRJáELDü

QDVWDZLDMF VL QD ÄZ\áXVNLZDQLH´ WHJRFRFHQQH3LNQ\P]DVWRVRZDQLHP
ZVND]D /HQLQDMHVWSRGHMFLH$GDPD6FKDIIDGROLWHUDWXU\VHPDQW\F]QHM
.VL*NL² SLV]H6FKDII² PR*QDF]\WDüGZRMDNR0R*QDMHF]\WDüV]XNDMF
W\ONRWHJRFRMHVWZQLFKJáXSLHL]áHÄ*HUX´GODNU\W\NL>@$PR*QDWH*
F]\WDüMH]XSHáQLHLQDF]HMV]XNDMFZQLFKWHJRFRQRZHFRP\OSREXG]DL

SRVXZDQDSU]yGPLPREáGyZLIDáV]yZ>@

background image

:DUWR]DXZD*\ü*HZSHZQ\FKSU]\SDGNDFKÄNU\W\NDUHOLJLL´LÄREURQDUHOLJLL´
QLHV F]\P DEVROXWQLHSU]HFLZVWDZQ\P3HZQHSRVWDFLÄREURQ\ UHOLJLL´PRJ
E\üQDZHWEOL*V]HPDUNVLVWRZVNLHPXDWHL]PRZLRGQLHNWyU\FKSRVWDFLÄNU\W\NL
UHOLJLL´ :EUHZ SR]RURP ZXOJDUQD NU\W\ND UHOLJLL E\ZD F]DVHP SRGREQD GR
NRQVHUZDW\ZQHM GRJPDW\F]QHM DSRORJHW\NL $SRORJHW QD]\ZDP\ ]Z\NOH
WHJRNWREURQLVZHMVSUDZ\ZVSRVyE]DOHSLRQ\]DFLHWU]HZLRQ\EH]NU\W\F]Q\
2Wy* ZXOJDUQDNU\W\ND ZSRGREQ\]DOHSLRQ\LEH]NU\W\F]Q\VSRVyERGU]XFD
SHZQH NRPSOHNV\ ]MDZLVN QLH ]DGDMF VRELH WUXGX RGUy*QLDQLD HOHPHQWyZ
.U\W\ND ZXOJDUQDLGRJPDW\F]QDDSRORJHW\NDQLHPDM SáDV]F]\]Q\QDNWyUHM
PRJá\E\ GRMü GR SRUR]XPLHQLD 2ELH SU]HPDZLDM M]\NLHP QLHUDFMRQDOQHM
SURSDJDQG\LVWRVXM FKZ\W\QLHXF]FLZH1DWRPLDVWGLDOHNW\F]QDREURQDUHOLJLL
EURQL VZHM VSUDZ\ Z VSRVyE UR]XPQ\ UH]\JQXMF ] WHJR FR QLHVáXV]QH L
NRQFHQWUXMF VL QD REURQLH WHJR FR QDSUDZG FHQQH 5R]XPQD REURQD L
GLDOHNW\F]QDNU\W\NDX]QDM W VDP ]DVDG VNRPSOLNRZDQLD]MDZLVNLDXWRU\WHW
UDFMRQDOQHJR DUJXPHQWX 0LPR *H Z\FKRG] ] RGUEQ\FK ]DáR*H PLPR *H
PDM LQQHFHOHPRJ GRMüGRW\FKVDP\FKZQLRVNyZSRQLHZD* GLDOHNW\F]QD
NU\W\ND UHOLJLL MHVW JRWRZD X]QDü WR F]HJR UR]XPQD REURQD VáXV]QLH EURQL D
MHGQRF]HQLH UR]XPQD REURQD UHOLJLL MHVW JRWRZD ]UH]\JQRZDü ] WHJR FR

GLDOHNW\F]QD NU\W\ND VáXV]QLH ]ZDOF]D 3U]\NáDGHP UR]XPQHJR REURF\
UHOLJLL² D]DUD]HPP\OLFLHOHPV]F]HJyOQLHJRGQ\PV]DFXQNX² MHVW*DEULHO
0DUFHO MHGHQ ] QDMJáEV]\FK P\OLFLHOL QDV]\FK F]DVyZ %GF REURF
NDWROLF\]PX0DUFHOPLDáRGZDJ SRVWDZLüS\WDQLH
$ PR*H WR ZáDQLH QLHZLHU]F\ NWyU\ RGU]XFD ZV]HONLH ]ZRGQLF]H

SRFLHV]HQLDMHVWSUDZG]LZ\PUHSUH]HQWDQWHPGXFKDSUDZG\"

7DND V]ODFKHWQRüNDWROLFNLHJRSLVDU]D]RERZL]XMHDWHLVWyZGRF]\WDQLDMHJR
G]LHá]PDNV\PDOQ *\F]OLZRFL LGRVWDZLDQLDVRELHSU]\ND*GHMP\OLS\WDQLD
Ä$PR*HZWHMNRQNUHWQHMNZHVWLLPDZáDQLHUDFM NDWROLN0DUFHO"´7DNZLF
GLDOHNW\F]QD NU\W\ND UHOLJLL L UR]XPQD REURQD UHOLJLL Z\FKRG] VRELH QLHMDNR

background image

QDSU]HFLZ,]SHZQRFL QDQLHMHGQ VSUDZ PR*QDE\Z\SUDFRZDüZVSyOQ\
SRJOG JG\E\ QLH IDNW *H QDZHW SU]\ QDMZLNV]HM *\F]OLZRFL GOD P\OLFLHOD
NDWROLFNLHJRW\SX0DUFHODF]\/DFURL[SRW\NDP\VL RVIRUPXáRZDQLDNWyUH
EXG] XDWHLVW\RGUXFKQLHFKFL1LHFKüW EXG]LSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPVSHF\ILF]\
M]\NUHOLJLL]DZLHUDMF\² ZRGF]XFLXDWHLVW\² ZLHOHWDNLFKVáyZNWyU\FK
ZVSyáF]HVQ\Z\NV]WDáFRQ\F]áRZLHNQLHPR*HSU]HFLH* EUDüGRVáRZQLH7RWH*
SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPPXVLP\RPyZLüSUREOHPDW\N M]\NDUHOLJLL

-=<.5(/,*,,

.LHG\F]\WDPG]LHáDZVSyáF]HVQ\FKP\OLFLHOLNDWROLFNLFKLQDWUDILDPQDWDNLH
Z\UD*HQLD MDN Ä]VWSLá GR SLHNLHá´ ÄZVWSLá QD QLHELRVD´ QDGSU]\URG]RQD
RSLHND´ ÄDNW ]EDZLHQLD´ ÄVNDUELHF áDVN´ L WDNLH VáRZD MDN ÄJU]HFK´ ÄFXG´
ÄREMDZLHQLH´ ÄRSDWU]QRü´ WR Z\GDMH PL VL *H PXV] RQL RGF]XZDü SHZQH
]D*HQRZDQLH]SRZRGXSU]HPDZLDQLDWDNLPM]\NLHPGROXG]LZVSyáF]HVQ\FK
RG NWyU\FK SU]HFLH* QLH PRJ Z\PDJDü DE\ EUDOL WR ZV]\VWNR GRVáRZQLH
:\UD]HP WHJR ]D*HQRZDQLD E\á LQWHUHVXMF\ DUW\NXá GRPLQLNDQLQD NV 0 +
/HORQJD RSXEOLNRZDQ\ Z 7\JRGQLNX 3RZV]HFKQ\P SRG W\WXáHP =VWSLá GR
SLHNLHá 5R]XPLHMF *H F]DV\ VL ]PLHQLá\ L GOD ZVSyáF]HVQHJR F]áRZLHND
SU]\MFLH GRVáRZQHJR VHQVX NDWROLFNLHJR FUHGR MHVW DEVROXWQLH QLHPR*OLZH
NVLG] /HORQJ Z\MDQLD *H PDP\ Z QLP GR F]\QLHQLD ] SHZQ\P ÄVSRVREHP
PyZLHQLD´ L ] ÄSR]RVWDáRFLDPL GDZQ\FK SRMü´ 3R]ZRO VRELH SU]\WRF]\ü
QDMZD*QLHMV]\DNDSLWSRGNUHODMFQDMEDUG]LHMFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHVIRUPXáRZDQLD
>‡‡‡@ Z\UD*HQLH Ä]VWSLá´ VXJHUXMH Z\UD(QLH ORNDOL]DFM RZHJR PLHMVFD
XPLHV]F]DMF MH Z VWUHIDFK SRG]LHPQ\FK :\UD*HQLH WR ² SRGREQLH MDN
DQDORJLF]QHZ\UD*HQLDÄ]Z\VRND´ÄZJyU´ÄQDQLHELHVLHFK´ V ]áF]RQH]
V\VWHPHP NRVPRJRQLL SU]HEU]PLDáHM L G]L QDOH*FHM MX* FDáNRZLFLH GR

background image

KLVWRULL 2NUHODá\ RQH FKFLDá\ RNUHODü PLHMVFH SRE\WX GXV] F]\ WR
]EDZLRQ\FK F]\ SRWSLRQ\FK ']L WH SR]RVWDáRFL GDZQ\FK SRMü Z\GDM
VL QDPQDLZQHLGDZQR]RVWDá\ SR]DQDPL$OHPLPRL* VL WDNZ\UD*DOL
ZLHUQLQLHE\OLQLJG\RERZL]DQLZLHU]\üZRZ JHRJUDILZRJyOHZLHU]\ü
Z WR FR QLH MHVW FLOH ELRUF SU]HGPLRWHP ZLDU\ D MHVW W\ONR SHZQ\P

SRSXODUQ\PVSRVREHPPyZLHQLDVSRVREHPZ\UD*DQLDVL

=D SRGREQH WZLHUG]HQLD ² *H Z 3LPLH ZLW\P PDP\ GR F]\QLHQLD ]
SU]HQRQ\PPHWDIRU\F]Q\PVSRVREHPZ\UD*DQLDVL LZREHFWHJRQLHSRZLQQR
RQRVWDQRZLüSRGVWDZ\GODKDPRZDQLDUR]ZRMXEDGD QDXNRZ\FK² VSDORQR
QLHJG\ QD VWRVLH *LRUGDQD %UXQD , ZEUHZ WHPX FR WZLHUG]L NVLG] /HORQJ
SU]H] ZLHOH VWXOHFL .RFLyá ]PXV]Dá ZLHUQ\FK GR ZLDU\ Z GRVáRZQ\ VHQV
XZLFRQ\FKDXWRU\WHWHP.RFLRáDSR]RVWDáRFLGDZQ\FKSRJOGyZQDZLDW=
SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD DWHLVW\ SU]\WRF]RQ\ WHNVW NVLG]D /HORQJD MHVW Z\UD]HP
NDSLWXODFMLWHRORJDSU]HG ]Z\FLVN QDXNNWyUDEH]OLWRQLHZ\SLHUDWHRORJL ]
RSDQRZDQ\FK SU]H] VLHELH WHUHQyZ L ]PXV]D M GR RNRS\ZDQLD VL QD FRUD]
GDOV]\FKSR]\FMDFK*G\E\MHGQDNX*\WHSU]H]QDVVáRZRÄNDSLWXODFMD´XUD*DáR
XF]XFLD P\OLFLHOL NDWROLFNLFK L VWDQRZLáR F]\QQLN SRZVWU]\PXMF\ LFK RG
SRVXZDQLDVL ]DÄGXFKHPF]DVX´ZyZF]DVFKWQLHX*\MHP\LQQHJRÄVSRVREX
PyZLHQLD´ L SRZLHP\ *H UH]\JQDFMD ] ÄSR]RVWDáRFL GDZQ\FK SRMü´ L
WUDNWRZDQLH WDNLFK Z\UD*H MDN Ä]VWSLá GR SLHNLHá´ ÄZVWSLá QD QLHELRVD´
Z\áF]QLH MDNR ÄSHZQHJR SRSXODUQHJR VSRVREX PyZLHQLD´ MHVW ² ]H VWURQ\
NVLG]D/HORQJD² SU]HMDZHPUR]XPQHMREURQ\UHOLJLLSU]HMDZHPUHDOL]PXQLH
XSLHUDMFHJR VL MX* SU]\ W\P SU]\ F]\P XSLHUDü VL QLH PR*QD L QLH ZDUWR
2GU]XFDMF EDODVW QDLZQ\FK SU]H*\WNyZ Z]QLyVá VL RQ G]LNL WHPX Z\*HM
SRV]HGáQDSU]yG]SRVWSHPL]DWRQDOH*\PXVL V]DFXQHN7\OHW\ONR*HQD
Z\UD*HQLXV]DFXQNXQLHPR*HP\ZW\PSU]\SDGNXSRSU]HVWDüOHF]SRZLQQLP\
QDOHJDüDE\SRW\PSLHUZV]\PNURNXNVLG]/HORQJLLQQLP\OLFLHOHNDWROLFF\
XF]\QLOLNRQVHNZHQWQLHQDVWSQ\NURN:\UD*HQLHÄ]VWSLáGRSLHNLHá´]QDMGXMH

background image

VL Z WDN ]ZDQ\P 6NáDG]LH $SRVWROVNLP F]\OL Z NDWROLFNLP FUHGR 3RZVWDMH
S\WDQLHF]\*E\W\ONRWRZ\UD*HQLHQDOH*DáRWUDNWRZDüMDNRÄSRSXODUQ\VSRVyE
PyZLHQLD´" $ ÄFLDáD ]PDUWZ\FKZVWDQLH´" $ ÄVWZRU]\FLHO QLHED L ]LHPL´"
&]\*E\ WR QLH E\á\ ÄSR]RVWDáRFL GDZQ\FK SRMü´ ]ZL]DQH QLHUR]HUZDOQLH ]
GDZQRSU]HEU]PLDá ILOR]RIL"$VáRZRÄ%yJ´"&]\LRQRQLHMHVW]ZL]DQH]
RNUHORQ\PSU]HEU]PLDá\PSRJOGHPQDZLDW"-H*HOLRGGDP\ZLDWXWR FRPX
VL VáXV]QLH QDOH*\ D ZLF MHOL X]QDP\ MHJR ZLHF]QRü L QLHVNRF]RQRü
ZyZF]DV Ä%yJ6WZyUFD´ SU]HVWDMH E\ü NDWHJRUL IL]\NL L VWDMH VL QD]Z EH]
GHV\JQDWX Z\VWSXMF W\ONR QD JUXQFLH ÄSHZQHJR SRSXODUQHJR VSRVREX
PyZLHQLD´ 3RZVWDMH S\WDQLH F]\ QLH VWDZLDP\ WX ]E\W ZLHONLFK Z\PDJD
P\OLFLHORP FKU]HFLMDVNLP" &]\ P\OLFLHORZL FKU]HFLMDVNLHPX ZROQR
XF]\QLü WDNL NURN" 2GSRZLHG( QHJDW\ZQD QD WR S\WDQLH R]QDF]DáDE\ *H
P\OLFLHO FKU]HFLMDVNL MHVW QLHXFKURQQLH VND]DQ\ QD NXUF]RZH WU]\PDQLH VL
SU]\QDMPQLHM QLHNWyU\FK UHOLNWyZ SU]HVWDU]DáHJR SRJOGX QD ZLDW D ZLF *H
MHVWZL(QLHPRWRF]RQ\PVLHGPLRPDPXUDPLLMH*HOLQDZHWXGDPXVL UR]ELü
V]Hü PXUyZ WR VLyGP\ PXU QD ZLHNL ZLHNyZ SR]RVWDQLH JUDQLF MHJR
LQWHOHNWXDOQHJR ZL]LHQLD XQLHPR*OLZLDMFHJR PX SyMFLH QDSU]yG Z
DZDQJDUG]LH UR]ZLMDMFHM VL NXOWXU\ -HVWHP JáERNR SU]HNRQDQ\ *H WDNL
SRJOG MHVW QLHVáXV]Q\ SRQLHZD* ]QDP DUJXPHQW\ SU]HPDZLDMFH ]D
RGU]XFHQLHP ÄPHWDIRU\ ZL(QLD´ -H*HOL RZ\P VLyGP\P PXUHP E\áDE\
NRQLHF]QRüZLDU\ZLVWQLHQLHRVRERZHJR%RJDÄVWZRU]\FLHODQLHEDL]LHPL´Z
GRVáRZQ\P ]QDF]HQLX WHJR VáRZD WR RND]XMH VL *H P\OLFLHO FKU]HFLMDVNL
PR*HSU]HELüWHQPXULZ\V]HGáV]\QDZROQRüQLHSU]HVWDQLHE\üP\OLFLHOHP
FKU]HFLMDVNLP $ RWR DUJXPHQW\ SU]HPDZLDMFH ]D W\P *H PR*QD E\ü
FKU]HFLMDQLQHP ² Z GRVáRZQ\P ]QDF]HQLX WHJR VáRZD ² D MHGQRF]HQLH
SRU]XFLü ZL]LHQLH WHL]PX RGNU\ZDMF *H VáRZR Ä%yJ´ MHVW W\ONR PHWDIRU
$UJXPHQWHP SLHUZV]\P MHVW IDNW LVWQLHQLD WDNLFK P\OLFLHOL FKU]HFLMDVNLFK
NWyU]\ RGG]LHOLOL &KU\VWLDQL]P RG WHL]PX RSRZLDGDMF VL ]D WUHFL
FKU\VWLDQL]PX NWyUD E\QDMPQLHM QLH PXVL E\ü ]ZL]DQD ] IRUP F]\OL V]DW

background image

WHLVW\F]QHJRVSRVREXPyZLHQLD-HGQ\P]SLHUZV]\FKP\OLFLHOLWHJRW\SXE\á
ÄRMFLHF QRZR*\WQHM WHRORJLL SURWHVWDQFNLHM´ )ULHGULFK 'DQLHO (UQVW
6FKOHLHUPDFKHU ² URPDQW\N QLHPLHFNL U]HF]QLN SUDZ XF]XFLD L
Z\REUD(QLD]DUD]HPMHGHQ]QDMEDUG]LHMUR]XPQ\FKREURFyZUHOLJLL%URQLF
UHOLJLL6FKOHLHUPDFKHUQLHEURQLáSRMFLD%RJD3RGNUHODá]FDá\PQDFLVNLHP*H
ÄNZHVWLD %RJD´ QLH MHVW DQL ÄRVL´ DQL ÄJáyZQ\P ]DJDGQLHQLHP UHOLJLL´
3UyERZDáZ\MDQLü*HÄ>@%yJQLHPR*HE\ü>@F]\P LQQ\PQL* MHGQ\P]
SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK UHOLJLMQ\FK VSRVREyZ NRQWHPSODFML´ ² MHGQ\P ] ZLHOX
PR*OLZ\FK²´>@RGNWyUHJRSRGREQLHMDNRGND*GHJRLQQHJRSR]RVWDáHV

QLH]DZLVáH L QLH]DOH*QH´ : ]ZL]NX ] W\P ]ZDOF]Dá SRJOG JáRV]F\ *H
ÄJG]LH QLH PD %RJD WDP QLH PD UHOLJLL´ Z\NXZDMF SRMFLH ÄUHOLJLL
DWHLVW\F]QHM´LSRVXZDMFVL GRWZLHUG]HQLDÄ>@*HUHOLJLDEH]%RJDPR*HE\ü

OHSV]DRGMDNLHM LQQHM]%RJLHP´6WRVXQHNF]áRZLHNDGRZV]HFKZLDWDGR
Ä8QLYHUVXP´² ZHGáXJ6FKOHLHUPDFKHUD² MHVWZáDFLZ\PPLHUQLNLHPMHJR
UHOLJLMQRFLWR]DF]\PDRQZVZHMZL]MLZLDWDUyZQLH* %RJDÄ>@]DOH*\

W\ONRRGNLHUXQNXMHJRIDQWD]ML´3U]\ SRVLDGDQLXRNUHORQHJRW\SXIDQWD]ML
Ä>@EG]LHRQDSHUVRQLILNRZDáDGXFKD8QLYHUVXPLRWU]\PDFLHZWHQVSRVyE

%RJD´ 3U]\ LQQ\P W\SLH IDQWD]ML NWyUD PRFQR ÄWU]\PD VL UR]XPX´
SRZVWDMHZL]MDZLDWDZNWyUHMQLHPD*DGQHJR%RJDÄ0DPQDG]LHM ² GRGDMH
6FKOHLHUPDFKHU² *HQLHSRWUDNWXMHFLHMDNREOX(QLHUVWZDWHJR*HZLDUDZ%RJD

]DOH*\RGNLHUXQNXIDQWD]ML>@´ ODGDPL6FKOHLHUPDFKHUDSRV]HGáUyZQLH*
Z\ELWQ\ WHRORJ SURWHVWDQFNL $OEHUW .DOWKRII ² NWyU\ WDN SLV]H R
SRMFLX%RJD
1RZH Z\REUD*HQLH SU]\URG\ ]PXV]D P\OFHJR F]áRZLHND GR WDNLFK
ZáDQLH ZQLRVNyZ NWyU\FK MHV]F]H EUDNáR E\ ZV]HONLH VSU]HF]QRFL L
]ZWSLHQLDRGGDZQDZLDU Z%RJDQXUWXMFHZRVWDWHF]QHQLHPD%RJD
]DPLHQLü 3URSDJDQGD DWHLVW\F]QD FR MX* QDSU]yG ]H VSRáHF]Q\FK L

background image

RE\F]DMRZ\FK SU]\F]\Q Z\U]HNáD QDG ZLDU Z %RJD Z\URN PLHUFL

]QDOD]áDZáDQLHQDMSRW*QLHMV] VRMXV]QLF ZZLHG]\

3UDJQF RFDOLü ÄZLDWRSRJOG UHOLJLMQ\´

.DOWKRII UH]\JQXMH ]

SU]HFLZVWDZLDQLD UHOLJLL QDXFH DNFHSWXMH EH] *DGQ\FK ]DVWU]H*H RVLJQLFLD
ZVSyáF]HVQHM ZLHG]\ D QDZHW MHM ILOR]RILF]QH DWHLVW\F]QH XRJyOQLHQLD
GRNRQ\ZDQH SU]H] (UQVWD +DHFNOD 7DNL VSRVyE REURQ\ UHOLJLL ]DVáXJXMH QD

V]DFXQHN6]NRGD*HQLHPDLQQ\FKSU]\NáDGyZDOHMX* WDNMHVW² RG;9,
ZLHNX ² *HZVSUDZDFKXQRZRF]HQLDQLDUHOLJLLNDWROLF\SR]RVWDM ZW\OH]D
SURWHVWDQWDPL -H*HOL NWR ]SRVWSRZ\FKNDWROLNyZXF]\QLáSLHUZV]\NURNZH
ZáDFLZ\PNLHUXQNXWRFK\ED*DEULHO0DUFHONWyU\MHVWNDWROLNLHP]ZáDVQHJR
Z\ERUX SU]\Má ERZLHP FKU]HVW MX* MDNR F]áRZLHN GRMU]Dá\ D SU]\MPXMF
NDWROLF\]P]DFKRZDáPDNV\PDOQ VZRERG ILOR]RIRZDQLDLQLH]DOH*QRüP\OL
2Q ZáDQLH MHVW DXWRUHP DIRU\]PX NWyUHJR DWHLVW\F]Q\ VHQV XV]HGá ]DSHZQH
MHJRXZDG]H.LHG\R%RJXVL PyZLWRQLHR%RJXVL PyZL-HVWWRQDMJáEV]D
] P\OL Z\SRZLHG]LDQ\FK NLHG\NROZLHN SU]H] MDNLHJRNROZLHN P\OLFLHOD
NDWROLFNLHJR3U]\SXV]F]DOQ\P(UyGáHPWHJRVIRUPXáRZDQLD² ZVHQVLHRND]ML
SREXG]DMFHMGRVQXFLDZáDVQ\FKP\OL² E\áGRVNRQDOH]QDQ\0DUFHORZLWHNVW
-XOLDQD%HQG\²ZNWyU\PE\áRSRZLHG]LDQH*HÄ>@%yJQLHMHVW

QLF]\P LQQ\P MDN W\ONR ZLDWHP Z SHZLHQ VSRVyE SRP\ODQ\P´
3U]\WDF]DMF L NRPHQWXMF WHQ WHNVW 0DUFHO SRGNUHOD MHJR DWHLVW\F]Q\ VHQV
Ä5]HF] ]XSHáQLH MDVQD ² SRZLDGD ² *H W\P FR WX LVWQLHMH MHVW SR SURVWX

ZLDW´,QDF]HMPyZLFSRMFLH%RJDMHVWW\ONRLZ\áF]QLHFHFK SHZQHJR
PHWDIRU\F]QHJR L SHUVRQLILNXMFHJR VSRVREX P\OHQLD L PyZLHQLD R ZLHFLH
3RZVWDMH WHUD] QDVWSXMFH S\WDQLH MH*HOL P\OLFLHO FKU]HFLMDVNL GRMG]LH GR
SU]HNRQDQLD*HSRMFLX%RJDQLHRGSRZLDGD*DGQDRELHNW\ZQDU]HF]\ZLVWRüL
*HZ\PDZLDMFVáRZRÄ%yJ´Z\PDZLDP\QD]Z QLHSRVLDGDMF GHV\JQDWXD
ZREHF WHJR X*\ZDQLH WHJR VáRZD PR*H PLHü PLHMVFH MHG\QLH Z UDPDFK

background image

QLHDGHNZDWQHJR PHWDIRU\F]QHJRVSRVREXPyZLHQLDWRF]\EG]LHRQMHV]F]H
PLPR WRSRVLDGDáSUDZRGRXZD*DQLDVL ]DFKU]HFLMDQLQD"6G]*HWDNLPDP
QD WR GZD DUJXPHQW\ MHGHQ ÄHW\PRORJLF]Q\´ GUXJL IDNW\F]Q\ 1D]ZD
FKU]HFLMDQLQQLHPyZLQDPQLFRW\P*HNWR RSRZLDGDVL ]D%RJLHPDW\ONR
LMHG\QLHWR*HNWR RSRZLDGDVL ]D &KU\VWXVHP:SUDZG]LHSU]H]ZLHOHVWXOHFL
ZLNV]RüFKU]HFLMDQRSRZLDGDáDVL UyZQRF]HQLH]D%RJLHPL]D&KU\VWXVHP
XZD*DMF &KU\VWXVD ]D MHGQ ] WU]HFK RVyE 7UyMF\ZLWHM%\áD MHGQDNF]ü
FKU]HFLMDQ RSRZLDGDMF\FK VL UyZQLH* ]D %RJLHP L ]D &KU\VWXVHP DOH
XZD*DMF\FK&KU\VWXVD]DF]áRZLHNDLZUHV]FLHE\OLWDF\FKU]HFLMDQLHNWyU]\
XZD*DMF &KU\VWXVD ]D F]áRZLHND RSRZLDGDOL VL ]D &KU\VWXVHP D SU]HFLZ
%RJX:RNUHVLHURPDQW\]PXE\áRLFKQDZHWGRüVSRUR0yZLRQRRQLFK*HV
MHGQRF]HQLHDWHLVWDPLLFKU]HFLMDQDPL,FKUR]XPRSRZLDGDáVL ]DDWHL]PHPD
ZLF SU]HFLZNR %RJX QDWRPLDVW LFK VHUFH RSRZLDGDáR VL ]D &KU\VWXVHP
1LHNWyU]\]DMDNQDSU]\NáDGSRHWDIUDQFXVNL$OIUHGGH9LJQ\²
SRVXQOLVL MHV]F]HGDOHMSRQLHZD* RGU]XFDOL%RJDZáDQLHGODWHJR*HE\OL]D
&KU\VWXVHPL QLH PRJOL PX SU]HEDF]\ü *H ZGHF\GXMF\PPRPHQFLHRSXFLá
&KU\VWXVD&KU\VWXVZRáDáQDNU]\*XÄ%R*H%R*HF]HPX PQLHRSXFLá"´(OL

(OL ODPPD VDEDFKWDQL DOH Ä>@ QLHER SR]RVWDZDáR F]DUQH D %yJ QLH

RGSRZLDGDá´ 9LJQ\ Ä>@ XGHU]D Z PLOF]HQLH %RJD SR]RVWDZLDMFH WDN

RNUXWQLHDSHO-H]XVDEH]RGSRZLHG]L´Ä=RVWDZLáH QDVZQLHSHZQRFL3DQLH
² SLVDá Z ']LHQQLNX ² 6\Q 7ZyM GDUHPQLH PRGOLá VL GR &LHELH QD *yU]H

2OLZQHM´ 6WG SURVW\ ZQLRVHN MH*HOL %yJ QLH SU]\V]HGá ] SRPRF
&KU\VWXVRZLWR]QDF]\*H%RJDZRJyOHQLHPD7RWH* 9LJQ\SLVDáÄ1LJG\QLH
PyZLQLJG\QLHSLV]R%RJX>@&]\FLHMDN%XGGDQLHFKEG]LHPLOF]HQLHR

W\P NWyU\ QLH PyZL´ :DFáDZ /HGQLFNL Z VZRLP SLNQ\P VWXGLXP R

9LJQ\P GRZRG]L*HÄ>@GOD9LJQ\¶HJR&KU\VWXVL%yJ2MFLHFWRDQW\WH]\´
3RVWDZ\WDNLHQLHQDOH* E\QDMPQLHMGRSU]HV]áRFL6SRWNDüMHPR*QDLG]L ZH
IUDQFXVNLFK VHPLQDULDFK GXFKRZQ\FK 1D SU]\NáDG P\OLFLHO NDWROLFNL -HDQ

background image

/DFURL[ RSRZLDGD QDVWSXMFH ]GDU]HQLH *G\ SHZQHJR GQLD PyZLáHP GR
VHPLQDU]\VWyZR%RJXMHGHQ]QLFKSU]HUZDáPLLZ\NU]\NQáÄ%yJ"1LH

]QDP%RJD]QDP&KU\VWXVDLOXG]NRü´/DFURL[QD]\ZDWRRGH]ZDQLHVL
ÄZ\EU\NLHP´ GRGDMF *H >@ Z\EU\N WHQ PLDá MHGQDN JáERN Z\PRZ
XMDZQLá ERZLHP ]GHF\GRZDQ ZRO ZLHOX NDWROLNyZ E\ ]UH]\JQRZDü ]

IDáV]\ZHJRX*\WNRZDQLD%RJDE\Z]\ZDüW\ONR%RJDNWyU\P*\M
,QDF]HM PyZLF ]UH]\JQRZDü ]SRMFLD L NXOWX %RJD6WZyUF\ VSU]HF]QHJR ]H
ZVSyáF]HVQ\P QDXNRZ\P REUD]HP ZLDWD L QLHSRWU]HEQHJR MX* VHUFX
ZVSyáF]HVQHJR F]áRZLHND D ]DFKRZDü NXOW GOD &KU\VWXVD MDNR XRVRELHQLD
QDMEDUG]LHMFHQLRQ\FKWUHFLHW\F]Q\FK0R*QDE\PR*HMHV]F]HU]XFLüQDV]DO
WU]HFL GHF\GXMF\ DUJXPHQW 3yNL FKU]HFLMDVWZR E\áR PáRGH SU*QH
HZROXF\MQHWZyUF]HQLHVNUSRZDQHSU]H]KLHUDUFKL NRFLHOQ LGRJPDW\SyNL
]DMPRZDáRVL ÄEXU]HQLHPEDáZDQyZ´MDNRV\PEROLVWDUHJRZLDWDSyNLVWDáRZ
RSR]\FMLGRSDQXMFHJRSRU]GNXVSRáHF]QHJRRSDUWHJRQDQLHZROQLFWZLHSyNL
QLH FKFLDáR RGGDZDü F]FL FHVDU]RZL ² ZyZF]DV E\áR SLWQRZDQH MDNR

DWHL]P 3LHUZV]\FK FKU]HFLMDQ ZLHV]DQR QD NU]\*DFK L U]XFDQR OZRP QD
SR*DUFLH QLH ]D WR *H ZLHU]\OL Z %RJD DOH ]D WR *H ² Z SU]HNRQDQLX
SU]HODGRZFyZ ² E\OL DWHLVWDPL NWyU]\ QLH X]QDM ERJyZ SDVWZRZ\FK D
SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPQLHX]QDM ERVNRFLFHVDU]DQLHFKF RGGDZDüF]FLFHVDU]RZL
MDNR *\ZHPX ERJX SHUVRQLILNXMFHPX VZRM RVRE SDVWZR QLHZROQLF]H 'OD
ZLHOXSLHUZRWQ\FKFKU]HFLMDQLVWRW FKU]HFLMDVWZDE\áDQLHW\OHPLáRü%RJD
LOH XPLáRZDQLH F]áRZLHND 3LHUZV]\P FKU]HFLMDQRP QLH FKRG]LáR R ÄWDPWHQ
ZLDW´ DOH R SU]HNV]WDáFHQLH WHJR ZLDWD QLH E\OL ÄZURJDPL ZLDWD´ DOH
ZURJDPL ÄWHJR ZLDWD´ WR ]QDF]\ NRQNUHWQHJR ZLDWD FHVDUVWZD RSDUWHJR QD
QLHZROQLFWZLH3LHUZVLFKU]HFLMDQLHQLHZDOF]\OL]XURMRQ\PGLDEáHPDOH]W\P
GLDEáHP NWyU\ MHVW ÄERJLHP WHJR ZLDWD´ D ZLF ] FHVDU]HP 1LH P\OHOL R
Ä]EDZLHQLX ZLHF]Q\P´ DOH R XU]HF]\ZLVWQLHQLX ZROQRFL VSUDZLHGOLZRFL L
EUDWHUVWZD Z *\FLX GRF]HVQ\P QD ÄW\P ZLHFLH´ : DXWHQW\F]Q\P
FKU]HFLMDVWZLH E\á\ ZLF WHQGHQFMH DWHLVW\F]QH ² QDZHW MHOL Z W\P

background image

SLHUZV]\P RNUHVLH SU]HG SRZVWDQLHP SLVDQ\FK GRNXPHQWyZ X*\ZDQR M]\ND
PHWDIRU\F]QHJR SRQLHZD* Z FHQWUXP XZDJL QLH ]QDMGRZDáD VL X QLFK
QDGSU]\URG]RQRüDOH]LHPVNLHVSUDZ\F]áRZLHND2GHMFLHRGDXWHQW\F]QHJR
FKU]HFLMDVWZD ]DF]áR VL Z W\P PRPHQFLH NLHG\ FKU]HFLMDQLH ]DF]OL
WáXPDF]\ü *H QLH V ZURJDPL FHVDU]D L SRU]GNX VSRáHF]QHJR NLHG\ ]DF]OL
WáXPDF]\ü *H QLH V DWHLVWDPL NLHG\ ]DF]OL JáRVLü *H QLH PDM ]DPLDUX
XU]HF]\ZLVWQLDüVZRLFKPDU]H QDÄW\PZLHFLH´:WHG\PRJá\]DNRF]\üVL
SU]HODGRZDQLD FKU]HFLMDQ D QRZH ² SRJRG]RQH ]H VWDU\P ZLDWHP ²
FKU]HFLMDVWZR VWDáR VL LGHRORJLF]Q SRGSRU G\NWDWXU\ ZáDFLFLHOL
QLHZROQLNyZ = FKU]HFLMDVWZHP VWDáR VL SRGREQLH MDN ] EXGG\]PHP
$XWHQW\F]Q\ EXGG\]P E\áDWHLVW\F]Q ILOR]RIL Z\]ZROHQLD F]áRZLHND %XGGD
SRZLDGDá*HE\QLHP\OHüRERJDFK3y(QLHMEXGG\]PVWDáVL
UHOLJLDZODPDL]PLHZ\WZRU]\áQDZHWD]MDW\FN RGPLDQ NDWROLF\]PX,VWRW
RGVWSVWZD RG DXWHQW\F]QHJR FKU]HFLMDVWZD E\áD UH]\JQDFMD ] EXGRZDQLD
NUyOHVWZD ER*HJR QD ]LHPL L ]DVWSLHQLH SRVWDZ\ HNVWUDZHUV\MQHM SRVWDZ
LQWURZHUV\MQ =DPLDVW XU]HF]\ZLVWQLHQLD LGHDáX Z ZLHFLH UHDOQ\P ]DF]WR
ÄXU]HF]\ZLVWQLDü´ LGHDá Z Z\REUD(QL 'R F\WRZDQHJR MX* ]GDQLD *DEULHOD
0DUFHOD PR*QD GRMü UyZQLH* Z LQQ\ VSRVyE QD SU]\NáDG QD SRGVWDZLH
QDVWSXMFHJRUR]XPRZDQLD:;,,,ZLHNXZLW\%RQDZHQWXUD²
XF]\á *H ÄZV]HOND SUDZG]LZD ZLHG]D MHVW ZLHG] R %RJX´ UHGQLRZLHF]QD
ÄUHGXNFMDQDXNGRWHRORJLL´RGE\ZDáDVL PLG]\LQQ\PLZQDVWSXMF\VSRVyE
FHOHPQDXNLMHVWSR]QDQLHLVWRW\U]HF]\LVWRW ND*GHMU]HF]\MHVWFHOGODNWyUHJR
RQD LVWQLHMH F]\OL ]DPLDU XP\VáX %R*HJR NWyU\ M VWZRU]\á $ ZLF
SU]HGPLRWHP ERWDQLNL ]RRORJLL DVWURQRPLL QLH V UROLQ\ ]ZLHU]WD DQL
JZLD]G\ DOH FHO LFK LVWQLHQLD F]\OL ]DPLDU\ XP\VáX %R*HJR : WHQ VSRVyE
ZV]HONLH QDXNL SURZDG]Lá\ GR ]DMPRZDQLD VL %RJLHP L VWDZDá\ VL ² W\P
VDP\P² G]LDáDPLWHRORJLL
3U]HFLZNRWHMWHRORJLF]QHMPLVW\ILNDFMLSU]HGPLRWXSR]QDQLD² X]DVDGQLDMFHM
SUHWHQVMH GR DQHNWRZDQLD L NRQWURORZDQLD QDXN SU]H] WHRORJL ² Z\VWSLáR

background image

ZLHOX SRVWSRZ\FK P\OLFLHOL UHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK ] WHRUL UR]G]LDáX
SU]HGPLRWRZHJR NRPSHWHQFML WHRORJLL L QDXN 3U]HGPLRWHP WHRORJLL ²
SRZLDGDOL ² MHVW %yJ QDWRPLDVW SU]HGPLRWHP QDXN MHVW SU]\URGD L W\ONR
SU]\URGD 7HRULH WH SHáQLá\ Z VZRLP F]DVLH IXQNFM SRVWSRZ 3URSRQXMF
UR]G]LDá NRPSHWHQFML GRZRG]Lá\ RQH *H SRV]F]HJyOQH QDXNL QLH V G]LDáDPL
WHRORJLL SRQLHZD* SU]HGPLRWHP QDXN QLH MHVW %yJ 7HRULD UR]G]LDáX
SU]HGPLRWRZHJRZL]DáDVL QLHW\ONR]WHRUL GZyFKV]HUHJyZQLH]DOH*Q\FKRG
VLHELH SUDZG DOH UyZQLH* ] WHRUL GZyFK M]\NyZ =DF]WR GRPDJDü VL RG
SLV]F\FK DE\ ]GHNODURZDOL VL MDNLP ÄM]\NLHP´ PyZL WKHRORJLFH F]\
QDWXUDOLWHU M]\NLHP WHRORJLL F]\ M]\NLHP QDXNL" 2ND]DáR VL ERZLHP *H
M]\NL WH Uy*QL VL QLH W\ONR RGPLHQQ\P ]DVREHP VáyZ QDMEDUG]LHM
FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK ² D ZLF W\P *H Z M]\NX QDXNL QLH Z\VWSXM WDNLH
VáRZDMDNÄ%yJ´ÄDQLRá´ÄGLDEHá´ÄSLHNáR´ÄJU]HFK´Ä]EDZLHQLH´LWG² DOH
WDN*H ÄVSRVREHP UR]XPLHQLD´ VáyZ SR]RUQLH W\FK VDP\FK 1DMOHSV]\P
SU]\NáDGHP PR*H E\ü VáRZR ÄQLHER´ =DXZD*RQR *H MHVW RQR ÄZ\PDZLDQH
ZLHORUDNR´ :HGáXJ ÄVSRVREX PyZLHQLD´ WHRORJyZ ÄQLHER´ WR PLHMVFH
SU]HE\ZDQLD%RJDDQLRáyZLZLW\FKZHGáXJQDWRPLDVWÄVSRVREXPyZLHQLD´
DVWURQRPyZ ÄQLHER´ WR SU]HVWU]H Z NWyUHM SRUXV]DM VL PDWHULDOQH FLDáD
JZLD]G\ L SODQHW\ :\PDZLDMF SR]RUQLH WH VDPH VáRZD PDP\ FR LQQHJR QD
P\OL NLHG\ PyZLP\ ÄSR FKU]HFLMDVNX´ D FR LQQHJR NLHG\ X*\ZDP\
QDXNRZHJR M]\ND IL]\NL ,QDF]HM PyZLF ND*GH VáRZR PD FR QDMPQLHM GZLH
VWURQ\ MHGQ Z\JOGRZREU]PLHQLRZ L GUXJ ]QDF]HQLRZ 'ZD VáRZD ²
UR]SDWU\ZDQH RG VWURQ\ Z\JOGRZREU]PLHQLRZHM PRJ E\ü LGHQW\F]QH
UR]SDWU\ZDQH QDWRPLDVW RG VWURQ\ ]QDF]HQLRZHM PRJ E\ü ]XSHáQLH Uy*QH7R
]QDF]\ QD SU]\NáDG]LH ÄQLHED´ NLHG\ 0LNRáDM .RSHUQLN *LRUGDQR %UXQR OXE
*DOLOHXV] PyZL R QLHELH WR PyZL R F]\P ]XSHáQLH LQQ\P QL* NLHG\ Z
$XJXVW\QLZ7RPDV]PyZL RQLHELH$OHQDW\PSUREOHPE\QDMPQLHMVL QLH
NRF]\ -X* Z RNUHVLH 2GURG]HQLD NRQIURQWDFMD REX M]\NyZ SURZDG]L GR
SU]HNRQDQLD *H W\ONR MHGHQ ] W\FK M]\NyZ PLDQRZLFLH M]\N QDXNL XMPXMH

background image

U]HF]\ZLVWRüZVSRVyEDGHNZDWQ\M]\NWHRORJLF]Q\QDWRPLDVW² LZRJyOH
M]\N PHWDIL]\NL ² MHVW M]\NLHP PHWDIRU\F]Q\P $ ZLF QLH PD GZyFK
Uy*Q\FK ÄQLHE´ QLHED FKU]HFLMDVNLHJR L QLHED DVWURQRPyZ OHF] ÄMHVW W\ONR
MHGQR MHG\QH QLHER´ ² WR NWyUH MHVW SU]HGPLRWHP EDGD DVWURQRPLF]Q\FK
1DWRPLDVWQLHERFKU]HFLMDVNLHQLHMHVWQLHEHPUHDOQ\POHF]² MDNSRZLDGD
*LRUGDQR %UXQR ² ÄQLHEHP XURMRQ\P´ FRHOXP LPDJLQDWXP : RNUHVLH
2ZLHFHQLD XPDFQLD VL SRJOG *H MHG\QLH QDXNL ]DMPXM VL RELHNW\ZQ
U]HF]\ZLVWRFL WHRORJLD QDWRPLDVW MH*HOL PyZL R %RJX WR PyZL R QLF]\P
-HGQDN*HVWDQRZLVNR2ZLHFHQLDZWHMVSUDZLHRSLHUDVLPRLP]GDQLHPQDWHM
VDPHM EáGQHM SU]HVáDQFH FR VWDQRZLVNR WHRORJLF]QH 'OD RZLHFRQ\FK
PDWHULDOLVWyZ ² SRGREQLH MDN GOD UHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK WHRORJyZ ² ]GDQLD R
%RJXPDM VHQVWHRORJLF]Q\5y*QLFDVWDQRZLVNSROHJDQDW\P*HGODWHRORJyZ
WHRORJLF]Q\VHQV]GD R%RJXR]QDF]D*H]GDQLDWHGRW\F] UHDOQLHLVWQLHMFHM
ÄQDGSU]\URG]RQHM´ U]HF]\ZLVWRFL D GOD RZLHFHQLRZ\FK PDWHULDOLVWyZ ²
VNRURPDM VHQVWHRORJLF]Q\² V SXVW JDGDQLQ RQLF]\P:SU]HFLZLHVWZLH
GR REX W\FK VWDQRZLVN QDXNRZH UHOLJLR]QDZVWZR NZHVWLRQXMH LFK ZVSyOQ
SU]HVáDQN 1LH PR*QD ERZLHP WUDFLü ] SROD ZLG]HQLD IDNWX *H WHRORJLD MHVW
PLVW\ILNDFM D PLVW\ILNDFMD WD SROHJD SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD W\P *H NLHG\
WHRORJRZLH PyZL R %RJX WR ZFDOH QLH R %RJX PyZL =GDQLH 0DUFHOD MHVW
QDMOHSV]\P SXQNWHP Z\MFLD GR QDXNRZ\FK EDGD UHOLJLR]QDZF]\FK
2F]\ZLFLH EDUG]R F]VWR ]GDQLD R %RJX L ERJDFK LVWRWQLH QLH PDM *DGQHJR
VHQVXQLHNLHG\MHGQDNE\ZDLWDN*HSRVLDGDM VHQVNWyU\PR*QDZ\áXVNDü
DOHQLHMHVWWRVHQVWHRORJLF]Q\7R*H]GDQLDWHRORJyZR%RJXQLHPDM VHQVX
WHRORJLF]QHJRZ\QLND]VDPHMQDWXU\SURFHVXSR]QDQLD-H*HOLUHOLJLD MHVWIRUP
ZLDGRPRFL VSRáHF]QHM D ZLDGRPRü VSRáHF]QD MHVW RGELFLHP RELHNW\ZQHM
U]HF]\ZLVWRFL WR Z WDNLP UD]LH UyZQLH* Z WHRORJLL PDP\ GR F]\QLHQLD ]
RGELFLHPRELHNW\ZQHMU]HF]\ZLVWRFLW\OHW\ONR*H² SRSLHUZV]H² QLHMHVW
WR *DGQD U]HF]\ZLVWRü ÄQDGSU]\URG]RQD´ L ² SR GUXJLH ² RGELFLH WR MHVW Z
VSHF\ILF]Q\ VSRVyE ]QLHNV]WDáFRQH 6SHF\ILN UHOLJLMQHM GHIRUPDFML REUD]X

background image

RELHNW\ZQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRFL MHVW WR *H Z RGELFLX UHOLJLMQ\P SHZQH HOHPHQW\
RELHNW\ZQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRFL XOHJDM DQWURSRPRUIL]DFML SHUVRQLILNDFML L
GHLILNDFML SU]\ELHUDMF SRVWDü L SR]yU LVWRW QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK : UH]XOWDFLH
FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q FHFK M]\ND WHRORJLF]QHJR V LPLRQD ERJyZ $OH ]GDQLH
WHRORJDZNWyU\PZ\VWSXMHLPL %RJDSR]RUQLHW\ONRMHVW ]GDQLHPR%RJX
1DSUDZG MHVW RQR ]GDQLHP R ZLHFLH OXE R F]áRZLHNX D Z\VWSXMFH Z W\P
]GDQLX LPL %RJD ZLDGF]\ W\ONR R W\P *H MDNLH RELHNW\ZQLH LVWQLHMFH
]MDZLVNR XOHJáR WX SHZQHM GHIRUPDFML ]ZL]DQHM ]H VSHF\ILN WHRORJLF]QHJR
ÄVSRVREXP\OHQLD´LÄPyZLHQLD´2Wy* WHJRGRQLRVáHJRRGNU\FLD*HWHRORJLD
MHVW Z VZRMHM LVWRFLH PLVW\ILNDFM F]\OL VSRVREHP ]DV]\IURZ\ZDQLD WUHFL
ZLHFNLFK GRNRQDQR MX* Z F]DVDFK VWDUR*\WQ\FK ² QD FR ]ZUyFLá XZDJ
6FKHOOLQJ7DP\O*HNLHG\RERJDFKVL PyZLWRQLHRERJDFKVL PyZLDOHR
F]\P LQQ\PSRMDZLáDVL ZyZF]DVZF]WHUHFKX]XSHáQLDMF\FKVL Z]DMHPQLH
ZDULDQWDFK

O² (XKHPHU GRNRQDáRGNU\FLD*H=HXVQLHMHVWERJLHPDOHF]áRZLHNLHPNWyU\

QLHJG\ SDQRZDáQD.UHFLHD]DWHPPLW\R=HXVLHQLHPyZL QDPQLFRLVWRFLH
QDGSU]\URG]RQHMDZLFQLHPDM WUHFLWHRORJLF]QHMOHF]V ]QLHNV]WDáFHQLHP
SHZQHJRKLVWRU\F]QHJRIDNWX3RGREQLHOXG(PLDQLHEyVWZDPLE\OL8UDQRP
.URQRV 5HD 'HPHWHU +HUD 3RVHMGRQ 7HPLGD 3HUVHIRQD $WHQD L $IURG\WD
7DNZLFWHRORJLDMHVWPLVW\ILNDFM KLVWRULL

² 7KHDJHQHV ] 5KHJLRQ GRNRQDá RGNU\FLD *H 3RVHMGRQ QLH MHVW ERJLHP DOH

SHUVRQLILNDFM PRU]DD]DWHPNLHG\+RPHUR3RVHMGRQLHPyZLWRQLHRERJX
PyZLOHF]RZLHFLHR*\ZLROHZRG\3RGREQLH+HIDMVWRVQLHMHVWERJLHPOHF]
SHUVRQLILNDFM RJQLD D +HUD QLH MHVW ERJLQL OHF] SHUVRQLILNDFM SRZLHWU]D D
]DWHPNLHG\+RPHUR+HIDMVWRVLHL+HU]HPyZLWRQLHRERJDFKPyZLOHF]R
ZLHFLH R *\ZLROH RJQLD L R *\ZLROH SRZLHWU]D 7DN ZLF WHRORJLD MHVW

PLVW\ILNDFM NRVPRORJLL

² $QDNVDJRUHMF]\N0HWURGRU] /DPSVDNRVGRNRQDáRGNU\FLD*H$WHQDQLHMHVW

EyVWZHPOHF]SHUVRQLILNDFM UR]XPXLXPLHMWQRFLSDQRZDQLDQDGVRE$UHV

background image

QLHMHVWEyVWZHPOHF]SHUVRQLILNDFM ]DSDOF]\ZRFLL]DOHSLHQLDL$IURG\WDQLH
MHVW EyVWZHP OHF] SHUVRQLILNDFM QLHUR]XPQHM QDPLWQRFL PLáRVQHM D ]DWHP
NLHG\+RPHUR$WHQLH$UHVLHL$IURG\FLHPyZLWRQLHRERJDFKPyZLOHF]R
SHZQ\FK VWDQDFK SV\FKLNL OXG]NLHM 7DN ZLF WHRORJLD MHVW PLVW\ILNDFM

SV\FKRORJLL

² , ZUHV]FLH VRILVWD 3URGLNRV ] -XOLV QD .HRV GRNRQDá RGNU\FLD *H 'HPHWHU L

'LRQL]RVQLHV EyVWZDPLDOHSHUVRQLILNDFMDPLFKOHEDLZLQD=GDQLDRERJDFK
V ZJUXQFLHU]HF]\]GDQLDPLRW\PFROXG]LHFHQLPyZLFRERJDFKOXG]LH
LQIRUPXM QDV QLH R LVWRWDFK QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK DOH R VZRLP ZáDVQ\P

ZDUWRFLRZDQLX7DNZLFWHRORJLDMHVWPLVW\ILNDFM DNVMRORJLL

7HF]WHU\WHRULHQD]\ZDüEG]LHP\ZGDOV]\PFLJXWHMNVL*NLHXKHPHU\]PHP
WKHDJHQL]PHPPHWURGRU\]PHPLSURG\NL]PHP 7HUPLQ\WHRND* VL SU]\GDWQH
GR GDOV]\FK UR]ZD*D 'OD SRGNUHOHQLD DWHLVW\F]QHJR VHQVX W\FK WHRULL
SRVáX*\P\ VL QDVWSXMF DSDUDWXU SRMFLRZ Z\PDJDMF RG &]\WHOQLND
SU]\VZRMHQLD VRELH MHV]F]H NLONX QRZ\FK WHUPLQyZ WDNLFK MDN WHRORJHPDW
VRFMRORJHPDW NRVPRORJHPDW SV\FKRORJHPDW L DNVMRORJHPDW :HGáXJ WHRULL
WHLVW\F]QHM Z ]GDQLDFK WHRORJyZ R ERJDFK ]QDMGXM VL WHRORJHPDW\ F]\OL
SHZQH SUDZG\ R LVWQLHMF\P RELHNW\ZQLH EyVWZLH :HGáXJ HXKHPHU\]PX Z
]GDQLDFK WHRORJyZ R ERJDFK QLH PD *DGQ\FK WHRORJHPDWyZ D V MHG\QLH
VRFMRORJHPDW\ F]\OL WZLHUG]HQLD R ERVNRFL ZáDGFyZ SHUVRQLILNXMF\FK
RNUHORQ\ SRU]GHN SROLW\F]Q\ L VSRáHF]Q\ :HGáXJ WKHDJHQL]PX Z ]GDQLDFK
WHRORJyZ R ERJDFK QLH PD *DGQ\FK WHRORJHPDWyZ OHF] V MHG\QLH
NRVPRORJHPDW\ F]\OL WZLHUG]HQLD R SU]\URG]LH :HGáXJ PHWURGRU\]PX Z
]GDQLDFK WHRORJyZ R ERJDFK QLH PD *DGQ\FK WHRORJHPDWyZ D V MHG\QLH
SV\FKRORJHPDW\F]\OLSHZQHWZLHUG]HQLDSV\FKRORJLF]QH:HGáXJSURG\NL]PX
Z ]GDQLDFK WHRORJyZ R ERJDFK QLH PD *DGQ\FK WHRORJHPDWyZ D V MHG\QLH
DNVMRORJHPDW\ F]\OL SHZQH VG\ R ZDUWRFLDFK ,QDF]HM PyZLF ZHGáXJ
RPDZLDQ\FK WHRULL WHRORJLD SRVLDGD WUHü SR]DUHOLJLMQ :\ELWQ\ ILORORJ L

background image

UHOLJLR]QDZFDQLHPLHFNL*RWWIULHG+HUPDPL²SRVXQáVL MHV]F]H
GDOHM WZLHUG]F *H QDMVWDUV]D PLWRORJLD *UHNyZ MHVW ZáDFLZLH >@ WHRUL
SRFKRG]HQLDLZ]DMHPQHJR]ZL]NXU]HF]\SHZQ\PV\VWHPHPQDXNRZ\P
VWZRU]RQ\P Z W\P FHOX *HE\ SRáR*\ü NUHV ZV]HONLP UHOLJLMQ\P

Z\REUD*HQLRPRERJDFK
$ ]DWHP PLW\ QLH W\ONR SRVLDGDM WUHü SR]DUHOLJLMQ DOH QLHNLHG\ PRJ

SRVLDGDü QDZHW WUHü DQW\UHOLJLMQ 0LWRORJLD PR*H áF]\ü VL ] DWHL]PHP
WZyUF\ PLWyZ PRJOL E\ü DWHLVWDPL SRQLHZD* PLW\ V W\ONR IRUP ÄREUD]RZ
V]DW´ L ÄXEUDQLHP´ WUHFL SR]DUHOLJLMQ\FK D ZLF UyZQLH* L DWHLVW\F]Q\FK
7HRULH WH E\á\ UHSUH]HQWRZDQH UyZQLH* Z F]DVDFK QRZR*\WQ\FK D QDZHW V
UHSUH]HQWRZDQH UR]ZLMDQH L SRJáELDQH GR G]L GQLD (XKHPHU\]P NWyU\ Z
ZLHNDFK UHGQLFK VáX*\á DSRORJHW\FH FKU]HFLMDVNLHM GR ZDONL ] SROLWHL]PHP

JUHFNLPZRNUHVLH
2GURG]HQLD ² X 3RVWHOD L *LRUGDQD %UXQD ² VáX*\á GR Z\MDQLDQLD PLWyZ
VWDUR*\GRZVNLFK L FKU]HFLMDVNLFK XPLHV]F]DQ\FK QD MHGQHM SáDV]F]\(QLH ]
PLWDPL SRJDVNLPL :\VWDUF]\ SU]\SRPQLHü *H *XLOODXPH 3RVWHO ²
GDá PLDá HXKHPHU\VW\F]Q LQWHUSUHWDFM -HKRZ\ Z\VXZDMF
SU]\SXV]F]HQLH *H -HKRZ QD]ZDQR PLHUWHOQHJR F]áRZLHND PLDQRZLFLH
1RHJRSRGREQLHMDN5KHD&\EHOD0DLD&HUHV'HPHWHU7HW\GDLWGWRW\ONR

Uy*QH LPLRQD MHJR PDá*RQNL 1RHPL :WNL HXKHPHU\]PX RGQDMGXMHP\ X

ZLHOX HZROXFMRQLVWyZ ;,; ZLHNX D Z UHOLJLR]QDZVWZLH PDUNVLVWRZVNLP
HXKHPHU\]PMHVWMHGQ ]FHQWUDOQ\FKNDWHJRULLZ\MDQLDMF\FKNODVRZ IXQNFM
UHOLJLL 7KHDJHQL]P E\á Z ;9 ZLHNX UR]ZLMDQ\ SU]H] 3OHWKRQD ²
UHQHVDQVRZHJRRGQRZLFLHODJUHFNLHJRSROLWHL]PXNWyU\ZMHJRUNDFKVWDáVL
QDU]G]LHP M]\NRZ\P GR Z\UD*DQLD WUHFL ILOR]RILL UDFMRQDOLVW\F]QHM L
PDWHULDOLVW\F]QHM= PHWURGRU\]PHPVSRW\NDP\VL X )HXHUEDFKDL-XQJDD]
SURG\NL]PHPX+yIIGLQJDL%ULJKWPDQD:V]F]HJyOQRFLZPLWRORJLLJUHFNLHM
U]XFD VL Z RF]\ IDNW *H QDMZD*QLHMV] WUHFL ND*GHM UHOLJLL MHVW MHM WUHü

background image

DNVMRORJLF]QD L ]D MHM SRUHGQLFWZHP Z\UD*D VL UyZQLH* WUHü VSRáHF]QD
,VWRWQ WUHFL ZLHOX PLWyZ Z NWyU\FK $WHQD XRVRELHQLH UR]XPX Z\VWSXMH
MDNR ERJLQL MHVW ² MDN VL Z\GDMH ² DNVMRORJLF]Q\ SRJOG ZHGáXJ NWyUHJR
MHGQ ] QDMZ\*V]\FK ZDUWRFL F]\OL´F]\P ERVNLP´ MHVW UR]XP 3RGREQLH
LVWRWQ WUHFL PLWyZ R $IURG\FLH L (URVLH MHVW DNVMRORJLF]Q\ SRJOG ZHGáXJ
NWyUHJR GR QDMZ\*V]\FK ZDUWRFL QDOH* PLáRü SLNQR L PLáRü GR SLNQD
,VWRWQ WUHFL PLWyZ R $SROOLQLH L 0X]DFK MHVW MDN VG] SU]HNRQDQLH R
ÄERVNRFL´WR]QDF]\RZLHONLHMZDUWRFLV]WXNLQDXNHQWX]MD]PGODSRH]ML
WHDWUX DVWURQRPLL KLVWRULL ,VWRWQ WUHFL PLWyZ R +HEH MHVW SU]HNRQDQLH *H
PáRGRüMHVWF]\P ÄERVNLP´R$VNOHSLRVLHL+\JLHL² SU]HNRQDQLHRZDUWRFL
]GURZLD R +HU]H ² SU]HNRQDQLH R ÄZLWRFL´ GRPRZHJR RJQLVND :
VWDUR*\WQ\P 5]\PLH E\á\ ² MDN SRZLDGD &\FHUR ² ZLW\QLH :LHUQRFL
5R]XPX1DG]LHL&QRW\=JRG\:ROQRFL=Z\FLVWZD:VWDUR*\WQHM*UHFML
E\á\SRVJLERJLQL'HPRNUDFML.XOW\WHJRURG]DMXQLHE\á\SU]HMDZHPZLDU\Z
RELHNW\ZQH LVWQLHQLH WDNLFK QDGSU]\URG]RQ\FK LVWRW DOH VSRVREHP Z\UD*DQLD
KRáGX ZDUWRFLRP SR]DUHOLJLMQ\P :V]\VWNR WR SRWZLHUG]D VáXV]QRü ]GDQLD
*DEULHOD0DUFHODWZLHUG]FHJR*HÄNLHG\R%RJXVL PyZLWRQLHR%RJXVL
PyZL´ $OH MDNL VWG ZQLRVHN" &]\*E\P\ VL GRPDJDOL RG P\OLFLHOL
NDWROLFNLFK SRU]XFHQLD WHJR ² FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHJR GOD QLFK ² ÄVSRVREX
PyZLHQLD´"1LHQDOH*\E\QDMPQLHMVG]Lü*HP\OLFLHOHNDWROLFF\PXVLHOLE\]
JyU\ Z\NOXF]\ü ZV]HON PR*OLZRü G\VNXVML QD WHQ WHPDW :VSRPLQDOLP\
SU]HFLH* MX* R W\P *H *DEULHO 0DUFHO SRVáXJXMH VL Z VZRLFK UR]ZD*DQLDFK
UR]Uy*QLHQLHP ÄM]\ND DGHNZDWQHJR´ L ÄM]\ND QLHDGHNZDWQHJR´ D QDZHW
Z\UD(QLH SRVWXOXMH ]PLDQ ÄVSRVREX PyZLHQLD´ 3R]ZRO VRELH SU]\WRF]\ü
NLONDFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK]GD
*U]HFKáDVND]EDZLHQLH² SRZLDGD0DUFHO² V VWDU]\]Q RW\OHRLOHV
VáRZDPLDQLHU]HF]DPLVDP\PVHUFHPQDV]HJRSU]H]QDF]HQLD>@:LHU]
JáERNR *H QDZHW Z WHM G]LHG]LQLH SRWU]HED RGQRZ\ MHVW Z SHZQ\FK
JUDQLFDFKXSUDZQLRQD² FLOHWDPJG]LHGRW\F]\RQDVSRVREXZ\UD*DQLD

background image

VL >@ 8ZD*DP @ ]D V]NRGOLZH WZLHUG]HQLH *H IRUPXá\ ILOR]RILF]QR
WHRORJLF]QH>@NWyUHVSRW\NDP\QSXZ7RPDV]D]$NZLQXQDGDM VL GR
SRZV]HFKQHJR X*\WNX VSRáHF]QHJR Z VZHM RU\JLQDOQHM ZHUVML 6NáRQQ\
MHVWHP SU]\SXV]F]Dü *H >@ SRGVWDZRZH SUDZG]LZH LQWXLFMH NWyUH WH
IRUPXá\ WáXPDF] ]\VNDá\E\ QD VLOH SU]HNRQ\ZDMFHM QD VLOH QDSGRZHM
JG\E\E\á\SRGDZDQHZLQQ\PM]\NX² QRZV]\PEDUG]LHMEH]SRUHGQLP
RVWU]HMV]\P GRNáDGQLHM GRVWRVRZDQ\P GR QDV]HM ZáDVQHM SUyE\
GRZLDGF]H /HF] WR ]DNáDGD JUXQWRZQ SU]HEXGRZ NWyU PXVL
SRSU]HG]Lü RJURPQD SUDFD SU]HEXGRZ MHGQRF]HQLH NU\W\F]Q L
NRQVWUXNW\ZQ 2EHFQLH MHVWHP\ QLHPDO SU]\V\SDQL JUX]DPL L ]DQLP

JUX]\QLH]RVWDQ VSU]WQLWHEXGRZDQLHMHVWQLHPR*OLZH

=UHV]W R ]PLDQDFK MDNLH QDVWSLá\ Z ÄVSRVRELH PyZLHQLD´ P\OLFLHOL
NDWROLFNLFKáDWZRVL SU]HNRQDüMH*HOLVL ]HVWDZL]MHGQHMVWURQ\SUDFH0DUFHOD
0RXQLHUD /DFURL[ D ] GUXJLHM DQWRORJL /XEDFD 3UDFH 0DUFHOD 0RXQLHUD
/DFURL[ V FR QDMPQLHM Z WU]HFK F]ZDUW\FK F]\WHOQH SU]HPDZLDM GR QDV
M]\NLHP ZVSyáF]HVQHJR F]áRZLHND L ZáF]DM VL GR ZVSyáF]HVQHM NXOWXU\
1DWRPLDVW ÄNDWROLF\]P´ ] DQWRORJLL /XEDFD Z\UD*RQ\ M]\NLHP
UHGQLRZLHF]Q\P MHVW RG ND*GHM VWURQ\ UHOLNWHP SU]HV]áRFL NWyU\ GOD DWHLVW\
PR*HE\üW\ONRRELHNWHPPX]HDOQ\P:HZVSyáF]HVQHM*\ZHMWHUD(QLHMV]RFL
WHNVW\ WH V ÄREF\P FLDáHP´ :\QLND ] WHJR *H ÄVSRVyE PyZLHQLD´ QLH MHVW
E\QDMPQLHM U]HF] EáDK $OH U]HF] E\QDMPQLHM QLH Z ÄVSRVRELH PyZLHQLD´ ,
DWHLFL QLH WHJR GRPDJDM VL RG ZLHU]F\FK :DUWR SU]\SRPQLHü *H MX*
/XNUHFMXV] ² D ZLF MHGHQ ] QDMEDUG]LHM ERMRZ\FK DWHLVWyZ VWDUR*\WQRFL ²
SU]HMDZLDáGDOHNRSRVXQLW WROHUDQFM GODÄWHRORJLF]QHJRVSRVREXPyZLHQLD´,
QLH W\ONR SR]ZDODá LQQ\P SRVáXJLZDü VL LPLRQDPL ERJyZ ² ÄPRU]H ]ZDü
1HSWXQHPD &HUHU ]ER*D´ ² RF]\ZLFLH SRG ZDUXQNLHP*HQLHEG]LHVL
SU]\ W\P ÄNDODü GXFKD SRGá\P ]DERERQHP´ DOH L VDP FKWQLH X*\ZDá
PHWDIRU\F]QHJR VSRVREX PyZLHQLD 7DN ZLF Z VZRLP SRHPDFLH /XNUHFMXV]

background image

SRVáX*\áVL LPLRQDPLERJLQL:HQXVLERJD0DUVDMDNRV\PERODPLFHQWUDOQ\FK
NDWHJRULL ZáDVQHM DWHLVW\F]QHM ILOR]RILL .LHG\ QD VDP\P SRF]WNX SRHPDWX
QDWUDILDP\ QD VWU]HOLVW LQZRNDFM GR ERJLQL WR RF]\ZLFLH QLH R ERJLQL WX
PRZD DOHRSHZQHMHOHPHQWDUQHMVLOHNRVPLF]QHMNWyUDVSDMDáF]\LVSU]JD
DWRP\ $ NLHG\ /XNUHFMXV] PyZL R 0DUVLH WR QLH R ERJX PyZL OHF] R VLOH
NRVPLF]QHM UR]U\ZDMFHM DWRP\ 3RGREQLH L *LRUGDQR %UXQR E\á V]HUPLHU]HP
LGHL WROHUDQFML GOD UR]PDLW\FK ÄVSRVREyZ PyZLHQLD´ L FKRFLD* GHPDVNRZDá
PHWDIL]\N MDNR PHWDIRU\N WR SU]HFLH* VDP UyZQLH* FKWQLH SRVáXJLZDá VL
PHWDIRU\F]Q\P VSRVREHP PyZLHQLD REILWXMF\P Z LPLRQD ERJyZ
1DMZ\UD(QLHM Z\VWSLáR WR Z MHJR /DPSLH WU]\G]LHVWX SRVJyZ %RJRZLH
NWyU\FK LPLRQD WDP VSRW\NDP\ QLH V MHGQDN QLF]\P LQQ\P MDN W\ONR
ÄSRVJDPL´F]\OLV\PERODPLSRMüILOR]RILF]Q\FK%UXQR² DXWRUNLONXSUDFR
ÄV]WXFH ]DSDPLW\ZDQLD´ ² ]DVWRVRZDá WX MHGHQ ] SROHFDQ\FK SU]H] VLHELH
FKZ\WyZPQHPRWHFKQLF]Q\FKGOD]DSDPLWDQLDRGHUZDQHJRSRMFLDQDOH*\MH
VNRMDU]\ü ] MDNLP REUD]HP $ ]DWHP NLHG\ Z /DPSLH WU]\G]LHVWX SRVJyZ
%UXQR SLV]H R $SROOLQLH 6DWXUQLH 3URPHWHXV]X :XONDQLH 7HW\G]LH 0DUVLH
-XQRQLH0LQHUZLH:HQHU]HL.XSLG\QLHWRQLHRERJDFKPyZLDOHRMHGQRFL
SRF]WNX SU]\F]\QLH IRUPLH PDWHULL G]LHOQRFL URGNX SR]QDQLX ]JRG]LH L
SR*GDQLX %RJRZLH SRJDVF\ ]RVWDOL WX ]GHJUDGRZDQL GR UROL
PQHPRWHFKQLF]Q\FK V\PEROL SRMü ILOR]RILL %UXQD NWyU\ MHGQRF]HQLH Z WDNL
VDPVSRVyESRWUDNWRZDáZV]\VWNLHWU]\RVRE\FKU]HFLMDVNLHM7UyMF\ZLWHM
7R]QDF]\NLHG\%UXQRSLV]HR%RJX2MFX6\QX%R*\PL'XFKXZLW\PWR
ZFDOH QLH R FKU]HFLMDVNLHM 7UyMF\ ZLWHM DOH R P\OL LQWHOHNFLH L GXV]\
ZLDWD D ZLF ]QyZ R SHZQ\FK SRMFLDFK ZáDVQHM ILOR]RILL %yJ 2MFLHF 6\Q
%R*\L'XFKZLW\SHáQL Z/DPSLHWU]\G]LHVWXSRVJyZ %UXQDWDN VDP URO
MDN LPLRQD 6DWXUQD 0DUVD F]\ :HQHU\ 6 RQH W\ONR V\PERODPL
PQHPRWHFKQLNL 3RGREQLH E\áR L ] LQQ\PL Z\ELWQ\PL DWHLVWDPL 1D SU]\NáDG
6\OYDLQ 0DUHFKDO DWHLVWD RNUHVX UHZROXF\MQHM GHFKU\VWLDQL]DFML )UDQFML D
]DUD]HP KLVWRU\N DWHL]PX QLH W\ONR SRWUDIL Z\áXVNLZDü DWHLVW\F]Q WUHü ]

background image

WHNVWyZVIRUPXáRZDQ\FKÄM]\NLHPUHOLJLMQ\P´DOHQDZHW² ZNLONXG]LHVLFLX
SU]\SDGNDFK ² PyZLF Z 6áRZQLNX DWHLVWyZ R DWHLVW\F]QHM WUHFL SHZQ\FK
SRJOGyZLSRVWDZZLDGRPLHSRVáXJXMHVL SHZQ IRUPNWyUDZMHJRX*\FLX
WUDFL FKDUDNWHU IRUP\ UHOLJLMQHM L VWDMH VL SR SURVWX SHZQ\P XPRZQ\P

ÄVSRVREHP PyZLHQLD´ :DUWR SU]\ WHM RND]ML SU]\WRF]\ü ]GDQLH
ZVSyáF]HVQHJR DPHU\NDVNLHJR UHOLJLR]QDZF\ :LOOLDPD ( .HQQLFND DXWRUD
LQWHUHVXMFHJR DUW\NXáX R ÄM]\NX UHOLJLL´ 7KH /DQJXDJH RI 5HOLJLRQ NWyU\
QD]\ZD QDLZQRFL SRJOG MDNRE\ SHZQH ]GDQLD E\á\ ]GDQLDPL UHOLJLMQ\PL
W\ONR ] WHJR SRZRGX *H ]DZLHUDM SHZQH RNUHORQH VáRZD MDN QD SU]\NáDG
VáRZRÄ%yJ´$QDOL]DWUHFL]GD ZLHOXILOR]RIyZVWDUR*\WQ\FKRERJXLERJDFK

ZVND]XMH QD WR *H ]GDQLD WH ÄQLH PDM ZFDOH UHOLJLMQHJR VHQVX´
=DKDF]\OLP\ Z WHQ VSRVyE R SUREOHP ÄSR]\W\ZQ\FK WUHFL´ DWHL]PX GR
NWyUHJR MHV]F]H SRZUyFLP\ 7HUD] ]D QDOH*DáRE\ Z\FLJQü NLOND RJyOQ\FK
ZQLRVNyZ]UR]ZD*D QDWHPDWÄM]\ND´3RSLHUZV]HQDOH*\VWZLHUG]Lü*HZ
ZLHWOH G]LHMyZ P\OL ILOR]RILF]QHM L UHOLJLMQHM QLH GD VL REURQLü SRJOGX R
MHGQRFLIRUP\LWUHFL3RSURVWXQLHMHVWSUDZG WZLHUG]HQLH*HRNUHORQDP\O
PR*HPLHüW\ONRMHGQRZ\UD*DMFHM VIRUPXáRZDQLHL*H]PLDQDVIRUPXáRZDQLD
MHVW ]DZV]H ]PLDQ P\OL 3U]HFLZQLH PR*QD ]HEUDü W\VLFH SU]\NáDGyZ ]
NWyU\FK Z\QLND *H MHGQ L W VDP P\O PR*QD Z\UD]Lü ZLHORPD Uy*Q\PL
M]\NDPL L IRUPXáRZDü Z UR]PDLW\ VSRVyE D MHGQRF]HQLH ]D MHGQ\P L W\P
VDP\P VIRUPXáRZDQLHP PR*H VL NU\ü ZLHOH UR]PDLW\FK P\OL 3R GUXJLH ]
WDNLHJRVWDQXU]HF]\Z\QLND*HM]\NNWyUHJRX*\ZDP\MHV]F]HRQLF]\PQLH
ZLDGF]\$ZLF]VDPHJRIDNWXX*\ZDQLD PHWDIRU\F]QHJRM]\NDUHOLJLLQLH
Z\QLND MHV]F]H E\QDMPQLHM*H LWUHFLZ\UD*RQHW\PM]\NLHPPDM FKDUDNWHU
UHOLJLMQ\3RGDOLP\ZLHOHSU]\NáDGyZZVND]XMF\FKQDFR ZUF]SU]HFLZQHJR
-]\NLHP UHOLJLL PR*QD Z\UD*Dü WUHFL DWHLVW\F]QH ² MDN WR F]\QLOLFKRFLD*E\
/XNUHFMXV]*LRUGDQR%UXQRF]\6\OYDLQ0DUHFKDO:LFSRWU]HFLHQLHE\áRE\
G]LZQHJG\E\P\OLFLHOHFKU]HFLMDVF\M]\NLHPDWHLVW\F]Q\PZ\UD*DOLWUHFL
UHOLJLMQH :DUWR WX SU]\WRF]\ü ]GDU]HQLH RSRZLHG]LDQH SU]H] NDWROLFNLHJR

background image

SV\FKRORJD /HSSD 1D SHZQHM NRQIHUHQFML NDWROLFNLHM SU]HPDZLDáR NROHMQR
GZyFKPyZFyZSLHUZV]\SRZRá\ZDáVL ZFL* QDDXWRU\WHWHZDQJHOLLSDSLH*D
L WUDG\FML FKU]HFLMDVNLHM GUXJL PyZLá QD WHQ VDP WHPDW Z VSRVyE FLOH
QDXNRZ\ RSLHUDMF VL Z\áF]QLH QD ZáDVQ\FK GRZLDGF]HQLDFK OHNDU]D

$XG\WRULXPZW\PGUXJLPUR]SR]QDáRF]áRZLHNDSUDZG]LZLHUHOLJLMQHJR$
]DWHPJG\E\P\Z\VXQOLSURSR]\FM G\VNXVMLQDWHPDWWUHFLFKU]HFLMDVWZD
VWDZLDMF ZDUXQHN DE\ P\OLFLHO NDWROLFNL SU]HPDZLDá GR QDV M]\NLHP
ZVSyáF]HVQ\PUH]\JQXMF]X*\ZDQLDWDNLFKVáyZMDNÄ%yJ´ÄJU]HFK´ÄáDVND´
Ä]EDZLHQLH´ÄQLHER´LÄSLHNáR´WRQLHMHVWZFDOHZ\NOXF]RQH*H]QDOH(OLE\VL
NDWROLF\JRWRZLGRSRGMFLDWDNLHMG\VNXVML
5]HF] MHGQDN QLH WNZL ZFDOH Z ÄVSRVRELH PyZLHQLD´ D ]QDF]QLH JáELHM
PLDQRZLFLHZÄVSRVRELHUR]XPLHQLD´RNUHORQ\FKVáyZLÄVSRVRELHP\OHQLD´R
ZLHFLH L *\FLX OXG]NLP &y* ] WHJR *H Z G\VNXVML ] DWHLVW P\OLFLHO
FKU]HFLMDVNLQLHEG]LHPyZLáRÄ%RJX´W\ONRRÄSU]\URG]LH´LRÄF]áRZLHNX´
MH*HOL ]DFKRZD UHOLJLMQ\ D ZLF ]GHWHUPLQRZDQ\ SU]H] QLHSU]H]Z\FL*RQH
DOLHQDFMH VSRVyE XMPRZDQLD SU]\URG\ L F]áRZLHND -DN] WHJRZLGDü VSyU QLH
RJUDQLF]D VL E\QDMPQLHM GR VSRUX R LVWQLHQLH %RJD 0\OLFLHO FKU]HFLMDVNL
PR*H]UH]\JQRZDü]PyZLHQLDR%RJXDPLPRWRZGDOV]\PFLJXEG]LHVL
WRF]\á VSyU PLG]\ DWHL]PHP D UHOLJL R NRQFHSFM F]áRZLHND L R NRQFHSFM
VSRáHF]HVWZD -]\N WHRORJLL PR*H ]RVWDü PDNV\PDOQLH XQRZRF]HQLRQ\ QD
PLHMVFHVWDU\FKWHUPLQyZVFKRODVW\F]Q\FKPR*H]DDGDSWRZDüWHUPLQ\ORJLVW\NL
LF\EHUQHW\NLDPLPRWR]DQRZRF]HVQÄXQDXNRZLRQ´IRUP PR*HVL NU\ü
WUHü JáERNR QLHQDXNRZD L QLHZVSyáF]HVQD 7DN ZLF UR]ZD*DQLD QDG
ÄM]\NLHP´UHOLJLLGRSURZDG]Lá\QDVGRSU]HNRQDQLD*HVSyUPLG]\DWHL]PHPD
UHOLJL QLHMHVWVSRUHPRM]\N

5(/,*,$-$.2Ä23,80´

background image

6SyUPLG]\DWHL]PHPDUHOLJL QLHMHVWZSUDZG]LHVSRUHPRM]\NDOHSHZQH
FHFK\ M]\ND UHOLJLL SRZD*QLH XWUXGQLDM DOER QDZHW ZUF] XQLHPR*OLZLDM
U]HF]RZ PHU\WRU\F]Q G\VNXVM &R ZLFHM Z\GDMH VL *H WH WUXGQRFL
]ZL]DQH]X*\ZDQLHPM]\NDUHOLJLLQLHZ\QLNDM ]SRVWDZ\DWHLVWyZNWyU\P
M]\N SDUWQHUD GLDORJX SU]HV]NDG]D G\VNXWRZDü L ² SR GUXJLH ² *H WH
WUXGQRFLQLHSRMDZLDM VL SU]\SDGNRZRDOH]ZL]DQHV ]]DVDGQLF] IXQNFM
WHJRM]\ND:]ZL]NX]W\PUR]ZD*DQLDQDGIXQNFMDPLUHOLJLLUR]SRF]QLHP\
RGUR]ZD*D QDGIXQNFMDPLM]\NDUHOLJLL1DMOHSV]\PSXQNWHPZ\MFLDEG]LH
SRUyZQDQLH GZyFK ]GD R SRGREQHM WUHFL OHF] Uy*QHM IRUPLH : SLHUZV]\P
]GDQLX SHZQD WUHü ]RVWDQLH Z\UD*RQD M]\NLHP ZLHFNLPZ GUXJLP WDVDPD
WUHü ]RVWDQLH Z\UD*RQD M]\NLHP UHOLJLMQ\P= ZLHOX PR*OLZ\FK SU]\NáDGyZ
Z\ELHUDPWHQNWyU\NLONDODWWHPXQDSURZDG]LáPQLHQDP\ORIXQNFMLM]\ND
UHOLJLL 2WR Z PDMWNX QDOH*F\P GR NUyOD G]LHU*DZFD RZLDGF]D
SDV]F]\(QLDQ\PFKáRSRPÄ3RZLQQLFLHRGUDELDüSRWU]\GQLSDV]F]\]Q\QD
W\G]LH´ =GDQLH WR QD]ZLHP\ Ä]GDQLHP $´ %H] Z]JOGX QD WR FR E\P\
VG]LOL R WUHFL WHJR ]GDQLD QLH XOHJD ZWSOLZRFL *H Z\UD*RQH RQR ]RVWDáR
M]\NLHP ZLHFNLP &KáRSL RGZRáXM VL GR NUyOD : OLSFX URNX VG
UHIHUHQGDUVNL NRURQQ\ UR]SDWUXMH LFK VSUDZ L NUyO Z\GDMH Z\URN Z NWyU\P
SRZLDGD Ä:HGáXJ %RJD SRZLQQLFLH RGUDELDü SR WU]\ GQL SDV]F]\]Q\ QD

W\G]LH´=GDQLHWRQD]ZLHP\Ä]GDQLHP%´5y*QLFDPLG]\W\PL]GDQLDPL
SROHJDQDW\P*HZ]GDQLX%SRMDZLáDVL IRUPXáDÄZHGáXJ%RJD´NWyUHMQLH
E\áRZ]GDQLX$3RZVWDMHWHUD]S\WDQLHMDN IXQNFM SHáQLGRGDQDGRWHNVWX
IRUPXáD ÄZHGáXJ %RJD´ F]\OL MDND MHVW IXQNFMD M]\ND UHOLJLMQHJR ] NWyU\P
PDP\GRF]\QLHQLDZ]GDQLX% DOER² LQDF]HMPyZLF² ZMDNLPFHOXNUyO
SRVáX*\áVL LGH %RJD"
&KDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q FHFK ]GDQLD $ ² Z\UD*RQHJR M]\NLHP ZLHFNLP ² MHVW
WR*HSRGOHJDRQRG\VNXVML1D]GDQLHG]LHU*DZF\FKáRSLPRJ RGSRZLHG]LHü
² 'ODF]HJR SRZLQQLP\" 3U]HFLH* GRWG RGUDELDOLP\ SR GZD GQL
SDV]F]\]Q\ QD W\G]LH 3RGZ\*V]HQLH FL*DUyZ SDV]F]\(QLDQ\FK MHVW

background image

QLHVSUDZLHGOLZH QLH]JRGQH ] SUDZHP EH]OLWRVQH 1LH EG]LHP\ RGUDELDü
SDV]F]\]Q\
']LHU*DZFD QLH E\á ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\ Z SURZDG]HQLX G\VNXVML 3RVLDGDá
ZSUDZG]LH GZD GREUH DUJXPHQW\ ]ZLNV]HQLH FL*DUyZ SDV]F]\(QLDQ\FK WR
]ZLNV]HQLH GRFKRGyZ NUyOHZVNLFK EG]LHFLH RGUDELDü SR WU]\ GQL
SDV]F]\]Q\ Z W\JRGQLX SRQLHZD* Z QDV]\P UNX MHVW SUDZR VLáD ]EURMQD L
ZL]LHQLD D ZLF SRWUDILP\ ZDV GR WHJR ]PXVLü DOH SR FR PLDá UR]GUD*QLDü
FKáRSyZ NLHG\ LVWQLDáD PR*OLZRü X]\VNDQLD LFK ZHZQWU]QHM ]JRG\ QD WHQ
ÄGRSXVW%R*\´
=GDQLH % Z\WZDU]DáR QRZ V\WXDFM 3RMDZLáD VL Z QLP IRUPXáD ÄZHGáXJ
%RJD´NWyUDSU]HFLQDáDGDOV] G\VNXVM2GG]LHU*DZF\PR*QDVL RGZRáDüGR
NUyODDOHGRNRJRRGZRáDüVL RG%RJD"3U]HGMDNLVG]DQLHüVNDUJ QD%RJD
QDND]XMFHJRRGUDELDüSDV]F]\]Q ZZLNV]\PZ\PLDU]H"=UHV]W FDá\VHQV
FKU]HFLMDVNLHJRZ\FKRZDQLDVWUHV]F]DáVL ]DZV]HZW\P*HÄQDOH*\]JDG]Dü
VL ] ZRO %R*´2GNRá\VNLGRWUXPQ\XF]RQRFKáRSDSRNRU\ZREHF %RJD
RGPDZLDMFSDFLHU]Z\SRZLDGDáIRUPXáÄ%G( ZROD7ZRMD´:LFNLHG\NUyO
SU]HFLáVSyURZ\PLDU\SDV]F]\]Q\RZLDGF]HQLHP*HWDNDMHVWZROD%RJD
FKáRSRP QLH SR]RVWDZDáR QLF LQQHJR MDN W\ONR SRNRUQLH ]JRG]Lü VL ] ZRO
ER*,VWQLDáDZSUDZG]LHMHV]F]HPR*OLZRüVWDZLDQLDGDOV]\FKS\WD
² &]\ DE\ QDSUDZG %yJ GRPDJD VL RG QDV WU]HFK GQL SDV]F]\]Q\ QD
W\G]LH"6NGZLDGRPR*HWDNDMHVWZáDQLHZROD%RJD"&]\WRPR*OLZH*HE\
%yJ FKFLDá QDV]HM NU]\ZG\" &]\ %yJ PR*H FKFLHü WHJR FR MHVW
QLHVSUDZLHGOLZH" $OH S\WDQLD WDNLH Z\WZDU]Dá\ QRZ ² L W\P UD]HP
QLHEH]SLHF]Q ² V\WXDFM 6SyU PLG]\ FKáRSHP D SDQHP ]RVWDZDá
SU]HQLHVLRQ\ ] SáDV]F]\]Q\ G\VNXVML VSRáHF]QRHNRQRPLF]QHM QD SáDV]F]\]Q
WHRORJLF]Q:yZF]DVSRMDZLDáVL NVLG]LRPLHV]DáS\WDMFHJR
² .Wy* WDP RPLHOD VL PGUNRZDü L VZRLP PDUQ\P OXG]NLP UR]XPHP
]DJáELDü Z QLHGRFLHF]RQH Z\URNL %RJD" &]\ ]QDV] áDFLQ" &]\ VWXGLRZDáH
WHRORJL"%LDGDWHPXNWRE\ZWDNLFKZDUXQNDFKFKFLDáNRQW\QXRZDüG\VNXVM

background image

1DSáDV]F]\(QLHWHRORJLF]QHMVSyURSDV]F]\]Q SU]HNV]WDáFDáVL QLHXFKURQQLH
Z VSyU R ZRO L DWU\EXW\ %RJD 3U]HFLZQLN ]ZLNV]DQLD FL*DUyZ
SDV]F]\(QLDQ\FK VWDZDá VL QLHXFKURQQLH KHUHW\NLHP 1DVWSQLH SDUWQHUD
G\VNXVMLX]QDQHJR]DKHUHW\NDEUDQRQDWRUWXU\L]PXV]DQRGRGREURZROQHJR
SU]\]QDQLD VL *H EOX(QLá %RJX ] SRGV]HSWX GLDEáD D MHOL FKFLDá GDOHM
G\VNXWRZDü SDORQR JR QD VWRVLH 3RGDQ\ SU]\NáDG REQD*D LVWRWQ IXQNFM
M]\ND UHOLJLL 'RGDQLH IRUPXá\ ÄZHGáXJ %RJD´ SU]HNV]WDáFLáR ]GDQLH $ Z
]GDQLH % F]\OL WUHü NWyUD Z ]GDQLX $ E\áD Z\UD*RQD M]\NLHP ZLHFNLP
]RVWDáD Z ]GDQLX % Z\UD*RQD M]\NLHP UHOLJLL 3U]HNáDG WHQ ² ] M]\ND
ZLHFNLHJR QD M]\NUHOLJLL ² E\áUyZQR]QDF]Q\ ] VDNUDOL]DFM WUHFL ]GDQLD
F]\OLSU]HNV]WDáFHQLHPJRZWDEX:UH]XOWDFLH]GDQLH WR]RVWDáRSU]HQLHVLRQH]
SáDV]F]\]Q\VSRáHF]QRHNRQRPLF]QHMQDSáDV]F]\]Q WHRORJLF]Q LZ\áF]RQH]
G\VNXVML 1DSURZDG]D WR QDV QD GRP\Vá *H MHGQ ] LVWRWQ\FK IXQNFML M]\ND
UHOLJLL MHVW Z\áF]DQLH SU]HNáDGDQ\FK QD WHQ M]\N ]GD ] G\VNXVML
SU]HNV]WDáFDQLH LFKZ ]GDQLD QLHSRGOHJDMFHG\VNXVMLQLHSRGOHJDMFHNU\W\FH
]DEH]SLHF]RQH SU]HG UDFMRQDOQ\PL DUJXPHQWDPL 'RGDQ IRUPXá ]H VáRZHP
Ä%yJ´PR*QDSU]\UyZQDüGRVNRUXS\ZNWyUHM]DPNQLWD]RVWDáDSR]DUHOLJLMQD
WUHü 2GWG NWRNROZLHN FKFLDáE\ GREUDü VL GR WHMWUHFL L SRGGDü M NU\W\FH
QDSRWND QD VZHM GURG]H SU]HV]NRG L VNDOHF]\ VL R W VNRUXS -H*HOL M]\N
UHOLJLLMHVWVSHF\ILF]Q IRUP RVNRUXSLDQLDLPLVW\ILNRZDQLDWUHFLVSRáHF]Q\FK
ILOR]RILF]Q\FK HW\F]Q\FK WR RGU]XFHQLH UHOLJLMQHM IRUP\ MHVW ZVWSQ\P
ZDUXQNLHPPR*OLZRFLPHU\WRU\F]QHJRUR]SDWU\ZDQLDWUHFL6WGZáDQLHRZD
SURSR]\FMD DE\ P\OLFLHOH FKU]HFLMDVF\ Z\UD]LOL ]JRG QD SU]\MFLH
ZLHFNLHJR M]\ND Z G\VNXVML QDG UHOLJL L DWHL]PHP 3yNL MDNLNROZLHN WHNVW
Z\VWSXMHZIRUPLHUHOLJLMQHM² MDNRREMDZLRQ\QDND]DQ\OXEXZLFRQ\SU]H]
FR QDGSU]\URG]RQHJR ² G\VNXVMD PHU\WRU\F]QD MHVW QLHPR*OLZD )RUPD
UHOLJLMQD Z\NOXF]D NU\W\F]Q UDFMRQDOQ DQDOL] XZLFDQ\FK SU]H] VLHELH
WUHFL3U]\REOHF]HQLHF]HJRNROZLHNZIRUP UHOLJLMQ MHVWZLFUyZQR]QDF]QH
]Z\áF]HQLHPWHJRVSRGG\VNXVMLL]DND]DQLHPZV]HONLHMNU\W\NL:DUXQNLHP

background image

SRVWDZLHQLD W\FK ² XZLFRQ\FK SU]H] UHOLJLMQ IRUP ² WUHFL SU]HG
WU\EXQDáHP UR]XPX MHVW ÄUR]HEUDQLH´ LFK ] UHOLJLMQHJR SU]HEUDQLD L
SU]HGVWDZLHQLH LFK Z IRUPLH ZLHFNLHM ,VWRWQ IXQNFM DWHLVW\F]QHM QHJDFML
UHOLJLMQHM IRUP\ MHVW ZLF SU]HNV]WDáFHQLH PLVW\ILNRZDQ\FK SU]H] QL WUHFL Z
SU]HGPLRWNU\W\F]QHJREDGDQLD.RQVHNZHQWQ\DWHL]PMHVWQLHW\ONRUH]XOWDWHP
DOH WDN*H ZDUXQNLHP NRQVHNZHQWQHJR UDFMRQDOL]PX :HGáXJ UDFMRQDOL]PX
ZV]\VWNR ]DZV]H SRGOHJD NU\W\F]QHPX EDGDQLX 'OD UDFMRQDOLVW\ QLH LVWQLHMH
*DGQH WDEX 5HOLJLMQD IRUPD MHVW QHJDFM WHJR QDWXUDOQHJR SRGOHJDQLD FDáHM
U]HF]\ZLVWRFL NU\W\F]QHPX EDGDQLX L U]HF]RZHM RFHQLH $WHL]PMDNR QHJDFMD
UHOLJLMQHM IRUP\ MHVW ZLF QHJDFM QHJDFML D ]DWHP PD WUHü SR]\W\ZQ
SROHJDMF QDSU]\ZUyFHQLXUR]XPRZLOXG]NLHPXVZRERG\EDGDQLDZV]HONLFK
WUHFL EH] Z]JOGX QD LFK IRUP 2 W\P *H IXQNFM UHOLJLL MHVW KDPRZDQLH L
]DND]\ZDQLH EDGD PR*QD E\ QDSLVDü ZLHOH WRPyZ LOXVWURZDQ\FK W\VLFDPL
SU]\NáDGyZ 7X RJUDQLF] VL GR SU]\WRF]HQLD GZyFK JáRVyZ SDSLH*D /HRQD
;,,, L ILOR]RID NDWROLFNLHJR *DEULHOD 0DUFHOD : HQF\NOLFH 7DPHWVL IXWXUD
SURVSLFLHQWLEXV ]GQLDOOLVWRSDGDURNXSDSLH* /HRQ;,,,SRZLDGD
1LHFKEG]LHWRU]HF] SHZQ*HZ*\FLXFKU]HFLMDVNLPXP\VáSRZLQLHQ
VL SRGGDü FDáNRZLFLH L GRJáEQLH DXWRU\WHWRZL %R*HPX $ MH*HOL Z W\P
SRGGDQLX UR]XPX DXWRU\WHWRZL GXPD XP\VáX NWyUD SRVLDGD Z QDV WDN
VLáRGF]XZDSU]\PXVLFLHUSL]WHJRSRZRGXWRZ\QLNDVWGW\PEDUG]LHM
*HFKU]HFLMDQLQSRZLQLHQXJLQDüVL QLHW\ONRZSRNRU]HZROLDOHUyZQLH*

Z ZLHONLHM SRNRU]H XP\VáX >@ >@ D ZLF UR]XP QDV] SRZLQLHQ
SRNRUQLH L ZLHUQLH XJLQDü VL Z SRVáXV]HVWZLH &KU\VWXVRZL GR WHJR

VWRSQLDDE\XZD*DüVL ]DQLHZROQLF ZREHFMHJRERVNRFLLZáDG]\

3R Z\VáXFKDQLX SDSLH*D Z\VáXFKDP\ WHUD] ILOR]RID NDWROLFNLHJR NWyU\
GREURZROQLH SU]\Má WR MDU]PR L ]JRG]Lá VL QD WR DE\ UR]XP MHJR E\á
QLHZROQLF 2WR *DEULHOD 0DUFHOD ]DLQWHUHVRZDá SHZLHQ SUREOHP KLSRWH]D
ZGUyZNL GXV] 7HPSHUDPHQW ILOR]RID SREXG]Dá JR GR UR]ZD*D QDG W\P

background image

SUREOHPHP DOH SU]\SRPQLDáR PX VL *H MHVW NDWROLNLHP L *H GOD NDWROLND
SUREOHP WHQ VWDQRZL WDEX =PXVLá ZLF UR]XP GR Z\FRIDQLD VL L VXFKR
SRLQIRUPRZDáQDVRJUDQLFDFKVZRMHMQLH]DOH*QRFL
>@ ]DND]\ WHRORJLF]QH NWyU\FK SRGVWDZ\ QDOH*DáRE\ EOL*HM ]EDGDü
ZVSyáG]LDáDM Z GX*HM PLHU]H Z SDUDOL*RZDQLX ZV]HONLFK QLH]DOH*Q\FK

SRV]XNLZD ZWHMG]LHG]LQLH

5yZQLH* ]SU]\NURFL QDWUDILDP\²ZUyGSLNQ\FKLJáERNLFKUR]ZD*D -
/DFURL[ ² QD WDNLH Z\SRZLHG]L NWyU\PL L RQ RGFLQD VL RG PR*OLZRFL
SRUR]XPLHQLD]F]áRZLHNLHPSUDZG]LZLHZVSyáF]HVQ\P
'RNWU\QD NDWROLFND ² SRZLDGD /DFURL[ ² Z\PDJD ZLF DE\P\
X]QDZDOL *H EH] Z]JOGX QD Uy*QRURGQRü VIRUPXáRZD WR FR MHVW QDP
GDQH Z 2EMDZLHQLX SR]RVWDMH QLH]PLHQQH SRSU]H] ZLHNL >@ 'RNWU\QD
NDWROLFND Z\PDJD QDVWSQLH DE\ ND*G\ V\VWHP X]QDZDá 2EMDZLHQLH
2GU]XFD RQD L SRWSLD WDN ILOR]RIL NWyUD E\ VL 2EMDZLHQLX QLH

SRGSRU]GNRZDáD

6IRUPXáRZDQLHWDNLHRGELHUDP\OLFLHORZLNDWROLFNLHPXZROQRüQLH]EGQ GR
XSUDZLDQLD ILOR]RILL L XQLHPR*OLZLD WUDNWRZDQLH JR MDNR SHáQRSUDZQHJR
SDUWQHUDILOR]RILF]QHMG\VNXVML8P\VáMHJRQLHMHVWZROQ\$SRGSRU]GNRZDQLH
ILOR]RILLREMDZLHQLXMHVWQLHORMDOQRFL ZREHFUR]XPXLZREHFW\FK]NWyU\PL
SRGHMPXMH VL G\VNXVM QD SáDV]F]\(QLH UDFMRQDOQ\FK DUJXPHQWyZ /DFURL[
SRWSLD W\FK P\OLFLHOL NDWROLFNLFK NWyU]\ Z REMDZLHQLX L GRJPDWDFK ZLG]
ÄF]\QQLNKDPXMF\´LÄKDELFHZL]\´3UyEXMHZ\ND]Dü*H
>@MHG\QLHFLNWyU]\QLH]QDM GRJPDWXPRJ VRELHZ\REUD*Dü*HVWDQRZL
RQ SU]HV]NRG Z *\FLX LQWHOHNWXDOQ\P F]\ PRUDOQ\P JG\ W\PF]DVHP
SU]HFLZQLH² MHVWRQ(UyGáHPUR]ZRMXGXFKRZHJRLZáDQLHZ\SHáQLDOXNL

QDV]\FKXáRPQ\FKV\VWHPyZ

background image

0DP\WXZLFGRF]\QLHQLDQLHW\ONR]RGGDQLHPZáDVQHJRUR]XPXZQLHZRO
.RFLRáRZLQLHW\ONR]SU]HNV]WDáFHQLHPILOR]RILLZQLHZROQLFDOHUyZQLH* ]
XSLNV]DQLHPWHMV\WXDFML2Wy* SU]\QDMEDUG]LHMÄRWZDUWHM´L*\F]OLZHMSRVWDZLH
ZREHF NDWROLF\]PX SU]\ QDVWDZLHQLX QD DNFHSWRZDQLH ZV]\VWNLHJR Z
FRNROZLHNGDVL ZWáRF]\ü ² FKRüE\QDVLá ² MDNLNROZLHNUDFMRQDOQ\VHQVZ
WHMVSUDZLH*DGQHM]JRG\E\üQLHPR*H0\OLFLHOHNDWROLFF\PXV] ]QDOH(üLQQ\
VSRVyEXMPRZDQLDÄREMDZLHQLD´PXV] ZáDVQ\PZ\VLáNLHP]GRE\üÄZROQRü
XP\VáX´LX]QDüDXWRQRPL GRFLHND ILOR]RILF]Q\FKMH*HOLFKFDE\LFKX]QDQR
]D SHáQRSUDZQ\FK SDUWQHUyZ G\VNXVML =ZUyüP\ XZDJ *H VNRUXSD
RFKUDQLDMFD RNUHORQ\ WHNVW SU]HG UDFMRQDOQ NU\W\N SRWU]HEQD MHVW W\ONR
ZyZF]DV NLHG\ GDQHM WUHFL QLH PR*QD REURQLü UDFMRQDOQ\PL DUJXPHQWDPL
7\ONR FR QLHUDFMRQDOQHJR OXE QLHPRUDOQHJR Z\PDJD RVNRUXSLDQLD *G\E\
Z\URNNUyOHZVNLE\áVSUDZLHGOLZ\ZyZF]DVNUyOQLHSRWU]HERZDáE\%RJDGR
XPDFQLDQLD Z\GDQHJR SU]H] VLHELH Z\URNX &DáD U]HF] Z W\P *H Z\URN E\á
QLHVSUDZLHGOLZ\*HZ\URNLHPW\PNUyOZ\U]G]DáFKáRSRPNU]\ZG'UyGáHP
WHJR Z\URNX E\áD FKFLZRü FKü Z]ERJDFHQLD VL NRV]WHP FKáRSyZ SU]H]
]ZLNV]HQLHFL*DUyZSDV]F]\(QLDQ\FK,W\ONRGODWHJR*HZ\URNVDPZVRELH
E\á NU]\F]F QLHVSUDZLHGOLZRFL SRZVWDáD SRWU]HED XZLFHQLD JR ]
]HZQWU]7RFRZHZQWU]QLHZLWHQLHSRWU]HEXMH]HZQWU]QHJRXZLFHQLD
.UyOSRWU]HERZDá%RJDSRQLHZD* XF]\QLáU]HF]EH]ER*Q6WGSURVW\ZQLRVHN
MH*HOL P\OLFLHO FKU]HFLMDVNL SUDJQLH EURQLü WHJR FR VDPR Z VRELH MHVW
UR]XPQH L VSUDZLHGOLZHQLH SRZLQLHQ VSU]HFLZLDü VL UR]ELFLX PLVW\ILNXMFHM
VNRUXS\%RSU]HFLH* WHJRFRUR]XPQHLVSUDZLHGOLZHQLHWU]HEDÄXZLFDü´²
MHVW RQR ERZLHP VDPR Z VRELH ÄZLWH´ :DUWR SU]\SRPQLHü GOD UR]ZLDQLD
PR*OLZ\FK REDZ OXG]L ZLHU]F\FK *H DWHLVW\F]QD QHJDFMD UHOLJLMQHM IRUP\
SURZDG]L QLH W\ONR GR VZRERGQHJR RGU]XFDQLD OLF]Q\FK WUHFL SRJOGyZ
ZDUWRFLQRUPSRVWDZZ\VWSXMF\FKZIRUPLHUHOLJLMQHMEH]SU]HMPRZDQLD
VL XZLFDMF MH IRUP DOH UyZQLH* GR VZRERGQHJR DSURERZDQLD W\FK
SRJOGyZZDUWRFLQRUPLSRVWDZNWyUHSRPHU\WRU\F]Q\PUR]SDWU]HQLXRND*

background image

VL UDFMRQDOQHVáXV]QHFHQQH² PLPR*HZ\VWSRZDá\ZUHOLJLMQHMV]DFLH7DN
ZLFVWRVXQHNDWHL]PXGRUHOLJLLPR*QDXMüQDMRJyOQLHMZSLFLXSXQNWDFK
² EH]Z]JOGQH RGU]XFDQLH UHOLJLMQHM IRUP\ ÄUR]ELFLH VNRUXS\´ Z FHOX
U]HF]RZHJRUR]SDWU]HQLDWUHFL
² SR RGU]XFHQLX UHOLJLMQHM IRUP\ ² DSURERZDQLH QLHNWyU\FK WUHFL MDNR
WUHFL ZLHFNLFK F]\OL ÄZ\áXVNLZDQLH UDFMRQDOQHM WUHFL ] QLHUDFMRQDOQHM
VNRUXS\´
² SR RGU]XFHQLX UHOLJLMQHM IRUP\ ² RGU]XFDQLH WUHFL QLHUDFMRQDOQ\FK
QLHVáXV]Q\FKQLHPRUDOQ\FKIDáV]\Z\FK
² SU]HFLZVWDZLDQLH ZáDVQ\FK WUHFL SRJOGyZ LGHDáyZ ZDUWRFL QRUP
SRVWDZWUHFLRPRGU]XFRQ\P
² MH*HOLSRRGU]XFHQLDUHOLJLMQHMIRUP\SU]HNV]WDáFDP\WUHüXZD*DQ GRWG

]D ÄUHOLJLMQ´ Z WUHü ZLHFN WR ² E\ü PR*H ² G]LNL UR]SR]QDQLX
IRUP\ UHOLJLMQHM MDNR F]\QQLND PLVW\ILNDFML RGELHUDP\ MHM ZáDFLZRFL
PLVW\ILNXMFHLSU]HNV]WDáFDP\UyZQLH* UHOLJLMQ IRUP ZIRUP ZLHFN
5R]SR]QDQD² SU]HVWDMHE\üGODQDVJUR(QD]GDOLP\VRELHVSUDZ*HMHVW
F]\QQLNLHP

PLVW\ILNDFMLLGHIRUPDFML:UH]XOWDFLH]áXG]HQLHSU]HVWDMHE\ü]áXG]HQLHP1D

SU]\NáDG NLHG\ SU]HVWDQR ZLHU]\ü Z =HXVD +HU $UHVD L $IURG\W ²
PLWRORJLF]QDIRUPDPLVW\ILNDFMLSU]HNV]WDáFLáDVL ZQDM]XSHáQLHMZLHFN
IRUP DUW\VW\F]Q

-DN]WHJRZLGDüQLHZÄVSRVRELHPyZLHQLD´SU]HMDZLDVL QHJDW\ZQDIXQNFMD
UHOLJLLDOHZÄVSRVRELHUR]XPLHQLD´MHMM]\ND3U]HMG(P\WHUD]GRUR]SDWU]HQLD

GUXJLHM IXQNFML UHOLJLL ]ZL]DQHM ] RNUHODQLHP MHM MDNR RSLXP 7HRORJyZ

FKU]HFLMDVNLFK]DLQWHUHVRZDáRSRFKRG]HQLHWHMPHWDIRU\5HLQKDUW6HHJHU Z

URNX (ZDOG 6FKDSHU Z URNX L RVWDWQLR +HOPXW *ROOZLW]HU Z
URNX ]HEUDOL LQWHUHVXMFH PDWHULDá\ ] NWyU\FK Z\QLND *H QD W IXQNFM
UHOLJLL ]ZUDFDáR XZDJ ZLHOX P\OLFLHOL QD ZLHOH ODW SU]HG 0DUNVHP +HLQH

background image

QD]\ZDá UHOLJL ÄGXFKRZ\P RSLXP´ L SRZLDGDá *H Ä>@ RSLXP L UHOLJLD V
]QDF]QLHEOL*V]HVRELHQL* WRVL QDRJyáSU]\SXV]F]D´%UXQR%DXHUSLVDá*H
WHRORJLDÄ>@XV\SLDG*HQLDZROQ\FKOXG]L´Z\ZLHUDMFÄZSá\ZSRGREQ\MDN
RSLXP´ 0RVHV +HVV Z\PLHQLDá MHGQ\P WFKHP ÄRSLXP UHOLJL L ZyGN´ L
Z\MDQLDá *H F]áRZLHNRZL SU]\JQELRQHPX ZLDGRPRFL *\FLD Z QLHZROL
UHOLJLD SU]\QRVL SRFLHFK ZLDUD Z U]HF]\ZLVWRü WHJR FR QLHU]HF]\ZLVWH L Z
QLHUHDOQRü WHJR FR UHDOQH G]LDáD QD FLHUSLFHJR UyZQLH NRMFR MDN RSLXP
3RGREQLH ZLF MDN Z ZLHOX LQQ\FK ]DJDGQLHQLDFK P\OL 0DUNVD R UHOLJLL QLH
SRMDZLDM VL ZSUy*QLDOHZ\UDVWDM ]RNUHORQ\FKWUDG\FMLLZLDGRPLHGRQLFK
QDZL]XM DNFHSWXMF WR FR VáXV]QH L NRQFHQWUXMF Z\VLáHN LQWHOHNWXDOQ\ QD

GREXGRZ\ZDQLX QDMZ\*V]\FK SLWHU : 3U]\F]\QNX GR NU\W\NL KHJOR]RVNLHM
ILOR]RILLSUD]RD 0DUNVNRU]\VWD]DSDUDWXU\SRMFLRZHM+HJODLPáRGRKHJOLVWyZ
FKDUDNWHU\]XMFHM VL WDNLPL SRMFLDPL MDN ÄVDPRZLHG]D´ ÄDXWRDOLHQDFMD´
ÄSUDZG]LZD U]HF]\ZLVWRü´ ÄRSLXP´ LWS Z\SRZLDGDMF QDVWSXMFH
WZLHUG]HQLD

² UHOLJLDMHVWWZRUHPOXG]NLPUHOLJL WZRU]\F]áRZLHN
² Ä>@ UHOLJLD MHVW WR PLDQRZLFLH VDPRZLHG]D L SRF]XFLH VDPHJR VLHELH X
F]áRZLHNDNWyU\VLHELHEG( MHV]F]HQLHRGQDOD]áEG( MX* ]QRZX]DJXELá>@´
LQDF]HMPyZLF
² UHOLJLDMHVWSURGXNWHPWDNLHMV\WXDFMLVSRáHF]QHMZNWyUHMF]áRZLHNQLFMHVW
LVWRW Z SHáQL U]HF]\ZLVW SRQLHZD* QLF SRVLDGD PR*OLZRFL SHáQHJR
UR]ZLQLFLD ZáDVQHJR F]áRZLHF]HVWZD OXE ]RVWDMH WHJR F]áRZLHF]HVWZD
SR]EDZLRQ\ZZ\QLNXSURFHVyZDOLHQDF\MQ\FKDZLF
² UHOLJLDZ\UDVWD]WDNLHMÄ>@V\WXDFMLNWyUDEH]]áXG]H REHMüVL QLHPR*H

>@´QLHPRJFZSHáQLUR]ZLQüZáDVQHJRF]áRZLHF]HVWZDF]áRZLHN
SRWU]HEXMH Ä]áXG]HQLD´ ÄSRFLHFK\´ ÄRSLXP´ QLH PRJF ]GRE\ü
U]HF]\ZLVWHJRV]F]FLDF]áRZLHNVLJDSRÄV]F]FLHXURMRQH´

background image

² D ZLF UHOLJLD Ä>@ MHVW XU]HF]\ZLVWQLHQLHP LVWRW\ OXG]NLHM Z IDQWD]ML
GODWHJR *H LVWRWD OXG]ND QLH SRVLDGD SUDZG]LZHM U]HF]\ZLVWRFL >@´ Z W\P

]QDF]HQLXÄUHOLJLDMHVWRSLXPOXGX´
² ]UR]SR]QDQLDIXQNFMLUHOLJLLMDNRÄRSLXP´F]\OLÄ]áXG]HQLD´ÄSRFLHFK\´L

ÄXURMRQHJR V]F]FLD´ D ZLF URGND JRG]HQLD F]áRZLHND ] QLHOXG]N
U]HF]\ZLVWRFL URGND QDVHQQHJR XV\SLDMFHJR G*HQLH GR SU]HEXGRZ\
VSRáHF]HVWZD SDUDOL*XMFHJR HQHUJL UHZROXF\MQ RGZUDFDMFHJR RG
ZDONLNODVRZHM² Z\QLNDM GZDZQLRVNLNRQLHF]QRüZDONL]UHOLJL MDNR
SU]HV]NRG Z PRELOL]RZDQLX PDV GR ZDONL UHZROXF\MQHM L SU]HVXQLFLH
SXQNWXFL*NRFL]NU\W\NLUHOLJLLQDNU\W\N VWRVXQNyZVSRáHF]Q\FKNWyUH
V JáyZQ SU]\F]\Q ÄRGF]áRZLHF]DQLD´ F]áRZLHND SR]EDZLDQLD JR FHFK
OXG]NLFK L PR*OLZRFL SHáQHJR UR]ZLQLFLD OXG]NLHM RVRERZRFL L
ZV]\VWNLFKLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKX]GROQLH

&]\WHOQLND LQWHUHVXMH QLHZWSOLZLH SUREOHP MDN SRVWDZ ZREHF WHM
PDUNVRZVNLHM RFHQ\ VSRáHF]QHM IXQNFML UHOLJLL ]DMPXM WHRORJRZLH
FKU]HFLMDVF\RUD]ILOR]RIRZLHEGF\SU]HFLZQLNDPLPDUNVL]PX
-DNGRWGVSRWNDáHPVL ]WU]HPDVWDQRZLVNDPLNWyU\FKSR]QDQLHPR*HE\üGOD
&]\WHOQLNDLQWHUHVXMFH6SRUyGW\FKWU]HFKVWDQRZLVNGZDSLHUZV]HDNFHSWXM
QLHNWyUH WZLHUG]HQLD 0DUNVD -HGQR SRQLHZD* XSDWUXMH Z QLFK KRáG ]áR*RQ\
ZDUWRFLRPSR]QDZF]\PUHOLJLLGUXJLHSRQLHZD* DSUREXMHIXQNFM UHOLJLLMDNR
RSLXP7U]HFLHVWDQRZLVNRNZHVWLRQXMHRNUHODQLHUHOLJLLPLDQHPRSLXP
3LHUZV]H VWDQRZLVNR UHSUH]HQWXMHWHRORJ SURWHVWDQFNL (ULF :HLO ] /LOLHNWyU\
VWDUDVL GRZLHü*HGOD0DUNVDUHOLJLDQLHMHVWIDáV]HPSRQLHZD* Ä>@RGVáDQLD

LVWRW LVWQLHMFHJR ZLDWD´ 'OD 0DUNVD SRZLDGD (ULF :HLO ÄUHOLJLMQD
DXWRDOLHQDFMD´ UHOLJL

|

VH 6HOEVWHQWIUHPGXQJ MHVW RGVáRQLFLHP REQD*HQLHP

REMDZLHQLHP ÄZHZQWU]QHJR UR]GDUFLD L VSU]HF]QRFL´ LVWQLHMFHJR
VSRáHF]HVWZD 7DN ZLF UHOLJLD SRVLDGD U]HNRPR ZHGáXJ 0DUNVD Z\VRN
ZDUWRü SR]QDZF] 'R W\FK Z\ZRGyZ QDVXZD VL NLOND XZDJ 3R SLHUZV]H

background image

0DUNVZLHORNURWQLHVWZLHUG]D*HUHOLJLDQLHMHVWÄRGVáRQLFLHP´(QWKXOOXQJ
DOH ZáDQLH Ä]DVáDQLDQLHP´ <HUKXOOXQJ PDVNRZDQLHP L PLVW\ILNRZDQLHP
U]HF]\ZLVWRFL 3R GUXJLH WR PDVNRZDQLH L PLVW\ILNRZDQLH LVWRW\
U]HF]\ZLVWRFL VáX*\ ZHGáXJ 0DUNVD GR XVSUDZLHGOLZLDQLD XSLNV]DQLD
DSURERZDQLD L JORU\ILNRZDQLD F]\OL VDQNFMRQRZDQLD SDQXMFHJR SRU]GNX
VSRáHF]QHJR $ ZLF UHOLJLD QLH PD ZDUWRFL SR]QDZF]RGHPDVNDWRUVNLFK Z
VWRVXQNX GR QLHVSUDZLHGOLZHJR XVWURMX VSRáHF]QHJR DOH ZáDQLH SU]HFLZQLH
SHáQL IXQNFMH PDVNXMFRDSRORJHW\F]QH 3R WU]HFLH Z SU]\WRF]RQ\FK SU]H]
:HLOD WHNVWDFK 0DUNV QLH PyZL DEVROXWQLH QLF R ² U]HNRPR RGNU\ZF]HM ²
WUHFLUHIOHNVXUHOLJLMQHJRDOHW\ONRRMHJRJHQH]LH]F]HJRPR*QDFRQDMZ\*HM
ZQLRVNRZDü *H VDP IDNW LVWQLHQLD MDNLHJRNROZLHN UHIOHNVX UHOLJLMQHJR PR*H
E\ü XZD*DQ\ ]D V\PSWRP ZHZQWU]QHJR UR]GDUFLD L VSU]HF]QRFL XVWURMX
VSRáHF]QHJR=GRE\WDZWHQVSRVyEZLHG]DMHVWMHGQDNWDNRJyOQLNRZD*HQD
SRGVWDZLHWHJRV\PSWRPXQLHPR*QDQDZHWRGSRZLHG]LHüQDS\WDQLHQDMDN
IRUPDFM VSRáHF]QRHNRQRPLF]Q yZ V\PSWRP ZVND]XMH 3R F]ZDUWH JG\E\
QDZHWZLHG]DWDE\áDEDUG]LHMNRQNUHWQDWRSRWZLHUG]DáDE\W\ONRIDNW*HWUHü
UHOLJLLMHVWSR]DUHOLJLMQD-H*HOLQDZHWUHOLJLHFR RGVáDQLDM LÄREMDZLDM´WR]
W\FKREMDZLH QLHGRZLDGXMHP\VL DEVROXWQLHQLF]HJRRÄERJDFK´LÄQLHELH´D
FRQDMZ\*HMW\ONRF]HJR ROXG]LDFKLRZLHFLH3RSLWHZUHV]FLH² LWRMHVW
QDMZD*QLHMV]H² :HLOZWáDF]DZWHNVW0DUNVDP\OLGHDOLVW\F]Q]DSRPLQDMF
RW\P*H0DUNVE\áPDWHULDOLVW LWZyUF PDWHULDOL]PXKLVWRU\F]QHJR2Wy* Z
WHNFLH 0DUNVD QLH PD ZFDOH PRZ\ R W\PDE\ SRSU]H] VWXGLRZDQLH UHIOHNVX
UHOLJLMQHJR]GRE\ZDüZLHG] RÄLVWRFLHZLDWD´DOHZáDQLHSU]HFLZQLH0DUNV]
FDá\P QDFLVNLHP SRGNUHOD *H GRSLHUR ZLHG]D R RELHNW\ZQ\FK VSRáHF]QR
HNRQRPLF]Q\FK VSU]HF]QRFLDFK LVWQLHMFHJR VSRáHF]HVWZD SR]ZDOD QDP
]UR]XPLHüZMDNLVSRVyESRZVWDMHDOLHQDFMDUHOLJLMQDLMDNLMHVWMHMLVWRWQ\VHQV
,GHDOLVWD :HLO SU]\SLVXMH 0DUNVRZL P\O *H Z Z\REUD*HQLDFK UHOLJLMQ\FK
]DZDUWD MHVW ÄSUDZGD R ZLHFLH´ 0DUNV QDWRPLDVW VWZLHUG]D *H QDXNRZD
ZLHG]D R VSRáHF]HVWZLH MHVW MHG\Q\P NOXF]HP GR SUDZLGáRZHM LQWHUSUHWDFML

background image

MHJR ]QLHNV]WDáFRQHJR UHOLJLMQHJR RGELFLD 'UXJLH VWDQRZLVNR UHSUH]HQWXMH
WHRORJ FKU]HFLMDVNL 'DQLHO 7 1LOHV ] &HMORQX $NFHSWXMF PDUNVRZVNLH
RNUHOHQLHUHOLJLLSRZLDGD

7R SUDZGD *H UHOLJLD VWDQRZL RSLXP GOD PDV SRQLHZD* SUDZG]LZD

UHOLJLDXVSRNDMDG*HQLHGR]HPVW\>‡‡‡@

LZWHQVSRVyESU]\F]\QLDVL GRÄ]áDJRG]HQLD´DQWDJRQL]PyZPLG]\OXG(PL
:DUWRW\ONR]DGDüVRELHS\WDQLHGODNRJRWDNDIXQNFMDUHOLJLLMHVWQDMEDUG]LHM
NRU]\VWQD" .RPX QDMEDUG]LHM ]DOH*\ QD ÄáDJRG]HQLX´ ZDONL NODVRZHM L
Z\JDV]DQLX ÄG*HQLD GR ]HPVW\´ ]D GR]QDZDQH NU]\ZG\ L XSRNRU]HQLD QD
SDUDOL*RZDQLX HQHUJLL UHZROXF\MQHM PDV L Z\WZDU]DQLX Z QLFK SRVWDZ\
UH]\JQDFMLL]JRG\QDSDQXMF\SRU]GHNVSRáHF]Q\"6]F]HJyOQLHFHQQDPR*H
E\üZW\PNRQWHNFLHZ\SRZLHG( ILOR]RIDLSV\FKRORJD:LOOLDPD0F'RXJDOOD
²W\PEDUG]LHM*HP\OLFLHOWHQSU]H]NLONDG]LHVLWODWRE\ZDáVL
EH]UHOLJLLD]GHF\GRZDáVL SU]\MüZVXNXUVUHOLJLLGRSLHURSRSU]HNURF]RQHM
V]HüG]LHVLWFHLWRE\QDMPQLHMQLHQDVNXWHNZáDVQ\FKSU]H*\üUHOLJLMQ\FKDOH
]HZ]JOGXQDVSRáHF]Q IXQNFM UHOLJLL'RV]HGáPLDQRZLFLHGRSU]HNRQDQLD
*HUHOLJLDMHVWSRWU]HEQDGRUDWRZDQLD]DJUR*RQHMF\ZLOL]DFML

ZLDW QDMZ\UD(QLHM RGFKRG]L ² SLV]H 0F'RXJDOO ² RG VWDU\FK ZLHU]H

UHOLJLMQ\FK &RUD] ZLGRF]QLHM L ]H Z]UDVWDMF V]\ENRFL ]GRE\ZD VRELH
X]QDQLH F]\VWR PDWHULDOLVW\F]Q\ SRJOG QD ZLDW QLV]F]F VWDUH

ZLHU]HQLD

3U]H]F\ZLOL]DFM UR]XPLH0F'RXJDOOF\ZLOL]DFM Ä]DFKRGQL´D]DJUR*HQLHP
WHM F\ZLOL]DFML MHVW GOD QLHJR QLH W\ONR UHZROXF\MQ\ UXFK URERWQLF]\ OHF]
UyZQLH* URVQFDOLF]HEQRüOXGyZNRORURZ\FK0F'RXJDOO]DVWU]HJDVL*HQLH
MHVWÄUDVLVW´L*HMHG\QLHFKRG]LPXRGREURNXOWXU\LF\ZLOL]DFML
1LH FKRG]L PX ZFDOH R NRORU VNyU\ OHF] R WR *H ÄQL*V]H UDV\´ V ² MHJR
]GDQLHP ² QLH]GROQH GR EXGRZDQLD F\ZLOL]DFML D WDN*H FR JRUV]D GR
SU]\VZRMHQLD VRELH Z\*V]HM F\ZLOL]DFML 7\PF]DVHP SU]\URVW QDWXUDOQ\ MHVW X

background image

QLFK WDN Z\VRNL *H ] ND*G\P URNLHP VWRVXQHN SURFHQWRZ\ PLG]\ OXGDPL
WZRU]F\PL NXOWXU D OXGDPL NRORURZ\PL ]PLHQLD VL FRUD] EDUG]LHM QD
QLHNRU]\üÄUDVV]ODFKHWQ\FK´:GDOV]\PFLJX0F'RXJDOOVWDUDVL UR]ZLDü
SRVSROLWH SRGREQR Z $PHU\FH ]áXG]HQLH *H ÄQL*V]H UDV\´ VDPH XVXQ VL L
SRZ\PLHUDM QDVNXWHN]HWNQLFLD VL ]ÄZ\*V] UDV´WDNMDNWRVL VWDáRVZHJR
F]DVX ] ,QGLDQDPL $XVWUDOLMF]\NDPL L7DVPDF]\NDPL 0F'RXJDOO Z\ND]XMH
*H UDV\ WH QLH SRZ\PLHUDá\ VDPH DOH ]RVWDá\ Z\PRUGRZDQH 7HUD] UyZQLH*
]DFKRG]L ² ]GDQLHP 0F'RXJDOOD ² SRZD*QD REDZD*H +LQGXVL L 0XU]\QL
QLH]HFKF VSRNRMQLHSRZ\PLHUDü*HE\XVWSLüPLHMVFDQD]LHPLUDVRPEDUG]LHM
ÄV]ODFKHWQ\P´ = WDNLFK SU]HVáDQHN Z\UDVWD GZRLVWD RFHQD UHOLJLL
FKU]HFLMDVNLHM ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ QHJDW\ZQD RFHQD HW\NL FKU]HFLMDVNLHM MDNR
HW\NLNWyU PLDá\E\VL NLHURZDüÄUDV\V]ODFKHWQH´]GUXJLHMVWURQ\SR]\W\ZQD
RFHQD UHOLJLL FKU]HFLMDVNLHM MDNR ÄRSLXP´ GOD UDV NWyUH ² Z LQWHUHVLH
F\ZLOL]DFML ² SRZLQQ\ SRZ\PLHUDü *G\E\ ZREHF ,QGLDQ NLHURZDQR VL
]DVDGDPLKXPDQLWDU\]PXLFKU]HFLMDVNLHMÄPLáRFLEOL(QLHJR´SR]RVWDOLE\RQL
JRVSRGDU]DPL $PHU\NL L QLH E\áRE\ G]L 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK -H*HOL G]L
UDV\Z\*V]HEG ÄSRFKU]HFLMDVNX´WUDNWRZDüOXG\NRORURZHSR]ZDODMFLP
QD UR]ZLMDQLH ZáDVQHJR SU]HP\VáX L QLHRJUDQLF]RQH OLF]HEQH Z]UDVWDQLH
GRSURZDG]LWRÄ>@GRREQL*HQLDRJyOQHJRSR]LRPXXP\VáRZHJRPRUDOQHJRL

PDWHULDOQHJR &\ZLOL]DFMD XVWSL PLHMVFD FKDRVRZL >@´ Ä1DMZLNV]H
QLHEH]SLHF]HVWZR

JUR]L

QDV]HM

F\ZLOL]DFML

]H

VWURQ\

SRSGX

DOWUXLVW\F]QHJR´'ODWHJR]DGDQLHPILOR]RIDMHVWPLG]\LQQ\PLXZDOQLDQLH
ZáDVQHJR QDURGX RG ]E\WHF]Q\FK VNUXSXáyZ L ]DVWSLHQLH HW\NL
FKU]HFLMDVNLHJR XQLZHUVDOL]PX ÄHW\N QDFMRQDOLVW\F]Q´ $OH UHOLJLL
FKU]HFLMDVNLHM QLH WU]HED QLV]F]\ü SRQLHZD* RGGDZDáD RQD L QDGDO PR*H
RGGDZDü FHQQH XVáXJL MDNR UHOLJLD GOD W\FK OXGyZ NWyUH ² Z LQWHUHVLH
ÄF\ZLOL]DFML´ ² SRZLQQ\ SRZ\PLHUDü 5HOLJLD FKU]HFLMDVND SRZLQQD ² ]
ZáDFLZ VRELHVáRG\F] ² SRJRG]LüNRORURZHOXG\]LFKQLHXFKURQQ\PORVHP
Z\MDQLüLP*HZV]HONLRSyUMHVWGDUHPQ\QDXF]\üMHDE\]SRNRU SU]\Má\

background image

ZRO %R* LSU]\JRWRZDüMHQDPLHUüáDJRG]FLPLFKRVWDWQLHFKZLOH(W\ND
0F'RXJDOOD MHVW MHGQRF]HQLH QLHOXG]ND L ÄKXPDQLWDUQD´ -HM QLHOXG]NRü
Z\UD*DVL MHG\QLHZW\P*HZ\GDMHRQDZ\URNPLHUFLQDOXG\NRORURZH-HM
ÄKXPDQLWDU\]P´Z\UD*DVL QDWRPLDVWZW\P*H]D SRPRF FKU]HFLMDVNLHJR
RSLXPFKFH]áDJRG]LüSU]HGPLHUWQHFLHUSLHQLD
3RJOG\0F'RXJDOODQLHV RU\JLQDOQH,GHQW\F]QHSRJOG\ZF]HQLHMLSy(QLHM
JáRVLOLQDFMRQDOLFLQLHPLHFF\LZáRVF\2WRSLHUZV]\]EU]HJXSU]\NáDG
0LVMD F\ZLOL]RZDQLD OXGQRFL WXE\OF]HM ² SLVDá Z URNX QDFMRQDOLVWD
ZáRVNL 1DVHOOL ² WR Z ZLHWOH VRFMRORJLL SR]\W\ZQHM FR MDN QDMEDUG]LHM
NRPLF]QHJR /XG\ F\ZLOL]RZDQH QLJG\ QLH F\ZLOL]RZDá\ OXGyZ
>EDUEDU]\VNLFK OHF] MH WSLá\@ 7DN E\áR ] PLHV]NDFDPL $PHU\NL L
$XVWUDOLL O@ 7DN EG]LH QLHXFKURQQLH Z FDáHM $IU\FH L Z $]ML 7DN

SRZLQQLP\F]\QLüRGVDPHJRSRF]WNXZ7U\SROLWDQLLL&\UHQDMFH

3R]Z\FLVWZLHQDGIDV]\]PHPKLWOHURZVNLPZLDWSRV]HGáZLQQ\PNLHUXQNX
:SRáXGQLRZHM$]MLLZ$IU\FHSRZVWDáRZLHOHQRZ\FKZROQ\FKSDVWZDGQL
SDQRZDQLD NRORQLDOL]PX QD ZLHFLH V MX* SROLF]RQH $OH WHQ FDá\ HNVNXUV R
HW\FHQDFMRQDOLVW\F]QHMQLHMHVWZWHMNVL*FH]EGQ\SRQLHZD* SRND]XMHZMDNL
VSRVyE ZURJD KXPDQLWDU\]PRZL LGHRORJLD QDFMRQDOL]PX SRSLHUD UHOLJL
FKU]HFLMDVN MDNR DUW\NXá HNVSRUWRZ\ GOD OXGyZ NWyUH PDM E\ü
Z\PRUGRZDQH L NWyUH ]D SRPRF WHM UHOLJLL PDM ]RVWDü PRUDOQLH UR]EURMRQH
VSDUDOL*RZDQH L XSLRQH 2ERN DXWHQW\F]QHJR ]DSRWU]HERZDQLD QD RSLXP ]H
VWURQ\W\FKNWyU]\FLHUSLLVWQLHMH]DSRWU]HERZDQLH QDRSLXP]HVWURQ\W\FK
NWyU]\ FKF ]D MHJR SRPRF SRGELMDü L XMDU]PLDü 'ODWHJR SLHUZV] L
QDMZD*QLHMV] U]HF] ] NWyUHM SRZLQQL VRELH GRNáDGQLH ]GDü VSUDZ OXG]LH
JáERNR ZLHU]F\ SU]HG G\VNXVM ] DWHLVWDPL QD WHPDW UHOLJLL L DWHL]PX MHVW
LVWQLHQLHNDWHJRULLÄIDáV]\Z\FKREURFyZUHOLJLL´7RQLHDWHLFLNWyU]\MDZQLHL
RWZDUFLH]ZDOF]DM UHOLJL]HZ]JOGXQDMHMIXQNFM VSRáHF]QV JáyZQ\PL
ZURJDPL UHOLJLL DOH FL OXG]LH NWyU]\ ² ZáDQLH ]H Z]JOGX QD MHM IXQNFM

background image

VSRáHF]Q LZáDFLZRFLQDUNRW\F]QH² SRVáXJXM VL UHOLJL MDNRQDU]G]LHP
SRGERMXLXMDU]PLDQLD$WHLFLSRGGDM UHOLJL NU\W\FH]]HZQWU]LVWDUDM VL
SU]HNRQ\ZDü QDWRPLDVW RZL IDáV]\ZL REURF\ UHOLJLL ZSURZDG]DM Z VDPR
VHUFH UHOLJLL MDG NWyU\ M ]DWUXZD L ]QLHSUDZLD $WHLFL Z\ND]XM *H UHOLJLD
VSHáQLDIXQNFMHRSLXPDIDáV]\ZLREURF\UHOLJLLSRVáXJXM VL UHOLJL MDNRSLXP
GOD XSLHQLD W\FK NWyU\FK FKF XMDU]PLü , ZUHV]FLH WU]HFLH VWDQRZLVNR
UHSUH]HQWXMH /HRQKDUG 5DJD] ZHGáXJ NWyUHJR HZDQJHOLF]QD LGHD .UyOHVWZD

%R*HJRÄ>@WRQLHRSLXPDOHG\QDPLW´'ODPDUNVLVW\VWDQRZLVNRWDNLHQLH
MHVWE\QDMPQLHMF]\P ]DVNDNXMF\P&RZLFHM² ZEUHZSR]RURP² PLHFL
VL RQR GRVNRQDOH Z UDPDFK PDUNVLVWRZVNLHM WHRULL UHOLJLL L GOD SRSDUFLD
VWDQRZLVND5DJD]DPR*QDE\SRVáX*\üVL ZLHORPDWHNVWDPL(QJHOVD/HQLQD
.DXWVN\HJR &DáD U]HF] Z W\P *H PDUNVL]P VWRVXMH PHWRG GLDOHNW\F]Q D
ZLFQLHUR]XPXMHZHGáXJ]DVDG\ÄDOERDOER´DOHVWDUDMFVL ]EDGDüND*GH
]MDZLVNR Z VSRVyE PDNV\PDOQLH ZV]HFKVWURQQ\ FKWQLH ]DXZD*D Ä]DUyZQR
MDN´ 7R ]QDF]\ ]ZáDV]F]D SU]\ XRJyOQLHQLDFK ROEU]\PLHJR PDWHULDáX
IDNW\F]QHJR ] Uy*Q\FK NUDMyZ HSRN L RNUHVyZ KLVWRU\F]Q\FK PDUNVLVWD
RGU]XFDDOWHUQDW\ZDOERRSLXPDOERG\QDPLWDOHVWZLHUG]D*HUHOLJLDSHáQLáD
Z G]LHMDFK RELH IXQNFMH ]DUyZQR XV\SLDMFH MDN EXU]FH 2SUyF] LGHL
UHOLJLMQ\FK NWyUH VSHáQLDá\ IXQNFMH RSLXP XV\SLDMF G*HQLH GR SU]HEXGRZ\
XVWURMXVSRáHF]QHJRLVWQLDá\LGHHUHOLJLMQHNWyUH² ZRNUHORQ\FKZDUXQNDFK
RNUHVDFK KLVWRU\F]Q\FK L URGRZLVNDFK ² SREXG]Dá\ GR G]LDáDQLD :
V]F]HJyOQRFL GRW\F]\ WR QLHNWyU\FK UHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK KHUH]ML OXGRZ\FK Z
NWyU\FK IRUPD UHOLJLMQD E\áD QLH W\ONR V]DW SU]HEUDQLHP L PDVN GOD WUHFL
VSRáHF]QLH UHZROXF\MQ\FK GROFLPFL WDERU\FL F]HVF\ ]ZROHQQLF\ 0XQ]HUD
DOHWDN*HF]\QQLNLHPUR]SW\ZDQLDZLHONLHMUHZROXF\MQHMEXU]\

8P\VáRPPDVNDUPLRQ\FKZ\áF]QLHUHOLJL ² SRZLDGD(QJHOV² PXVLDá\
E\ü SU]HGVWDZLRQH LFK ZáDVQH LQWHUHV\ Z V]DFLH UHOLJLMQHM D*HE\ UR]SWDü

ZLHON EXU]

background image

1DMRJyOQLHMZLFPR*QDPyZLü RGZyFK]DVDGQLF]\FKIXQNFMDFKVSRáHF]Q\FK
UHOLJLL MHGQ VSHáQLDá\ Z ZLHNDFK UHGQLFK QLHNWyUH KHUH]MH ZyZF]DV NLHG\
ZDONDPDVOXGRZ\FKSU]HFLZNRZ\]\VNLZDF]RPLFLHPL*\FLHORPÄ>@WRF]\áD
VL ² MDN SLV]H /HQLQ ² Z SRVWDFL ZDONL MHGQHM LGHL UHOLJLMQHM SU]HFLZNR

GUXJLHM >@´ GUXJ IXQNFM VSHáQLDM UHOLJLH SDQXMFH : QLHNWyU\FK
KHUH]MDFK IRUPD UHOLJLMQD E\áD F]\QQLNLHP VSU]\MDMF\P UR]V]HU]DQLX VL L
SRJáELDQLXSRVWDZUHZROXF\MQ\FK´>@DOHLWHF]DV\GDZQRMX* PLQá\>@´
² SRZLDGD /HQLQ 2G GáX*V]HJR F]DVX ]DVDGQLF] IXQNFM UHOLJLL MHVW
XWUZDODQLH UH]\JQDFML ] ZDONL NODVRZHM L XPDFQLDQLH SDQXMFHJR SRU]GNX
VSRáHF]QHJR
:W\PNRQWHNFLH/HQLQUR]V]\IURZXMHLGH %RJD
%yJ WDN MDN JR XNV]WDáWRZDá\ KLVWRULD L *\FLH MHVW SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP
NRPSOHNVHP LGHL ]URG]RQ\FK ] RWSLDMFHJR SU]\WáRF]HQLD F]áRZLHND
]DUyZQR SU]H] RWDF]DMF JR SU]\URG MDN L SU]H] XFLVN NODVRZ\ ² LGHL
XWUZDODMF\FKWRSU]\WáRF]HQLHXV\SLDMF\FKZDON NODVRZ >@,GHDERJD
>@ ]DZV]H NUSRZDáD NODV\ XFLVNDQH ZL]DPL ZLDU\ Z ERVNRü

FLHPL]FyZ

=DO*NLWHMP\OLPR*QDRGQDOH(üMX* ZVWDUR*\WQRFLX(XKHPHUD.XOWERJyZ
WR² ZHGáXJ(XKHPHUD² NXOWSRW*Q\FKZáDGFyZNWyU\FKWDNREDZLDQRVL
]D LFK*\FLD *HONSU]HGQLPLQLH]QLNáUyZQLH* LSRLFKPLHUFL :áDGF\ FL
GDZQR SRXPLHUDOLDOXG\ZLHU]*HZáDGF\ FL ZFL* MHV]F]H *\M L]QLHELRV
GHF\GXM RORVDFKOXG]L3RVSURZDG]HQLXNXOWXERJyZGRNXOWXNUyOyZZDUWR
SyMüRNURNGDOHML]DS\WDüFRMHVWLVWRWQ WUHFL NXOWXNUyOyZ":\GDMHVL*H
OXG]LH W\ONR ZWHG\ VWDM VL SU]HGPLRWHP NXOWX MH*HOL Z ZLDGRPRFL JUXS\
VSRáHF]QHM UHSUH]HQWXM SHUVRQLILNXM MDN ZDUWRü : WHQ VSRVyE NXOW
RNUHORQ\FKOXG]LMHVWZJUXQFLHU]HF]\ IRUP NXOWXRNUHORQ\FKZDUWRFL2Wy*
NUyORZLH Z\GDM VL SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SHUVRQLILNDFM RNUHORQHJR SRU]GNX

background image

VSRáHF]QHJRLZ]ZL]NX]W\PZLDUDZERVNRüZáDGFyZSURZDG]LGRZLDU\Z
ERVNRüLQLHQDUXV]DOQRüSRU]GNXVSRáHF]QHJR-H*HOLNUyOMHVWERJLHPDOER
V\QHPERJDDOERSRSURVWXU]G]L]ZROLERJyZWR]QDF]\*HUHSUH]HQWRZDQ\
SU]H] QLHJR SRU]GHN VSRáHF]Q\ ]QDMGXMH VL SR]D ZV]HON NU\W\N D
SRGHMPRZDQD SU]H] OXG SUyED ]EXU]HQLD WHJR SRU]GNX MHVW EH]ER*QRFL
3RGREQ IXQNFM SHáQL Z Uy*Q\FK UHOLJLDFK PLW R VWZRU]HQLX ZLDWD SU]H]
ERJyZ² MDNQDWRZVND]DáMX* /XNUHFMXV]1D]\ZDMFUHOLJL VáRZHPÄRSLXP´
QLH]DSRPLQDMP\RW\P*HZVSRáHF]HVWZLHSRG]LHORQ\PQDDQWDJRQLVW\F]QH
NODV\ XV\SLDMFD IXQNFMD UHOLJLL E\ZD FR QDMPQLHM GZRMDND Z ]DOH*QRFL RG
WHJRQDMDNLHNODV\VSRáHF]QHG]LDáD-H*HOLGDQHVSRáHF]HVWZRZ\]QDMHW\ONR
MHGQ UHOLJLZyZF]DV ÄMHGQDLWDVDPD´UHOLJLDVSHáQLDLQQHIXQNFMHZVWRVXQNX
GR PDV XFLVNDQ\FK D LQQH Z VWRVXQNX GR ZDUVWZ XFLVNDMF\FK :DUVWZLH
XFLVNDMFHMUHOLJLDÄVáX*\´GZRMDNRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPMDNRLGHRORJLDGODPDV
XFLVNDQ\FK LGHRORJLD XV\SLDMFD LFK RSyU DOH WDN*H MDNR LGHRORJLD GOD QLHM
VDPHM%RNODVRPXFLVNDMF\PUyZQLH* E\ZDSRWU]HEQHUHOLJLMQHRSLXPZWHG\
]ZáDV]F]DNLHG\PDM QLHF]\VWHVXPLHQLH5HOLJLDFKU]HFLMDVNDGRüGREU]H
VSHáQLDáDLVSHáQLDZGDOV]\PFLJXW IXQNFM XV\SLDQLDVXPLH FLHPL]FyZL
Z\]\VNLZDF]\ ² SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP Z WHQ VSRVyE *H SRU]GHN VSRáHF]Q\
RSDUW\ QD NU]\ZG]LH Z\]\VNX L XFLVNX QD]\ZD XVáX*QLH ÄSRU]GNLHP

LVWQLHMF\P]ZROL%R*HM´QDVWSQLH]D SU]H]PLVW\ILNRZDQLHVWRVXQNyZ
PLG]\OXG(PLSU]HGVWDZLDQ\FKMDNRU]HNRPHVWRVXQNLPLG]\F]áRZLHNLHPD

%RJLHP : WHQ VSRVyE NRQNUHWQH ]áR Z\U]G]RQH SU]H] F]áRZLHND LQQ\P
OXG]LRP SU]\ELHUD Z UHOLJLL ]PLVW\ILNRZDQ SRVWDü ÄJU]HFKX´ D ZLF ZLQ\
ZREHF %RJD ] F]HJR NRQVHNZHQWQLH Z\QLND *H ]DPLDVW QDSUDZLDQLD NU]\ZG
OXG]LRP NWyU]\ ]RVWDOL VNU]\ZG]HQL QDOH*\ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP VWDUDü VL R
SU]HEáDJDQLH%RJDF]\OLR]MHGQDQLHVRELH.RFLRáDLWRQLHW\OHÄSRNXW´LOH
SLHQLG]PLRILDU QD.RFLyáGDURZL]Q]DSLVHPWHVWDPHQWRZ\PLWG1DW
IXQNFM UHOLJLL ]ZUyFLá XZDJ PLG]\ LQQ\PL +ROEDFK XND]XMF V]NRG\
VSRáHF]QHZ\QLNDMFH]PLVW\ILNRZDQLDVWRVXQNyZPLG]\ZáDGF DSRGGDQ\PL

background image

SU]H] ZPDZLDQLH ZáDGFRP Ä>@ *H MHG\QLH %RJD SRZLQQL VL EDü ZyZF]DV
NLHG\ V]NRG] VZRLP SRGGDQ\P´ : UH]XOWDFLH Ä>@ PRQDUFKD PR*H E\ü
SRER*Q\ GRNáDGQ\ZVáX*DOF]\PZ\SHáQLDQLXVZRLFKRERZL]NyZUHOLJLMQ\FK
EDUG]R XOHJá\ ZREHF NVL*\ KRMQ\ GOD QLFK D MHGQRF]HQLH FDáNRZLFLH
SR]EDZLRQ\ ZV]HONLFK FQyW L WDOHQWyZ QLH]EGQ\FK GR VSUDZRZDQLD

U]GyZ´ $QDORJLF]QH PLVW\ILNRZDQLH VWRVXQNyZ PLG]\ V]ODFKW D
FKáRSDPLSROHJDMFHQDZPDZLDQLXZV]ODFKW*HNLHG\NU]\ZG] FKáRSyZWR
REUD*DM %RJD L ]D NU]\ZG\ Z\U]G]RQH FKáRSRP PXV] SU]HEáDJDü %RJD
F]\OL .RFLyá GRSURZDG]LáR GR Z\WZRU]HQLD VL V]F]HJyOQHM RGPLDQ\
NDWROLF\]PX V]ODFKHFNLHJR Z ZLHNX ;9,, NWyU WDN FKDUDNWHU\]XMH 6WHIDQ
&]DUQRZVNL

6]ODFKFLF SROVNL >@ XPDUWZLD VL ELF]XMH SDGD QD WZDU] RGE\ZD ERVR

GDOHNLH SLHOJU]\PNL 5R]G]LHOD MDáPX*Q *HEUDNRP ]DNXSXMH PV]H L
REGDURZXMH NRFLRá\ *GDMF Z ]DPLDQ E\ VL ]D PRGORQR SR MHJR
PLHUFL 3R W\P ZV]\VWNLP VG]L *H ]áR*\á MX* QDOH*Q\ WU\EXW %RJX L

VXPLHQLX5yZQRF]HQLH>@EH]OLWRFLJQELVZRLFKSRGGDQ\FK

1LH QDOH*\ VL WHPX G]LZLü SRQLHZD* Z NDWROLFNLP VXPLHQLX V]ODFKFLFD
NU]\ZG\Z\U]G]DQHSRGGDQ\PQLHQDOH* GRDXWRQRPLF]QHMVIHU\VWRVXQNyZ
PLG]\ OXG(PL DOH ]QDMGXM VL Z VIHU]H VWRVXQNyZ PLG]\ F]áRZLHNLHP D
%RJLHP-HOLZLFVNU]\ZG]LáSRGGDQHJRL*DáXMHWHJRWRMHG\Q\PSU]HMDZHP
VNUXFK\V F]\QQRFLPDMFHQDFHOXSU]HEáDJDQLH%RJDDZLF*DUOLZHPRGá\
]DNXSLHQLHPV]\F]\XG]LDáZSLHOJU]\PFHF]\OLF]\QQRFLRGNWyU\FKZ*\FLX
VSRáHF]Q\PQLFVL QLH]PLHQLD
7HRORJ NDWROLFNL EG]LH Z W\P PLHMVFX SURWHVWRZDü WZLHUG]F *H SU]HFLH*
VSRZLHGQLF\ F]\QLOL VWDUDQLD DE\ EXG]Lü VXPLHQLH L *H SRGQLHVLHQLH NU]\ZG\
Z\U]G]RQHMF]áRZLHNRZLGRUDQJLJU]HFKXNWyU\REUD*D%RJDPLDáRQDFHOX
]ZLNV]HQLH Z\U]XWyZ VXPLHQLD &y* ] WHJR" -H*HOL QDZHW WDNLH E\á\
VXELHNW\ZQHLQWHQFMHWRRELHNW\ZQHUH]XOWDW\E\á\]XSHáQLHLQQH²WHNWyUH

background image

VWZLHUG]D VRFMRORJ L KLVWRU\N 2ZR SRGQLHVLHQLH GR UDQJL JU]HFKX E\áR Z
JUXQFLH U]HF]\ Z\áF]HQLHP NU]\ZG]FHJR F]\QX ]H ZLDWD U]HF]\ZLVWHJR L
SU]HQLHVLHQLHPJRZZLDWXURMRQ\1D]\ZDMFNU]\ZG Z\U]G]RQ EOL(QLHPX
JU]HFKHP REUD*DMF\P %RJD VSRZLHGQLN RGZUDFDá JU]HV]QLND SOHFDPL RG
EOL(QLHJRL]ZUDFDáMHJRREOLF]HNXLVWRFLHXURMRQHM7RWH* NDWROLFNDVSRZLHG(
² MDN WR Z\ND]Dá .DQW ² PD VNXWNL GHPRUDOL]XMFH RGZUDFD XZDJ RG
RERZL]NyZ PRUDOQ\FK L NRQFHQWUXMH XZDJ QD REU]GDFK NWyU\PL U]HNRPR
PR*QDVL SU]\SRGREDü%RJX:W\PZáDQLHNRQWHNFLH.DQWQD]ZDáVSRZLHG(

ÄRSLXPGODVXPLH´
8V\SLDQLHVXPLH E\áRMHGQ\P]F]\QQLNyZXPDFQLDQLDSRU]GNXVSRáHF]QHJR
D WDN*H MHGQ\P ] JáyZQ\FK (UyGHá V]\ENLHJR Z]URVWX ERJDFWZ LQVW\WXFML
]U]HV]DMFHM XV\SLDMF\FK NWyU]\ ]D XSLHQLH UR]EXG]RQ\FK SU]H] VLHELH
Z\U]XWyZVXPLHQLDGRPDJDOLVL KRMQ\FKRILDUQD.RFLyá:DUWRZVSRPQLHüR
MHV]F]H MHGQHM IXQNFML XV\SLDMFHM NWyU PR*H VSHáQLDü UHOLJLD Z VWRVXQNX GR
ZDUVWZ\XFLVNDMFHM:RNUHVLHNU\]\VXIRUPDFMLVSRáHF]QRHNRQRPLF]QHMNODV\
JLQFHNWyU\PQRZHVWRVXQNLVSRáHF]QHQLRV QLHXFKURQQ ]DJáDG]DF]\QDM
RGF]XZDü FRUD] VLOQLHMV]\ QLHSRNyM Z\ZRá\ZDQ\ PQR*F\PL VL R]QDNDPL
]DáDP\ZDQLD VL ÄLFK ZLDWD´ 5HOLJLD PR*H ZyZF]DV SU]\Mü ] SRPRF L
SRFLHV]\ü ÄVND]DQ\FK´ IDQWDVW\F]Q ZL]M ÄWDPWHJR ZLDWD´ RUD] U]HNRPHM
RSLHNL2SDWU]QRFL%R*HMQDGW\PZLDWHP

./$6<),.$&-$3267$:$7(,67<&=1<&+

: PLDU ]DSR]QDZDQLD VL ] ERJDW\PL G]LHMDPL DWHL]PX URQLH SRWU]HED
SRU]GNRZDQLD WHJR PDWHULDáX 2Wy* ZLDGRPR *H PDWHULDá WHQ E\á L MHVW
VWXGLRZDQ\SRU]GNRZDQ\NODV\ILNRZDQ\LRFHQLDQ\QLHW\ONRSU]H]DWHLVWyZ
DOHUyZQLH* SU]H]WHRORJyZLILOR]RIyZSURWHVWDQFNLFKLNDWROLFNLFK
-X* F]WHU\VWD ODW WHPX XF]H L QDVWSFD .DOZLQD 7HRGRU %H]D²
VWZLHUG]Lá *H LVWQLHMH ZLHOH URG]DMyZ DWHLVWyZ %H]D RGUy*QLDá WU]\ URG]DMH

background image

9RVVLXV ² ² F]WHU\ $OVWHGLXV ² ² G]LHZLü
%XGGHXV ² ² G]LHVLü URG]DMyZ D *LMVEHUW 9RHW ²
MHV]F]HZLFHM

5y*QLFHPLG]\DWHLVWDPLGRW\F] QLHW\OHNU\W\F]QHMLEXU]FHMWUHFLDWHL]PX
FRXNU\W\FKZQLPWUHFLSR]\W\ZQ\FK2GGDZQDERZLHPZLDGRPR*HDWHL]P
QLH VSURZDG]D VL GR QHJDFML DOH MHVW SHZQ IRUP JáRV]HQLD WUHFL

SR]\W\ZQ\FK :DUWR RG UD]X SRNZLWRZDü *H RVWDWQLR SUDZGD WD R
SR]\W\ZQHM WUHFL DWHL]PX GRWDUáD GR ZLDGRPRFL QLHNWyU\FK P\OLFLHOL
NDWROLFNLFK L SU]H] QLFK MHVW GRSURZDG]DQD GR ZLDGRPRFL F]\WHOQLNyZ7HQ
IDNW EG]LH VWDOH Z FHQWUXP UR]ZD*D QDG NODV\ILNDFM SRVWDZ DWHLVW\F]Q\FK
1LHNWyU]\ VSRUyG DXWRUyZ NDWROLFNLFK ² SR EDUG]LHM JUXQWRZQ\FK VWXGLDFK
QDGZVSyáF]HVQ\PDWHL]PHP² GRV]OLGR]DG]LZLDMFHJRRGNU\FLD*HDWHL]P
QLH MHVW ZFDOH WDNL VWUDV]Q\ MDN JR GRWG PDORZDQR SRQLHZD* Z QLHNWyU\FK
SRVWDZDFK L UR]XPRZDQLDFK DWHLVW\F]Q\FK WNZL SHZQH NXOWXUDOQH ZDUWRFL
QDGDMFHVL GRDNFHSWRZDQLDSU]H]ZLHU]F\FK
1DMEDUG]LHMÄRWZDUW´] SUDFNDWROLFNLFKQDWHPDWDWHL]PXMHVWSUDFD-/DFURL[
=QDPLHQQ\ MHVW ]ZáDV]F]D W\WXá SUDF\ =QDF]HQLH L ZDUWRü ZVSyáF]HVQHJR
DWHL]PX :DUWRü DWHL]PX $ SU]HFLH* SUDF W QDSLVDá REURFD UHOLJLL Z FHOX
]ZDOF]DQLDDWHL]PXZWURVFHRX]EURMHQLHZLHU]F\FKSU]HFLZNRSURSDJDQG]LH
DWHLVW\F]QHM &y* ] WHJR RELHNW\ZQLH SUDFD WD SHáQL IXQNFM MDN QDMEDUG]LHM
SR]\W\ZQSU]\F]\QLDMFVL GRZ\WZRU]HQLDDWPRVIHU\Z]DMHPQHM*\F]OLZRFL
L WROHUDQFML =DXZD*HQLH ILOR]RILF]QHM L NXOWXUDOQHM ZDUWRFL DWHL]PX
QLHZWSOLZLHSU]\F]\QLDVL GRZ\WZRU]HQLDZURGRZLVNDFKF]\WHOQLNyZWHJR
URG]DMXNVL*HNSRVWDZ\*\F]OLZHMZREHFSHUVSHNW\Z\GLDORJX]DWHLVWDPLZ
FHOX ZVSyOQHJR SU]HP\OHQLD W\FK UDFML NWyUH SU]HPDZLDM ]D ]DMPRZDQLHP
SRVWDZ RGPLHQQ\FK 'OD XQLNQLFLD HZHQWXDOQ\FK QLHSRUR]XPLH ZDUWR
]D]QDF]\ü *H SLV]F R ÄZDUWRFL´ DWHL]PX/DFURL[ PD QD P\OL ÄZDUWRü GOD
NDWROLF\]PX´ D ZLF SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ]ZUDFD XZDJ QD ZDUWRü W\FK

background image

HOHPHQWyZ DWHLVW\F]QHM NU\W\NL UHOLJLL NWyUH PRJ SU]\F]\QLü VL GR
RF]\V]F]HQLD Z\VXEWHOQLHQLD L UR]ZRMX DSDUDWXU\ SRMFLRZHM ILOR]RILL
NDWROLFNLHM,QVSLURZDQ\SU]H]/DFURL[ILOR]RINDWROLFNL(WLHQQH%RUQHX*\ZDZ
]ZL]NX ] W\P FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHJR Z\UD*HQLD DWKHLVPH SXULILFDWHXU DWHL]P
NWyU\RF]\V]F]DLGRFKRG]LGRZQLRVNX*HÄ>@ELODQVQHJDFMLDWHLVW\F]QHMMHVW

WURMDNRSR]\W\ZQ\´,QDF]HMPyZLFNOVNLSRQRV]RQHSU]H]NDWROLF\]PZ
Z\QLNX FHOQ\FK FLRVyZ ]DGDZDQ\FK SU]H] UR]XPRZDQLD DWHLVWyZ XOHJá\ X
Z\PLHQLRQ\FK ILOR]RIyZ NDWROLFNLFK ]UF]QHM UHLQWHUSUHWDFML 3URFHV
SU]\PXVRZHJRZ\FRI\ZDQLDVL ]GDZQ\FKSR]\FML]RVWDáSU]HGVWDZLRQ\MDNR
WULXPIDOQ\ SURFHV Z]QRV]HQLD VL QD Z\*V]H SR]\FMH = UHLQWHUSUHWDFM WDN
ZVSyáG(ZLF]\ W\WXá MDNL VZHPXDUW\NXáRZLGDá 0DUF 2UDLVRQ 3RUD*ND MDNR

F]\QQLN WZyUF]\ Z OXG]NLHM SV\FKLFH :DUWR ]DXZD*\ü *H DWHLFL QLH V
ZFDOH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQL Z NZHVWLRQRZDQLX WDNLHM UHLQWHUSUHWDFML 1LH FKRG]L
SU]HFLH* ZFDOH R WR *HE\ ÄPRMH E\áR QD ZLHU]FKX´ DOHRWR*HE\ZVSyOQ\P
WUXGHP GRSUDFRZDü VL QDMEDUG]LHM ZDUWRFLRZ\FK SRJOGyZ SXQNWyZ
ZLG]HQLDLPHWRGSRV]XNLZDQLDSUDZG\
3U]\F]\Q GOD NWyUHM ]GHF\GRZDQR VL QD ]DFKFDQLH NDWROLNyZ GR EOL*V]HJR
]DSR]QDZDQLD VL ] UDFMDPL SU]HPDZLDMF\PL ]D DWHL]PHP XMDZQLá *DEULHO
0DUFHO2WRGRZLDGRPRFLZVSyáF]HVQ\FKLQWHOHNWXDOLVWyZ JáERNRSU]HQLNáR
KHJORZVNLHNU\WHULXPRFHQ\ZDUWRFLSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKV\VWHPyZILOR]RILF]Q\FK
Z\*V]\PLOHSV]\PV\VWHPHPILOR]RILF]Q\PMHVWWHQNWyU\SRWUDIL]ZáDVQ\FK
SU]HVáDQHNL]DSRPRF ZáDVQHJRDSDUDWXSRMFLRZHJR]UR]XPLHüLZ\MDQLüQLH
W\ONR ZáDVQ SRVWDZ DOH UyZQLH* V\VWHP SU]HFLZQ\3RWUDIL ]UR]XPLHü UDFMH
SU]HPDZLDMFH ]D VWDQRZLVNLHP RGPLHQQ\PD QDVWSQLH ZZLDGRP\VSRVyE

Z\EUDü :HGáXJ PDUNVLVWyZ Z\*V]Rü PDUNVL]PX QDG LQQ\PLNLHUXQNDPL
ZVSyáF]HVQHMP\OLILOR]RILF]QHMSROHJDPLG]\LQQ\PLLQDW\P*HPDUNVL]P
]D SRPRF ZáDVQ\FK NDWHJRULL SRWUDIL Z\MDQLü (UyGáD JQRVHRORJLF]QH
VSRáHF]QH XZDUXQNRZDQLH L VSRáHF]Q IXQNFM ND*GHJR LQQHJR NLHUXQNX
ILOR]RILF]QHJR D LQQH NLHUXQNL WHJR QLH SRWUDIL $ SU]\F]\Q SRUD*HN

background image

SRQRV]RQ\FKZG\VNXVMDFKZLDWRSRJOGRZ\FKSU]H]NDWROLNyZMHVWZáDQLHWR
*HZQDMOHSV]\PSU]\SDGNX]GDM VRELHVSUDZ ]UDFMLGODNWyU\FKZLHU]DOH
QLH V ]GROQL GR ]UR]XPLHQLD UDFML DWHLVW\ :LF 0DUFHO VWDZLD SRG DGUHVHP
NDWROLNyZSRVWXODWSR]QDQLDL]UR]XPLHQLDZVSyáF]HVQHJRDWHL]PXDE\Z\EyU
PLG]\ DWHL]PHP D ZLDU QD U]HF] ZLDU\ E\á Z\ERUHP Z SHáQL ZLDGRP\P
6NRUR MX* SDGáR QD]ZLVNR +HJOD WR ZDUWR SU]\ WHM RND]ML SRGNUHOLü *H
+HJORZL FKRG]LáR R FR ZLFHM .DWHJRULL ÄQHJDFML´ +HJHO SU]HFLZVWDZLá
NDWHJRUL $XIKHEXQJ F]\OLÄ]QLHVLHQLD EGFHJR MHGQRF]HQLH ZFKáRQLFLHPL
ZWHQVSRVyESHáQ\PSU]H]Z\FL*HQLHP´-H*HOLV\VWHP%QHJXMHV\VWHP$WR
QHJDFM W RNUHOD W\ONR VLHELH MDNR QHJDFM V\VWHPX$ FKDUDNWHU\]XMHVLHELH
SU]H]W QHJDFM LVWDZLDVL RERNV\VWHPX$NWyU\MHVWZSUDZG]LH]DQHJRZDQ\
DOHE\QDMPQLHMQLH]QLHVLRQ\3HáQLHMV] QHJDFM RG]Z\NáHJR]DQHJRZDQLDMHVW
$XIKHEXQJ SROHJDMFD QD W\P *H V\VWHP % ZFKáDQLD Z VLHELH V\VWHP $ L
SU]\VZDMDMFJRVRELH² MDNRHOHPHQWDUDF]HMHWDSSU]H]NWyU\VL SU]HV]áRL

NWyU\ VL SU]H]Z\FL*\áR ² FDáNRZLFLH JR XQLFHVWZLD 2Wy* 0DUFHO
/DFURL[ L %RUQH QDZL]XM GR WDNLHM ZáDQLH P\OL 0yZL R ÄZDUWRFL´
DWHL]PX DE\ SU]H] ZFKáRQLFLH DWHL]PXZ NDWROLF\]PXQLFHVWZLüDWHL]PMDNR
SU]H]Z\FL*RQ\ HWDS Z\*V]HM V\QWH]\ &RIQLMP\ VL MHGQDN WURFK ZVWHF] GR
GZyFKVLHGHPQDVWRZLHF]Q\FKSUyENODV\ILNDFMLSRVWDZDWHLVW\F]Q\FKSRQLHZD*
SUyE\WHVWDQRZL GREU\SXQNWZ\MFLDGRUR]SDWU]HQLDZVSyáF]HVQ\FKEDUG]LHM
VXEWHOQ\FK L VNRPSOLNRZDQ\FK G\VW\QNFML SRMFLRZ\FK &KFLDáE\P SU]\ W\P
SRGNUHOLü*HMX* Z;9,,ZLHNXNODV\ILNXMFSRVWDZ\DWHLVW\F]QHGRNRQ\ZDQR
W\PVDP\PLFKZDUWRFLRZDQLDRFHQLDMFQLHNWyUH]SRVWDZDWHLVW\F]Q\FKZ
VSRVyE ] SHZQRFL QLH ]DPLHU]RQ\ DOH Z\QLNDMF\ ORJLF]QLH ] SRUyZQD L
SU]HFLZVWDZLH Z VSRVyE PQLHM QHJDW\ZQ\ RG LQQ\FK 'DP QD WR GZD
NRQNUHWQH SU]\NáDG\ RED SRFKRG]FH RG VLHGHPQDVWRZLHF]Q\FK MH]XLWyZ
-HGQ\P]QLFKE\áMH]XLWDIUDQFXVNL)UDQFRLV*DUDVVH²UyZLHQLN
DWHLVW\ 9DQLQLHJR VSDORQHJR QD VWRVLH Z URNX DXWRU REV]HUQHM

background image

SRQDGW\VLFVWURQLFRZHM SUDF\ Z\GDQHM Z URNX 2GUy*QLDá RQ GZD
]DVDGQLF]HURG]DMHSRVWDZDWHLVW\F]Q\FK
² DWHL]PZNWyU\PXZROQLHQLHVL RGONXSU]HG%RJLHPLSLHNáHPSURZDG]L
GR OLEHUW\QL]PX UR]XPLDQHJR MDNR XZROQLHQLH VL RG ZV]HONLFK PRUDOQ\FK
KDPXOFyZ
²DWHL]P EGF\ JáERNLP SU]HNRQDQLHP ILOR]RILF]Q\P ]D NWyUH MHVW VL
JRWRZ\PSRQLHüQDZHWPLHUü

.ODV\ILNDFMDWDVáX*\áDGRSU]HFLZVWDZLHQLDSRVWDZ\9DQLQLHJROLEHUW\QL]PRZL
LDPRUDOL]PRZLMHJRIUDQFXVNLFKXF]QLyZL]ZROHQQLNyZ&KRG]LáRRWR*HE\

*\MF\FK DWHLVWyZ SU]HGVWDZLü MDNR OXG]L JRGQ\FK SRJDUG\ D XNDUDQHJR
PLHUFL DWHLVW MDNRLFKPLVWU]DRGSRZLHG]LDOQHJR]DLFKSRVWDZD]DWHPMDNR
WHJR NWyU\ Z SHáQL ]DVáX*\á QD PLHUü : UH]XOWDFLH WHJR SU]HFLZVWDZLHQLD
*DUDVVH ZEUHZ ZáDVQ\P LQWHQFMRP SRGNUHODá Z\VRNL SR]LRP PRUDOQ\
9DQLQLHJR3RVWDZD9DQLQLHJRZSU]HFLZLHVWZLHGRMHJRXF]QLyZQLHE\áD
SRVWDZ OLEHUW\QD L DPRUDOLVW\ DOH SRVWDZ VáX*HQLD SHZQ\P RNUHORQ\P
ZDUWRFLRP 9DQLQL Z\UD(QLH F]Xá VL ]D FR RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\ L VWDZLDá VRELH
VDPHPX Z\PDJDQLD PRUDOQH EDUG]R Z\VRNLH 8ZROQLHQLH VL RG ONX SU]HG
%RJLHPLSLHNáHPQLHSURZDG]LáRGRZ\ERUXÄ*\FLDXáDWZLRQHJR´SU]HFLZQLH
9DQLQL Z\EUDá VRELH *\FLH EDUG]R WUXGQH : RJyOH ² ZDUWR QD WR ]ZUyFLü
XZDJ ² ZGDZQ\FKF]DVDFKDF]FLRZRMHV]F]HLGRG]LDWHL]PHPUDF]HM
XWUXGQLDQRVRELH*\FLHQL* XáDWZLDQR6WDMFVL DWHLVW 9DQLQLQLHRGU]XFLáSR
SURVWX QRUP PRUDOQ\FK DOH ]DVWSLá MH QRUPDPL Z\*V]\PL RERZL]NLHP
VáXFKDQLD VL UR]XPX RERZL]NLHP ]GRE\ZDQLD ZLHG]\ RERZL]NLHP
JáRV]HQLD L QDXF]DQLD SUDZG\ QDZHW MHOL ]D WR JUR]L PLHUü ² LXVXHV D OD

PRUW

: WHQ VSRVyE RND]DáR VL *H SU]\ NRQIURQWDFML GZyFK Uy*Q\FK SRVWDZ
DWHLVW\F]Q\FK QLH Z\VWDUF]D SRSU]HVWDü QD VWZLHUG]HQLX WHJR FR E\áR X QLFK

background image

ZVSyOQH D ZLF *H ]DUyZQR 9DQLQL MDN MHJR XF]QLRZLH QHJRZDOL LVWQLHQLH
%RJDDOHWU]HEDXZ]JOGQLüZWHMNODV\ILNDFMLRGPLHQQRüSRVWDZPRUDOQ\FK
XQLFKSRVWDZDDPRUDOQDLOLEHUW\VNDÄZV]\VWNRZROQR´X9DQLQLHJRDWHL]P
KHURLF]Q\]PXV]DMF\GRV]DFXQNX-H]XLWDQLHPLHFNL$GDP&RQW]HQ²

LQDF]HM XMPRZDá ]DVDGQLF]\ SRG]LDá DWHLVWyZ QD GZD URG]DMH
2GUy*QLDáPLDQRZLFLH
² DWHLVWyZ NWyU]\ ]JRGQLH ]H VZRLP DWHLVW\F]Q\P SU]HNRQDQLHP JáRV]
DWHL]P
² DWHLVWyZNWyU]\V DWHLVWDPLW\ONRGODVDP\FKVLHELHDZREHFGUXJLFKV
JáRVLFLHODPL LREURFDPLUHOLJLLSRVáXJXMFVL ZF\QLF]Q\VSRVyEUHOLJL GOD
WU]\PDQLDSURVWHJROXGXZU\]DFK

=DSR]QDMP\ VL ]UHV]W ]H ]ZL]á FKDUDNWHU\VW\N WHJR GUXJLHJR URG]DMX
DWHLVWyZMDN GDMHVDP&RQW]HQ

'UXJL URG]DM DWHLVWyZ WZRU] FL NWyU]\ VDPL ZROQL V RG MDNLFKNROZLHN
]DERERQyZ DOH VG] *H OXGHN SRZLQLHQ E\ü XMDU]PLDQ\ VWUDV]\GáDPL
F]F]\FKER*\V]F]ZLFGRGDM PXREU]G\GRREU]GyZLEyVWZDGREyVWZ

EH]UHOLJLMQL]DáR*\FLHOHUR]PDLW\FKUHOLJLL

'DOHM &RQW]HQ UHIHUXMH WHRUL VWDUR*\WQHJR HUXG\W\ :DUURQD L VWUHV]F]D M
]ZL]á IRUPXáÄ>@SRQLHZD* ]DGDQLHPW\FKOXG]LMDNRUR]VGQ\FKLPGU\FK
E\áRRV]XNLZDQLHOXGXZVSUDZDFKUHOLJLL´LGODWHJRÄ>@WRRF]\PZLHG]LHOL

*H MHVW IDáV]HP QDU]XFDOL OXGRZL ² SRG QD]Z UHOLJLL ² MDNR SUDZG´
2F]\ZLFLH QLH &RQW]HQ Z\P\OLá WR UR]Uy*QLHQLH =RVWDáR RQR Z\SUDFRZDQH
ZF]HQLHMSU]H]P\OLFLHOLUHQHVDQVRZ\FKZV]F]HJyOQRFLSU]H]&DPSDQHOO
NWyU\ RVNDU*Dá SDQXMF\FK L GRVWRMQLNyZ NRFLHOQ\FK R WR *H ]DPLDVW VáX*\ü
%RJX%RJLHPVL SRVáXJXM LWRZUR]PDLW\FKQLNF]HPQ\FKFHODFK:RNUHVLH
2GURG]HQLD SRZV]HFKQLH RGUy*QLDQR WH GZD URG]DMH DWHLVWyZ SRWSLDMF
Ä]JQLá\ DWHL]P´QLHNWyU\FK SDSLH*\ L NDUG\QDáyZNWyU]\ ² EGFDWHLVWDPLL

background image

GUZLFVRELH]UHOLJLL² QLHPLHOL MHGQRF]HQLH*DGQ\FKVNUXSXáyZDE\]WHM
VDPHM UHOLJLL F]HUSDü NRU]\FL L SU]HODGRZDü XF]FLZ\FK DWHLVWyZ 6]HURNR
NROSRUWRZDQR ]ZáDV]F]D ]QDQH SRZLHG]HQLH SDSLH*D /HRQD ; GR NDUG\QDáD

%HPER6SyMU]MDNZLHOHNRU]\FLPDP\]MHGQHMEDMNLR&KU\VWXVLH

3LOQ\PF]\WHOQLNLHPG]LHáD&RQW]HQDE\áSROVNLDWHLVWD.D]LPLHU]à\V]F]\VNL
NWyU\ SRVáX*\á VL W\P UR]Uy*QLHQLHP Z VZRLFK UR]ZD*DQLDFK &DáD U]HF]
MHGQDN Z W\P *H WR FR X &RQW]HQD VáX*\áR FHORP DSRORJHW\F]Q\P ÄGUXJL
URG]DM DWHLVWyZ´ WZRU]\OL ZHGáXJ &RQW]HQD ]DáR*\FLHOH L SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH
LQQ\FKZ\]QD UHOLJLMQ\FKXà\V]F]\VNLHJRVWDáRVL MHGQ\P]IXQGDPHQWyZ
UDG\NDOQHM NU\W\NL ZV]\VWNLFK UHOLJLL D RVWU]H WHJR UR]Uy*QLHQLD VNLHURZDá

à\V]F]\VNLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSU]HFLZNRFKU]HFLMDVWZX
1DMEDUG]LHM SRGVWDZRZ\P L UR]SRZV]HFKQLRQ\P Z RILFMDOQHM GRNWU\QLH
NDWROLFNLHMMHVWRGUy*QLHQLHDWHL]PXWHRUHW\F]QHJR LDWHL]PXSUDNW\F]QHJR -HVW
RQR MHGQDN ZLHOR]QDF]QH L X QLHNWyU\FK ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK DXWRUyZ NDWROLFNLFK
PLG]\LQQ\PLX-/DFURL[SU]HNV]WDáFLáRVL ²SRGQDSRUHPU]HF]\ZLVWRFL
² Z SU]HFLZLHVWZR UR]Uy*QLHQLD WUDG\F\MQHJR 5R]Uy*QLHQLH WR SRFKRG]L
MHV]F]H]W\FKF]DVyZNLHG\WHRORJRZLHFKU]HFLMDVF\Z\VXZDOLWZLHUG]HQLH
*HQLHPDLQLHPR*HE\üUDG\NDOQ\FKLFDáNRZLW\FKDWHLVWyZDOHFRQDMZ\*HM
LVWQLHM W\ONR ÄSyáDWHLFL´ %R MH*HOL NWR MHVW DWHLVW WHRUHW\F]Q\P WR F]VWR
SUDNW\F]QLH QLH MHVW DWHLVW D MH*HOL NWR MHVW DWHLVW SUDNW\F]Q\P WR ÄSU]H]
VáDERüQDWXU\OXG]NLHM´WHRUHW\F]QLHQDWRPLDVWLVWQLHQLD%RJDQLHNZHVWLRQXMH
3U]\ W\P RND]XMH VL *H W\PL ÄSyáDWHLVWDPL´ PLDQRZLFLH DWHLVWDPL
WHRUHW\F]Q\PL PRJ E\ü F]DVHP QDZHW EDUG]R GREU]\ FKU]HFLMDQLH NWyU]\
RZ\PDWHL]PHPWHRUHW\F]Q\PSRVáXJLZDOLVL MDNRQDU]G]LHPFKU]HFLMDVNLHM
DSRORJHW\NL:HGáXJXMFLDWUDG\F\MQHJR
² DWHL]P WHRUHW\F]Q\ SROHJD QD LQWHOHNWXDOQHM QHJDFML LVWQLHQLD %RJD
QDWRPLDVW

background image

² DWHL]PSUDNW\F]Q\Z\UD*DVL RNUHORQ\PVSRVREHP*\FLDSUDNW\F]QLHQLH
OLF]F\PVL ]LVWQLHQLHP%RJDSLHNáDLQLHED

2Wy* SRGQDFLVNLHPUDFMRQDOLVW\F]QHMNU\W\NL² LWRMHV]F]HZ;,9ZLHNX²
QLHNWyU]\ VFKRODVW\F\ 2NVIRUGX 3DU\*D 3DGZ\ ]DF]OL GRFKRG]Lü GR
SU]HNRQDQLD *H UDFMRQDOQH X]DVDGQLHQLH LVWQLHQLD %RJD MHVW QLHPR*OLZH
3U]\NáDGHP QLH]Z\NáHM ]UF]QRFL DSRORJHW\F]QHM MHVW IDNW *H ] WHJR FR
IDNW\F]QLH E\áR NOVN WHRORJLL QLHNWyU]\ DSRORJHFL SRWUDILOL XF]\QLü RU* GR
ZDONL ] UDFMRQDOL]PHP 7R SUDZGD ² SRZLDGDOL ² *H UR]XP SRGNRSXMH
IXQGDPHQW\ GRJPDW\NL WR SUDZGD *H UR]XP REDOD GRZRG\ LVWQLHQLD %RJD L
QLHPLHUWHOQRFL GXV]\ DOH SRQLHZD* VNGLQG ] DEVROXWQ SHZQRFL
ZLDGRPR*H%yJLVWQLHMHDGXV]DMHVWQLHPLHUWHOQD]WHJRZáDQLHIDNWX*H
UR]XPSURZDG]LGRDWHL]PXZ\QLND*HUR]XPOXG]NL]RVWDáVND*RQ\JU]HFKHP
SLHUZRURGQ\PLQLFQLHMHVWZDUWDZREHFWHJROXG]LHSRZLQQLSRGSRU]GNRZDü
UR]XP ZLHU]H:WHQVSRVyEÄDWHL]PWHRUHW\F]Q\´IXQNFMRQRZDáQDZHWF]DVHP

MDNR QDU]G]LH Z ZDOFH ] ÄUR]XPHP´ L ÄILOR]RIL´ 7RWH* ZVSyáF]HVQH
SRP\Vá\ WDNLFK DSRORJHWyZ NDWROLF\]PX MDN -HDQ /DFURL[ F]\ 3DROR )LOLDVL

&DUFDQR QLHV E\QDMPQLHMD* WDNRU\JLQDOQHMDNE\WRVL QDSR]yUPRJáR
Z\GDZDü : ND*G\P UD]LH Z P\OHQLX .DQWD L )LFKWHJR IXQNFMRQXMH RZD
NDWHJRULD WHRUHW\F]QHJR ÄSyáDWHLVW\´ NWyU\ MHVW SRG ZSá\ZHP UR]XPX
WHRUHW\F]QHJR LP .RSIH $WKHLVW QDWRPLDVW LP +HU]HQ &KULVW Z JáRZLH ² Z
P\ODFK² DWHLVWDZVHUFXFKU]HFLMDQLQ5HOLJLDFKU]HFLMDVND² SRZLDGDá
)LFKWH ² ]GDMH VL ZLF E\ü EDUG]LHM SU]H]QDF]RQD GOD VHUFD DQL*HOL GOD
UR]VGNX )LOR]RIRZLH QLHPLHFF\ WHJR RNUHVX ]DSURSRQRZDOL NRPSURPLV
SR]ZyOFLHQDPZWHRULLE\üDWHLVWDPLLXSUDZLDüILOR]RIL ]JRGQLH]UR]XPHPD
ZLF WDN MDN JG\E\ %RJD QLH E\áR Z SUDNW\FH QDWRPLDVW EG]LHP\ *\ü MDN
FKU]HFLMDQLHDZLFWDNMDNJG\E\P\ZLHU]\OL*H%yJLVWQLHMH:\PDJDMFLH
RGQDVW\ONRUHFWHDJHUH PRUDOQHJRSRVWSRZDQLDDQLHZWUFDMFLHVL ZQDV]H
FUHGR

background image

,QDF]HM MHGQDN SRG NRQLHF ;9,,, ZLHNX Z\JOGDáD V\WXDFMDZH )UDQFML

8F]QLRZLH ZLHONLFK DWHLVWyZ IUDQFXVNLHJR 2ZLHFHQLD UR]SRF]OL SUDNW\F]Q
G]LDáDOQRüUHZROXF\MQ LQLHPLHOL]DPLDUXUH]\JQRZDü]SUDNW\NL']LDáDOQRü
UHZROXF\MQDSU]\ZUyFLáDMHGQRüWHRULLLSUDNW\NL5HZROXFMRQLVWRPIUDQFXVNLP
QLHZ\VWDUF]DáUDFMRQDOL]PRJUDQLF]DMF\VL GRUDFMRQDOQHJRP\OHQLD&KFLHOL
QLH W\ONR UDFMRQDOQLH P\OHü DOH L UDFMRQDOQLH *\ü G]LDáDü SU]HNV]WDáFDü
U]HF]\ZLVWRüVSRáHF]Q1LHZ\VWDUF]DáRLPE\ü DWHLVWDPLGODVDP\FKVLHELH
SRGMOL ZLHONLH G]LHáRSUDNW\F]QHMUHZROXF\MQHMGHFKU\VWLDQL]DFML)UDQFML %\á
WR]DWHPVNRNMDNRFLRZ\RGDWHL]PXWHRUHW\F]QHJRGRDWHL]PXSUDNW\F]QHJR
NWyU\QDEUDáRGWGQRZHJRVHQVX]DEDUZLDMFVL Z\VRN PRUDOQ ZDUWRFL

$WHL]P SUDNW\F]Q\ QDEUDá QRZHJR VHQVX SU]HVWDá MX* FKDUDNWHU\]RZDü

Z\áF]QLHF]\MH *\FLHSU\ZDWQHVWDMFVL HOHPHQWHPG]LDáDOQRFLVSRáHF]QHM
SU]HMDZHP

UHZROXF\MQHJR

KXPDQL]PX

SU]HMDZHP

SRF]XFLD

RGSRZLHG]LDáDOQRFL ]D ORV VSRáHF]HVWZD ,QLFMDWRU]\ WHM UHZROXF\MQHM
GHFKU\VWLDQL]DFML² DZLFWDF\OXG]LHMDN&ORRWV0DUpFKDO+HEHUW&KDXPHWWH

)DEUH G(JODQWLQH ² E\OL MHGQRF]HQLH DWHLVWDPL WHRUHW\F]Q\PL L
SUDNW\F]Q\PL ,FK DWHL]P SUDNW\F]Q\ QLH R]QDF]Dá DPRUDOL]PX Z *\FLX
SU\ZDWQ\PDOHVWDáVL Z\UD]HPSUDNW\F]QHJRUHZROXF\MQHJR]DDQJD*RZDQLD
Z ZLHON VSUDZ EXU]HQLD IHXGDOL]PX L MHJR LGHRORJLF]QHM QDGEXGRZ\ ,FK
DWHL]P SUDNW\F]Q\ QLH R]QDF]Dá Z\ERUX Ä*\FLD XáDWZLRQHJR´ Z\EUDOL Ä*\FLH
WUXGQH´ KHURLF]Q GURJ G]LDáDOQRFL UHZROXF\MQHM L ]D VZRM G]LDáDOQRü
DWHLVW\F]Q L UHZROXF\MQ GDOL JáRZ SRG JLORW\Q 2Wy* ZáDQLH RG WDNLHJR
DWHL]PXSUDNW\F]QHJR² UHZROXF\MQHJRLGFHJR]SURSDJDQG DWHL]PXGRPDV
OXGRZ\FK ² ZLNV]Rü EXU*XD]\MQ\FK DWHLVWyZ WHRUHW\F]Q\FK ;,; ZLHNX
VWDUDáD VL ]GHF\GRZDQLH RGFLü 6]F]HJyOQLH FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\PSU]\NáDGHP

PR*H WX E\ü NRQVHUZDW\ZQ\ DWHL]P 6FKRSHQKDXHUD GOD DU\VWRNUDFML
GXFKRZHM² DWHLVW\F]QDSUDZGDPDVRPOXGRZ\PQDWRPLDVWQDOH*\SR]RVWDZLü
UHOLJLMQ\ ]DERERQ MDNR MHG\Q SRVWDü GRVWSQHM LFK XP\VáRP ÄPHWDIL]\NL´
:\QLNDá VWG SRVWXODW ]DPNQLFLD DWHL]PX Z F]WHUHFK FLDQDFK JDELQHWX

background image

LQWHOHNWXDOLVW\ F]\OL RJUDQLF]HQLD VL GR DWHL]PX F]\VWR WHRUHW\F]QHJR RUD]
UH]\JQDFML ] PDVRZHM SURSDJDQG\ DWHLVW\F]QHM 3RVWDZ WDN VáXV]QLH
QDSLWQRZDá)HXHUEDFKSLV]F

3RZLDGDM RQL*HZSUDZG]LHDWHL]PPDUDFM LRQLVDPLV DWHLVWDPLOHF]
DWHL]PMHVWW\ONRVSUDZ XF]RQ\FKQLHQDGDMHVL ]D GODOXG]LZRJyOHD
]ZáDV]F]D QLH QDGDMH VL GOD V]HUV]HM SXEOLF]QRFL GOD OXGX -HVW SU]HWR
U]HF] QLHRGSRZLHGQL QLHSUDNW\F]Q ZUF] ]EURGQLF] ² JáRVLü DWHL]P
SXEOLF]QLH 2Wy* FL SDQRZLH NWyU]\ WDN PyZL XNU\ZDM SR]D
QLHRNUHORQ\P ZLHORZDUVWZRZ\P VáRZHP OXG OXE SXEOLF]QRü ² W\ONR
ZáDVQH QLH]GHF\GRZDQLH QLHMDVQRü L QLHSHZQRü OXG MHVW GOD QLFK W\ONR
SDUDZDQHP 7R R F]\P F]áRZLHN MHVW QDSUDZG SU]HNRQDQ\ WR EH]
ZDKDQLD JáRVL SXEOLF]QLH D QDZHW JáRVLü SXEOLF]QLH PXVL .WR QLH PD
RGZDJL Z\Mü QD ZLDWáR G]LHQQH WHPX EUDN VLá GR ]QRV]HQLD ZLDWáD

G]LHQQHJR$WHL]PNWyU\XQLNDZLDWáDWRDWHL]PQLHJRGQ\LMDáRZ\

0LPRRVWURFLWHMNU\W\NLMHVWRQDGRüSRZLHU]FKRZQDLVWDZLDFDá\SUREOHPQD
JáRZLH )HXHUEDFK QLH ]DXZD*\á NODVRZHJR XZDUXQNRZDQLD WDNLHJR
ÄSU\ZDWQHJRDWHL]PX´LZLG]LZáDVQHÄQLH]GHF\GRZDQLH´XF]RQHJRWDPJG]LH
PDP\ GR F]\QLHQLD ] SROLW\F]QLH NRQVHUZDW\ZQ\P L UHDNF\MQ\P ]DPLDUHP
XWU]\P\ZDQLDPDVOXGRZ\FKZFLHPQRFLHLUHOLJLMQ\P]DERERQLH
:H ZVSyáF]HVQ\P ZLHFLH UR]Uy*QLDQLH SRVWDZ DWHLVW\F]Q\FK ZL*H VL ]
QDMRJyOQLHMV] FKDUDNWHU\VW\N VSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]Q\FK SRVWDZ =DFKRG]FH
ZVSyáF]HQLH SURFHV\ ODLF\]DFML V V]HURNR EDGDQH SU]H] VRFMRORJyZ L WR

]DUyZQR SU]H] VRFMRORJyZ NDWROLFNLFK MDN L VRFMRORJyZ ODLFNLFK 2Wy*
NLHG\SDWU]\VL QDSRVWDZ\DWHLVW\F]QHZ\VWSXMFHZVNDOLPDVRZHMWRPR*QD
QDMRJyOQLHMZ\Uy*QLüSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPWDNLHGZDW\S\ SRVWDZQDMDNLH]ZUDFD
XZDJ *DEULHO0DUFHO

background image

-HGHQWRDWHL]PNWyU\SRZVWDMHZVSRVyE*\ZLRáRZ\ZVNXWHNUR]ZRMXWHFKQLNL
UR]ZRMX XSU]HP\VáRZLHQLD L ZLHONLFK PLDVW $WHL]P WHQ MHVW XERF]Q\P QLH
]DPLHU]RQ\P SURGXNWHP XUEDQL]DFML LQGXVWULDOL]DFML WHFKQLF\]DFML 0DUFHO
QD]\ZD JR ÄDPHU\NDVNLP´ W\SHP DWHL]PX $WHL]P WHQ MHVW Z VZRMHM LVWRFLH
LQG\IHUHQW\]PHPZREHFVSUDZZLDWRSRJOGRZ\FK3RZVWDMHRQZWHQVSRVyE
*H F\ZLOL]DFMD ZLHONRPLHMVND Z\SLHUD VZRLPL DWUDNFMDPL L VZRLP WHPSHP
ZV]HONLHWUHFLUHOLJLMQH]HZLDGRPRFL,VWQLHMHMHGQDNUyZQLH* MHV]F]HGUXJL
DWHL]P² PLDQRZLFLHWDNLNWyU\Z\QLNDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP]]DDQJD*RZDQLDVL
F]áRZLHND Z ZDON NODVRZ R VSUDZLHGOLZ\ UDFMRQDOQ\ KXPDQLVW\F]Q\
SRU]GHN VSRáHF]Q\ 0DUFHO QD]\ZD W SRVWDZ DWHL]PHP ÄUHZROXF\MQ\P´ D
/DFURL[ XZD*D WDNL DWHL]P SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ]D Ä>@ ROEU]\PL Z\VLáHN

SU]HWZRU]HQLD VWRVXQNyZ PLG]\ OXG(PL´ ]DXZD*DMF *H Z
SU]HFLZLHVWZLHGRGDZQHJRDWHL]PXOLEHUW\QyZLDPRUDOLVWyZNWyU\FKDWHL]P
SROHJDá QD Ä]GHJD*RZDQLX VL´ F]\OL SU]HFLZLHVWZLH ]DDQJD*RZDQLD Ä>@

G]LVLDMF]VWRZáDQLHDWHL]PE\ZD]DDQJD*RZDQLHPFDáHMLVWRW\´
-HGHQ W\S DWHL]PX SROHJD QD W\P *H F]áRZLHN NWyUHJR ZVF]\áD F\ZLOL]DFMD
ZLHONRPLHMVND ]DIDVF\QRZDQ\ MHM WHPSHP RVLJQLFLDPL WHFKQLF]Q\PL L
OXNVXVHP]DUyZQRMHOL]QLHJRNRU]\VWDMDNZyZF]DV² DQDZHWW\PEDUG]LHM
² MHOLJRW\ONRSR*GDQLHPDF]DVXDQLFKFL]DMPRZDüVL VSUDZDPLUHOLJLL
ILOR]RILL ZLDWRSRJOGX L Z RJyOHMDNLPLNROZLHNVSUDZDPLSRQDGRVRERZ\PL
Z\PDJDMF\PLDQJD*RZDQLD VL 'UXJL W\S DWHL]PXZ\UDVWD] KXPDQLVW\F]QHM
SDVMLSU]HREUD*DQLDZLDWDURG]LVL ]UHZROXF\MQHMSUDNW\NLSRQLHZD* ZLGHL

%RJD ]DXZD*D SU]HV]NRG GOD SU]HWZRU]HQLD ZLDWD Z VLHG]LE EDUG]LHM
UR]XPQ 7DN ZLF WHQ GUXJL W\S DWHL]PX QLH VSURZDG]D VL GR QHJDFML DOH
SRVLDGD ]XSHáQLH Z\UD(Q SR]\W\ZQ KXPDQLVW\F]Q WUHü $WHL]P

ZVSyáF]HVQ\ Ä >@ Z\VWSXMH MDNR KXPDQL]P QDSUDZG LQWHJUDOQ\´ ²
SRZLDGD P\OLFLHO NDWROLFNL - /DFURL[ Ä1HJDFMD %RJD´ X DWHLVWyZ
]DDQJD*RZDQ\FK Z VSUDZ Z\]ZROHQLD F]áRZLHND ² PyZL /DFURL[ ² Ä>@

background image

MHVWXQLFKMDNE\SRGV]HZN SR]\W\ZQHMDILUPDFMLRNUHORQ\FKZDUWRFL´
/DFURL[ F\WXMH Z W\P NRQWHNFLH ]QDQH ]GDQLH 0DUNVD ]HVWDZLDMFH DWHL]P ]
NRPXQL]PHP

$WHL]PMHVWKXPDQL]PHPXZDUXQNRZDQ\PSU]H]]QLHVLHQLHUHOLJLLD

NRPXQL]P MHVW KXPDQL]PHP XZDUXQNRZDQ\P SU]H] ]QLHVLHQLH ZáDVQRFL

SU\ZDWQHM

$WHL]P MHVW SU]H]Z\FL*HQLHP DOLHQDFML UHOLJLMQHM NRPXQL]P ²
SU]H]Z\FL*HQLHP DOLHQDFML HNRQRPLF]QHM $WHL]P ZLF L NRPXQL]P WR GZLH
X]XSHáQLDMFHVL VWURQ\SURFHVXFDáNRZLWHJRZ\]ZROHQLDF]áRZLHND:DUWRZ
W\P PLHMVFX ]DXZD*\ü *H UyZQLH* LQQL DXWRU]\ NDWROLFF\ QDXF]\OL VL
GRVWU]HJDü Z DWHL]PLH PDUNVLVWRZVNLP SR]\W\ZQ WUHü KXPDQLVW\F]Q
,QWHUHVXMF\P SU]\NáDGHP PR*H E\ü MH]XLWD IUDQFXVNL $XJXVWH (WFKHYHUU\
NWyU\ Z SUDF\ R ZVSyáF]HVQ\P NRQIOLNFLH KXPDQL]PyZ SU]HFLZVWDZLD

ÄKXPDQL]P FKU]HFLMDVNL´ WU]HP URG]DMRP KXPDQL]PX DWHLVW\F]QHJR
$WHL]P PDUNVLVWRZVNL MHVW ZSUDZG]LH SU]H] DXWRUD ]ZDOF]DQ\ DOH Z ND*G\P
UD]LH (WFKHYHUU\ ZLG]L Z PDUNVL]PLH QLH VDP ÄQHJDFM´ OHF] SU]HGH
ZV]\VWNLPMDNL W\SKXPDQL]PX
,WRMHVWQDSHZQREDUG]RFHQQH*H]QDMGXM VL WDF\DXWRU]\NDWROLFF\NWyU]\
² ]JRGQLH ] ]DVDGDPL ZáDVQHM VWUDWHJLL DSRORJHW\F]QHM ² GRSURZDG]DM GR
ZLDGRPRFL ZLHU]F\FK NDWROLNyZ P\O R SR]\W\ZQHM KXPDQLVW\F]QHM WUHFL
QDV]HJR DWHL]PX 3RUyZQDMP\ WHUD] NODV\ILNDFM 0DUFHOD ] WUDG\F\MQ\P
RGUy*QLDQLHPDWHL]PXWHRUHW\F]QHJRLDWHL]PXSUDNW\F]QHJR1DSLHUZV]\U]XW
RND Z\GDZDáRE\ VL *H DWHL]P ÄDPHU\NDVNL´ MHVW W\SRZ SRVWDFL DWHL]PX
SUDNW\F]QHJR D WR GODWHJR *H Z\UD*D VL RQ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP RNUHORQ\P
WU\EHP *\FLD *H MHJR RERMWQRFL QD VSUDZ\ UHOLJLL QLH WRZDU]\V]\ *DGQD
JáEV]DNU\W\F]QDUHIOHNVMDRUHOLJLLDOXG]LHNWyU]\VWDM VL ZWDNL*\ZLRáRZ\
VSRVyE DWHLVWDPL QLH GRFKRG] F]VWR GR WHRUHW\F]QHJR XZLDGRPLHQLD VRELH

background image

WHJRIDNWX1DWRPLDVWDWHL]PNRPXQLVWyZZ\GDMHVL W\SRZ SRVWDFL DWHL]PX
WHRUHW\F]QHJR SRQLHZD* MHVW QLHUR]HUZDOQLH ]ZL]DQ\ ] PDWHULDOL]PHP
GLDOHNW\F]Q\P]QDXNRZ\PSRJOGHPQDZLDWL]GZRPDW\VLFDPLODWWUDG\FML
P\OLDWHLVW\F]QHM-H*HOLMHGQDNJáELHMXMüSRMFLHSUDNW\NLWRDWHL]PXW\SX
ÄDPHU\NDVNLHJR´QLHPR*QDX]QDü]DDWHL]PSUDNW\F]Q\SRQLHZD* DWHLFLWHJR
W\SX V ]D]Z\F]DM MDN QDMGDOVL RG SRGHMPRZDQLD SUDNW\F]QHM G]LDáDOQRFL
ODLFNLHMLRGDQJD*RZDQLDVL ZZLHON VSUDZ SU]HEXGRZ\*\FLDVSRáHF]QHJR
$WHL]PEGF\ *\ZLRáRZ\PSURGXNWHPSURFHVyZF\ZLOL]DF\MQ\FKZ\UD*DVL
QLHW\ONRZ]RERMWQLHQLXQDVSUDZ Ä]EDZLHQLDGXV]\´DOHUyZQLH* ZRJyOQ\P
VSá\FHQLX*\FLDGXFKRZHJREUDNXSRZD*QLHMV]\FK]DLQWHUHVRZD NXOWXUDOQ\FK
L QLHFKFL GR DQJD*RZDQLD VL Z VSUDZ\ SRQDGRVRERZH $WHL]P ]ZL]DQ\ ]

ÄLQWHJUDOQ\P LQG\IHUHQW\]PHP´ QLH MHVW E\QDMPQLHM F]\QQLNLHP
VSU]\MDMF\PVRFMDOLVW\F]QHMODLF\]DFML*\FLDVSRáHF]QHJR$QQD0RUDZVNDPD
QLHZWSOLZLHUDFMNLHG\SRGNUHOD*H

>@LVWQLHM WH* WDNLHIRUP\F]\ÄGHJHQHUDFMH´DWHL]PXNWyUHEGFHVDPH
VNXWNLHP RERMWQRFL ZREHF ZV]HONLFK ZDUWRFL V V]NRGOLZH WDN*H GOD

VRFMDOLVW\F]QHMJRVSRGDUNLLSROLW\NL

1DOH*DáRE\ W\ONR GRGDü *H V RQH V]NRGOLZH UyZQLH* GOD VRFMDOLVW\F]QHM
PRUDOQRFL L NXOWXU\ $WHL]P WHJR URG]DMX SR]EDZLRQ\ MHVW NU\W\F]QHM
WHRUHW\F]QHMUHIOHNVMLQDGUHOLJL2SRJOGDFKLQWHJUDOQ\FKLQG\IHUHQW\VWyZQD
UHOLJL
>@PR*QDSRZLHG]LHüQLHZLHOHJG\* DQLUHOLJLLDQLWH* SRJOGyZQDQL QLH

PDSRSURVWXZLFK*\FLXL]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDFK

'RGDMP\ *H QLH PD WDP WDN*H PLHMVFD QD PDUNVL]P SRQLHZD* SRVWDZ W
FKDUDNWHU\]XMH ² ZHGáXJ WUDIQHJR Z\UD*HQLD 0RUDZVNLHM ² ÄLQWHJUDOQD

background image

EH]LGHRZRü´ZNWyUHMRERMWQRüQDVSUDZ\UHOLJLLáF]\VL QLHU]DGNR]
QDSDVWOLZ\PVWRVXQNLHPGRVRFMDOL]PX

-DN*H F]VWR ² SLV]H 0RUDZVND ² OXG]LH NWyU]\ PDM QLHZLHOH

SRZRGyZE\VL VNDU*\üQDVZyMORVNWyU]\QDZHW]DZG]LF]DM ZV]\VWNR
F]\P G]L V L FR G]L PDM SROLW\FH VRFMDOL]PX V ]DG]LZLDMFR ZSURVW
EH]Z]JOGQL Z VZ\FK QDSDVWOLZ\FK NU\W\NDFK QLHQDV\FHQL Z *GDQLDFK L

SUHWHQVMDFKEH]NU\W\F]QLZNXOFLHERJDFWZDNUDMyZ]DFKRGQLFK

1DWRPLDVW DWHL]P ]DDQJD*RZDQ\ Z ZLHON VSUDZ UHZROXF\MQHM SU]HEXGRZ\

ZLDWD MHVW DWHL]PHP ]DUyZQR WHRUHW\F]Q\P MDN SUDNW\F]Q\P .WR áF]\
SRJOG\DWHLVW\F]QH]FDáRFL LGHRORJLLPDUNVL]PXWHQQLHPR*HLQLHSRWUDIL
E\üDWHLVW W\ONRGODVLHELHDOHVWDUDVL RSU]HWZRU]HQLHZLDGRPRFLLQQ\FK
OXG]L $WHL]P WHJR W\SX ² X*\ZDMF VáyZ NDWROLFNLHJR ILOR]RID 0DUFHOD ²
PXVL]PLHU]DüÄGRGHPRQWD*X]áXG]H´LZDOF]\ü]ZV]HONLPLPLVW\ILNDFMDPLL
PLWRORJLDPL &KDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q FHFK WDNLHJR DWHL]PX PXVL E\ü SDVMD ZDONL
SU]HFLZNRZV]HONLPPLVW\ILNDFMRPLZV]HONLHPXLUUDFMRQDOL]PRZLSDVMDZDONL
RQDXNRZ\DWHLVW\F]Q\SRJOGQDZLDW:W\P PLHMVFXQLHNWyU]\WHRORJRZLH
FKU]HFLMDVF\ GHF\GXM VL QD X*\FLH SU]HFLZNR DWHL]PRZL SRFLVNX
QDMFL*V]HJRNDOLEUXDPLDQRZLFLHQDVIRUPXáRZDQLHDUJXPHQWXVNLHURZDQHJR
EH]SRUHGQLRGRU]GyZNUDMyZVRFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK:VND]XM RQL]MHGQHMVWURQ\
QD IDNW *H DWHLFL NWyU]\ ]GRE\OL VL QD RGZDJ NU\W\NRZDQLD ÄQLHED´
SU]HFKRG] EDUG]RF]VWRRGNU\W\NLQLHEDGRÄNU\W\NL]LHPL´QLHFRIDMFVL
SU]HGNU\W\N SRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSRVXQLüZáDG]\OXGRZHM$ZLFZáDG]DOXGRZD
PR*H PLHü F]DVHP ZLFHM NáRSRWyZ ]H VZRLPL DWHLVWDPL QL* ] ZLHU]F\PL
FKU]HFLMDQDPL NWyU\FK ² EG( FREG( ² Z\FKRZ\ZDQR ZSRVáXV]HVWZLH
GOD ZV]HONLHM ZáDG]\ ]D SRPRF HZDQJHOLF]QHM PHWDIRU\ RZF]DUQL
$UJXPHQWHP W\PSRVáX*\á VL RVWDWQLR WHRORJ HZDQJHOLFNL +HOPXW *ROOZLW]HU

background image

:\VXZDMF WDNL DUJXPHQW WHRORJRZLH FKU]HFLMDVF\ ]DSRPLQDM R W\P*H Z
SDVWZLHVRFMDOLVW\F]Q\PVWRVXQNLPLG]\ZáDG] OXGRZ DRE\ZDWHODPLQLHV
VWRVXQNDPL PLG]\ ÄU]G]F\PL´ L ÄSRGGDQ\PL´ 5R]ZyM GHPRNUDFML
VRFMDOLVW\F]QHM SROHJD QD ZáF]HQLX FDáHJR VSRáHF]HVWZD Z SURFHV
VSUDZRZDQLD ZáDG]\ FR Z SHUVSHNW\ZLH ² SR ]Z\FLVWZLH VRFMDOL]PX QD
FDá\PZLHFLH² GRSURZDG]LGR]DQLNXSDVWZDMDNRDSDUDWXSU]\PXVX,GHDá
VSRáHF]HVWZD VRFMDOLVW\F]QHJR QLH PD QLF ZVSyOQHJR ] FKU]HFLMDVNLP
LGHDáHP RZF]DUQL : VRFMDOL]PLH RGZD*QD SU\QF\SLDOQD NU\W\ND MHVW MHGQ ]
SRGVWDZRZ\FK G(ZLJQL UR]ZRMX EXGRZQLFWZD VRFMDOLVW\F]QHJR L NXOWXU\
VRFMDOLVW\F]QHM
$ZLF] RND]MLZ\VXQLFLDDUJXPHQWXRÄWUXGQ\P´FKDUDNWHU]HDWHLVWyZZDUWR
GRNáDGQLHM VSUHF\]RZDü QD F]\P SROHJD ]DDQJD*RZDQLH VL DWHLVW\ Z VSUDZ
VRFMDOL]PX : *DGQ\P SU]\SDGNX QLH PR*H RQR E\ü RJUDQLF]RQH W\ONR L
Z\áF]QLHGRNU\W\NLQLHED%RJDUHOLJLLL.RFLRáD² MDNWRE\áRGDZQLHMZ
G]LHMDFK DWHL]PX ² DOH NU\W\ND ]áXG]H L PLVW\ILNDFML UHOLJLMQ\FK PXVL E\ü
RUJDQLF]QLH SRáF]RQD ] UDFMRQDOLVW\F]Q NU\W\N WHJR ZV]\VWNLHJR FR
QLHUR]XPQHL]áHZ*\FLXVSRáHF]Q\PDZLFWHJRZV]\VWNLHJRFRSU]HV]NDG]D
Z GURG]H OXG]NRFL GR VRFMDOL]PX : WHQ VSRVyE UyZQLH* Z SDVWZLH
FDáNRZLFLH ZLHFNLP NWyUHJR G]LDáDOQRü RSLHUD VL QD WHRUHW\F]Q\FK
SRGVWDZDFK QDXNRZHJR VRFMDOL]PX Z\EyU SRVWDZ\ DWHLVW\F]QHM QLH PXVL
E\QDMPQLHM R]QDF]Dü ÄXáDWZLHQLD´ VRELH *\FLD DOH PR*H ² L SRZLQLHQ ²
R]QDF]Dü Z GDOV]\P FLJX Z\EyU *\FLD WUXGQHJR EH]NRPSURPLVRZHJR
VáX*FHJRSUDZG]LHLVSUDZLHGOLZRFL

=$.2&=(1,(

background image

0yZLOLP\ MX* R SUyEDFK Z\NRU]\VWDQLD DWHL]PX SU]H] FKU]HFLMDVN
DSRORJHW\N 5R]SDWU]P\ GZD NRQNUHWQH SU]\NáDG\ )UDQFXVNL P\OLFLHO
NDWROLFNL (WLHQQH %RUQH LG]LH ODGDPL VZHJR PLVWU]D /DFURL[ L UR]ZLMD MHJR
SDUDGRNVDOQH WZLHUG]HQLH R ZDUWRFL L SR*\WHF]QRFL DWHL]PX ] NDWROLFNLHJR
SXQNWXZLG]HQLD7HQSR*\WHN]DWHLVW\F]QHMQHJDFMLMHVWZHGáXJQLHJRWURMDNL

3R SLHUZV]H DWHL]P RGQDZLD ZUD*OLZRü OXG]L QD ]áR XV\SLDQ SU]H]

SLNQRPLWRORJLLLSDQWHL]P%RUQH]ZUDFDXZDJ QDWR*HPLW\SRGREQHV GR
RSLXPLWR]GZyFKZ]JOGyZDZLFQLHW\ONRGODWHJR*HZSHZQ\PVHQVLH

XV\SLDMDOHWDN*HGODWHJR*HG]LNLQLPQL VL QDPVQ\SLNQH0LWMHVW
SHZQ IRUP REURQ\XFLHF]NLSU]HG]áHPSU]HVáDQLDLVWQLHMFHZZLHFLH]áR
SLNQ ]DVáRQ 0LW SRND]XMH QDP ]áR Z ZLHFLH SRND]XMH VSLWU]HQLH
VSU]HF]QRFLSRND]XMHQLHXFKURQQRüORVXLPLHUFLDOHSU]HVáDQLDZV]\VWNLHWH

RNURSQRFLÄSLNQHPIRUP\´7\PF]DVHPDWHLFLÄSU]HV]NDG]DM OXG]NRFL

QLü´ LWRF] ZDON ]PLWDPL

3R GUXJLH DWHL]P² SUyEXMF GRZRG]Lü QLHLVWQLHQLD %RJD DUJXPHQWHP

]H]áDZZLHFLH² REQD*DW\PVDP\PLVWQLHMFHZZLHFLH]áRLREDODZWHQ
VSRVyESDQWHLVW\F]QHSUyE\GRV]XNLZDQLDVL ERVNRFLZVDP\PZLHFLH

3R WU]HFLH X*\ZDMF Z\PLHQLRQHJR Z\*HM DUJXPHQWX L SRGNUHODMF

VSU]HF]QRüSRPLG]\LGH %RJDDLVWQLHQLHP]áDDWHL]PSRVáXJXMHVL FHQQ
LGH %RJDMDNRGREUD

2Wy* ² SRZLDGD %RUQH ² MH*HOL X]QDü WR ]D SR]\W\ZQ\ ELODQV DWHL]PX
ZyZF]DV ZDOND ] DWHL]PHP PR*H PLHü FKDUDNWHU GZRMDNL DOER ZVWHF]Q\
RGU]XFDMF\ DUJXPHQWDFM DWHLVW\F]Q DOER QRZRF]HVQ\ X]QDMF\ ZNáDG
DWHL]PX GR G]LHMyZ SRVWSX P\OL OXG]NLHM L SU]\MPXMF\ RZ DWHLVW\F]Q
QHJDFM MDNR SXQNW Z\MFLD GOD UR]ZLMDQLD QRZRF]HVQHM WHRORJLL àDWZR

background image

]DXZD*\ü *H Z W\P UR]XPRZDQLX SRMFLH DWHL]PX XOHJáR WHQGHQF\MQHM
GHIRUPDFMLNWyU PR*QDXMüZF]WHU\SXQNW\

² ] ERJDW\FK G]LHMyZ DWHL]PX DXWRU Z\EUDá VRELH W\ONR MHGHQ W\S
DUJXPHQWDFMLDWHLVW\F]QHM
² ] Uy*Q\FK IXQNFML DWHL]PX DXWRU ]ZUDFD XZDJ W\ONR QD KLVWRU\F]QLH

SRGU]GQ IXQNFM DQW\SDQWHLVW\F]Q QLH ]DXZD*DMF DWHLVW\F]QHMIXQNFML
SDQWHL]PX 6SyU DWHL]PX ] SDQWHL]PHP WR VSyU ZHZQWU] WHJR VDPHJR
RER]X ]ZDOF]DMFHJR WHL]P MDNR NRQFHSFM X]QDMF LVWQLHQLH %RJD
]QDMGXMFHJRVL SR]DZLDWHPL]]HZQWU]ZSá\ZDMFHJRQDZLDW

² DWHL]P QLHSRVáXJXMHVL MDNLP MHGQ\PMHG\Q\PLZáDVQ\PSRMFLHP%RJD

MDNRFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q NDWHJRUL P\OLDWHLVW\F]QHMDOH]ZDOF]DMFUHOLJLH
SRGGDMH NU\W\FH WDNLH SRMFLD %RJD ] MDNLPL IDNW\F]QLH VSRW\ND VL X
WHRORJyZLZURGRZLVNDFKOXG]LZLHU]F\FK1LHRJUDQLF]DVL SU]\W\P
GRZ\ND]\ZDQLD*H%yJQLHLVWQLHMHDOHSRWUDILZ\MDQLüZMDNLVSRVyE
GDQHSRMFLH%RJDSRZVWDáR

² RGF]DVyZ.DQWD+HJOD)HXHUEDFKDL0DUNVDZLHP\*HQLHDWHL]POHF]

WHL]PMHVWQHJDFM SROHJDMF QDZ\DOLHQRZDQLXSHZQ\FK FHFKF]áRZLHNDL
SU]\URG\ Z QLHLVWQLHMFH EyVWZR VWG DWHL]P MDNR SU]H]Z\FL*HQLH
UHOLJLMQHMDOLHQDFMLPDFKDUDNWHUSR]\W\ZQ\

1LH GR QDV QDOH*\ XG]LHODQLH ZVND]yZHN DSRORJHWRP NDWROLFNLP QD MDNLFK
IXQGDPHQWDFK PDM EXGRZDü QRZ WHRORJL -DNNROZLHN SRG]LHODP\ LFK
SRJOG *H VWDUD WHRORJLD MHVW MX* SU]HVWDU]DáD L QLHZLHOH ZDUWD WR MHGQDN QLH
Z\FLJDP\ VWG ZQLRVNX R SRWU]HELH EXGRZDQLD QRZHM WHRORJLL %XGRZD
MDNLHMNROZLHN QRZHM WHRORJLL Z\GDMH QDP VL ]DMFLHP PDáR SR*\WHF]Q\P L
UDF]HMDQDFKURQLF]Q\P
%XGRZDQR WHRORJL QD QDMUR]PDLWV]\FK IXQGDPHQWDFK UHGQLRZLHF]QL
WHRORJRZLH PX]XáPDVF\ PRWHNDOHPLQL EXGRZDOL WHRORJL QD DWRPLVW\FH D

background image

Z 7RPDV] ] $NZLQX EXGRZDá QRZ WHRORJL FKU]HFLMDVN QD SRJDVNLHM
ILOR]RILL$U\VWRWHOHVDNWyU\WZLHUG]Lá*HZLDWLVWQLHMHZLHF]QLHDZLFQLHPD
VWZyUF\ ,QQD U]HF] *H GR WHJR FHOX Z 7RPDV] PXVLDá RGSRZLHGQLR
VSUHSDURZDü DU\VWRWHOL]P 2Wy* SRGREQLH %RUQH PR*H SUyERZDü EXGRZ\
QRZHJR V\VWHPX WHRORJLL FKU]HFLMDVNLHM QD IXQGDPHQFLH RGSRZLHGQLR
VSUHSDURZDQHMDWHLVW\F]QHMNU\W\NLSDQWHL]PXVWZDU]DMFZWHQVSRVyESHZQH
SR]RU\ Z]QLHVLHQLD VL SRQDG DWHL]P $OH QLH PD WX PRZ\ R DWHL]PLH
DXWHQW\F]Q\P
'UXJLHJR SU]\NáDGX GRVWDUF]D VWRVXQHN IUDQFXVNLHJR WRPLVW\ %UXFNEHUJHUD L
ZáRVNLHJR WRPLVW\ )LOLDVL &DUFDQR GR HJ]\VWHQFMDOLVW\F]QHJR DWHL]PX NWyU\
SUyEXM ZFKáRQüLSRGSRU]GNRZDüNDWROLF\]PRZL
%UXFNEHUJHUVWZLHUG]D*HHJ]\VWHQFMDOLVWD$OEHUW&DPXVMHVWDWHLVW0LPRWR
PD GOD &DPXVD XF]XFLD EUDWHUVNLH *\ZLF GOD QLHJR ZG]LF]QRü ]D NU\W\N

NRPXQL]PXÄ-HJRSU]HGVLZ]LFLHMHVWV\PSDW\F]QHGODFKU]HFLMDQLQD´ ²
SLV]H %UXFNEHUJHU &DPXV MHVW HJ]\VWHQFMDOLVWD D HJ]\VWHQFMDOL]P PR*H
SURZDG]LüOXG]LGR%RJD)LOR]RILDHJ]\VWHQFMDOL]PXSU]\SLVXMHUHDOQHLVWQLHQLH
ÄQLFRFL´ NWyUD SU]HFLQD QDP GURJ L VWDZLD QDV Z V\WXDFML EH] Z\MFLD
-HVWHP\ VDPL VDPRWQL EH]VLOQL EH]EURQQL L EH]UDGQL ZREHF ÄPURNX´ L
ÄQLFRFL´ = MDN* SU]\MHPQRFL GRPLQLNDQLQ %UXFNEHUJHU F]\WDá G]LHáR
&DPXVDZ\F]XZDMFZQLP² MDNVDPSLV]H² Ä>@VPDNQLFRFL>@NWyU\

QDV GáDZL´ àDWZR ]DXZD*\ü *H X SRGVWDZ WDNLHJR SHV\PLVW\F]QHJR
HJ]\VWHQFMDOL]PX OH* RQWRORJLF]QH NDWHJRULH FKU]HFLMDVWZD QD F]HOH ]
ÄJáERNLP VWUDFKHP SU]HG QLFRFL´ L SRF]XFLHP EH]VLOQRFL L EH]UDGQRFL

F]áRZLHND7RPLVWDZáRVNL3DROR)LOLDVL&DUFDQRMX* ZURNXGRMU]DáZ
HJ]\VWHQFMDOL]PLH VRMXV]QLND NDWROLF\]PX SRGNUHODMF ] X]QDQLHP G*HQLH
HJ]\VWHQFMDOLVWyZ GR ÄUR]ELFLD UR]XPX R UDI´ G]LNL F]HPX ]DU\VRZXMH VL

PR*OLZRü ZLDU\ MDNR ÄLQQHJR Z\PLDUX ZLDGRPRFL´O : WHQ VSRVyE
ILOR]RILD HJ]\VWHQFMDOQD SRPDJD EDUG]R Z\GDWQLH Z SU]\FLJDQLX OXG]L ]

background image

SRZURWHP GR UHOLJLL WRUXMF GURJ WRPL]PRZLÄ)XQNFM ILOR]RILL² SRZLDGD
)LOLDVL &DUFDQR ² MHVW NU\W\NRZDQLH QDXNL *HE\ XF]\QLü PLHMVFH GOD

ZLDU\´DHJ]\VWHQFMDOL]PVSHáQLDW IXQNFM OHSLHMLEDUG]LHMEH]SRUHGQLR
QL* LQQH V\VWHP\ ILOR]RILF]QH 7RWH* Ä>@ ] WHJR SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD
HJ]\VWHQFMDOL]P L WRPL]P PRJ E\ü XZD*DQH ]D GZLH WZDU]H WHJR VDPHJR

ZV]HFKZLDWD RJOGDQHJR SU]HG RGNU\FLHP L SR RGNU\FLX Z QLP %\WX´
&Dá\ SUREOHP SROHJD ]DWHP QD XPLHMWQ\P VNLHURZDQLX SRVWDZ\
HJ]\VWHQFMDOLVW\F]QHMZáR*\VNRZLDU\ÄàDWZRERZLHP² SLV]H)LOLDVL&DUFDQR
² ]DXZD*\ü GHPRUDOL]XMFH VNXWNL SUDNW\F]QH NWyUH PRJ Z\QLNQü ]
SRVWDZ\ HJ]\VWHQFMDOLVW\F]QHM MH*HOL QLH ]RVWDQLH RQD VNLHURZDQD Z XMFLH

UHOLJLMQHJR ILGHL]PX´ JG\E\ QD SU]\NáDG SUyERZDáR VL SU]HNUHODü F]\
]DELMDü Z LQQ\ VSRVyE yZ ÄJáXFK\ PHWDIL]\F]Q\ VWUDFK´ )LOR]RILD
HJ]\VWHQFMDOL]PX VWDUD VL Z]EXG]Lü Z OXG]LDFK PHWDIL]\F]Q\ VWUDFK L ]D WR
FHQL M WRPLFLSRQLHZD* VWUDFKMHVW²MDNZLDGRPR² MHGQ\P]JáyZQ\FK
(UyGHá UHOLJLL :QLRVNL ] SU]\WRF]RQ\FK SU]\NáDGyZ QDVXZDM VL GZD 3R
SLHUZV]H LVWQLHMH QLH RGNU\WH GRWG L QLH VIRUPXáRZDQH MHV]F]H Z VSRVyE
SUHF\]\MQ\ SUDZR Z]DMHPQHJR ]GHWHUPLQRZDQLD SRMü Z UDPDFK MHGQHM
DSDUDWXU\SRMFLRZHM :V]F]HJyOQRFL
ZUDPDFKDSDUDWXU\SRMFLRZHMFKU]HFLMDVNLHJRWHRORJDSRGVWDZRZHSRMFLD
ILOR]RILF]QHV ]GHWHUPLQRZDQHSU]H]SRMFLH%RJD$ZLFQDZHWMH*HOLWHRORJ
]UH]\JQRZDáE\]SRVáXJLZDQLDVL ZG\VNXVMLSRMFLHP%RJDWRLWDNSR]RVWDáH
MHJR SRMFLD E\á\E\ QD]QDF]RQH SLWQHP DOLHQDFML UHOLJLMQHM 'RW\F]\ WR
]ZáDV]F]DQDMEDUG]LHMLQWHUHVXMF\FKQDVSRMüZLDWDLF]áRZLHND
1DZHWMH*HOLWHRORJQLHPyZLR%RJXWRPyZLFRÄZLHFLH´PDQDP\OLQLH
ZLDW SUDZG]LZ\ ZLHF]Q\ QLHVNRF]RQ\ UR]ZLMDMF\ VL G]LNL ZáDVQ\P
HQHUJLRPDOH PDUWZH ]ZáRNL ] NWyU\FK *\FLH ]RVWDáRZ\DOLHQRZDQHZ%RJD
]QLHNV]WDáFRQH]GHIRUPRZDQHRGELFLHSUDZG]LZHJRZLDWDZNWyU\PVWDáVL
F]\P VNRF]RQ\P VWZRU]RQ\P L EH]ZáDGQ\P 7R SRMFLH ZLDWD MHVW WDN
VNRQVWUXRZDQH*HVDPRSURZDG]LQDV]XP\VáGR6WZyUF\-H*HOLWHRORJ]DEUDá

background image

ZLDWX DWU\EXW ZLHF]QRFL WR WDNL RNDOHF]RQ\ SU]H] QLHJR ZLDW Z\PDJD
X]XSHáQLHQLDJR%RJLHP6WZyUF3RGREQLHMHVW]SRMFLHPF]áRZLHND1DZHW
MH*HOL WHRORJ QLH PyZL R %RJX WR Z X*\ZDQ\P SU]H] WHRORJL SRMFLX
F]áRZLHNDPDP\GRF]\QLHQLDQLH]F]áRZLHNLHPSUDZG]LZ\PSHáQ\P*\FLD
LQLFMDW\Z\ HQHUJLL PRUDOQHM DOH ] EODG\P FLHQLHP F]áRZLHND ] NWyUHJR
ZV]\VWNLH DXWHQW\F]QLH OXG]NLH FHFK\ ]RVWDá\ Z\DOLHQRZDQH Z %RJD .LHG\
WHRORJ PyZL R F]áRZLHNX WR QLH R F]áRZLHNX PyZL DOH R LVWRFLH QG]QHM
JU]HV]QHM EH]UDGQHM QLH]GROQHM GR PRUDOQHJR Z\VLáNX QLH]GROQHM GR
EXGRZDQLDOXG]NLHJRZLDWDVND]DQHMQDSRQRV]HQLHNOVNMH*HOLQLHSU]\MG]LH
MHM]SRPRF FXGáDVNLER*HM:\QLND]WHJR*HQLHR%RJDPDP\SUHWHQVM GR
WHRORJyZ DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP R WR *H ]D SRPRF SRMFLD %RJD XF]\QLOL ]
SU]\URG\ L F]áRZLHND SRMFLD QLH]GDWQH GR X*\WNX SRMFLD ZURJLH *\FLX L
F]áRZLHF]HVWZX

,NLHG\VSRW\NDP\ZUR]XPRZDQLDFKILOR]RIyZWDNLHRNDOHF]RQHSRMFLD

ZLDWD L F]áRZLHND ZyZF]DV VSUDZ GUXJRU]GQ VWDMH VL IRUPD LFK
UR]XPRZD %H] Z]JOGX QD WR F]\ UR]XPRZDQLD LFK Z\VWSXM Z IRUPLH
WHRORJLF]QHM F]\ WH* ZLHFNLHM QLH PR*HP\ LFK DNFHSWRZDü SRQLHZD* X*\WH
SU]H]QLFKNDWHJRULHPXV] SURZDG]LüGRZQLRVNyZ IDáV]\Z\FK:WHQVSRVyE
GRFKRG]LP\ GR SUREOHPX NWyU\ ]QDMGXMH VL RVWDWQLR Z FHQWUXP XZDJL
ZVSyáF]HVQHM ILOR]RILL WR MHVW GR SUREOHPX ILOR]RILL F]áRZLHND &]áRZLHN MHVW
QLH W\ONR WZRUHP SU]\URG\ L QLH W\ONR ZLDGRPRFL NWyUD RGELMD ZLDW
&]áRZLHNWR SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPG]LDáDOQRüSUDNW\F]QDSU]HREUD*DMFDZLDW:
F]áRZLHNXSU]HGPLRWSU]HREUD*DVL ZSRGPLRWWR]QDF]\SR]QDZDQ\SU]H]QDV
ZLDWSU]HREUD*DVL ZQDV]HSR]QDQLHZQDV]NDSLWDáGXFKRZ\:G]LDáDOQRFL
OXG]NLHMSRGPLRWSU]HREUD*DVL ZSU]HGPLRWWR]QDF]\QDV]ZLDWZHZQWU]Q\
XOHJD HNVWHULRU\]DFML L RELHNW\ZL]DFML 1DV]H SRP\Vá\ SURMHNW\ SODQ\
SU]\REOHNDM VL ZFLDáRLVWDM VL NRQNUHWQ\PLSU]HGPLRWDPL

=GDQLH (QJHOVD ÄSUDFD VWZRU]\áD F]áRZLHND´ QDOH*\ UR]XPLHü Z WHQ

VSRVyE *H F]áRZLHN WR ZáDQLH SUDFD OXG]ND NWyU F]áRZLHN ZFL* VLHELH

background image

VWZDU]DWR]QDF]\]DSRPRF NWyUHMSU]HREUD*DVL ]E\WXVXELHNW\ZQHJRZE\W
RELHNW\ZQ\ ÄZLDW ZHZQWU]Q\´ F]áRZLHND WR E\W SRWHQFMDOQ\ NWyUHJR
DNWXDOL]DFMD QDVWSXMH Z PRPHQFLH HNVWHULRU\]DFML 7RWH* QLH QDOH*\
NRQFHQWURZDü XZDJL QD ÄZLHFLH ZHZQWU]Q\P´ F]áRZLHND QD ÄF]áRZLHNX´
MDNR QD ÄE\FLH´ DOH QD G]LDáDOQRFL OXG]NLHM QD SUDNW\FH QD SUDF\ QD
HNVWHULRU\]DFMLZQWU]DOXG]NLHJRDZLFQDW\PFRLVWQLHMHQLHSRWHQFMDOQLH
OHF]U]HF]\ZLFLHÄZLDWZHZQWU]Q\´SU]HGHNVWHULRU\]DFM MHVWEH]NV]WDáWQ
PDV WHJRFRQLHZ\UD*RQH1DV]ÄZLDWZHZQWU]Q\´SU]\ELHUDUHDOQ\NV]WDáWL
VWDMH VL SUDZG]LZ\P ZLDWHP GRSLHUR ZyZF]DV NLHG\ ]RVWDMH Z\UD*RQ\
X]HZQWU]QLRQ\:W\PVHQVLHQDV]DSUDFDMHVWF]\P SUDZG]LZV]\PRGWHJR
FR WUDG\F\MQLH XZD*DQH E\ZD ]D QDV VDP\FK 1DSUDZG *\MHP\ W\ONR ZWHG\
NLHG\G]LDáDP\SUDFXMHP\WZRU]\P\NLHG\QDV]ÄZLDWZHZQWU]Q\´SU]HOHZD
VL ]QDVQD]HZQWU]LRELHNW\ZL]XMHVL ZU]HF]DFK² ZG]LHáDFKOXG]NLFK:
W\PVHQVLHF]áRZLHNWRG]LHáDOXG]NLH

5]H(ELDU] WR QLH ÄZLDW ZHZQWU]Q\´ U]H(ELDU]D DOH U]H(ELRQH SU]H]

QLHJR SRVJL ,Q*\QLHU WR QLH ÄZLDW ZHZQWU]Q\´ LQ*\QLHUD DOH GRNRQ\ZDQH
SU]H]QLHJRRGNU\FLDLZ\QDOD]NLPRVW\UDNLHW\Py]JLHOHNWURQRZH)LOR]RI WR
QLH ÄZLDW ZHZQWU]Q\´ ILOR]RID DOH SLVDQH SU]H] QLHJR G]LHáD L Z\JáDV]DQH
Z\NáDG\ : W\FK SRVJDFK PDV]\QDFK NVL*NDFK ]QDMGXMH VL SUDZG]LZ\
F]áRZLHN 5]H(ELDU] WR SUDFD U]H(ELDU]D F]áRZLHN WR SUDFD OXG]ND
SU]HREUD*DMFDZLDWLWZRU]FDZQLPQRZHOXG]NLHZLDW\&]áRZLHNWRUXFK
RG ÄZLDWD ZHZQWU]QHJR´ GR ZLDWD LVWQLHMFHJR RELHNW\ZQLH WR SURFHV
HNVWHULRU\]RZDQLD OXG]NLHJR ZQWU]D WR SU]HOHZDQLH VL ÄZLDWD
ZHZQWU]QHJR´QD]HZQWU]
*URPDG]HQLHÄNDSLWDáyZGXFKRZ\FK´QLHMHVWFHOHPVDP\PGOD VLHELHDOHMHVW
URGNLHP SURGXNFML 7U]HED VL XF]\ü W\ONR SR WR *HE\ VDPHPX WZRU]\ü ²
PDZLDá 6FKHOOLQJ 1LH Z\VWDUF]D ]JURPDG]Lü ÄNDSLWDá\ GXFKRZH´ WU]HED
G]LDáDü L WU]HED XPLHü PRELOL]RZDü MH Z SURFHVLH WZyUF]HJR G]LDáDQLD :
Z\NRQ\ZDQ SU]H] VLHELH SUDF WU]HED ÄZNáDGDü GXV]´ L WR ÄFDá GXV]´

background image

5RERWD QLHGEDáD L E\OH MDND SROHJD SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD W\P *H Z WUDNFLH
Z\NRQ\ZDQLD MHM MHVWHP P\O JG]LH LQG]LHM 'REUD URERWD U]HWHOQD WZyUF]D
SUDFD SROHJD QD W\P *H Z\NRQXMHP\ M QLH F]FL QDV]HM ZLDGRPRFL DOH
DQJD*XMHP\ZQL FDá QDV] LVWRW LFDáRüQDV]\FKÄNDSLWDáyZGXFKRZ\FK´:
NUDMX EXGXMF\P VRFMDOL]P ]DDQJD*RZDQLH F]áRZLHND SR VWURQLH VRFMDOL]PX
Z\UD*D VL SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP VWRVXQNLHP GR SUDF\ 6WRVXQNX F]áRZLHND GR
VRFMDOL]PXQLHQDOH*\ XMPRZDüW\ONRZSRVWDFLDOWHUQDW\Z\]DVRFMDOL]PHPOXE
SU]HFLZ VRFMDOL]PRZL ,VWQLHMH ERZLHP ZLHOH UR]PDLW\FK VSRVREyZ
RSRZLDGDQLD VL ]D VRFMDOL]PHP RG VáRZQHM GHNODUDFML L ELHUQHJR
QLHVSU]HFLZLDQLD VL VRFMDOL]PRZL SRSU]H] Uy*QH IRUP\ F]FLRZHJR
]DDQJD*RZDQLD VL GR WDN SHáQHJR ]DDQJD*RZDQLD VL *H QDVWSXMH
LGHQW\ILNDFMD QDV]HM RVRERZRFL ]H VSUDZ VRFMDOL]PX 6WG QDMZD*QLHMV]
VSUDZ Z VRFMDOLVW\F]Q\P Z\FKRZDQLX MHVW Z\WZRU]HQLH Z F]áRZLHNX
G\VSR]\FML L XPLHMWQRFL GR LGHQW\ILNRZDQLD VL ] ZLHONLPL VSUDZDPL
SRQDGRVRERZ\PL ] VRFMDOLVW\F]Q RMF]\]Q ] LGH EXGRZDQLD VRFMDOL]PX ]
SURFHVHP EXGRZDQLD QRZHM NXOWXU\ ] Z\NRQ\ZDQ SU]H] VLHELH SUDF ]
DNW\ZQRFL QDXNRZREDGDZF] RGNU\ZF] L Z\QDOD]F] ] WZyUF]RFL
DUW\VW\F]Q , WR MHVW NOXF]HP GR PDWHULDOLVW\F]QHJR L GLDOHNW\F]QHJR XMFLD
KXPDQL]PX : VSRáHF]HVWZLH NDSLWDOLVW\F]Q\P SUDFD MHVW SU]HNOHVWZHP
VWDQRZL MHG\QLH URGHN ]DUDELDQLD QD Ä*\FLH´ NWyUH Z ]ZL]NX ] W\P MHVW
SRMPRZDQH MDNR FR Uy*QHJR RG G]LDáDOQRFL SUDNW\F]QHM : XVWURMX NWyU\
SUDJQLHP\]EXGRZDüSUDFDVWDMHVL WUHFL *\FLDZSUDF\UHDOL]XMHVL SHáQLD
F]áRZLHF]HVWZDZSUDF\XMDZQLDVL LUR]ZLMDSHáQLDPR*OLZRFLOXG]NLFK:
SUDF\]DF]\QDP\XSDWU\ZDüQDMZ\*V]HV]F]FLHNWyUHSU]HVWDMHE\üXMPRZDQH
MDNR VWDQ ELHUQHJR GR]QDZDQLD XF]Xü SU]\MHPQ\FK D ]DF]\QD E\ü XMPRZDQH
MDNR EXU]OLZD DNW\ZQRü 1RZL OXG]LH ² SUDZG]LZLHM OXG]F\ L EDUG]LHM
U]HF]\ZLFL RGPDV\ OXG]NLHMGDZQ\FKHSRN² V OXG(PLRQRZ\P]HVWDZLH
SUDJQLH L XF]Xü 1DMEDUG]LHM SUDJQ RQL MHGQHJR GRNRQDü Z *\FLX MDN
QDMZLFHM , RGF]XZDM V]F]FLH Z WDNL VSRVyE MDN R W\P PyZLá $QWRQL

background image

%ROHVáDZ 'REURZROVNL 1DMZLNV]H V]F]FLH WR SU]HPF]Dü VL SUDF
XPLáRZDQ

-H*HOLXVWUyMNWyU\SUDJQLHP\]EXGRZDüRNUHODP\SU]H]Ä]DVSRNRMHQLH

SRWU]HE´ WR QLH ]DSRPLQDMP\ *H QDMZD*QLHMV] QDMV]ODFKHWQLHMV] L
QDMDXWHQW\F]QLHM OXG]N ] OXG]NLFK SRWU]HE MHVW SRWU]HED SHáQHJR UR]ZLQLFLD
ZáDVQHJRF]áRZLHF]HVWZDF]\OLXDNW\ZQLHQLDZV]\VWNLFKZáDVQ\FK]GROQRFL
WZyUF]\FK 7\OH MHOL FKRG]L R ÄZ\MDQLHQLH´ SRMFLD F]áRZLHND $OH Z
PDUNVLVWRZVNLHMDQWURSRORJLLILOR]RILF]QHM² SRGREQLHMDNZFDá\PPDUNVL]PLH
² SXQNWFL*NRFLOH*\QLHW\ONRZZ\MDQLDQLXU]HF]\ZLVWRFLDOHLZG*HQLX
GR MHM SU]HNV]WDáFHQLD $ ZLF FKRG]L QLH W\OH R WR *HE\ Z\MDQLü NLP MHVW
F]áRZLHNMDNDMHVWÄLVWRWD´F]áRZLHNDDOH*HE\GRSRPyFGRSU]HREUD*DQLDVL
F]áRZLHND Z LVWRW FRUD] SHáQLHM OXG]N Z LVWRW FRUD] EDUG]LHM DNW\ZQ
SRW*Q VNXWHF]QLH G]LDáDMF 6WG QDMZD*QLHMV]\P SUREOHPHP ILOR]RILL
F]áRZLHND ² SU]HF]XZDQ\P MX* SU]H] WDNLFK P\OLFLHOL MDN 3LFR 'HOLD
0LUDQGROD L *LRUGDQR %UXQR ² MHVW SUREOHP VSRWJRZDQLD PR*OLZRFL
WZyUF]\FK F]áRZLHND 1LH Z\VWDUF]D SU]H]Z\FL*\ü WHRORJLF]Q GHIRUPDFM
SRMFLD F]áRZLHND L SU]\ZUyFLü PX WH FHFK\ NWyUH ]RVWDá\ ] QLHJR
Z\DOLHQRZDQH QLH Z\VWDUF]D F]áRZLHNRZL SRZLHG]LHü MHVWH WZyUF VDPHJR
VLHELH ZLF VL WZyU] =DGDQLHP ILOR]RILL MHVW WDN*H SRND]DQLH VSRVREyZ Z
MDNLFKF]áRZLHNPR*HQDMSHáQLHMUHDOL]RZDüZáDVQHF]áRZLHF]HVWZRLFRQDOH*\
XF]\QLü*HE\HNVWHULRU\]RZDQLHZQWU]DOXG]NLHJRGDZDáRZUH]XOWDFLHG]LHáD
FRUD] GRVNRQDOV]H DOER LQDF]HM PyZLF MDNLH GURJL SURZDG] GR
QDMSHáQLHMV]HJRLQDMEDUG]LHMZV]HFKVWURQQHJRUR]NZLWXNXOWXU\VRFMDOLVW\F]QHM

3U]\SLV\

* 0DUFHO 8DWKHLVPH SKLORVRSKLXH HW OD GLDOHFWLXH GH OD FRQVFLHQFH

UHOLJLHXVHZSUDF\]ELRURZHM,DWKüLVPHFRQWHPSRUDLQ*HQHYH

-/DFURL[6HQVGLDORJX :DUV]DZDV

background image

+ *ROOZLW]HU 'LH PDU[LVWLVFKH 5HOLJLRQVNULWLN XQG FKULVWOLFKHU *ODXEH

Z0DU[LVPXVVWXGLHQ)ROJH7XELQJHQV

$ 0RUDZVND 3HUVSHNW\Z\ .DWROLF\]P D ZVSyáF]HVQRü %LEOLRWHND

Ä:L]L´:DUV]DZDV1DPDUJLQHVLHWU]HEDMHGQDN]D]QDF]\ü*H
GOD ZVSyáF]HVQ\FKDWHLVWyZ DWHL]PMHVW F]\P ZLFHMQL* W\ONR´DQW\UHOLJL´
SRQLHZD* QLH VSURZDG]D VL GR NU\W\NL UHOLJLL DOH ² SU]HSURZDG]DMF W
NU\W\N ]RNUHORQ\FKSR]\FML² SRVLDGDZáDVQ SR]\W\ZQ WUHü

.0DUNVL)(QJHOV2UHOLJLL :DUV]DZDV
2G GUXJLHM SRáRZ\ ;,; ZLHNX LVWQLHMH QD ZLHFLH ZLHOH WRZDU]\VWZ

LQVW\WXWyZ

NDWHGU

XQLZHUV\WHFNLFK

L

QDXNRZ\FK

F]DVRSLVP

UHOLJLR]QDZF]\FK : 3ROVFH RG URNX XND]XMH VL GZXPLHVLF]QLN
(XKHPHU3U]HJOG5HOLJLR]QDZF]\

$ 1RZLFNL :\SLV\ ] KLVWRULL NU\W\NL UHOLJLL :DUV]DZD $QWRORJLD

REHMPXMHWHNVW\P\OLFLHOLVWDUR*\WQ\FKUHQHVDQVRZ\FK;9,, L;9,,,
ZLHF]Q\FKVRFMDOLVWyZXWRSLMQ\FKUHZROXF\MQ\FKGHPRNUDWyZDQDUFKLVWyZ
LPDUNVLVWyZP\OLFLHOLEXU*XD]\MQ\FK;,;L ;;ZLHNXLP\OLFLHOLSROVNLFK
3RU WDN*H VHUL )LOR]RIRZLH R UHOLJLL :DUV]DZD 'H WULEXV
LPSRVWRULEXV² &DPSDQHOOD² $QLF]NRZ² .R]LHOVNL .DQW² )LFKWH²
6FKOHLHUPDFKHU ² +HJHO ² 6FKHOOLQJ ² 3HDUVRQ ² *X\DX GUXJL WRP
6HNVWXV(PSLU\N² *LRUGDQR%UXQR² *LXOLR&HVDUH9DQLQL² 7RPPDVR
&DPSDQHOOD ² 6\OYD LQ 0DUHFKDO ² -DQ :LQFHQW\ 6PRQLHZVNL ² +DQV
9DLKLQJHU:DUV]DZD

$1RZLFNL:\NáDG\RNU\W\FHUHOLJLL :DUV]DZD
3RU:,/HQLQ2UHOLJLL :DUV]DZDV
,VWQLHM GZD SROVNLH SU]HNáDG\ MHGHQ SRHW\FNL ( 6]\PDVNLHJR 7

/XFUHWLXV &DUXV 2 QDWXU]H ZV]HFKU]HF]\ :DUV]DZDLGUXJLSUR] $
.URNLHZLF]D7/XNUHFMXV].DUXV2U]HF]\ZLVWRFL:URFáDZ

2EV]HUQLHMRVWDUR*\WQHMNU\W\FHUHOLJLLSLV] ZSUDF\6WDUR*\WQLRUHOLJLL

:DUV]DZD

background image

3RU3$EHODUG+LVWRULDPRLFKQLHGROL :DUV]DZD
3RU ) (QJHOV :RMQD FKáRSVND Z 1LHPF]HFK :DUV]DZD L .

.DXWVN\3RSU]HGQLF\ZVSyáF]HVQHJRVRFMDOL]PX :DUV]DZD

1S 2UWOLHE ]H 6WUDVVEXUJD ;,9 ZLHN 'R DWHL]PX ]EOL*Dá VL UyZQLH*

7RPDV]0LLQ]HU

)(QJHOV'LDOHNW\NDSU]\URG\ :DUV]DZD:VWSV
3RU$1RZLFNL&HQWUDOQHNDWHJRULHILOR]RILL*LRUGDQD%UXQD:DUV]DZD

]ZáDV]F]DUR]G]LDá%UXQRRUHOLJLDFKV

3RU$1RZLFNL6WXGLDQDGà\V]F]\VNLP(XKHPHU=HV]\W\)LOR]RILF]QH

QU VLQUV

3RU$1RZLFNL:\SLV\]KLVWRULLNU\W\NLUHOLJLL:DUV]DZD6

3+ROEDFK6\VWHPSU]\URG\ :DUV]DZDWRPV
3RUWHNVW6FKOHLHUPDFKHUDZ)LOR]RIRZLHR UHOLJLL:DUV]DZD6

/)HXHUEDFK:\NáDG\RLVWRFLHUHOLJLL :DUV]DZD
.0DUNV5NRSLV\HNRQRPLF]QRILOR]RILF]QH]URNX:DUV]DZD
- 0 *X\DX %H]UHOLJLMQRü SU]\V]áRFL Z )LOR]RIRZLH R UHOLJLL

:DUV]DZDV

+ GH /XEDF .DWROLF\]P VSROHF]QH DVSHNW\ GRJPDWX Ä=QDN´ .UDNyZ

( *LOVRQ 'XFK ILOR]RILL UHGQLRZLHF]QHM :DUV]DZD 7RPL]P

ZSURZDG]HQLH GR ILOR]RILL Z 7RPDV]D ] $NZLQX :DUV]DZD %yJ L
ILOR]RILD :DUV]DZD

- 0DULWDLQ $QWLPRGHUQH 3DULV +XPDQLVPH LQWHJUDO 3DULV

5HOLJLDLNXOWXUD3R]QD

(0RXQLHU&RWRMHVWSHUVRQDOL]P"%LEOLRWHNDÄ:L]L´.UDNyZ
-/DFURL[6HQVGLDORJX:DUV]DZD

background image

* 0DUFHO +RPRYLDWRU :DUV]DZD/KRPPHSUREOHPDWLTXH3DULV

)UDJPHQWVSKLORVRSKLJXHV/RXYDLQ

37HLOKDUGGH&KDUGLQ/¶HQHUJLHKXPDLQH3DULV
3&KRMQDFNL3RGVWDZ\ILOR]RILLFKU]HFLMDVNLHM:DUV]DZD
6ZLH*DZVNL5R]XPLWDMHPQLFDÄ=QDN´.UDNyZ
$ 0RUDZVND 3HUVSHNW\Z\ .DWROLF\]P D ZVSyáF]HVQRü %LEOLRWHND

Ä:L]L´:DUV]DZD

. 0DUNV L ) (QJHOV 2 UHOLJLL :DUV]DZD : , /HQLQ 2 UHOLJLL
:DUV]DZD
+ROEDFK6\VWHPSU]\URG\ WRP\:DUV]DZD
/ )HXHUEDFK :\NáDG\ R LVWRFLH UHOLJLL :DUV]DZD 2 LVWRFLH
FKU]HFLMDVWZD:DUV]DZD
-/DFURL[6HQVGLDORJX:DUV]DZD
*0DUFHO/¶DWKHLVPHFRQWHPSRUDLQ*HQHYH
,/HSS3V\FKDQDO\VHGHODWKHLVPHPRGHUQH3DULV

+*ROOZLW]HU'LHPDUDULVWLVFKH5HOLJLRQVNULWLNXQGFKULVWOLFKHU*ODXEHZ

0DUUFLVPXVVWXGLHQ)ROJH7XELQJHQ

(:HLO'LH6lNXODULVLHUXQJGHU3ROLWLNXQGGHVSROLWLVFKHQ'HQNHVLQGHU

1HX]HLWZ0DUDLVPLZVWXGLHQ)ROJH7ELQJHQ

05HGLQJ'HUSROLWLVFKH$WKHLVPXV*UD]
$ 0RUDZVND 3HUVSHNW\Z\ .DWROLF\]P X ZVSyáF]HVQRü %LEOLRWHND

Ä:L]L´:DUV]DZD

(6%ULJKWPDQ$3KLORVRSK\RI5HOLJLRQ/RQGRQ3RUUyZQLH* =

.ZDSLFK )LOR]RILD UHOLJLL (GJDUD 6KHIILHOGD %ULJKWPDQD
(XKHPHU=HV]\W\)LOR]RILF]QHQU6

/.RáDNRZVNL1RWDWNLRZVSyáF]HVQHMNRQWUUHIRUPDFML:DUV]DZDV

:,/HQLQ=HV]\W\ILOR]RILF]QH:DUV]DZDV
$6FKDII:VWSGRVHPDQW\NL:DUV]DZDV

background image

.LONDNURWQLHMX* SUyERZDáHPZ\MDQLDü*HSU]HFLZVWDZLDQLHREURQ\UHOLJLL

NU\W\FH UHOLJLL QLH PD ZDORUX DEVROXWQHJR 0 LQ Z SUDF\ +XPDQL]P D
URPDQW\F]QDWHRULDUHOLJLL Z+XPDQL]PL NXOWXUDZLHFND :DUV]DZD
VL3RGVXPRZDQLHG\VNXVML NRQIHUHQFMLNUDNRZVNLHM(XKHPHU QU
V

*0DUFHO+RPRYLDWRU :DUV]DZDV
0 + /HORQJ =VWSLá GR SLHNLHá 7\JRGQLN SRZV]HFKQ\ QU ]

F]HUZFDU

)'(6FKOHLHUPDFKHU0RZ\RUHOLJLLGROXG]LZ\NV]WDáFRQ\FKVSRUyG

W\FK NWyU]\ QL SRJDUG]DM $ 1RZLFNL )LOR]RIRZLH R UHOLJLL
:DUV]DZDV

)LOR]RIRZLHRUHOLJLLV
)LOR]RIRZLHRUHOLJLLV
L7DP*H

$.DOWKRII2SRMFLX%RJD$1RZLFNL:\SLV\]KLVWRULLNU\W\NLUHOLJLL

:DUV]DZDV

3RGWDNLPW\WXáHPXND]DáDVL NVL*ND$.DOWKRIID

: SU]HFLZLHVWZLH GR WDNLFK P\OLFLHOL MDN QS IUDQFXVNL PRQDUFKLVWD

&KDUOHV0DXUUDV²NWyU\EGFDWHLVW DNFHSWRZDá]HZ]JOGyZ
SROLW\F]Q\FKQDMEDUG]LHMUHDNF\MQHWUHFLNDWROLF\]PX

- %HQGD 'LVFRXUV FRKHUHQW F\W ZJ * 0DUFHOD %\ü L PLHü :DUV]DZD

V

*0DUFHO %\ü LPLHü :DUV]DZDV
3RU(ZDQJHOLDZHGáXJ0DWHXV]DUR]G]ZLHUV](ZDQJHOLDZHGáXJ

0DUNDUR]G]ZLHUV]

&\W ZJ : /HGQLFNL $OIUHG GH <LJQ\ = KLVWRULL SHV\PL]PX UHOLJLMQHJR

:DUV]DZDV

&\WZJ/HGQLFNLHJRF\WZ\GV
7DP*HV

background image

7DP*HV
7DP*HV
-/DFURL[6HQVGLDORJX:DUV]DZDV
7DP*HJ
,VWQLHMH QD WHQ WHPDW ZLHOH SUDF QS $ +DUQDFND 'HU <RUZXUI GHV

$WKHLVPXVLQGHQGUHLHUVWHQ-DKUKXQGHUWHQ/HLS]LJ

3RU'LRGRU]6\F\OLL2SRJOGDFK(XKHPHUD(XKHPHUQUOV
3RUWDN*H$1RZLFNL6WDUR*\WQLRUHOLJLL.UDNyZ:DUV]DZDV
3RU$%DNRZVNL7KHDJHQHV]5KHJLRQL0HWURGRU]/DPSVDNRV3LHUZVL

DOHJRUHFL KRPHU\FF\ L LFK LQWHUSUHWDFMD PLWRORJLL (XKHPHU =HV]\W\
)LOR]RILF]QHQUV

7DP*HV
3RU$%DNRZVNL3URGLNRV].HRVLMHJRWHRULDUHOLJLL(XKHPHU=HV]\W\

)LOR]RILF]QHQUV

. )LVFKHU6FKHOOLQJV /HEHQ :HUNH XQG /HKUH +HLGHOEHUJ V

3RU $ 1RZLFNL .ODV\ILNDFMD WHRULL PLWyZ ZHGáXJ *RWWIULHGD +HUPDQQD
(XKHPHUQUV

*+HUPDQ8EHUGDV:HVHQXQGGLH%HKDQGOXQJGHU0\WKRORJLH/HLS]LJ
V
3RU $ 1RZLFNL 5HQHVDQV D HXKHPHU\]P (XKHPHU QU 6

3RU ( 3RWNRZVNL (XKHPHU\]P Z UHGQLRZLHF]X (XKHPHU =HV]\W\

)LOR]RILF]QHQUV

3RU 0 1RZDF]\N 0RW\Z\ HXKHPHU\ VW\F]QH Z WZyUF]RFL -DPHVD *

)UD]HUD²(XKHPHU=HV]\W\)LOR]RILF]QHQUV

*0DUFHO%\üLPLHü :DUV]DZDV
60DUHFKDO'LFWLRQQDLUHGHVDWKHHVDQFLHQVHWPRGHUQHV3DULV3RU

$ 1RZLFNL Ä%yJ´ MDNR ÄPRGXV ORTXHQGL´ 8ZDJL R áF]HQLX DWHLVW\F]QHM

background image

WUHFL ] SVHXGRUHOLJLMQ IRUP Z Ä6áRZQLNX DWHLVWyZ´ 6\OYDLQ 0DUHFKDOD
(XKHPHUQU

7KH3KLORVRSKLFDO5HYLHZ1HZ<RUN-DQXDU\V
,/HSS3V\FKDQDO\VHGHODWKHLVPHPRGHUQH3DULVV
)RUPXá\ Z\URNyZ NUyOHZVNLFK Z\GDZDQ\FK Z VSUDZDFK FKáRSVNLFK

]QDMGXM VL Z$UFKLZXP.RPLVML3UDZQLF]HMWRP.UDNyZ0DWHULDá\
GRG]LHMyZURERFL]Q\Z3ROVFHZ;9,ZLHNX Z\GDá6WDQLVáDZ.XWU]HED3RU-
5DIDF] 6G UHIHUHQGDUVNL NRURQQ\ ] G]LHMyZ REURQ\ SUDZQHM FKáRSyZ Z
GDZQHM 3ROVFH 3R]QD 3LVDáHP R W\P Z SUDF\ &KáRSL D ELVNXSL
:DUV]DZDV

&HUWXPLJLWXUVLWLQWHOOLJHQWLDPLQYLWDFKULVWLDQDDXFWRULWDWLGLYLQDHWRWDP
HWSHQLWXVHVVHWUDGHQGDP4XRGVLLQHRTXRGUDWLRFHGLWDXFWRULWDWLHODWLRU
LOOHDQLPXVTXLWDQWDPKDEHWLQQRELVYLPFRPSULPLWXUHWGROHWDOLTXLGLQGH
PDJLV HPHUJLW PDJQDP HVVH LQ FKULVWLDQR RSRUWHUH QRQ YROXQWDWLV GXQWD[DW
VHG HWLDP PHQWLV WROHUDQWLDP /HWWUHV DSRVWROLDXHV GH 6 6 /HRQ ;OLL
HQF\FOLTXHVEUHIVHWF 7H[WHODWLQWRP9,3DULVEH]GDW\V

3RUURIOHFWHQGDPHQVGHPLVVHHWREQR[LHLQREVHTXLXP&KULVWLXVTXH DGHR

XWHMXVQXPLQHLPSHULRTXHYHOXWFDSWLYDWHQHDWXU7DP*HV

*0DUFHO+RPRYLDWRU :DUV]DZDV
-/DFURL[6HQVGLDORJX :DUV]DZDV
7DP*HV
.0DUNVL)(QJHOV2UHOLJLL :DUV]DZDV5HOLJLDMHVWRSLXP

OXGX

5 6HHJHU +HUNXQIW XQG %HGHXWXQJ GHV 6FKODJZDUWHV 'LH 5HOLJLRQ LVW

2SLXP IXU GDV 9RON 7KHRORJLVFKWH $UEHLWHQ ]XU %LEHO .LUFKHQ ² XQG
*HLVWHVJHVFKLWH+DOOH

(6FKDSHU5HOLJLRQLVW2SLXPIWWU9RON=HLWVFKULIWIXU.LUFKHQJHVFKLFKWH

V

background image

+ *ROOZLW]HU ([NXUV ]X GHP $XVGUXFN Ä2SLXP GHV 9RONHV´

0DU[LVPXVVWXGLHQ)ROJH7XELQJHQV

3RU /HQLQ 0DWHULDOL]P D HPSLULRNU\W\F\]P ']LHáD WRP :DUV]DZD

V

. 0DUNV L ) (QJHOV 2 UHOLJLL :DUV]DZD V :DUWR SU]\ WHM

RND]ML SU]\SRPQLHü *H MX* Z GUXJLHM SRáRZLH ;9,, ZLHNX SRGREQ P\O
Z\SRZLDGDáSROVNLDWHLVWD.D]LPLHU]à\V]F]\VNL+RPRHVWFUHDWRU'HL>@
UHOLJLRIXQGDWDDEKRPLQLEXV>@(XKHPHUQUOV

.0DUNVL)(QJHOV2UHOLJLL :DUV]DZDV
7DP*HV
7DP*HV
0DU[LVPXVVWXGLHQ)ROJH7XELQJHQV
&\WZJ*ROOZLW]HUD0DU[LVPXVVWXGLHQ)ROJH7XELQJHQV
:0F'RXJDOO5HOLJLRQDQGWKH6FLHQFHVRI/LIH1HZ<RUNV
: 0F'RXJDOO (WKLFV DQG VRPH 0RGHUQ :RUOG 3UREOHPV 1HZ <RUN

VL

7DP*HV
$UW\NXáZ/(FRQRPLVWDGHOO¶,WDOLD0RGHUQDQU]OLVWRSDGDU
0DU[LVPXVVWXGLHQ)ROJH7XELQJHQV
.0DU[)(QJHOV8EHUGLH5HOLJLRQ%HUOLQV
:,/HQLQ2UHOLJLL :DUV]DZDV
7DP*HV
7DP*HV
3RUZ\UD*HQLDSDSLH*D3LXVD;,,RUGUHHWDEOLSDU'LHXRUGLQRVWDELOLWRGD

'LR RUGLQDPHQWR GL 'LR 'LVFRUVL H 5DGLRPHVVDJJL GL 6XD 6DQWLWD 3LR ;,,
WRPV$WWLHGLVFRUVLGL3LR;OLWRPVWRPV

3RU.0DUNVL)(QJHOVZLWDURG]LQD :DUV]DZDV
+ROEDFK=GURZ\UR]VGHNZ-0HVOLHU7HVWDPHQW:DUV]DZDV

background image

6&]DUQRZVNL5HDNFMDNDWROLFNDZ3ROVFH ']LHáD:DUV]DZDWRP

6

, .DQW 'LH 5HOLJLRQ LQQHUKDOE GHU *UHQ]HQ GHU EORVVHQ 9HUQXQIW

+DPEXUJVL$1RZLFNL:\SLV\]KLVWRULLNU\W\NLUHOLJLL :DUV]DZD
VUR]G]0\OLFLHOHQLHPLHFF\RQLH]DOH*QRFLHW\NLRGUHOLJLL

3RU/)HXHUEDFK:\NáDG\RLVWRFLHUHOLJLL :DUV]DZDV
(%RUQH /HSUREOHPHGXPDO3DULVV3RUPRM UHFHQ]M ]WHM

NVL*NL(XKHPHUQUV

=QDN QU ]HVW\F]QLDV3RUWDP*HW\WXá0R*QDZ\JU\ZDü

SRUD*NLVO

*0DUFHO/DWKHLVPHFRQWHPSRUDLQ *HQHYHV
3RU)LOR]RIRZLHRUHOLJLLV ZV]F]HJyOQRFLVSU]\SLV
)*DUDVVH/DGRFWULQHFXULHXVHGHVEHDX[HVSULWVGH FHWHPSV3DULV
3UDZGRSRGREQLH IUDQFXVF\ XF]QLRZLH 9DQLQLHJR QLH E\OL ZFDOH OXG(PL

JRGQ\PL SRJDUG\ L QDOH*DáRE\ SU]HSURZDG]Lü LFK UHKDELOLWDFM 6SUDZ W
MHGQDN WX SRPLMDP SRQLHZD* FKRG]L W\ONR R RGWZRU]HQLH UR]XPRZDQLD
*DUDVVHD

)*DUDVVH/DGRFWULQHFXULHXVHF\WZ\GV
$ &RQW]HQ 3ROLWLFRUXP OLEUL GHFHP Z\G O Z\G &RORQLD

V

7DP*HV
3RU$1RZLFNL6WDUR*\WQLRUHOLJLLF\WZ\GV
$&RQW]HQ3ROLWLFRUXPF\WZ\GV
4XDQWXP QRELV HW QRVWUR HRHWXL SURIXHULW HD GH &KULVWR IDEXOD 3

6WRFNPDQQ(OXFLGDULXVKDHUHVLXP/LSVLDHV

3RU $ 1RZLFNL $SDUDWXUD SRMFLRZD UR]ZD*D .D]LPLHU]D

à\V]F]\VNLHJR²RUHOLJLLLVWRVXQNDFKPLG]\OXG(PL(XKHPHU
=HV]\W\ )LOR]RILF]QH QU V 3RU WDN*H 6WXGLD QDG
à\V]F]\VNLPWDP*HQUV

background image

0LG]\LQQ\PLQDSRF]WNX;,;ZLHNXX-DFRELHJR3RU.XQR)LVFKHU

6FKHOOLQJV/HEHQ:HUNHXQG/HKUHZ\G+HLGHOEHUJUR]G]-DFREL
JHJHQ6FKHOOLQJL6FKHOOLQJV6WUHLWVFKULIWV

7RPLVWD ZáRVNL 3DROR )LOLDVL &DUFDQR ]DSURSRQRZDá Z VZRLP F]DVLH

Z\NRU]\VWDQLH DWHLVW\F]QHJR HJ]\VWHQFMDOL]PX SU]H] DSRORJHW\N NDWROLFN
$WHLVW\F]Q\ HJ]\VWHQFMDOL]P XND]XMH ERZLHP JUR] ZLDWD EH] %RJD
UR]EXG]D SRW*Q\ VWUDFK SU]HG QLFRFL L Z WHQ VSRVyE PR*H Z\GDWQLH
GRSRPyFGRSU]\FLJQLFLDOXG]LGRNDWROLF\]PX(J]\VWHQFMDOL]PSRND]XMH
MDNÄUR]XPOXG]NLUR]ELMDVL RUDI´G]LNLF]HPX]DU\VRZXMHVL PR*OLZRü
ZLDU\MDNRÄLQQHJRZ\PLDUXZLDGRPRFL´3RU$UFKLYLRGL)LORVRILD
V3UREOHPWHQRPDZLDáHPZ0\OL)LOR]RILF]QHMQUV

3RU WHNVW\ Z\PLHQLRQ\FK P\OLFLHOL Z :\SLV\ ] KLVWRULL NU\W\NL UHOLJLL

:DUV]DZDV

3RU WHNVW 6FKRSHQKDXHUD Z :\SLV\ ] KLVWRULL NU\W\NL UHOLJLL :DUV]DZD

V

/)HXHUEDFK:\NáDG\RLVWRFLHUHOLJLL :DUV]DZDV
3RU 6DELQR 6 $FTXDYLYD 8HFOLVVL GHO VDFUR QHOOD FLYLOWD LQGXVWULDOH

,QWURGX]LRQHGL*DEULHO/H%UDV0LODQR

$XWRU SU]\WDF]D ZLHOH ]HVWDZLH VWDW\VW\F]Q\FK LOXVWUXMF\FK SRVWSXMF\

XSDGHNUHOLJLMQRFLZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKNUDMDFK(XURS\L$PHU\NLZVND]XMF
QDSUDZLGáRZRüSURFHQWRZ\XG]LDáOXGQRFLZSUDNW\NDFKUHOLJLMQ\FKVWDMH
VL FRUD] PQLHMV]\ Z PLDU UR]ZRMX XSU]HP\VáRZLHQLD F\ZLOL]DFML
ZLHONRPLHMVNLHM WHFKQLNL =DFKRG]FH ZVSyáF]HQLH SURFHV\ ODLF\]DFML
SU]\ELHUDM WDNZLHONLHUR]PLDU\MDNMHV]F]HQLJG\GRWGQDZLHFLH%DUG]R
LQWHUHVXMFH IDNW\ L F\IU\ LOXVWUXMFH SRVWSXMF GHFKU\VWLDQL]DFM
ZVSyáF]HVQHJR ZLDWD SU]\WDF]D Z SLHUZV]HM F]FL VZHM SUDF\ $QQD
0RUDZVND 3HUVSHNW\Z\ .DWROLF\]P D ZVSyáF]HVQRü %LEOLRWHND Ä:L]L´
SRUUyZQLH*)U+RXWDUW6SRáHF]QHLUHOLJLMQHREOLF]HZLHONLFKPLDVW

background image

(XURS\]DFKRGQLHMZSUDF\]ELRURZHM6RFMRORJLDUHOLJLL %LEOLRWHNDÄ:L]L´
V

-/DFURL[6HQV GLDORJX :DUV]DZDV
7DP*HV
*0DUFHO8DWKHLVPHFRQWHPSRUDLQ*HQHYHV
-/DFURL[6HQVGLDORJX :DUV]DZDV
7DP*HV
3RU . 0DUNV 5NRSLV\ HNRQRPLF]QRILOR]RILF]QH ] U :DUV]DZD

VL-/DFURL[6HQVGLDORJX :DUV]DZDV

$(WFKHYHUU\/HFRQIOLWDFWXHOGHKXPDQLVPHV3DULV$XWRURPDZLD

KXPDQL]P VXELHNW\ZQRLGHDOLVW\F]Q\ /HRQD %UXQVFKYLFJD KXPDQL]P
DWHLVW\F]QHJRHJ]\VWHQFMDOL]PXLKXPDQL]PPDUNVL]PX

:\UD*HQLH$QQ\0RUDZVNLHM3HUVSHNW\Z\.DWROLF\]PDZVSyáF]HVQRü

%LEOLRWHNDÄ:L]L´:DUV]DZDV

7DP*HV
7DP*HV
7DP*HV
7DP*HV
+*ROOZLW]HU0DU[LVPXVVWXGLHQ)RJOH7XELQJHQVSU]\SLVO
(%RUQH/HSUREOHPHGXPDL3DULVV
7DP*HV
7DP*HV
5HYXH7KRPLVWH QU]UV
7DP*HV
3 )LODVL &DUFDQR &DUDWWHUH H JHQHVL GHO SUREOHPD HVLVWHQ]LDOLVWLFR

$UFKLYLRGL)LORVRILDV

7DP*HV
7DP*HV
7DP*HV

background image

7DP*HV

68*(67,('/$'$/6=(-/(.785<

.0DUNVL)(QJHOV2UHOLJLL.L::DUV]DZD

:/HQLQ2UHOLJLL.L::DUV]DZD

3UDFD]ELRURZD$WHL]PDUHOLJLD.L::DUV]DZDZ\G

3UDFD]ELRURZD+XPDQL]PLNXOWXUDZLHFND.L::DUV]DZD
3UDFD]ELRURZD.XOWXUDZLHFNDZG]LHMDFKQDV]HJRQDURGX.L::DUV]DZD

3UDFD]ELRURZD 5HOLJLDLODLF\]DFMD.L::DUV]DZD

(XKHPHU 3U]HJOG 5HOLJLR]QDZF]\ GZXPLHVLF]QLN Z\FKRG]F\ RG

URNX

$1RZLFNL6WDUR*\WQLRUHOLJLL375.UDNyZ:DUV]DZD

$1RZLFNL)LOR]RIRZLHRUHOLJLL3U]HNáDG\375:DUV]DZDWRPGUXJL

:DUV]DZD

$1RZLFNL:\SLV\]KLVWRULL NU\W\NLUHOLJLL.L::DUV]DZD

$1RZLFNL:\NáDG\RNU\W\FHUHOLJLL.L::DUV]DZD

background image

7/XFUHWLXV&DUXV2QDWXU]HZV]HFKU]HF]\3:1:DUV]DZD

-0HVOLHU7HVWDPHQW3:1:DUV]DZD

3+ROEDFK6\VWHPSU]\URG\3:1:DUV]DZD

/)HXHUEDFK:\NáDG\RLVWRFLHUHOLJLL3:1:DUV]DZD

$6FKDII)LOR]RILDF]áRZLHND.L::DUV]DZD

-/DFURL[=QDF]HQLHLZDUWRüZVSyáF]HVQHJRDWHL]PXZ6HQVGLDORJX3D[

:DUV]DZD

$ 0RUDZVND 3HUVSHNW\Z\.DWROLF\]P DZVSyáF]HVQRü%LEOLRWHNDÄ:L]L´

:DUV]DZD

63,65=(&=<

6à2:2
:6731(
&=7(5<52'=$-(.5<7<.,5(/,*,,
-=<.5(/,*,,
5(/,*,$-$.2Ä23,80´
./$6<),.$&-$3267$:$7(,67<&=1<&+
=$.2&=(1,(
35=(3,6<
68*(67,('/$'$/6=(-/(.785<

background image

3DVWZRZHZ\GDZQLFWZRÄ,VNU\´:DUV]DZDU1DNáDGHJ]
$UN Z\G $UN GUXN 3DSLHU GUXN PDW 9 NO J ; ] INO
:áRFáDZHN 2GGDQR GR VNáDGDQLD ZH ZU]HQLX U 'UXN XNRF]RQR Z
PDUFXU:URFáDZVND'UXNDUQLD']LHáRZD)DUQQU$² 2:&HQD
]á²


Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
Nowicki Andrzej Ateizm
Nowicki Andrzej Ateizm 3
Nowicki Andrzej Ateizm
Nowicki Andrzej Ateizm
Nowicki Andrzej ateizm
Nowicki Andrzej Ateizm
Ateizm Nowicki Andrzej
Nowicki Andrzej Chłopi a Biskupi(1)
Nowicki Andrzej Chłopi a Biskupi
Nowicki Andrzej – „Trentowski”
Nowicki Andrzej Papieże przeciw Polsce
Nowicki Andrzej Papieże przeciwko Polsce
Nowicki Andrzej Papieże przeciwko Polsce
Nowicki Andrzej Zróżnicowanie masonerii A E Waite
Nowicki Andrzej Papieże przeciw Polsce(1)
Nowicki Andrzej DWA SŁUCHOWISKA

więcej podobnych podstron