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Document Outline
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Section A. General Principles
Section B. Materials & Processes
Section C. Control
Section D. Power Electronics and Drives
Section E. Environment
Section F. Power Generation
26. Prime Movers
26.1 Steam Generating Plant
26.1.1 Introduction
26.1.2 Combustion
26.1.3 Sources of Chemical Energy
26.1.4 Thermodynamics and Hydrodynamics of Steam Generating Plant
26.2 Steam Turbine Plant
26.2.1 Cycles and Types
26.2.2 Turbine Technology
26.2.3 Turbine Construction
26.2.4 Turbine Support Plant
26.2.5 Turbine Operation and Control
26.3 Gas Turbine Plant
26.3.1 Open-Cycle Plant
26.3.2 Closed-Cycle Plant
26.3.3 Combined-Cycle Plant
26.3.4 Cogeneration/CHP Plant
26.4 Hydroelectric Plant
26.4.1 General
26.4.2 Types of Plant
26.4.3 Power Station
26.4.4 Turbines
26.4.5 Hydrogenerators
26.4.6 Economics
26.4.7 Pumped Storage
26.5 Diesel-Engine Plant
26.5.1 Theory and General Principles
26.5.2 Engine Features
26.5.3 Engine Primary Systems
26.5.4 Engine Ancillaries
26.5.5 A.C. Generators
26.5.6 Switchgear and Controls
26.5.7 Operational Aspects
26.5.8 Plant Layout
26.5.9 Economic Factors
26.5.10 Cogeneration/CHP
References
27. Alternative Energy Sources
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Embedded Generation
27.1.2 Energy Costs
27.2 Solar
27.2.1 Photovoltaic Systems
27.2.2 Solar Thermal Applications
27.3 Marine Energy
27.3.1 Tidal Energy
27.3.2 Wave Energy
27.4 Hydro
27.5 Wind
27.5.1 Wind Energy
27.5.2 Wind Turbines
27.5.3 Wind Generators
27.5.4 Economics
27.5.5 Environmental Issues
27.6 Geothermal Energy
27.6.1 Hydrothermal Sources
27.6.2 Hot Dry Rocks
27.7 Biofuels
27.7.1 Introduction
27.7.2 Biomass Technologies
27.7.3 Major Biomass Sources
27.8 Direct Conversion
27.8.1 Thermoelectric Generators
27.8.2 Thermionic Generators
27.8.3 Magnetohydrodynamic Generators
27.9 Fuel Cells
27.9.1 Introduction
27.9.2 Fuel Cell Types
27.9.3 Fuel Cell Structure
27.9.4 Fuel Cell Plant
27.9.5 Regenerative Fuel Cells
27.10 Heat Pumps
27.10.1 Introduction
27.10.2 Thermodynamics
27.10.3 Practical Cycles
27.10.4 Scale
27.10.5 Conclusions
27.10.6 Professional Guides
References
28. Alternating Current Generators
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Airgap Flux and Open-Circuit E.M.F.
28.2.1 Airgap Flux Waveforms
28.2.2 Open-Circuit E.M.F.: Integral Slots per Pole
28.2.3 Open-Circuit E.M.F.: Fractional Slot Windings
28.2.4 Slot Ripple E.M.F.s
28.3 Alternating Current Windings
28.3.1 Choice of Slot Number
28.3.2 Integral-Slot Windings
28.3.3 Fractional-Slot Windings
28.3.4 Parallel Circuits
28.4 Coils and Insulation
28.4.1 Service Conditions
28.4.2 Stator Coils
28.4.3 High Voltage Insulation Systems
28.4.4 Insulation Testing
28.4.5 Rotor Coils
28.5 Temperature Rise
28.6 Output Equation
28.6.1 Some Design Parameters
28.7 Armature Reaction
28.7.1 Cylindrical-Rotor Machine
28.7.2 Salient-Pole Rotor Machine
28.7.3 Magnitudes and Equivalence of Stator and Rotor M.M.F.
28.8 Reactances and Time Constants
28.8.1 Armature Leakage Reactance
28.8.2 Magnetisation (Armature Reaction) Reactances
28.8.3 Synchronous Reactances
28.8.4 Transient and Subtransient Reactances
28.8.5 Negative-Sequence Reactance
28.8.6 Zero-Sequence Reactance
28.8.7 Reactance Values
28.8.8 Reactances and Time Constants
28.8.9 Potier Reactance
28.8.10 Frequency-Response Tests
28.9 Steady-State Operation
28.9.1 Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics
28.9.2 Phasor Diagram and Power Output
28.10 Synchronising
28.10.1 Synchronising Procedure
28.10.2 Synchronising Power and Torque
28.10.3 Rotor Oscillation
28.11 Operating Charts
28.11.1 Cylindrical-Rotor Generator
28.11.2 Salient-Pole Generator
28.12 On-Load Excitation
28.12.1 M.M.F. Phasor Diagram
28.12.2 The ANSI Potier Reactance Method
28.12.3 Use of Design Calculation
28.13 Sudden Three-Phase Short Circuit
28.14 Excitation Systems
28.14.1 D.C. Exciters
28.14.2 A.C. Exciters with Static Rectifiers
28.14.3 Brushless Excitation
28.14.4 Thyristor Excitation
28.14.5 Excitation Systems Circuits
28.14.6 Excitation Control
28.14.7 Basic Principles of Voltage Control
28.14.8 Additional Control Features
28.14.9 Overall Voltage Response
28.14.10 Digital Control
28.15 Turbogenerators
28.15.1 Main Dimensions
28.15.2 Rotor Body
28.15.3 Rotor Winding
28.15.4 Stator Core
28.15.5 Stator Casing
28.15.6 Stator Winding
28.15.7 Cooling
28.16 Generator-Transformer Connection
28.17 Hydrogenerators
28.17.1 Introduction
28.17.2 Construction
28.17.3 Cooling
28.17.4 Excitation
28.17.5 Pumped Storage Units
28.18 Salient-Pole Generators Other than Hydrogenerators
28.18.1 Applications
28.18.2 Construction
28.18.3 Ventilation and Cooling
28.18.4 Particular Design Requirements
28.19 Synchronous Compensators
28.20 Induction Generators
28.21 Standards
Acknowledgements
References
29. Batteries
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Cells and Batteries
29.2.1 Definitions
29.2.2 Principles
29.2.3 Redox Process
29.3 Primary Cells
29.3.1 Leclanché (Zinc-Carbon) Cell
29.3.2 Standard Cells
29.3.3 Alkaline Cells
29.3.4 Water Activated Cells
29.3.5 Acid Cells
29.4 Secondary Cells and Batteries
29.4.1 Lead/Acid Cells
29.4.2 Nickel/Cadmium and Nickel/Iron Alkaline Cells
29.4.3 Silver/Zinc Alkaline Cells
29.4.4 Secondary Battery Technology
29.4.5 Lithium Cells
29.4.6 Sodium/Sulphur Cells
29.5 Battery Applications
29.5.1 Stationary or Standby Power Batteries
29.5.2 Self-Contained Power Supplies
29.5.3 Traction Batteries
29.6 Anodising
29.6.1 Process
29.6.2 Vats
29.6.3 Workpieces
29.7 Electrodeposition
29.7.1 Electroplating
29.8 Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrolysis
29.8.1 Process
29.8.2 Electrolysers
29.8.3 Gas Purity
29.8.4 Plant Arrangement
References
Section G. Transmission and Distribution
Section H. Power Systems
Section I. Sectors of Electricity Use
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
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