ZLDGRPRüLG\QDPLF]QHPRGHOHG]LDáDQLDPy]JX

:áRG]LVáDZ'XFK

.DWHGUD0HWRG.RPSXWHURZ\FK8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND

XO*UXG]LG]ND7RUX

http://www.phys.uni.torun.pl/~duch

Streszczenie

ZLDGRPRü ]ZL]DQD MHVW ] XZDJ SDPLFL URERF] L SHUFHSFM 6WUXPLH ZLDGRPRFL

]DZLHUDW\ONRWHHOHPHQW\NWyUHSRMDZLDMVLZSDPLFLURERF]HMNeurofizjologiczne kore-

ODW\ZUD*HZLDGRP\FKPRJREHMPRZDüSURFHV\V\QFKURQL]DFMLRVF\ODFMLHz odpowie-

G]LDOQH]DVFDODQLHZUD*Hthe binding problem). Przedstawiono alternatywne teorie rozwi-

]DQLD OXE XQLNQLFLD SUREOHPX VFDODQLD ZUD*H 6]F]HJyOQLH RELHFXMFH PRJ E\ü NRUHODW\

RSDUWH QD SRPLDUDFK ZVSyáF]\QQLNyZ ]áR*RQRFL DNW\ZQRFL QHXURQRZHM ]DSURSRQRZDQH
przez Tonioni i

(GHOPDQD2PyZLRQRWHRULHÄEEOLDNW\ZQRFL´LDGDSWDF\MQHJRUH]RQDQVX

Z\MDQLDMFH ZLHOH DVSHNWyZ ]ZL]DQ\FK ] IHQRPHQRORJL ZUD*H ZLDGRP\FK 3U]HGVWa-

ZLRQRDUJXPHQW\]DX]QDQLHPZLDGRPRFL]DSURFHVG\VNU\PLQDFMLQLHV\PEROLF]Q\FKUe-

SUH]HQWDFMLSRMDZLDMF\FKVLZSDPLFLURERF]HMRQLHZLHONLHMSRMHPQRFL7HUHSUH]HQWDFMH

WZRU]VWDQ\UH]RQDQVRZH]UHSUH]HQWDFMDPLSU]HFKRZ\ZDQ\PLZSDPLFLGáXJRWUZDáHM-HVW

WRSURFHVNWyUHJRQLHGDVLV\PXORZDü]DSRPRFF\IURZHJRNRPSXWera.

Abstract

Consciousness is connected with attention, working memory and perception. The stream of
consciousness contains only those elements that are present in the working memory. Neuro-
physiological correlates of conscious states are sought in form of synchronization processes
based on 40 Hz oscillations needed to solve the binding problem. Alternative theories to solve
or avoid the binding problem are presented. Correlates based on neural complexity index re-
cently introduced by Tonioni and Edelman are especially promising. Theories of “activity
bubbles” and of adaptive resonance explain many aspects of the conscious’ experience phe-
nomenology. Arguments supporting the idea that consciousness is a process of discrimination
of continuous, non-symbolic representations appearing in small-capacity working memory are
presented. These representations create resonant states with long-term memory traces, a proc-
ess that cannot be captured by digital computer simulations.

6áRZDNOXF]RZHZLDGRPRüXNáDG\G\QDPLF]QH
Keywords: consciousness, dynamical systems, binding,

1 Wprowadzenie

%DGDQLDQDGZLDGRPRFLREMWHE\á\SU]HGGáXJLF]DVURG]DMHPWDEX3UREOHPQDWXU\ZLa-

GRPRFLG\VNXWRZDQ\E\áJáyZQLHSU]H]ILOR]RIyZVSHNXOXMF\FKQDWHPDWXP\VáXZFDáNo-
witym oderwaniu od

QHXURELRORJLL:\MWNLHPMHVWWXVWZRU]RQ\SU]H]3DWU\FMChurchland

nurt „neurofilozofii” [3]

NU\W\F]Q\ ZREHF IXQNFMRQDOL]PX D Z V]F]HJyOQRFL DUJXPHQWyZ

GRW\F]F\FK QLH]DOH*QRFL VWDQyZ SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK RG VWDQyZ Py]JX 1LHVWHW\ QLHZLHOX

2

ILOR]RIyZXP\VáXSRV]áRZW\PNLHUXQNXLZWHMG]LHG]LQLHSDQXMHQDGDOGX*HSRPLHV]DQLH=

MHGQHM VWURQ\ QLHNWyU]\ ILOR]RIRZLH SURSRQXM RGU]XFHQLH ZV]HONLFK SRUHGQLFK SR]LRPyZ

RSLVX WZLHUG]F *H LVWQLHM W\ONR VWDQ\ QHXURIL]MRORJLF]QH L ZLDGRPRü [15] NU\W\NXMF

EDGDQLHSURFHVyZSU]HWZDU]DQLDLQIRUPDFMLSU]H]Py]J-HVWWRZ\MWNRZRGHVWUXNW\ZQHSo-

GHMFLHJG\*QLHPR*QDVNRQVWUXRZDüVHQVRZQ\FKPRGHOLXP\VáXEH]ZSURZDG]HQLDFDáHJR

V]HUHJXSR]LRPyZSRUHGQLFK±IDNW\QHXURELRORJLF]QHPXV]E\üSRGVWDZDOHEH]PRGHOL

WHRUHW\F]Q\FKLV\PXODFMLNRPSXWHURZ\FKSR]ZDODMF\FKQDVWDZLDQLHLWHVWRZDQLHKLSRWH]

GRW\F]F\FK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD Py]JX SR]RVWDQLHP\ QD SR]LRPLH EHKDZLRU\]PX = GUXJLHM

VWURQ\G\VNXVMHGRW\F]FHXP\VáXVS\FKDQHVQDPDQRZFHSU]H]ILOR]RIXMF\FKPDWHPDWy-

NyZDUJXPHQWXMF\FK±ZRGHUZDQLX]DUyZQRRGSV\FKRORJLLNRJQLW\ZQHMMDNLRGneuro-

ELRORJLL±]DLVWQLHQLHPWDMHPQ\FKZáDVQRFLXP\VáXNWyU\FK]UR]XPLHQLHZ\PDJDüEG]LH
rewizji fundamentalnych teorii fizycznych [14].

1LHVWHW\WDNLHEH]SáRGQHG\VNXVMHILOR]RILF]QHRGZUDFDMXZDJRGFLJáHJRSRVWSXZUo-

]XPLHQLX]ZL]NyZSRPLG]\VWDQDPLPy]JXDVWDQDPLXP\VáXSRVWSXNWyU\GRNRQXMHVL

G]LNL PRGHORP G\QDPLF]Q\P W\SX VLHFL QHXURQRZ\FK William James i inni twórcy psy-

FKRORJLLZ;,;ZLHNX]DMPRZDOLVLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZLDGRPRFL-X*ZURNXDo-
nald

+HEE Z VZRMHM NVL*FH ÄOrganization of Behavior´ ]DSURSRQRZDá Z\MDQLHQLH ZLHOX

]MDZLVN SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK ]ZL]DQ\FK ] SHUFHSFM XF]HQLHP VL SDPLFL L ]DEXU]HQLDPL

DIHNW\ZQ\PLZRSDUFLXRSURFHV\]DFKRG]FHZVLHFLDFKQHXURQyZ:HZVWSLHGRVZRMHM

NVL*NL+HEEXWR*VDPLDáWHSURFHV\]H]MDZLVNDPLSV\FKLF]Q\PLQLHSRVXQáVLMHGQDN*HGR

SUyE\]UR]XPLHQLDZLDGRPRFL3V\FKRORJLDNRJQLW\ZQDSRPLPRRGU]XFHQLDRJUDQLF]RQHM

SHUVSHNW\Z\EHKDZLRU\]PXVWURQLáDRG]DJDGQLH]ZL]DQ\FK]HZLDGRPRFLERMFVLLFK
pozornie „nienaukowego” charakteru. Dopiero w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku badania nad

ZLDGRPRFLZNURF]\á\GRJáyZQHJRQXUWXQDXNL3U]\F]\QLáDVLGRWHJRVHULDNRQIHUHQFML
organizowanych od 1996 przez University of Arizona w Tucson, oraz powstanie szeregu
specjalistycznych pism, takich jak Consciousness and Cognition (Academic Press) oraz Jour-
nal of Consciousness Studies (Imprint Academic

:D*Q URO RGHJUDá UyZQLH* DUW\NXá )

Cricka i C. Kocha [4]

IRUPXáXMF\SUREOHPZLDGRPRFLZ]URNRZHM]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDneu-

URELRORJLLRUD]SRSXODUQDNVL*ND)Cricka [5].

2

3UREOHP\]ZL]DQH]GHILQLFMZLDGRPRFL

7UXGQRMHVWMHGQR]QDF]QLH]GHILQLRZDüZLDGRPRüVáRZRWRX*\ZDQHMHVWERZLHPZZLHOX

Uy*Q\FK ]QDF]HQLDFK L NRQWHNVWDFK MDNLHJR ZLF Z\MDQLHQLD PR*QD VL VSRG]LHZDü" &]\

ZLDGRPRüGDVLVSURZDG]LüGRXZDJLSDPLFLURERF]HMOXESHUFHSFML"&]XFLHZLG]HQLH

F]\ Vá\V]HQLH V ZLDGRP\PL ZUD*HQLDPL Z\QLNDMF\PL ]H ]ZUyFHQLD XZDJL QD F]\QQRFL

GRW\NDQLDSDWU]HQLDLVáXFKDQLD:M]\NXSV\FKRORJLLSRWRF]QHMF]\QLP\ZLFUR]Uy*QLHQLH

SRPLG]\ G]LDáDQLHP XZDJL DNW\ZQHJR SURFHVX SR]ZDODMFHJR QD Z\EyU ERG(FyZ RUD]

VDP\PSURFHVHPGRZLDGF]DQLDW\FKERG(FyZMDNRZUD*H8ZDJDZ\ELHUDNWyUH]LVWQLHM-

F\FKZPy]JXSREXG]HEG]LHP\ZLDGRPLHGRZLDGF]DüOXESR]ZDODDNW\ZQLHSRV]XNi-

ZDüQRZ\FKZUD*H QS SU]H] NRQWURO UXFKX JDáHN RF]Q\FK SRG ZSá\ZHP ERG(FyZ DNu-

VW\F]Q\FK&KRFLD*SRMFLDSV\FKRORJLLSRWRF]QHMPRJVLRND]Dü]XSHáQLHQLHDGHNZDWQH[3]

QLH QDOH*\ LFK RGU]XFDü SRFKRSQLH :\MDQLHQLD ]JRGQH ] SRWRF]Q\P VSRVREHP X*\ZDQLD

SRMü GRW\F]F\FK ZLDGRPRFL EG VL QDP Z\GDZDü EDUG]LHM QDWXUDOQH QL* Z\MDQLHQLD

DEVWUDNF\MQH1LHVWHW\Z\MDQLHQLDWDNLHQLHVXQLZHUVDOQHERZUy*Q\FKM]\NDFKSRMFLH

ZLDGRPRFLLPHWDIRU\GRW\F]FHXP\VáXIXQNFMRQXMZRGPLHQQ\VSRVyESRUUR]Uy*QLHQLH

SRPLG]\consciousness i awarenessZM]\NXDQJLHOVNLP:V]\VWNLHZ\MDQLHQLDSRWRF]QH

3

RGZRáXMVLZMDZQ\OXEXNU\W\VSRVyEGRhomunculusaD ZLFRVWDWHF]QLHQLHGDG]VL

]DDNFHSWRZDü.WRNLHUXMHXZDJ"3UREOHPWHQQLHSRMDZLDVLMHOLG]LDáDQLHPy]JXRSLVu-

MHP\]DSRPRFXNáDGyZG\QDPLF]Q\FKSRUSRQi*HM

0QLHMMDVQHMHVWUR]Uy*QLHQLHSRPLG]\SDPLFLURERF]working memoryDZLDGRPRFL
Baddeley [1]

XZD*D *H ZLDGRPRü G]LDáD SU]H] SDPLü URERF] VWDQRZLF MHM DNW\ZQ\

HOHPHQWNRQLHF]Q\GRNRRUG\QDFMLLQIRUPDFML]Uy*Q\FK(UyGHá]DUyZQRSDPLFLHSL]RG\Fz-

QHM]GDU]HSU]HV]á\FKMDNLELH*FHMSHUFHSFML:W\PXMFLXVDPDSDPLüURERF]DMHVWW\ONR

]ELRUHP ÄRELHNWyZ XP\VáX´ UHSUH]HQWDFML LNRQRJUDILF]Q\FK SHUFHSWyZ P\OL D ZLDGo-

PRüMHVWDNW\ZQ\PSURFHVHPGRNRQXMF\PVNRMDU]HUHIOHNVMLLZROLFMRQDOQHMRFHQ\SRMa-

ZLDMF\FKVLPR*OLZRFLBaars [2]UR]ZLQáSRGREQHLGHHZUDPDFKWHRULLJOREDOQHMSU]e-
strzeni roboczej (Global Workspace

SUyEXMFZSHZQ\PVWRSQLXSRZL]DüM]neurofizjo-

ORJL : MHJR UR]XPLHQLX XZDJD VWZDU]D GRVWS GR ZLDGRPRFL ]DZLHUDMFHM RSUyF] per-

FHSWyZ ]ZL]DQ\FK ] G]LDáDQLHP ]P\VáyZ UyZQLH* LQWHQFMH SUDJQLHQLD ]QDF]HQLD DEVWUDk-

F\MQ\FKSRMüLLQQH HOHPHQW\ZLDGRPRüMHVWQDWRPLDVWSURFHVHPQDGU]GQ\PNRQLHFz-

Q\PE\SRZLDGRPLüZV]\VWNLHVWUXNWXU\Py]JXRSRMDZLDMF\PVLSUREOHPLHL]HEUDüF]Vt-

NRZHZ\QLNLRGZ\VSHFMDOL]RZDQ\FKQLHZLDGRP\FKSURFHVRUyZ]GROQ\FKGRUR]ZL]DQLD

IUDJPHQWyZ WHJR SUREOHPX =DZDUWRü VWUXPLHQLD ZLDGRPRFL SU]H*\ZDQH ZUD*HQLD MHVW

WR*VDPD]WUHFLSDPLFLURERF]HM7HLSRGREQHSRGHMFLDSV\FKRORJLF]QHXVLáXMFHVNRn-

NUHW\]RZDü SRMFLD M]\ND SRWRF]QHJR Z\GDM VL DWUDNF\MQH SR]ZDODMF VWZRU]\ü SRPRVW

SRPLG]\G\QDPLF]Q\PLPRGHODPLSURFHVyZ]DFKRG]F\FKZPy]JXDWUHFLXPyVáX

ZLDGRPRüZL*HVL]VXEWHOQ\PLS\WDQLDPLGODF]HJRZRJyOHPDP\ZUD*HQLDZLDGRPH"

:UD*HQLDPDMMDNRFL]ZDQHZILOR]RILLXP\VáXqualiaNWyUHQLHGDMVLRSLVDü]DSRPRF

EDUG]LHMSRGVWDZRZ\FKSRMü&]\LVWQLHQLXW\FKMDNRFLPR*QDSU]\SLVDüMDNIXQNFM"&]\

PRJRQHSRZVWDüZHOHNWURQLF]Q\FKV\PXODWRUDFKPy]JXOXESURJUDPDFKZ\NRQ\ZDQ\FK

SU]H]NRPSXWHU\"-DNLHMHVWHZROXF\MQH]QDF]HQLHZUD*H"&]\ZLDGRPRüUHIOHNV\MQQa-

OH*\X]QDü]DLQQ\URG]DMZLDGRPRFLQL*ZLDGRPRüSLHUZRWQ"3RZV]HFKQLHXZD*DVL

*HVWRS\WDQLDQDNWyUHQLHPR*QD]QDOH(üRGSRZLHG]L0R*QDMHGQDN]QDOH(üDUJXPHQW\

SRND]XMFH*HV\VWHPV]WXF]Q\NWyUHJRG]LDáDQLHZ]RURZDQHMHVWQDPRGXODUQ\FKVLHFLDFK
neu

URQRZ\FKPy]JXPXVLWZLHUG]Lü*HRGF]XZDZUD*HQLD[9].

1DMEDUG]LHMNRQNUHWQHZ\GDMVLSUyE\V]XNDQLDQHXURIL]MRORJLF]Q\FKNRUHODWyZRGUy*QLDM-

F\FK VWDQ ZLDGRP\ RG QLHZLDGRPHJR 0R*QD ]QDOH(ü ZLHOH NRQWUDVWXMF\FK ]H VRE SDU

]MDZLVN XP\VáRZ\FK ] NWyU\FK MHGQR NRMDU]RQH MHVW ]H ZLDGRP\P G]LDáDQLHP D GUXJLH ]

QLHZLDGRP\P'RW\F]\WRUy*Q\FKURG]DMyZSDPLFLSDPLüNUyWNRWUZDáD±SDPLüGáXJo-

WHUPLQRZDHSL]RG\F]QD±VHPDQW\F]QDGHNODUDW\ZQD±SURFHGXUDOQDZLDGRPHXF]HQLHVL

LSDPLü±XF]HQLHVLLSDPLüXWDMRQDimplict learning, implicit memory.RQWUROLZQLo-

VNRZDQLHZLDGRPHSU]HFLZVWDZLüPR*QDNRQWUROLLDXWRPDW\F]QHPXG]LDáDQLXOXEWH*EDr-

G]LHM RJyOQLH SURFHV\ Z\PDJDMFH XP\VáRZHJR Z\VLáNX SURFHVRP Z\NRQ\ZDQ\P VSRQWa-

QLF]QLHOXEEH]Z\VLáNXZLDGRPDSHUFHSFMDNRQWUDVWXMH]QLHZLDGRPUHFHSFMERG(FyZD

PHFKDQL]P\XZDJLZ\Uy*QLDMERG(FH QRZH ]QDF]FH VLOQH OXE ]QDMGXMFH VL Z FHQWUXP

XZDJL VS\FKDMF GR QLHZLDGRPHM UHFHSFML ERG(FH SRZWDU]DMFH VL QLHLVWRWQH VáDEH OXE

]QDMGXMFHVLQDSHU\IHULDFKXZDJL6WDQMDZ\LPDU]HVHQQ\FKSU]HFLZVWDZLüPR*QDVWa-

QRZLVQXJáERNLHJROXENRPLH(NVSHU\PHQW\PRJSRND]DüUy*QLFHSRPLG]\VWDQDPLPó-

]JXZF]DVLHZLDGRPHJRG]LDáDQLDLG]LDáDQLDQLHZLDGRPHJR

4

3

1HXURIL]MRORJLF]QHNRUHODW\ZLDGRPRFL

.RQWUDVW\SRPLG]\F]\QQRFLDPLLVWDQDPLZLDGRP\PLDQLHZLDGRP\PLPR*QDEDGDüZ

WHVWDFKSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK-HGQDN*HSU]H]GáXJLF]DVWUXGQRE\áR]QDOH(üneurofizjologiczne

NRUHODW\ ZUD*H ZLDGRP\FK 0HWRG\ REUD]RZDQLD Py]JX SR]ZROLá\ FR SUDZGD GRVWU]HF

REV]DU\]DDQJD*RZDQHZSU]HWZDU]DQLHLQIRUPDFMLMHGQDN*HVDPRSREXG]HQLHSáDWyZF]Ráo-

Z\FKZF]DVLHUR]ZL]DQLD]DGDGRW\F]F\FKSODQRZDQLDQLHMHVWSUHF\]\MQLHVNRUHORZDQH]

ZUD*HQLDPL ZLDGRP\PL 5R]G]LHOF]Rü F]DVRZD I05, OXE 3(7 QLH MHVW Z\VWDUF]DMFD GR

]DREVHUZRZDQLDWDNLFKNRUHODFML3DPLüNUyWNRWUZDáDMHVWEH]ZWSLHQLD]ZL]DQD]ELRHOHk-

WU\F]Q\PL V]\ENR]PLHQQ\PL SREXG]HQLDPL SU]HMDZLDMF\PL VL Z F]\QQRFL ((* NRU\
Crick i Koch [4]

]DVWDQDZLDOLVLQDGproblemem scalania (the binding problemDNW\ZQRFL

Uy*Q\FKF]FLXNáDGXZ]URNRZHJR[21]ZSURFHVLHZLG]HQLD6FDODQLHDNW\ZQRFLNRQLHFz-

QH GR SRZVWDQLD ZUD*HQLD SU]HFKRZ\ZDQHJR Z SDPLFL URERF]HM Z\PDJD V\QFKURQL]DFML

Z\áDGRZD QHXURQyZ :LHOX EDGDF]\ ZVXQáR KLSRWH] R LVWRWQHM UROL RVF\ODFML R F]VWo-

FLDFK U]GX Hz w tym procesie. Singer [16] SLV]H Ä0R*OLZH *H W\ONR WH SREXG]HQLD

SU]HNUDF]DMSUyJZLDGRPRFLNWyUHVGRVWDWHF]QLH]RUJDQL]RZDQHLNRKHUHQWQH´6\QFKUo-

QL]DFMD SRZLQQD GRW\F]\ü QLH W\ONR LQWUDNRUW\NDOQ\FK SREXG]H OHF] UyZQLH* REHMPRZDü
struktury limbiczne oraz twór siatkowaty.

3RPLPR OLF]Q\FK HNVSHU\PHQWyZ ] XG]LDáHP OXG]L L ]ZLHU]W SRWZLHUG]DMF\FK LVWQLHQLH

]ZL]NX SRPLG]\ ZUD*HQLDPL ZLDGRP\PL L V\QFKURQL]DFM QHXURQyZ SRU SU]HJOG Z
Temporal Binding, numer specjalny Consciousness and Cognition Vol. 8, No. 2, czerwiec
1999) hipoteza 40

+]MHVWZGDOV]\PFLJXNRQWURZHUV\MQD3U]HGHZV]\VWNLPQLHMHVWZFDOH

MDVQHF]\VDPSUREOHPVFDOHQLDZUD*HZ\PDJDUR]ZL]DQLDDOERZLHPQLHNWyU]\ILOR]RIRZLH

SRGZD*DMSU]HNRQDQLHRNRQLHF]QRFLWUDNWRZDQLD ZUD*HZLDGRP\FKZFDáRFLRZ\VSo-

VyE-HOLXGDáRE\VLZ\ND]Dü*HMHGQRüZLDGRPRFLMHVWSHZQHJRURG]DMXLOX]MLQDOH*\

UDF]HMPyZLüRVWUXPLHQLXZUD*HLQWHUSUHWRZDQ\FKMDNR FDáRüSUREOHPVFDODQLDRND]DáE\

VLSR]RUQ\Zeki i Bartels [21]SU]\FK\ODMVLGRSRUHGQLHJRSRJOGXZNWyU\PPRGXODUQD

EXGRZDPy]JXSR]ZDODQDSRZVWDZDQLHV\QFKURQLF]Q\FKVWDQyZ ZHZQWU]PRGXáyZOHF]

QLHZREUELHFDáHJRPy]JX%\áE\WRZLF]ELyUÄPLNURZLDGRPRFL´]DPLDVWÄWHDWUXZLa-

GRPRFL´[2]3RGREQWHRULJáRVL$Damasio [6]JUXS\QHXURQyZZ]QDMGXMF\FKVL Z

Uy*Q\FK REV]DUDFK Py]JX ± ÄVWUHIDFK NRQZHUJHQFML´ F]\OL REV]DUDFK wielomodalnych, od-

ELHUDMF\FKLZ\V\áDMF\FKV\JQDá\GRZLHOXUHMRQyZPy]JX±PRJSREXG]DüREV]DU\F]u-

FLRZHLREV]DU\RGSRZLHG]LDOQH]DHNVSUHVMHPRFMLUHNRQVWUXXMFVWDQ\Py]JXSRGREQHGR

W\FKNWyUHZ\ZRáDQH]RVWDá\SU]H]SLHUZRWQHERG(FH:WHMWHRULLVFDODQLHZUD*HQLHZ\Pa-

JDV\QFKURQLF]Q\FKRVF\ODFMLFKRFLD*SRZLQQ\LVWQLHüNRUHODFMHF]DVRZHSRPLG]\DNW\ZQo-

FLUy*Q\FKREV]DUyZZLGRF]QHQDREUazach fMRI i PET.

: QLHNWyU\FK EDGDQLDFK QLH ]DREVHUZRZDQR LVWQLHQLD NRUHODFML SRPLG]\ V\QFKURQL]DFM
oscylacji 40

+]DZUD*HQLDPLZLDGRP\PLFRPR*HZLDGF]\üRVáXV]QRFLZVSRPQLDQ\FK

WXWHRULLDOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK6\WXDFMDMHVW]DSHZQHEDUG]LHMVNRPSOLNRZDQDQL*SRF]WNRZR]a-

NáDGDQR Newman i Grace [11] ]DVWDQDZLDM VL QDG PHFKDQL]PHP LQWHJUDFML L ILOWURZDQLD

Uy*Q\FK SHUFHSWyZ VFDORQ\FK ]D SRPRF V\QFKURQL]DFML UR]SURV]RQ\FK JUXS QHXURQyZ Z

SDPLFLURERF]HM$QDOL]XMFHNVSHU\PHQWDOQHGDQHGRFKRG]RQLGRZQLRVNX*H]DV\QFKUo-

QL]DFM SURFHVyZ ]DFKRG]F\FK QD QDMZ\*V]\FK SLWUDFK SU]HWZDU]DQLD Z REV]DU]H dolno-
skroniowym (IT) i

SU]HGF]RáRZ\P WZRU]F\FK VWUXPLH ZLDGRPRFL RGSRZLHG]LDOQH V

procesy selekcji (gating

GRNRQ\ZDQH SU]H] RURGNL XNáDGX OLPELF]QHJR EU]XV]Q F]ü

SU*NRZLDD]ZáDV]F]DMGURSyáOH*FHLMGURVLDWNRZDWHZ]JyU]Dnucleus reticularis thal-
ami

157 -HVW WR UR]ZLQLHFLH ]DSURSRQRZDQHJR ZF]HQLHM ÄUR]V]HU]RQHJR siatkowo-

5

wzgórzowego schematu aktywacji” (Extended Reticulo-Thalamic Activation System,

(57$6 Z REUELH NWyUHJR SRZVWDZDü PLDá\ SREXG]HQLD RGSRZLHG]LDOQH ]D ZLDGRPRü

V]F]HJyá\neuroanatomiczQHRSLVDQHVZSUDFDFK[11],[17],[19],[20]).

William James

VG]Lá*HZLDGRPRüMHVWZ\QLNLHPG]LDáDQLDFDáHJRPy]JXJG\*QLHZLHOH

XV]NRG]HPy]JXSURZDG]LGRMHMFDáNRZLWHMXWUDW\:EDGDQLDFKZ\NRU]\VWXMF\FKU\ZDOi-

]DFM REXRF]Q binocular rivalry X PDáS Z\ND]DQR EUDN NRUHODFML SRPLG]\ ZUD*HQLDPL

ZLDGRP\PLDDNW\ZQRFLZLNV]RFLQHXURQyZQL*V]\FKSLWHUNRU\Z]URNRZHM99

07ZF]DVLHJG\DNW\ZQRüQHXURQyZZZ\*V]\FKSLWUDFK,7676MHVW]QLPLVNo-

UHORZDQD3RGREQHZ\QLNLRWU]\PDQR]DSRPRFPHWRGmagnetoencefalograficznych (MEG)

XOXG]L:\GDMHVLU]HF]RF]\ZLVW*HDNW\ZQRüW\ONRW\FKREV]DUyZPy]JXZNWyU\FK

LVWQLHMVWDELOQHniezmiennicze reprezentacje SHUFHSWyZPR*HZ\ND]\ZDüNRUHODFMH]ZLa-

GRP\PLRGF]XFLDPL2NRSU]HPLHV]F]DMFVLUXFKDPLVDNNDG\F]Q\PLZ\V\áD]VLDWNyZNLGR

QL*V]\FKSLWHUXNáDGXZ]URNRZHJRV\JQDá\]E\WFKDRW\F]QHE\PRJá\RQHEH]SRUHGQLRE\ü

XZLDGDPLDQH2EV]DU\NRU\]ZL]DQH]HV]ODNLHPJU]ELHWRZ\PXNáDGX Z]URNRZHJR G]La-

áDMZ]QDF]QHMPLHU]HQLH]DOH*QLHRGZLDGRPRFLSR]ZDODMFQDSU]\NáDGQDV]\ENDXWo-

PDW\F]Q UHDNFM QD Z\NU\ZDQLH UXFKX 3REXG]HQLD V]ODNX EU]XV]QHJR SURZDG]FHJR GR

SáDWyZVNURQLRZ\FKSURZDG]EH]SRUHGQLRGRZUD*HZ]URNowych.

:LHOH LQQ\FK SURFHVyZ DXWRPDW\F]Q\FK SREXG]D F]FL XNáDGX Z]URNRZHJR L VáXFKRZHJR

ZSá\ZDMFMHG\QLHZSRUHGQLVSRVyEQDWUHüZUD*HZLDGRP\FK2F]\ZLFLHZV]\VWNLH

REV]DU\Py]JXV]HVREVSU]*RQHLZGáX*V]\PRNUHVLHF]DVXPRJQDVLHELHRGG]LDá\ZDü

DOH QLH ZV]\VWNLH PRJ WR ]URELü Z NUyWNLP RNLHQNX F]DVRZ\P SRWU]HEQ\P QD SRZVWDQLH

ZLDGRPHJRZUD*HQLDU]GXXáDPNyZVHNXQG7\ONRQDMZD*QLHMV]HLQIRUPDFMHGDMEH]So-

UHGQLZNáDGGRSDPLFLURERF]HMVFDODMFHMVWDQW\FKREV]DUyZPy]JXNWyUHZLVWRWQ\VSo-

VyEZSá\ZDMQDNRQWURO]DFKRZDQLD+DELWXDFMDSRZRGXMH]DQLNDQLHVNRUHORZDQHM]GDQ\P

ERG(FHPDNW\ZQRFLSR]DREV]DUDPLVHQVRU\F]Q\PL'áXJRWUZDáDSDPLüHSL]RG\F]QD]DSi-

VXMHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPVWDQSDPLFLURERF]HMSR]ZDODMFJRRGWZRU]\üZSy(QLHMV]\PRNUe-

VLHLXPR*OLZLDMFX*\WHF]QHVNRMDU]HQLD-HGQ]IXQNFMLZLDGRPRFLMHVWZLFURO ILOWUD

SR]ZDODMFHJR]DSDPLWDü]PRU]DNRPELQDFMLGRFLHUDMF\FKGRPy]JXV\JQDáyZW\ONRQDj-

ZD*QLHMV]H

&KRFLD* QLH PD VHQVX PyZLü R ÄQHXURQDFK ZLDGRPRFL´ QLH ZV]\VWNLH REV]DU\ Py]JX Z

MHGQDNRZ\P VWRSQLX PDM EH]SRUHGQL ZSá\Z QD WUHü SDPLFL URERF]HM D ZLF QD WUHü

ZLDGRPRFL7DMHPQLFD ZLDGRPRFL ] SHZQRFL Z\GDZDáD E\ VL PQLHMV]D JG\E\ XGDáR

VL]QDOH(üWDNLHFHFK\ZPR*OLZ\FKGR]DREVHUZRZDQLDV\JQDáDFKDNW\ZQRFLPy]JXNWyUH

MHGQR]QDF]QLH NRUHOXM VL ] VXELHNW\ZQ\PL ZUD*HQLDPL =QDF]Q\ SRVWS Z W\P NLHUXQNX
stanowi praca Tononi i Edelmana [19]

SRGNUHODMFDGZLHVSU]HF]QH]HVREFHFK\ZLDGo-

PHMDNW\ZQRFLVFDOHQLDUy*Q\FKDVSHNWyZGRZLDGF]DQ\FKZUD*HLMHGQRF]HVQHJRGX*HJR

]Uy*QLFRZDQLDSR]ZDODMFHJRQDV]\ENLH]PLDQ\SU]H*\ZDQ\FK]áR*RQ\FKHSL]RGyZ6Fa-

OHQLHDNW\ZQRFLJUXSQHXURQyZPR*QD]PLHU]\üZSURZDG]DMFPLDUIXQNFMRQDOQHJRVNu-

SLHQLD DNW\ZQRFL F

A

RSDUW QD LQIRUPDFML Z]DMHPQHM : RNUHORQ\P RNLHQNX F]DVRZ\P

JUXSDIXQNFMRQDOQDSRZLQQDFKDUDNWHU\]RZDüVLZLNV]\PLQGHNVHPF

A

dla elementów na-

OH*F\FKGRWHMJUXS\QL*GODSR]RVWDá\FKHOHPHQWyZ

Niech X oznacza zbiór elementów neuronowych (np. minikolumn); wybierzmy z niego j-ty
podzbiór X

j

k

o k elementach (z k

HOHPHQWyZXWZRU]\üPR*QDZLHOHNRPELQDFMLL]EDGDMP\QD

LOHDNW\ZQRüWHJRSRG]ELRUX]DOH*\RGSR]RVWDá\FKQHXURQyZX

−

X

j

k

:SURZDG]DMFPLDU

LORFLLQIRUPDFMLHQWURSLL]ELRUXH(X)PR*QDRNUHOLüLQIRUPDFMZ]DMHPQH

I

(X

j

k

;X

−

X

j

k

)=

6

H(X

j

k

)+ H(X

−

X

j

k

)

−

H(X)

NWyUDUyZQDMHVWVXPLHLORFLLQIRUPDFML]DZDUWHMZSRG]ELRU]HX

j

k

i

MHJRGRSHáQLHQLXX

−

X

j

k

PLQXVLORüLQIRUPDFMLZFDá\P]ELRU]HX=DPLDULQIRUPDFMLZ\Qi-

NDMFHM]LQWHJUDFMLSRG]ELRUXX

j

k

PR*HP\SU]\MüUy*QLFPLG]\VXPLQIRUPDFMLZV]\Vt-

NLFK HOHPHQWyZ SRG]ELRUX WUDNWRZDQ\FK MDNR QLH]DOH*QH F]\OL I(X

j

k

)=

Σ

i

H(x

i

∈

X

j

k

)

−

H(X

j

k

).

Iloraz F

A

(X

j

k

)= I(X

j

k

)/H

I

(X

j

k

;X

−

X

j

k

)

RNUHODPLDUVNXSLHQLDDNW\ZQRFLDMHJRPDNV\PDOL]a-

FMDSR]ZDODWDNGREUDüSRG]ELyUHOHPHQWyZE\LQIRUPDFMDZHZQWU]QDE\áDMDNQDMZLNV]D

SU]\ QDMPQLHMV]HM LQIRUPDFML Z]DMHPQHM .ROHMQ\ NURN WR ZSURZDG]HQLH PLDU\ ]áR*RQRFL

RNUHODMFHM]GROQRüV\VWHPXGRSU]\MPRZDQLDVWDQyZNWyUH]MHJRZáDVQHJRSXQNWXZi-

G]HQLDVLVWRWQLHUy*QH-HOLX]QDü*HV\VWHPPR*HREVHUZRZDüVDPVLHELHWRG]LHOFJRQD
X

j

k

i X

−

X

j

k

PR*HP\]PLHU]\üLQIRUPDFMZ]DMHPQH

I

(X

j

k

;X

−

X

j

k

)

NWyUDMHVWGX*DMHOLREy-

GZLH F]FL PDM GX*D SRMHPQRü LQIRUPDF\MQ Z VWRVXQNX GR FDáHJR ]ELRUX Tonioni i
Edelman [19]

SURSRQXM SU]\Mü MDNR PLDU ]áR*RQRFL neuronalnej zbioru C

N

(X)

VXP SR

wszystkich k

HOHPHQWRZ\FKSRG]ELRUDFKXUHGQLRQSRPR*OLZ\FKSRG]ELRUDFKF]\OL

C

N

(X) =

Σ

k

<

H

I

(X

j

k

;X

−

X

j

k

)

>

j

'X*D]áR*RQRüR]QDF]DZVSyáLVWQLHQLHVSHFMDOL]DFMLIXQNFMRQDOQHMHOHPHQWyZQDOH*F\FKGR

DNW\ZQ\FKVNXSLHSU]\MPXMF\FKOLF]QHZ]DMHPQLHRGVLHELH]DOH*QHVWDQ\=DVWRVRZDQLH

WHMPLDU\GRV\PXORZDQ\FKVLHFL]áR*RQ\FK]W\VLF\QHXURQyZGDMHQDMEDUG]LHMLQWHUHVXMFH

]DFKRZDQLDVLHFLLGX*HZVSyáF]\QQLNLC

N

(X)

GODÄQDWXUDOQHM´WRSRJUDILLSRáF]HDQLHZLHl-

NLHGODLQQ\FKWRSRJUDILL*VWHSU]\SDGNRZHSRáF]HQLDGDMhipersynchroniczne pobudzenia

RQLHZLHONLP]Uy*QLFRZDQLXDU]DGNLHSRáF]HQLDGDMFKDRW\F]QH]Uy*QLFRZDQHDOHQLH]a-

OH*QHRGVLHELHSREXG]HQLDDZLFL]áR*RQRüneuronalna jest niewielka. Tonioni i Edelman
[19]

PDM QDG]LHM *H ]DVWRVRZDQLH WDNLFK PLDU LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK SRPR*H Z LGHQW\ILNDFML

VWUXNWXUPy]JXELRUF\FKZLVWRWQ\VSRVyEXG]LDáZJHQHUDFMLVWDQyZZLDGRP\FK

4

7HRUHW\F]QHPRGHOHZLDGRPRFL

John

7D\ORUSRVWDZLáVRELHEDUG]RDPELWQH]DGDQLHZ\MDQLHQLDZRSDUFLXRPRGHOHQHXUo-

QRZHZáDVQRFLFKDUDNWHU\]XMF\FKSU]H*\FLDZLDGRPH[17],[18]. QualiaPRQDG\F]QHZáa-

VQRFLZUD*HQLHUHGXNRZDOQHGRZáDVQRFLSURVWV]\FK]QDQHW\ONR]LQWURVSHNFML3UREOe-

PHPMHVWWXRF]\ZLFLHXVWDOHQLHIHQRPHQRORJLLZUD*HJG\*QDLZQHWZLHUG]HQLH*HSU]H*y-

FLD ]QDQH V EH]SRUHGQLR D QLH LQWHUSUHWRZDQH Z ZLHWOH ZáDVQHM WHRULL XP\VáX QLH MHVW

SUDZG]LZH 3DWU]\P\ QD ZLDW SU]H] VZRMH ZUD*HQLD D QLH ÄGRZLDGF]DP\ ZUD*H´ 6u-

ELHNW\ZQDWUHüGRZLDGF]HQLDZHZQWU]QHJRMDZLVLQDPZLQW\PQ\EH]SRUHGQLVSRVyE

QLHPR*HP\VLRGHUZDüVSRMU]HüQDWUHüXP\VáX]]HZQWU]WDNE\]REDF]\üMDNLHPHFKa-

QL]P\ VWRM ]D VFHQ ÄWHDWUX ZLDGRPRFL´ 0RQDG\F]QRü ZUD*H QLHPR*OLZRü LFK Ge-

NRPSR]\FMLSRZRGXMH*HWUXGQRMHVWMHRGQLHüGRVWDQXQHXURQyZJG\*QLHZLDGRPRMDNLH

HIHNW\ PDM SRZRGRZDü WH VWDQ\ 1D SR]LRPLH QHXURQRZ\P PR*HP\ PyZLü R IXQNFMDFK

RGSRZLDGDMF\FK SU]HWZDU]DQLX LQIRUPDFML DOH WX QLH FKRG]L R SU]HWZDU]DQLH LQIRUPDFML

:UD*HQLDPDMVZyMZ\PLDUF]DVRZ\VREHFQHWUZDMPDMRNUHVlatencji (powstanie wra-

*HQLD Z\PDJD NLONXVHW PLOLVHNXQG L QLHVSRVWU]H*HQLH SU]HFKRG] Z LQQH 7UZDQLH PR*H

REHMPRZDüNLONDVHNXQGZNWyU\FKQDVWSXMHLQWHJUDFMDZUD*HQSSRWU]HEQDGR]UR]XPLe-

QLD VHQVX ]GDQLD :LNV]Rü VWDQyZ SV\FKLF]Q\FK MHVW LQWHQFMRQDOQD ZVND]XMH QD FR Z

ZLHFLH,QQHDVSHNW\WRWHQGHQFMDGRSRVWU]HJDQLDFDáRFLJHVWDOWUR]Uy*QLHQLHZUD*HFHn-

WUDOQ\FKLSHU\IHU\MQ\FK'RZLDGF]HQLDZLDGRPHSU]\SLV\ZDQHVLRGQRV]RQHGRFHQWUXP

ÄMD´DOHMHVWWRZáDVQRüZLDGRPRFLUHIOHNV\MQHMNWyUHMPRJQLHSRVLDGDü]ZLHU]WD

:áDVQRFLSU]H*\üZLDGRP\FKPRJXOHFUDG\NDOQHM ]PLDQLH Z SU]\SDGNX XV]NRG]H OXE

FKRUyEPy]JX$QDOL]XMFWHZáDVQRFLTaylor [17]Z\SURZDG]D]QLFKGRüRF]\ZLVWHNU\We-

7

ULDMDNLHSRZLQQ\VSHáQLDüPRGHOHQHXURQRZH1SÄSDWU]HQLHSU]H]ZUD*HQLD´]ZL]DQHMHVW

]HIHNW\ZQRFLG]LDáDQLDV\VWHPXáF]FHJRPRGXá\GRVWDUF]DMFHGDQH]ZL]DQH]ZUD*e-

QLDPLGRPRGXáyZQDZ\*V]\FKSLWUDFKZW\PPRGXáyZRGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK]DUHSUH]HQWDFM

SHUVSHNW\Z\HJRFHQWU\F]QHM1DVWSQLHUR]ZD*DSU]HVWU]HQQHF]DVRZHLHPHUJHQWQHZáDVQo-

FLNRQLHF]QHGRSRZVWDQLDSU]H*\üZHZQWU]Q\FKSRGDMFURG]DMHVLHFLQHXURQRZ\FKMDNLH

PRJUHDOL]RZDüWHJRW\SXIXQNFMH:áDVQRFLSU]HVWU]HQQHOXERJyOQLHMWRSRJUDILF]QH]Ue-

DOL]RZDüMHVWQDMáDWZLHM]DSRPRFVDPRRUJDQL]XMF\FKVLPDSQHXURQyZ:áDVQRFLWHPSo-

UDOQH]ZL]DQH]WUZDQLHPODWHQFMLSU]HMFLDPLSRPLG]\ZUD*HQLDPL]UHDOL]RZDüPR*QD

]DSRPRFORNDOQ\FKUHNXUHQF\MQ\FKVLHFLNRQNXUXMF\FK]HVREQHXURQyZ]RGSRZLHGQL

G\QDPLNZNWyU\FKSU]HMFLDPLG]\VWDQDPLDWUDNWRURZ\PLVGRVWDWHF]QLHV]\ENLHZSo-

UyZQDQLX ] F]DVHP SU]HE\ZDQLD Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK VWDQDFK 1DMFLHNDZV]H V ZáDVQRFL

HPHUJHQWQH ± WX DXWRU SURSRQXMH ÄEEOH DNW\ZQRFL´ RGSRZLDGDMFH ZUD*HQLRP SRZVWDM-

F\PQDQDMZ\*V]\PSR]LRPLHKLHUDUFKLLPRGXáyZV\VWHPX7DNLHEEOHWZRU]VLZPRGe-

ODFKWUDNWXMF\FKWNDQNQHXURQRZMDNRFLJáGZXZ\PLDURZZDUVWZ6WR]ORNDOL]RZa-

QHSREXG]HQLDWUZDMFHSU]H]MDNLVNRF]RQ\F]DVQDZHWSR]QLNQLFLXV\JQDáyZNWyUHMH

Z\ZRáDá\

W sieciach

DWUDNWRURZ\FKSREXG]HQLDQHXURQyZV]\ENRSURZDG]GRPHWDVWDELOQ\FKVWDQyZ

NWyUH]DFLHUDMODG\VZRMHJRSRFKRG]HQLDJG\*VWDNLHVDPHQLH]DOH*QLHRGSRF]WNRZHJR

SXQNWXZ\MFLDZREUELHEDVHQXDWUDNFML&LJZLDGRP\FKZUD*HSRMDZLDVLNROHMQREH]

PR*OLZRFLSU]HOHG]HQLDVNGVLRQHELRU7D\ORUVG]L[18]*HNOXF]RZUROZNRQWUo-

ORZDQLXNRQNXUHQFMLSRPLG]\Uy*Q\PLIUDJPHQWDPLUHSUH]HQWDFMLVNáDGDMF\PLVLQDFDáo-

FLRZH ZUD*HQLD SHáQL MGUR VLDWNRZDWH 157 WUyMZDUVWZRZD VLHü KDPXMF\FK QHXURQyZ

]QDMGXMF\FKVLZF]FLEU]XV]QHMZ]JyU]D157PDREXVWURQQHSRáF]HQLD]HZV]\VWNLPL

REV]DUDPLNRU\RUD]SR]RVWDá\PLF]FLDPLZ]JyU]D6\PXODFMHNRPSXWHURZHSRND]Dá\*H

LVWRWQLHSU]HMFLDSRPLG]\VWDQDPLDWUDNWRURZ\PLZXNáDG]LH157NRUDZ]JyU]HPDMRd-

SRZLHGQLHZáDVQRFL-HOLGRGDüGRWHJRPRGHONRU\ZSRVWDFLFLJáHJRSRODneuronalnego
(Continuum Neural Field Theory

&1)7ZNWyU\PSRZVWDMEEOHDNW\ZQRFLáF]FORNDl-

QHPRGXá\&1)7ZZDUVWZ\PR*QD]DREVHUZRZDüV]HUHJZáDVQRFLNWyUH]JRGQHV]NUy-

WHULDPLGODV\VWHPXUHDOL]XMFHJRZLDGRPHSU]H*\FLD%EOHZNROHMQ\FKZDUVWZDFKPRJ

VLVWDZDüFRUD]GáX*V]H]DFLHUDMFV]F]HJyá\VWUXNWXU\QDQL*V]\FKSR]LRPDFK3REXG]HQLH

NUyWNLPLPSXOVHPZ]URNRZ\PPR*HZ\ZRáDüDNW\ZQRüZREV]DU]H9RFKDUDNWHU\VW\Fz-

Q\PF]DVLH*\FLDU]GXPVZ\GáX*DMFVLZZ\*V]\FKSLWUDFK XNáDGX Z]URNRZHJR

ZLHORNURWQLH0R*HWRE\ü(UyGáHP]áXG]HZ]URNRZ\FKQSUXFKXSR]RUQHJR%EOHDNW\w-

QRFLPRJVLSU]HVXZDüSRGZSá\ZHPQRZ\FKERG(FyZDUXFKW\FKEEOLPR*HVLSU]H]

MDNLF]DVXWU]\P\ZDüMX*SRXVWDQLXERG(FyZ-HG\QLHWDDNW\ZQRüNWyUDWUZDGRVWDWHF]QLH

GáXJRPR*HVWDüVL(UyGáHPZLaGRP\FKZUD*H

7DNLH WHRULH ]EOL*DM QDV GR V]F]HJyáRZ\FK PRGHOL G\QDPLNL Py]JX R ZáDVQRFLDFK NWyUH

PR*QDFLOHSRZL]Dü]ZáDVQRFLDPLSU]H*\ZDQ\FKVWDQyZSV\FKLF]Q\FK3R]RVWDMHMHGQDN

ZLHOHS\WD$NW\ZQRüNWyU\FKREV]DUyZPy]JXRGSRZLDGDEH]SRUHGQLR]DWUHüZLDGo-

PRFL"7D\ORUSURSRQXMHWXLQIRUPDFMDSU\ZDWQDJáyZQLHERF]QHF]FLSáDWyZFLHPLHQLo-
wych. Propozycja ta wymaga eksperymentalnego zbadania, np. przez zrobienie mapy czasów

*\FLDEEOLDNW\ZQRFLZUy*Q\FKF]FLDFKNRU\]DSRPRF0(*OXE((*3URJUDPEDGa-

QLDF]DVyZDNW\ZQRFLPR*QDUHDOL]RZDü]DUyZQRGODERG(FyZSRGSURJRZ\FKMDNLXZLa-

GDPLDQ\FK 6SHF\ILF]QD WUHü ZUD*H WDNLFK MDN GRZLDGF]DQLH F]HUZLHQL ]DFKRG]FHJR

VáRFDOXEVPDNXF]HNRODG\MHVWZ\QLNLHPZ]DMHPQ\FKUHODFMLSRZVWDMF\FKVWDQyZLVWa-

QyZ ]DSDPLWDQ\FK ']LNL W\P UHODFMRP SRZVWDM VNRMDU]HQLD L LQWHUSUHWDFMH Taylor nie

WZLHUG]L*HMHJRWHRULDEEOLSU]HNUDF]DSU]HSDüSRPLG]\SV\FKLNDIL]MRORJLQLHRGSo-

8

ZLDGDERZLHPQDIXQGDPHQWDOQHS\WDQLHÄGODF]HJRZUD*HQLDVZRJyOHRGF]XZDQH´XZD*D

MHGQDN*HMHVWWRSLHUZV]\U]XWRNDQDGUXJVWURQWHMSU]HSDFLexplanatory gap).

Dla Stephena

*URVVEHUJD SUREOHP ZLDGRPRFL MHVW F]FL RJyOQLHMV]HM WHRULL ]ZL]DQHM ]

XF]HQLHPVLLXZDJ[11]3RGVWDZRZDKLSRWH]DEU]PLZV]\VWNLHVWDQ\ZLDGRPHVVWDQa-

PL UH]RQDQVRZ\PL = WHJR SRZRGX ZLHOH SURFHVyZ Z Py]JX Z\NRU]\VWXMF\FK XF]HQLH

NRQNXUHQF\MQHOXESRUyZQ\ZDQLH]SURWRW\SDPLWRSURFHV\QLHZLDGRPH5R]ZLMDQDSU]H]
Grossberga przez ostatnie 30 lat teoria adaptacyjnego rezonansu (Adaptive Resonance Theory,

$57]QDMGXMHOLF]QLH]DVWRVRZDQLDZ\MDQLDMFQSLOX]MHZ]URNRZHDNXVW\F]QHWZRU]HQLH

NDWHJRULLF]\LQWHJUDFMZUD*HZRNLHQNDFKF]DVRZ\FK1SVá\V]F]GDQLH„It was found
that the ...eel is on the ...” (

VWZLHUG]RQR*Heel jest na ...), gdzie ]DVWSLRQHMHVWV]XPHP

ZLDGRPHZUD*HQLH]ZL]DQH]QLHSHáQ\PVáRZHPHHO]PLHQLDVLSRGZSá\ZHPQDGFKo-

G]FHJRSy(QLHMVáRZDNRFRZHJR6á\V]\P\]GDQLD„peel is on the orange” (skórka jest na

SRPDUDF]\, „wheel is on the wagon” NRáRMHVWQDZR]LH, „heel is on the shoe” (obcas jest
na bucie) lub „meal is on the table”

SRVLáHNMHVWQDVWROH:UD*HQLDQLHSRZVWDMZLFEH]So-

UHGQLRQDSRGVWDZLHV\JQDáyZ ]P\VáRZ\FK OHF] V Z\QLNLHP RGZRá\ZDQLD VL GR MX* LVt-

QLHMFHM ZLHG]\ SU]HFKRZ\ZDQHM Z SDPLFL GáXJRWUZDáHM : FLJX VHNXQG\ SREXG]DQH V

UHSUH]HQWDFMH W\FK SRMü NWyUH QD SRGVWDZLH NRQWHNVWX PRJ QDGDü SHáQLHMV] LQWHUSUHWDFM

UHSUH]HQWDFMRPZSDPLFLURERF]HMSRF]\P]DZDUWRüSaPLFLURERF]HMXOHJD]PLDQLH

0R*QDQDWHQSURFHVVSRMU]HüMDNQDGRSDVRZDQLHGRFKRG]FHMLQIRUPDFMLGR]JyU\XVWDOo-

Q\FKRF]HNLZDG]LNLZLHG]\]GRE\WHMQDSRGVWDZLHZF]HQLHMV]\FKGRZLDGF]H']LNL

RF]HNLZDQLRP]V]XPXZ\ELHUDQHVRGSRZLHGQLHIRUPDQW\MHVWWRNRQNOX]MDHNVSHU\PHn-

WyZSV\FKRIL]\F]Q\FK7HQZ]DMHPQ\ZSá\ZRF]HNLZDLLVWQLHMFHMZGDQ\PPRPHQFLHZ

SDPLFLURERF]HMLQWHUSUHWDFMLZ\WZDU]DVWDQUH]RQDQVRZ\SU]HGáX*DMF\LQDVLODMF\SREu-

G]HQLDáF]F\ZW\PSU]\SDGNXIRQHW\N]VHPDQW\N]GDQLD

$57VWZRU]RQRSRWRE\ UR]ZL]DüSUREOHPVWDELOQRFLSODVW\F]QRFLZQDE\ZDQLXQRZHM

ZLHG]\ 6WDELOQRü MHVW NRQLHF]QD E\ QLH ]DSRPQLHü X*\WHF]Q\FK LQIRUPDFML VSU]HF]Q\FK ]

QRZRQDSá\ZDMF\PLSODVW\F]QRüNRQLHF]QDMHVWE\QDXF]\üVLQRZ\FKLQIRUPDFML0RGHOH

$57VWDUDMVLGREXGRZDüQRZZLHG]ZNRQWHNFLHMX*]QDQHMWZRU]FVWDQ\UH]RQDQVo-

ZH6WDELOQRüXF]HQLDLPSOLNXMHMHJRLQWHQFMRQDOQRüDOERZLHPMHVWRQRRSDUWHQDRF]HNi-

ZDQLDFKZREHFZLDWDGRVWDUF]DMFHJRV\VWHPRZLGDQ\FK2F]HNLZDQLDVUyZQLH*SRGVWDZ

PHFKDQL]PXXZDJLVNXSLDQLDVLV\VWHPXQDÄLQWHUHVXMF\FK´JRGDQ\FK3REXG]HQLHUH]o-

QDQVRZ\FKVWDQyZQDZHWMHOLQLHEG]LHQDW\OHVLOQHE\SRMDZLüVLZSDPLFLURERF]HM

PR*HXWRURZDüGURJGRSy(QLHMV]HJRZ\ERUXRF]HNLZDQ\FKRGSRZLHG]Lpriming). Procesy

UH]RQDQVRZH ]DFKRG] Z XNáDG]LH Z]URNRZ\P QD Uy*Q\FK SR]LRPDFK áF]QLH ] XNáDGHP

RULHQWDFMLJDáHNRF]Q\FKZXNáDG]LHVáXFKRZ\PSUDZGRSRGREQLHVUyZQLH*SRGVWDZSUo-
cesów czuciowych, procesów warunkowania klasycznego i interakcji kognitywno-

DIHNW\ZQ\FK0R*QDMHQD]ZDüÄGRSDVRZDQLHPSREXG]DMF\P´SRGF]DVJG\SURFHV\PRWo-

U\F]QHMDNLSURFHV\]ZL]DQH]XVWDODQLHPSRáR*HQLDZSU]HVWU]HQLZ]URNRZ\V]ODNJU]ELe-

WRZ\VNRPSOHPHQWDUQ\PLSURFHVDPLGRSDVRZDQLDKDPXMFHJR.RPSHWHQFMHPRWRU\F]QHL

PDS\ SU]HVWU]HQQH PRJ E\ü GRVNRQDORQH Z FLJá\ VSRVyE QLH PD WX QLHEH]SLHF]HVWZD

]QLV]F]HQLDVWDELOQRFL3RQLHZD*QLHPDWXVWDQyZUH]RQDQVRZ\FKSDPLüSURFHGXUDOQDQLH

SURZDG]LGRZUD*HZLDGRP\FK:SU]\SDGNXDPQH]MLQDVWSF]HMSDPLüSURFHGXUDOQDQLH

MHVW]DEXU]RQDQDE\ZDQHVQRZHXPLHMWQRFLDOHQLHPR*QDVRELHSU]\SRPQLHü]ZL]DQ\FK

]W\PZUD*H=DEXU]HQLDUR]SR]QDZDQLDRELHNWyZLQLH]GROQRüGRQDXF]HQLDVLUR]SR]Qa-

ZDQLDQRZ\FKRELHNWyZQLHR]QDF]DEUDNX]GROQRFLGRXF]HQLDVLQRZ\FKVSRVREyZPDQi-

SXODFMLW\PLRELHNWDPLDOHWHXPLHMWQRFLQLHV]ZL]aQH]ZLDGRP\PLZUD*HQLDPL

9

5 Modele dynamiczne i neurofizjologia

'ODF]HJR VWDQ\ Py]JX PLDá\E\ SURZDG]Lü GR SRZVWDQLD ZLDGRPRFL" 'RW\FKF]DV UR]Zi-

QLWHWHRULHFKRFLD*SRWUDILF]FLRZRRGSRZLHG]LHüQDS\WDQLDÄNWyUHVWDQ\ Py]JXPRJ

E\üZLDGRPH´QLHSUyEXMRGSRZLHG]LHüEH]SRUHGQLRQDWRS\WDQLH)LOR]RIRZLH]DMPXMF\

VLXP\VáHPZ\REUD*DMVRELH*HPRJLVWQLHü]RPELLVWRW\]DFKRZXMFHVLWDNMDNOXG]LH

DOHQLF]HJRZLDGRPLHQLHRGF]XZDMFH[2]3U]\WDF]DVLWXSU]\NáDGOHSRW\NRURZHMblind-
sight

ZNWyUHMV]F]WNRZHZLG]HQLHSR]RVWDMHSRPLPREUDNXZUD*HZ]URNRZ\FK'ODF]HJR

WRFDáHSU]HWZDU]DQLHLQIRUPDFMLSU]H]Py]JQLH]DFKRG]LZFLHPQRFLEH]ZUD*H"

5R]ZD*P\W\SRZH]DGDQLHSU]HGMDNLPVWRLVVDNQSV]F]XURG*\ZLDMF\VLUy*QRURGQ\P

SRNDUPHP6PDNSR*\ZLHQLDQLHMHVWZLHONRFLG\VNUHWQQLHPR*QDJRRSLVDüV\PEROLFz-

QLHD]ELyUSREXG]HF]RSNyZVPDNRZ\FKQLHMHVWLQZDULDQWQZLHONRFLNWyUDPR*HVWDü

VLEH]SRUHGQLRZLDGRP\PZUD*HQLHP6]F]XUPXVLSRUyZQDüQRZ\VPDN]]DSDPLWDQy-

PLVPDNDPLE\RNUHOLüF]\MHVWWRSR*\ZLHQLHEH]SLHF]QH5HSUH]HQWDFMDZUD*HQLDVPDNX

PXVLZLF]RVWDüUR]HVáDQDGRZV]\VWNLFKREV]DUyZPy]JXNWyUH]DZLHUDüPRJLVWRWQHLn-

IRUPDFMH 0XVL ZLF E\ü XWU]\PDQD Z SDPLFL URERF]HM GRVWDWHF]QLH GáXJR E\ SREXG]Lü

ZLHOH REV]DUyZ Py]JX L E\ QDVWSLá\ SURFHV\ VNRMDU]HQLRZH LQWHUIHUHQFMD UHSUH]HQWDFML

0DP\ZLFGRF]\QLHQLD]FLJáQLHZHUEDOQDNWXDOL]DFMUHSUH]HQWDFMLZUD*HVPDNRZ\FK

Z SDPLFL URERF]HM SRZVWDZDQLHP VWDQyZ UH]RQDQVRZ\FK &LJáD DNWXDOL]DFMD NRQLHF]QD

MHVW ]H Z]JOGX QD V]\ENL ]DQLN LQIRUPDFML Z SDPLFL URERF]HM L MHM QLHZLHON SRMHPQRü

-HOLQLHSRMDZLVL*DGQHQHJDW\ZQHVNRMDU]HQLDV]F]XU]DF]QLHMHüZSU]HFLZQ\PSU]y-

SDGNXNROHMQ\PVWDQHPMHJRPy]JXEG]LHSREXG]HQLHRURGNyZVWUDFKXOXEZVWUWXLSRU]u-

FHQLHMHG]HQLD1DMZD*QLHMV]\PSURFHVHPMHVWZLFG\VNU\PLQDFMDUHSUH]HQWDFMLZUD*HVPa-

NRZ\FKRGNWyUHM]DOH*\]DFKRZDQLH-DNWRZ\JOGD]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDPy]JXV]F]XUD"

6]F]XUZLHMDNSRVWSLüDMHJRZLHG]DPDFKDUDNWHUZUD*HZ\QLNDMF\FK]G]LDáDQLDPHFKa-

QL]PyZSR]QDZF]\FK *G\E\MHJRPy]JSRVLDGDá]GROQRüZHUEDOQHJRNRPHQWRZDQLD VWa-

QyZSDPLFLURERF]HMWDNMDNSRVLDGDMPy]JOXG]NL]SHZQRFLVWZLHUG]LáE\*HRGF]XZD

VPDN ZLG]L SU]HGPLRW\ L PD ] W\P VNRMDU]RQH ZUD*HQLD JG\* UHSUH]HQWDFMH ZUD*H V Ii-

]\F]Q\PLVWDQDPLMHJRSDPLFLURERF]HM.D*G\PRGHOPy]JXG]LDáDMF\QDSRGREQHM]DVa-

G]LHMHOLEG]LHGRVWDWHF]QLH]áR*RQ\E\PyFNRPHQWRZDüSRMDZLHQLHVLWDNLFKUHSUH]HQWa-

FML ZUD*H PXVL WZLHUG]Lü *H MHVW ZLDGRP\ VZRLFK ZUD*H :áDVQRFL W\FK ZUD*H EG

PLDá\FHFK\SRGREQHGRRSLVDQ\FKSU]H]Taylora [18]. Modele mózgu autonomicznego zwie-

U]FLDPXV]]DZLHUDüMDNUHSUH]HQWDFMVLHELHRGJUDQLF]DMFÄMD´RGÄQLHMD´SRZDODMF

RGUy*QLüÄVLHELH´RGUHV]W\ZLDWD1DV]HSRF]XFLHWR*VDPRFL]ZL]DQHMHVWVLOQLH]proprio-

FHSFM D UR]ZyM Py]JX ]ZL]DQ\ E\á SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ] NRQLHF]QRFL SRZVWDQLD Ze-

ZQWU]QHJRPRGHOXFLDáDZFHOXSU]HZLG\ZDQLDZ\QLNyZUXFKXNRF]\Q:V\VWHPLHSRMDZL

VL ZLF SHUVSHNW\ZD ÄPRMH ZUD*HQLD´ Z\QLNDMFD ] XWU]\P\ZDQLD VL VWDQyZ UH]RQDQVo-

Z\FKLPR*OLZRFLNRPHQWRZDQLDVWDQXSDPLFLURERF]HM

ZLDGRPRüZW\PXMFLXQLHMHVWZLFQLF]\PLQQ\PMDNSURFHVHPG\VNU\PLQDFMLFLJá\FK

UHSUH]HQWDFMLVWDQyZSDPLFLURERF]HMVWDQyZWZRU]F\FKÄSU]HVWU]HZHZQWU]Q´GODVu-

ELHNW\ZQRFL :V]HONLH ]DEXU]HQLD ZLDGRPRFL PXV] E\ü ]ZL]DQH ] XSROHG]HQLDPL

IXQNFML NRJQLW\ZQ\FK L RGZURWQLH ]DEXU]HQLD WZRU]HQLD QDWXUDOQ\FK UHSUH]HQWDFML PXV]

SRJDUV]DüRGSRZLHGQLHNRPSHWHQFMHSR]QDZF]HOHSRWDNRURZDZ\QLNDMFD]XV]NRG]HQLD

NRU\ Z]URNRZHM SURZDG]L GR XSROHG]HQLD IXQNFML Z]URNRZ\FK SRPLPR GRVWSQRFL Ln-

10

formacji z nerwu wzrokowego w wielu strukturach mózgu. Informacja ta ma jednak odmien-

Q\ZNáDGGRG\QDPLNLPy]JXRGSRZLHG]LDOQHM]DSDPLüURERF]QL*]Z\NáHZUD*HQLDZ]Uo-

NRZH '\VNU\PLQDFMD QRZ\FK VWDQyZ QLH SURZDG]L GR ZUD*H QDWXU\ Z]URNRZHM FKRFLD*

]ZL]DQDMHVW]OLF]Q\PLWUXGQ\PLGRRNUHOHQLDZUD*HQLDPL±LQWHUSUHWDFMLW\FKZUD*HWU]e-

ED VL SRZROL QDXF]\ü DOH SR]LRP NRPSHWHQFML Z]URNRZHM QLJG\ QLH EG]LH ]E\W Z\VRNL

JG\* GR SUHF\]\MQHM DQDOL]\ V\JQDáyZ ] QHUZX Z]URNRZHJR EUDNXMH Z\VSHFMDOL]RZDQ\FK

VWUXNWXU7DNLHUR]XPLHQLHSU]\F]\QSRMDZLDQLDVLZUD*HZLDGRP\FKSURZDG]LGRZLHOX

ZQLRVNyZ L SU]HZLG\ZD HNVSHU\PHQWDOQ\FK GRW\F]F\FK IHQRPHQRORJLL ZUD*H 'XFK Z
przygotowaniu).

: MDNL VSRVyE PR*QD PRGHORZDü WDN VNRPSOLNRZDQH ]DJDGQLHQLD" -HGHQ ] SRP\VáyZ [8]

SROHJDQDSUyELH]GHILQLRZDQLDVHULLSU]\EOL*HRGSR]LRPXPROHNXODUQHJRSU]H]SRMHG\n-

F]HQHXURQ\JUXSQHXURQyZVLHFLQHXURQRZ\FK]UHNXUHQFMD*GRVNUDMQHJRXSURV]F]HQLD

RSLVX Z SRVWDFL SUREDELOLVW\F]Q\FK OXE GHWHUPLQLVW\F]Q\FK UHJXá ]DFKRZDQLD 1D ND*G\P

SR]LRPLHPR*OLZHMHVWEDGDQLHLQQ\FKIRUP]DFKRZDQLDLLQQ\FK]MDZLVN3U]HMFLDGRRSLVX

G]LDáDQLDXP\VáXQDSR]LRPLHSV\FKRORJLF]Q\PPR*QDGRNRQDüZSURZDG]DMFPRGHOSDPL-

FLURERF]HMRSDUW\RSRSXODUQHZSV\FKRORJLLSU]HVWU]HQLHSV\FKRORJLF]QH6WUXPLHZLDGo-

PRFLPR*QDZyZF]DVPRGHORZDüMDNR]GDU]HQLDZSU]HVWU]HQLDFKSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK±FKo-

FLD*VRQHFLHQLHPQHXURG\QDPLNLWRWUDNWRZDüMHPR*QDMDNRQLH]DOH*Q\emergentny po-

]LRPVWDQRZLF\SRPRVWSRPLG]\neurofizjoORJLDSV\FKRORJL

6 Dyskusja

3U]HGVWDZLRQ\WXNUyWNLSU]HJOGSUREOHPyZLWHRULL]ZL]DQ\FK]HZLDGRPRFLSRND]XMH

*HMHVWHP\QDGREUHMGURG]HLSRWUDILP\]DGDZDüFRUD]EDUG]LHMSUHF\]\MQHS\WDQLDQDNWyUH

RGSRZLHG]LGDMHNVSHU\PHQW\LV\PXODFMHNRPSXWHURZH3RPLPRRJURPQHM]áR*RQRFLPó-

]JXV\PXODFMHNRPSXWHURZHPRJXFKZ\FLüQLHNWyUHPHFKDQL]P\SU]\F]\QRZHSR]ZDODMF

QLHW\ONRQDRGWZRU]HQLHIXQNFMLVWUXNWXUPy]JXOHF]UyZQLH*]UR]XPLHü]ZL]NLSRPLG]\
specyficznymi uszkodzeniami neuroanatomicznymi, zmianami neuropatologicznymi i wyni-

NDMF\PLVWGV\PSWRPDPL6]F]HJyáRZHPRGHOHRSDUWHQDneurofizjologicznie poprawnych,

LPSXOVXMF\FKQHXURQDFKZ\ND]XMMDNRFLRZH]DFKRZDQLDNWyUHPR*QDRGWZRU]\üZPo-
delach uproszczonych [10],[13]

0RGHOHNRPSXWHURZHPRJZLVWRWQ\VSRVyESU]\F]\QLüVL

GR]UR]XPLHQLD]DEXU]HSDPLFLVSRVREyZX*\ZDQLDLUR]XPLHQLDPRZ\]DEXU]HQHXUo-

ORJLF]Q\FKLFKRUyESV\FKLF]Q\FK&]VWRMHVWWRUR]XPLHQLHMDNRFLRZHPHWDIRU\F]QHSo-

VáXJXMFHVLOX(Q\PLDQDORJLDPLDOHLWRVWDQRZLVSRU\SRVWS

&]\PUy*QLVLPRGHONRPSXWHURZ\G]LDáDQLDPy]JXRGVZRMHJRELRORJLF]QHJRSLHUZRZ]o-

UX":UD*HQLDP\OLSHUFHSW\LLQQHRELHNW\XP\VáXVIL]\F]Q\PLVWDQDPLELRHOHNWU\F]Q\FK

SREXG]H LVWQLHMF\FK Z RNUHORQ\P PRPHQFLH F]DVX 3DPLü URERF]D ]DZLHUD Z VRELH

ZNáDGRGSURFHVyZSHU\IHU\MQ\FKLQWHUIHUHQFMUH]RQDQV]SRGREQ\PLVWDQDPLSU]H*\Za-

Q\PLZSU]HV]áRFL3RVWU]HJDQLHOXESU]\SRPLQDQLHMHVWDNWXDOL]DFMSRWHQFMDOQLHGRVWSQ\FK

VWDQyZ Py]JX Z XORWQHM IRUPLH ELRHOHNWU\F]Q\FK SREXG]H : NRPSXWHU]H UHSUH]HQWDFMH

V\PEROLF]QH V DNWXDOL]RZDQH SU]H] SU]HV\áDQLH LFK GR UHMHVWUyZ SURFHVRUD MHGQDN*H V WR

UHSUH]HQWDFMHPDUWZHJG\*ELQDUQHVWDQ\UHMHVWUyZQLH]DZLHUDMZVRELH*DGQHJRERJDFWZD

DVRFMDFML'\QDPLF]Q\FKSURFHVyZWZRU]F\FKÄXEUDQH´UHSUH]HQWDFMHSRZVWDMFHZSDPLFL

URERF]HMQLHGDVLV\PXORZDü]DSRPRFF\IURZHJRNRPSXWHUD:UD*HQLDZLDGRPHVU]e-

F]\ZLVWHJG\*VUHDOQ\PLVWDQDPLIL]\F]Q\PLDQLHW\ONRVWDQDPLSU]HWZDU]DQLDLnformacji.

11

6\PXODFMH XP\VáX PHWRGDPL V]WXF]QHM LQWHOLJHQFML QLH GRSURZDG] ZLF GR ZLDGRP\FK

NRPSXWHUyZDOHQLHR]QDF]DWR*HLVWQLHMMDNLHRJUDQLF]HQLD]ZL]DQH]HVSUDZQRFLDu-

WRPDW\]DFMLSURFHVyZP\OHQLD:EUHZSRZV]HFKQHPXPQLHPDQLXQLHPDGRZRGyZQDWR

*H ZLDGRPRü MHVW DNW\ZQLH ]DDQJD*RZDQD Z UR]ZL]\ZDQLH SUREOHPyZ [21]. Przegrana
Kasparowa z systemem komputerowym Deep Blue

ZURNXSRND]XMH*HPDV]\QDNWyUHM

V]\ENRüSU]HWZDU]DQLDLQIRUPDFMLMDNLSRMHPQRüSDPLFLQLHSU]HNUDF]DSURPLODPR*OLZo-

FLOXG]NLHJRPy]JXPR*HZGREU]HRNUHORQHMG]LHG]LQLHZ\PDJDMFHMVSUDZQRFLLQWHOHk-

WXDOQHMRVLJQüOHSV]HUH]XOWDW\RGF]áRZLHND'RURNX,%0]DPLHU]D]EXGRZDüNRm-
puter Blue Gene

RPR*OLZRFLDFKSRUyZQ\ZDOQ\FK]OXG]NLPPy]JLHP.RPSHWHQFMHV\VWe-

PyZHNVSHUWRZ\FKUHDOL]RZDQ\FKQDWDNLFKNRPSXWHUDFKPRJ]QDF]QLHSU]HNURF]\üOXG]NLH

PR*OLZRFL=WHFKQLF]QHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLDQLHPDZLFSRWU]HE\EXGRZ\ZLDGRP\FKPa-

V]\Q.RQVWUXNFMDWDNLFKPDV]\QPXVLDáDE\]DZLHUDüMDNRNOXF]RZ\HOHPHQWDQDORJRZSa-

PLü URERF] ]GROQ GR SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD UHSUH]HQWDFML LQWHUIHUXMF\FK ] UHSUH]HQWDFMDPL

SU]HFKRZ\ZDQ\PLZSDPLFLGáXJoWUZDáHM

Literatura

[1]

Baddeley A.D, Consciousness and working memory. Consciousness and Cognition 1
(1992) 3-6

[2]

Baars B.J (1996) In the theater of consciousness: the workspace of the mind. (Oxford
University Press, London)

[3]

Churchland P.S, Neurophilosophy. Toward a unified science of the mind/brain. MIT
Press, Bradford Book, 1986 (7-me wydanie 1993)

[4]

Crick F, Koch C, Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the
Neurosciences 2 (1990) 263-275

[5]

Crick F, The Astonishing hypothesis. The scientific search for the soul. Charles Scrib-
ner's sons, New York, 1994 (

WáXPDF]HQLH=GXPLHZDMFDKLSRWH]D, 3UyV]\VNLLS-ka,

Warszawa 1997)

[6]

Damasio A. R. (1990). Synchronous activation in multiple cortical regions: A mecha-
nism for recall. Seminars in Neurosciences 2, 287–296.

[7]

Dennett, D.C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown.

[8]

Duch W. (1997): Platonic model of mind as an approximation to neurodynamics. W:
Brain-like computing and intelligent information systems, red. S-i. Amari, N. Kasabov
(Springer, Singapore), rozdz. 20, str. 491-512

[9]

Duch W, Consciouss mind as a limit of brain-like computing. Minds and Machines (wy-

VáDQH

[10]

Duch W (2000)

6LHFL QHXURQRZH Z PRGHORZDQLX ]DEXU]H neuropsychologicznych i

chorób psychicznych. W: Biocybernetyka 2000, Tom 6: Sieci neuronowe (red. W.
Duch, J. Korbicz, L. Rutkowski i R. Tadeusiewicz), rozdz. II.18

[11]

Grossberg S. (1999) The Link between Brain Learning, Attention, and Consciousness.
Consciousness and Cognition 8, 1–44

[12]

Newman J, Grace A.A. (1999) Binding across Time: The Selective Gating of Frontal
and Hippocampal Systems Modulating Working Memory and Attentional States. Con-
sciousness and Cognition 8, 196-212

12

[13]

Parks R.W, Levine D.S, Long D, red. (1998): Fundamentals of Neural Network Mod-
eling. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)

[14]

Penrose R.

1RZ\XP\VáFHVDU]D. (Oxford University Press 1994)

[15]

Searle J.R.,

8P\VáQDQRZRRGNU\W\. PIW, Warszawa 1999.

[16]

Singer, W. (1994) The organization of sensory motor representations in the neocortex:
A hypothesis based on temporal coding. W: Umilta C, Moscovitch M. (eds.), Attention
and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing, str. 77–107.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[17]

Taylor J.G. (1998) Cortical Activity and the Explanatory Gap. Consciousness and Cog-
nition 7, 109-148

[18]

Taylor J.G. (1999) The race for consciousness. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

[19]

Tononi G, Edelman G. (1998) Consciousness and complexity. Science 282, 1846-1851

[20]

Treisman, A. (1996) The binding problem. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 6, 171–
178

[21]

Wróbel A. (1997)

:SRV]XNLZDQLXLQWHJUDF\MQ\FKPHFKDQL]PyZG]LDáDQLDPy]JX W:

Mózgi i zachowanie, PWN Warszawa (red. T. Górska, A. Grabowska, J. Zagordzka)

[22]

Velmans M. (1991) Is human information processing conscious?, Brain and Behavioral
Science 14, 651-726.

[23]

Zeki S., Bartels A. (1999) Toward a Theory of Visual Consciousness. Consciousness
and Cognition 8, 225-259