Sir Gawain and the

Green Knight

I

After the siege and the attack at Troy had ended, the city destroyed and
burnt to charred timbers and ashes, the man who framed the treasonable
plots there was tried for his treachery, the most authentic example on
earth. It was the noble Aeneas and his great offspring, who afterwards
subjugated provinces and became masters of almost all the wealth of the
lands of the west. When noble Romulus proceeds swiftly to Rome, he
builds that city in the beginning with great pomp and names it with his
own name, as it is now called; [11] Ticius goes to Tuscany and founds
dwellings, Langaberde raises up homes in Lombardy, and far over the
French sea [i.e. the Channel], Felix Brutus founds Britain with joy on
many broad slopes, where war and vengeance and marvel have continued
there from time to time, and often both joy and strife have quickly
alternated ever since.

[20]

And when this Britain was founded by this noble man, bold men

flourished there, who loved battle, who brought about trouble there in
many a turbulent time. More marvels have often happened here in this
land than in any other I know, since that same time. But of all the kings of
Britain that lived here Arthur was always the noblest, as I have heard tell.
Therefore I intend to set forth a real-life adventure, which some people
consider plainly a marvel and an extraordinary adventure of the wonders
of Arthur. [30] If you will listen to this poem but a little while, I shall tell
it at once, aloud, as I have heard it in the court. The form in which it is
set down and fixed, in a brave and powerful chronicle enshrined in true
syllables, is that in which it has long existed.

[37]

This king was in residence at Camelot at Christmas with many

gracious lords, the best of men – all those fine brothers fitly of the Round
Table – with splendid revelry in proper fashion and carefree amusements.
There men tourneyed many a time and oft: these excellent knights jousted
very gallantly, then went to court to perform ring-dances; for there the
festival was kept up in full for fifteen days, with all the food and the
merriment that people could devise: such noise and music glorious to
hear, a pleasant sound in the day, dancing at night – all was supreme
happiness in halls and chambers among lords and ladies, as it seemed
most delightful to them. [50] With all the good fortune in the world they
lived there together, the most renowned knights on earth and the loveliest
ladies that ever lived, and he who holds court, the finest king; for this fair
people in the hall were all in their prime, the most fortunate on earth,
the king a man noblest of mind – it would be difficult to name so bold a
warrior-band on a castle-mound.

[60]

While New Year was so young that it was newly arrived, that day

the company on the dais were served double [portions of food]. After
the king had come into the hall with his knights, the singing of mass in
the chapel having ended, loud cries were uttered there by priests and
others, Christmas celebrated anew, named very often. And then nobles
ran forward to offer presents, cried aloud ‘New Year’s gifts!’, gave them
by hand, debated eagerly about those gifts; ladies laughed very loudly
although they had lost and he who won was not angry – that you may
well believe. [71] They made all this mirth until the meal time. When
they had washed fittingly, they took their places, the man of higher rank,
in each case, in the higher position, as was most fitting; Queen Guinevere,
very lovely, seated in the midst, placed on the splendid dais, adorned all
around: fine silk round about, a canopy of choice red fabric over her,
many tapestries of rich material, that were embroidered and inlaid with
the best gems whose value could ever be tested by buying them with
money [i.e. the best that money could buy]. The fairest to behold sparkled
there with blue-grey eyes; no man could truly say that he had ever seen
a more beautiful one.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [37–84]

[85]

But Arthur would not eat until all were served; he was so lively in

his youthfulness, and somewhat boyish. He loved an active life; he did
not care much for lying in bed or sitting long, he was so agitated by his
young blood and his restless mind. And also another custom moved him
as well, which he had undertaken as a matter of honour: he would never
eat on such a festal day until some daring matter had been related to him,
a strange tale of some great marvel that he could believe, of princes, of
chivalry, of other adventures; [96] or else some man entreated him for a
true knight to engage in jousting with him, for a man to lay life against
life in jeopardy, either one to concede victory to the other, as fortune saw
fit to help them. This was the king’s custom wherever he was in court, at
each splendid feast among his noble company in hall. Therefore, so proud
of face, he stands bold in his place; very youthful in that New Year, he
behaves very cheerfully with everybody.

[107]

Thus the bold king himself stands there in his place, in front of

the high table, talking courteously of this and that. Good Gawain was
seated there beside Guinevere, and Agravain of the Hard Hand sits on
the other side – both the king’s sister’s sons and very true knights; Bishop
Baldwin sits in the place of honour, and Iwain, son of Urien, shared
dishes with him. These were placed on the dais and sumptuously served,
and afterwards many trustworthy men at the side-tables. [116] Then the
first course came with a blaring of trumpets, resplendent with many a
banner that hung from them; there was a new sound of drums with the
noble pipes, wild and piercing trills roused echoes, so that many hearts
rose very high at their strains. Thereupon delicacies of precious food
poured in, an abundance of fresh food, and on so many dishes that it
was difficult to find space in front of the people to set down on the cloth
the silver dishes that held the various pottages. Each man as he himself
liked took there ungrudged; each two had twelve dishes, good beer and
bright wine as well.

[130]

Now I shall tell you no more about their service at table, for

everyone may well understand that nothing was lacking there. Another,

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [85–131]

quite new, noise drew near suddenly, so that the prince might have leave
to take food; for scarcely a moment after the music had finished, and the
first course fittingly served in the court, there rushes in at the hall door a
fearsome lord, the very biggest man on earth in height; from the neck to
the middle so squarely built and so thick-set, and his loins and his limbs
so long and so big, I think he was half-giant on earth, [141] but at any
rate I declare him to be the biggest man, and moreover the most elegant
for his size who could ride a horse; for although his body was massive
in back and in chest, both his belly and his waist were becomingly slim,
and every part of him matching completely. For people were amazed at
his colour, ingrained in his outward appearance; he behaved like a bold
warrior, and bright green all over.

[151]

And all arrayed in green were this man and his clothes: a close-

fitting tunic, very smooth, that clung to his sides, a fine cloak over it,
adorned on the inside with trimmed fur exposed, the whole of the edging
bright with lovely fur, and also his hood, which was drawn back from
his locks and laid on his shoulders; neat hose of that same green, well
pulled-up and clinging to his calf, and fine spurs of bright gold beneath,
on silk bands decorated very plentifully with bars, and the man rides there
without any shoes on his feet. And all his clothing was truly bright green,
both the decorative bars of his belt and other bright jewels which were
set plentifully in his splendid array, on silk embroidery about himself and
his saddle; [165] it would be too difficult to relate half the details that
were embroidered on it [i.e. his array], including birds and butterflies,
with bright green beadwork everywhere amongst the gold. The pendants
of his breast-harness, the splendid crupper, his bit-studs and all the metal
were enamelled thus , the stirrups that he stood on coloured the same,
and his saddle-bows all to match, and his glorious saddle-skirts, which
continuously shone and sparkled all with green gems. The horse that he
rides on completely of the same colour, certainly: a green horse great and
thick-set, a steed very powerful to control, restive in embroidered bridle;
he was very well-suited to the man.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [132–78]

[179]

This man arrayed in green was very fine, and the hair of his head

matching that of his horse: lovely hair, spreading out like a fan, envelops
his shoulders. An abundant beard like a bush hangs over his chest, which
with his splendid hair that extends from his head was clipped all round
above his elbows, so that his upper arms were enclosed beneath it in the
manner of a king’s cape which encircles his neck; the mane of that great
horse much like it, well curled and combed, with very many knots plaited
with gold thread about the fine green, always a strand of the hair, another
of gold; [191] the tail and his forelock plaited to match and both bound
with a band of a bright green adorned with very precious stones, to the
end of the tuft, and then drawn up with a thong; an intricate knot at
the top, on which many glittering bells of pure gold were ringing. Such
a living horse, nor such a man as rides him, was never seen in that hall
before that time by any eye. His glance was as swift as lightning – so said
everyone who saw him. It seemed as if no man would be able to endure
under his blows.

[203]

Yet he had no helmet or tunic of mail either, nor any throat-

armour nor any plate that pertained to armour, nor any spear or any
shield to thrust or to smite; but in his one hand he had a bunch of holly,
which is greenest when woods are bare, and in his other an axe, a huge
and monstrous one, a cruel battle-axe for anyone to describe in words.
The axe-head was as broad as the length of an ell-rod, the spike made
all of green steel and gold, the blade burnished bright, with a great edge
as well fashioned to cut as a sharp razor’s. The grim knight gripped it by
the handle, consisting of a strong staff which was bound with iron to the
end of the shaft and carved all over with pleasing designs in green; [217]
wrapped around it was a cord which was fastened at the head and then
looped many times along the handle, with many choice tassels attached
to it on very richly embroidered buttons of the bright green. This man
comes in and enters the hall, making for the high dais – he feared no
danger. He never greeted anyone but looked high over their heads. The
first word that he uttered, ‘Where,’ he said, ‘is the ruler of this company?
I would gladly set eyes on that man and have a conversation with him.’

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [179–227]

He cast his eye on the knights and swaggered up and down. He paused
and pondered who had most renown there.

[232]

There was gazing for a long time to behold the knight, for everyone

wondered what it might signify that a knight and a horse could take such
a colour as to grow as green as the grass and greener it seemed, shining
brighter than green enamel on gold. Everyone who was standing there
stared and cautiously approached him, with all the wonder on earth as
to what he would do. For they had seen many marvels but never such
a one before; and so the people there considered it illusion and magic.
[241]

Therefore many a noble knight was afraid to answer, and all were

astounded by his voice and sat stone-still in a deathly silence throughout
the fine hall. Their voices died away as if they had all fallen asleep
suddenly – I judge it not wholly for fear but partly for courtesy – but
allowed him to whom all were duty bound to defer to address the man.

[250]

Then Arthur, before the high dais, beholds that strange happening

and courteously greeted him, for he was not at all afraid, and said: ‘Sir,
welcome indeed to this dwelling. I, the head of this house, am called
Arthur. Kindly dismount and stay, I pray you, and whatever your wish is
we shall learn afterwards.’ ‘No, so help me He who sits on high,’ said the
knight, ‘it was not my mission to stay any time in this house; but because
your renown, sir, is built up to such a height and your castle and your
men are considered the best, the bravest to ride on steeds in armour, the
strongest and the worthiest of mankind, valiant to play with in other
noble games, and here courtesy is shown, as I have heard tell – and that
has brought me here, indeed, at this time. [265] You may be sure by this
branch that I bear here that I go in peace and seek no danger; for had
I set out in company, in battle array, I have at home a tunic of mail and
a helmet as well, a shield and a sharp spear, shining bright, and other
weapons to wield, I assure you, also; but because I wanted no fighting, my
clothes are softer. But if you are as bold as all men say, you will graciously
grant me the game that I ask for by right.’ Arthur answered and said:
‘Courteous knight, sir, if you ask for battle without armour, you will not
lack fighting here.’

0

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [228–78]

[279]

‘No, I do not seek any fight, I tell you truly; there are only beardless

children about on this bench. If I were buckled in arms on a high steed,
there is no man here to match me, so weak are their powers. And so I
ask in this court for a Christmas game, for it is Yule and New Year, and
there many vigorous men here. If anyone in this house considers himself
so brave, to be so bold-spirited, so reckless of mind, that he dares boldly
strike one blow in return for another, I shall give him as a gift this rich
battle-axe, this axe, which is heavy enough, to handle as he likes, and I
shall endure the first blow, without armour as I sit. [291] If any warrior
be so daring as to put to the test what I propose, let him run quickly to me
and seize this weapon – I renounce it for ever, let him keep it as his own
– and shall stand a stroke from him, unflinching in this hall, provided that
you will ordain me the right to deal out another to him by agreement, and
moreover I give him respite until the same day a year hence. Now hurry,
and let us see at once if anyone here dares say anything.’

[301]

If he stunned them at first, more motionless then were all the

retainers in the hall, the high and the low. The knight on his horse turned
in his saddle and fiercely rolled his red eyes about, arched his bristly
brows, shining green, waved his beard [i.e. turned his head from side to
side] to see if anyone would rise. When no one would hold speech with
him he coughed very loudly and cleared his throat very arrogantly and
proceeded to speak. ‘What, is this Arthur’s house,’ said the man then, ‘all
the fame of which flows through so many realms? [311] Where now is
your pride and your conquests, your ferocity and your wrath and your
boastful words? Now is the revelry and the renown of the Round Table
overthrown by a word of one man’s speech, for everyone is cowering in
fear without a blow being offered!’ With this he laughs so loudly that
the lord was offended; for shame the blood rushed into his fair face and
cheek; he grew as angry as the wind; so did all who were there. The king,
like the brave man he was by nature, then stood nearer that bold man,

[323]

And said: ‘Sir, by heaven your request is foolish, and as you have

asked for foolishness, it behoves you to find it. I know no man who is

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [279–325]

1

afraid of your boastful words. Give me now your battle-axe, for God’s
sake, and I shall grant your request that you have asked for.’ Swiftly he
springs towards him and received it from his hand. Then the other man
proudly alights on foot. Now Arthur has his axe and grips the handle
and fiercely brandishes it about, intending to strike with it. [332] The
bold man stood towering before him, taller than anyone in the house by
the head and more. With grim demeanour he stood there and stroked
his beard, and with an unmoved expression he drew down his tunic, no
more frightened or dismayed by his mighty blows than if any man on
the bench had brought him some wine to drink. Gawain, who sat by the
queen, bowed to the king: ‘I beseech you now with plain words that this
quarrel may be mine.’

[343]

‘If you would, noble lord,’ said Gawain to the king, ‘bid me to

come from this bench and stand by you there, so that I might leave this
table without discourtesy, and if that did not displease my sovereign lady,
I wish to give you advice before your noble court. For it seems to me it is
not seemly – as it is truly acknowledged – where such a request is raised so
loudly in your hall, for you to take it upon yourself, though you yourself
may be desirous of doing so, while many so bold sit about you on the
bench, that I think none on earth more resourceful in courage nor better
persons on the field where battle is raised. [354] I am the weakest, I know,
and the feeblest of wit, and my life would be the smallest loss, to tell the
truth. I am only praiseworthy in that you are my uncle; I acknowledge
no merit in my body but your blood. And since this matter is so foolish
that it does not befit you, and I have asked you for it first, assign it to me.
And if I speak unfittingly let all this noble court decide without reproach.’
Nobles whispered together; and then they advised with one accord: to
take the game away from the crowned king and give it to Gawain.

[366]

Then the king commanded the knight to rise; and he rose very

promptly and prepared himself well, knelt down before the king and
takes that weapon. And he courteously relinquished it to him and lifted
up his hand and gave him God’s blessing, and cheerfully bids him that

2

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [326–70]

both his heart and his hand should be bold. ‘Take care, kinsman,’ said
the king, ‘that you strike one blow, and if you deal with him properly, I
fully believe that you will stand the blow that he is to offer afterwards.’
Gawain goes to the knight with the battle-axe in his hand and he boldly
waits for him – he was dismayed none the more for that. [377] Then the
knight in green speaks to Gawain: ‘Let us restate our terms, before we go
further. First I entreat you, sir, that you tell me truly what you are called,
so that I may rely on it.’ ‘In good faith,’ said the good knight, ‘I am called
Gawain, who offer you this blow, whatever happens afterwards, and at
this time a year hence will take another from you with whatever weapon
you wish – and at the hands of no other living person.’ The other answers
in return: ‘Sir Gawain, so may I prosper, I am exceedingly glad that you
are to strike this blow.’

[390]

‘By God,’ said the green knight, ‘Sir Gawain, it pleases me that I

shall receive from your hand what I have asked for here. And you have
repeated without hesitation, in a correct statement, the whole of the
covenant that I asked the king for, except that you must promise me, sir,
on your word of honour, that you will look for me yourself, wherever on
earth you suppose I may be found, and take for yourself such payment
as you mete out to me today before this fine company.’ ‘Where should I
look for you?’ asked Gawain. ‘Where is your dwelling? I do not know at
all where you dwell, by Him that made me, nor do I know you, knight,
your court or your name. But direct me faithfully to it and tell me what
you are called, and I shall use all my wisdom to get myself there – and
that I swear you truly and by my firm word of honour.’ [404] ‘That is
enough for the New Year – no more is needed,’ said the knight in the
green to Gawain the noble. ‘If I tell you truly that when I have the blow
and you have deftly smitten me, if I promptly inform you about my house
and my home and my own name, then you may call on me and keep to
the agreement; and if I utter no speech then you will be better off, for you
may remain in your country and seek no further. But you are delaying!
Now take up your grim weapon and let us see how you strike.’ ‘Gladly,
sir, indeed,’ says Gawain; he strokes his axe.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [371–416]

[417]

The green knight promptly takes his stand; with his head bent a

little, uncovers the flesh; he laid his beautiful long locks over his crown, let
the bare neck show in readiness. Gawain gripped his axe and heaves it up
on high; setting his left foot on the ground in front, he let it come down
quickly on the bare flesh, so that the man’s sharp blade sundered the bones
and sank through the fair flesh and severed it in two, so that the blade of
burnished steel bit into the ground. The fair head fell from the neck to the
ground, so that many kicked it with their feet where it rolled forward; the
blood spurted from the body, shining on the green. [430] And the man
neither faltered nor fell any the more for that but strongly leapt forward
on firm legs and roughly reached out where men were standing, seized
his comely head and lifted it up immediately, and then goes to his horse,
catches the bridle, steps into the stirrup and mounts, and holds his head in
his hand by the hair; and the knight seated himself in his saddle as firmly
as though no misfortune had troubled him, though now headless there.
He twisted his trunk around, that ugly body that bled. Many a one was
frightened of him by the time he had finished speaking.

[444]

For he actually holds up the head in his hand, directs the face

towards the nobles on the dais; and it raised the eye-lids and looked with
eyes wide open, and spoke as follows with its mouth, as you may now
hear: ‘See to it, Gawain, that you are ready to go as you promised, and
search as faithfully, sir, until you find me, as you have promised in this hall,
while all these knights were listening. You make your way to the Green
Chapel, I charge you, to receive such a blow as you have meted out – you
have deserved it – to be punctually repaid on New Year’s morn. I am
widely known as the Knight of the Green Chapel; and so, if you inquire,
you will not fail to find me. [456] Therefore come, or you deserve to be
called cowardly.’ With a rough jerk he pulls on the reins, swept out at the
hall-door, his head in his hand, so that sparks from the flint cobbles flew
from the horse’s hooves. No one there knew what country he arrived at,
any more than they knew where he had come from. What then? The king
and Gawain there laugh and grin about that green man; yet it was openly
declared a marvel among those men.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [417–66]

[467]

If Arthur the noble king was amazed at heart, he let no sign be

seen but said aloud with gracious speech to the fair queen: ‘Dear lady,
do not be perturbed on a day like this. Such artistry is certainly fitting
at Christmas – playing of interludes, laughing and singing – among the
courtly ring-dances performed by knights and ladies. Nevertheless I may
well proceed to my meal, for I have seen a wonder, I cannot deny.’ He
glanced at Sir Gawain and said aptly: ‘Now, sir, hang up your axe, which
has hewn enough.’ [478] And it was placed above the dais, to hang on
the tapestry, where everyone could look at it in amazement and relate the
wonder of it by true right. Then these men went to a table together, the
king and the good knight, and zealous men served them double portions
of all delicacies, in the noblest fashion possible, with all manner of food
and minstrelsy also. They spent that day in enjoyment until it came to
an end on earth. Now consider well, Sir Gawain, that you do not shrink
because of the danger from making trial of this quest which you have
undertaken.

II

[491]

Arthur has received this gift of strange happenings in the beginning

of the young year because he yearned to hear valiant boasting. Though
such speeches were not forthcoming for him when they sat down, now
they are fully provided with formidable work, their hands cram-full.
Gawain was glad to begin those games in the hall, but if the outcome is
serious, do not be surprised: for though men are merry in spirit when they
have strong drink, a year passes very quickly and never delivers the same:
the beginning very seldom matches the end. And so this Yule passed, and
the year afterwards, and each season in turn followed after the other:
[502]

after Christmas came harsh Lent, which tests the body with fish

and plainer food, but then the coming of spring [lit. nature’s weather]
contends with winter, frost shrinks into the earth [i.e. disappears], clouds
lift, bright falls the rain in warm showers, falls on fair lowlands, flowers
appear there, the clothes of both fields and woods are green, birds

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [467–508]

proceed to build and sing gloriously for pleasure in the mild summer
that follows afterwards along hillsides, and blossoms swell to bloom by
splendid and luxuriant hedgerows; then many noble tunes are heard in
the lovely woods.

[516]

After the season of spring with the gentle winds, when Zephyrus

[i.e. the west wind] himself blows on seeds and plants, very lovely is the
plant that grows from them [i.e. the seeds], when the moistening dew
drops from the leaves, to enjoy a blissful gleam from the bright sun. But
then Autumn hastens and soon puts heart into him [i.e. the plant], warns
him to grow fully ripe against the coming of winter; with drought he [i.e.
autumn] makes the dust rise, to fly high from the face of the earth. [525]
Angry wind from the sky wrestles with the sun, the leaves loosen from the
tree and fall to the ground, and the grass that was green before withers
completely; then everything that grew in the beginning ripens and rots,
and thus the year runs by in many yesterdays and winter comes back,
as nature demands, in truth, until the moon of Michaelmas was come
with pledge of winter. Then Gawain shortly thinks about his arduous
journey.

[536]

Yet until All Saints’ Day he remains with Arthur, who made a

celebration on that festival in honour of the knight, with great and noble
revelry of the Round Table. Courteous knights and fair ladies were all in a
state of anxiety for the sake of that man; but nevertheless they mentioned
only pleasant subjects: many who were joyless on account of that noble
knight made jokes there. For after the meal he talks to his uncle with
sorrow and speaks of his journey, and he said openly: ‘Now, liege lord of
my life, I ask leave of you. You know the nature of this matter; I do not
care to relate the troubles of it any more to you – it would only be idle
talk – but I am setting off for the blow tomorrow without fail, to look for
the green man, as God sees fit to guide me.’ [550] Then the nobles of the
castle came together, Ywain and Eric and many others – Sir Dodinal de
Savage, the Duke of Clarence, Lancelot and Lionel and Lucan the good,
Sir Bors and Sir Bedevere, both strong men, and many other nobles, with

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [509–55]

Mador de la Port. All this company of the court approached the king to
counsel the knight, with sorrow in their hearts. There was much painful
sorrow suffered in the hall that one so valuable as Gawain should have
to go on that mission, to suffer a grievous blow and give none in return
with his sword. The knight kept a good countenance throughout and said:
‘Why should I hesitate? What can one do but make trial of what Destiny
offers, whether painful or pleasant?’

[566]

He remains there all that day and dresses in the morning, asks

early for his arms, and they were all brought. First a carpet of rich red
fabric was spread over the floor, and abundant was the gilded armour
that gleamed from it. The bold man steps on it and handles the arms,
dressed in a doublet of precious fabric, and then a skilfully-made cape,
fastened at the top, which was trimmed with beautiful fur inside. Then
they placed the steel shoes upon the knight’s feet; his legs were enclosed
in steel by beautiful greaves, to which were attached brightly polished
knee-pieces, fastened about his knees with clasps of gold; [578] then fine
thigh-pieces, which gracefully enclosed his thick muscular thighs, fastened
with laces; and then the linked coat of mail of bright steel rings upon fine
material enveloped that knight, and well burnished arm-pieces upon both
his arms, with good and fine elbow-pieces and gauntlets of metal plate,
and all the goodly armour which was to benefit him at that time; with
a splendid surcoat, his gold spurs fastened with pride, he was girt with a
very reliable sword with a silk girdle round his waist.

[590]

When he was buckled into his armour, his accoutrements were

splendid: the smallest lace or loop gleamed with gold. Thus, armed as he
was, he hears his mass offered and celebrated at the high altar. Afterwards
he comes to the king and his fellow courtiers, takes his leave of lords and
ladies in a friendly manner, and they kissed him and escorted him on his
way, and commended him to Christ. By that time Gringolet was prepared
and girt with a saddle which gleamed very splendidly with many gold
fringes, everywhere studded entirely anew, prepared for that business,
the bridle decorated around with bars, trimmed with bright gold. The

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [556–600]

adornment of the breast-harness and of the splendid saddle-skirts, the
crupper, and the caparison, matched the saddle-bows. [603] And it was
all costly gold studs, set upon a red background, which glittered and
shone like the radiance of the sun. Then he takes and quickly kisses the
helmet, which was stapled firmly and padded on the inside. It was high
on his head, fastened behind, with a brilliant band of silk over the neck-
guard, embroidered and adorned with the best gems on a broad silken
band, and birds on the hems, such as parrots depicted among periwinkles,
turtle-doves and true-love knots embroidered so densely that it was as
though many a lady had been working at it for seven winters at court.
The circlet which ringed his head was even more valuable, with perfect
diamonds which were both clear and brown [i.e. of all tints].

[619]

Then they showed him the shield, which was of bright gules [i.e.

heraldic red] with the pentangle painted in pure gold hues; he takes it
by the baldrick, slings it round his neck; that suited the knight well in an
apt manner. And why the pentangle appertains to that noble prince I am
minded to tell you, though it will delay me. It is a symbol that Solomon
invented formerly as a sign of truth, by its intrinsic right; for it is a figure
that possesses five points, and each line interlaces with and joins on to
the others, and everywhere it is endless, and English people in all parts, I
am told, call it ‘the endless knot’. [631] Therefore it matches this knight
and his spotless arms, for, always trustworthy in five ways, and five times
in each way, Gawain was known as a virtuous knight and, like refined
gold, free from all baseness, adorned with virtues in the castle. And so he
newly bore the pentangle on his shield and surcoat, as a man most true
of words and a knight most noble of conduct.

[640]

First he was found faultless in his five senses, and likewise the

knight never failed in his five fingers, and all his trust upon earth was
in the five wounds that Christ received on the cross, as the Creed tells.
And wherever this man found himself in battle, his earnest intent was on
this, above all else: that he should get all his fortitude from the five joys
that the gracious Queen of Heaven had in her Child. (For this reason

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [601–47]

the knight had her image fittingly painted on the inner side of his shield,
so that when he glanced at it his courage never diminished.) The fifth
five that I find that the knight practised was liberality and brotherly love
above all things; his cleanness and his courtesy were never defective,
and compassion that surpasses all virtues – these perfect five were more
firmly fastened to that knight than to any other. [656] Now all these five
groups [of five] were indeed fixed on this knight and each one interlaced
with another, so that none came to an end, and were established on five
points that never failed, nor were ever brought together in any side, nor
separated either, without end in any angle that I find anywhere, where
the process ever began or came to an end. Therefore on his bright shield
was fashioned, royally with red gold upon heraldic red, the knot which
is called by learned people the perfect ‘pentangle’. Now noble Gawain
is prepared and took his lance right then, and wished them all good day
– he thought for ever.

[670]

He struck the steed with the spurs and sprang on his way so

vigorously that the flint-sparks flew out behind. All who saw that handsome
knight sighed in their hearts, and people with one accord said softly to
each other, sorrowing for that noble one: ‘By Christ, it is a pity that you,
sir, should be lost, you who are so noble of life! It is, truly, not easy to find
his equal on earth. It would have made more sense to have acted more
cautiously, and have ordained yonder noble one to have become a duke.
It becomes him to be a brilliant leader of men in the land, and it would
have been better so than for him to be utterly destroyed, beheaded by an
other-worldly man, for arrogant pride. [682] Who ever knew any king to
take such advice as that of knights in trivial arguments about Christmas
games?’ The warm tears that flowed from eyes were very abundant when
that fine lord left that abode that day. He made no delay but swiftly went
on his way. He rode many uncertain paths, as I learned from the book.

[691]

Now this knight, Sir Gawain, rides through the kingdom of

Britain, in the cause of God, though it seemed no game to him – often
companionless he remains alone at night where he did not find the food

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [648–94]

that he liked before him; he had no companion but his horse by woods and
downs, nor anyone but God to talk with on the way – till he approached
very near to North Wales. He keeps all the isles of Anglesey on the left
side and goes over the fords by the headlands, across at Holywell, till he
reached the shore again in the wild country of Wirral. Very few lived
there whom either God or a good-hearted man loved. [703] And always,
as he travelled, he asked men that he met if they had heard any talk of a
green knight of the Green Chapel in any region thereabouts. And all said
‘No!’ to him – that never in their lives did they ever see a man of such
green hues. The knight took strange ways on many a cheerless slope. His
mood changed many times before he could see that chapel.

[713]

He climbed over many cliffs in strange regions. Having wandered

far from his friends, he rides as a stranger. At every ford or stream where
the knight passed it was a wonder if he did not find a foe in front of him,
and that so ugly and so fierce that he was obliged to fight. The man finds
so many marvels there among the hills, it would be too difficult to tell
the tenth part of them. Sometimes he fights with dragons and also with
wolves, sometimes with men of the woods that lived in the crags, with
both bulls and bears, and boars at other times, and giants that pursued
him from the high fell. If he had not been brave and long-suffering, and
if he had not served God, there are many occasions when he would
doubtless have been killed. [726] For fighting did not trouble him so
much that winter was not worse, when the cold clear water was shed from
the clouds and froze before it might fall to the faded earth; nearly slain by
the sleet, he slept in his armour more nights than enough, on bare rocks
where the cold burn runs clattering from the crest, and the frozen water
hung high over his head in hard icicles. Thus in peril and pain and severe
conditions, this knight rides across country till Christmas Eve, alone. At
that time the knight certainly made his lamentation to Mary, that she
would direct his course and guide him to some dwelling.

[740]

In the morning he rides briskly by a hill into a deep forest that was

exceedingly wild, high hills on each side and below woods of huge old

100

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [695–742]

oaks, a hundred together. The hazel and the hawthorn were entwined
together, with rough ragged moss spread everywhere, with many unhappy
birds which piteously piped on bare twigs for the pain of the cold. The
knight upon Gringolet glides under them through many a marsh and
mire, a man all alone, concerned about his circumstances, in case he
should not manage to see the service of that Lord who on that same
night was born of a maiden to end our enmity [i.e. with God]. [753]
And therefore, sighing, he said: ‘I beseech You, Lord, and Mary, who is
the mildest mother so dear, for some lodging where I might solemnly hear
mass and Your matins tomorrow, I meekly ask, and accordingly promptly
I pray my Lord’s Prayer, Ave Maria, and Creed.’ He rode in prayer and
wept for his sin. He crossed himself several times and said: ‘Christ’s cross
speed me.’

[763]

The knight had not crossed himself but thrice before he was aware

in the wood of a dwelling within a moat, above a glade, on a mound,
framed under the boughs of many huge trunks round about the ditches,
the finest castle that a knight ever owned, set in a meadow, a park all
about, fenced in by a close palisade of spikes, which enclosed many trees
for more than two miles around. The knight beheld that stronghold from
one side, as it shimmered and shone through the bright oaks. [773] Then
he respectfully takes off his helmet and solemnly thanks Jesus and St
Julian, who are both kindly, who had treated him courteously and listened
to his cry. ‘Now,’ said the knight, ‘I beseech you to grant good lodging!’
Then he spurs on Gringolet with his gilt spurs, and he most fortuitously
has chosen the main way, that quickly brought the knight to the end of
the bridge in haste. The drawbridge was firmly raised; the gates were
securely shut; the walls were well constructed – it [i.e. the castle] feared
no wind’s blast.

[785]

The horseman tarried, waiting on the bank of the deep double

ditch which surrounded the house. The wall went down in the water
amazingly deep and it swept aloft again a huge height, made of hard
cut stone up to the cornices, fortified under the battlements in the

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [743–90]

101

best style; and then very fine watch-towers arrayed at intervals, with
many excellent loop-holes that fastened very neatly; that knight never
gazed upon a better barbican. And farther in he beheld the high hall,
towers set up here and there, crocketed very thickly, fair pinnacles that
joined exactly [to the towers below], and wonderfully tall, with carved
finials, skilfully intricate. [798] There he perceived many chalk-white
chimneys, that shone very white upon roofs of towers. So many painted
pinnacles were scattered everywhere among battlements of the castle,
clustered so thickly, that it looked as if it were all completely cut out of
paper. The noble knight on the horse thought it fair enough, if only he
might manage to get inside the bailey, to lodge pleasantly in that house
while the festival lasted. He called, and soon there came a perfectly
obliging porter; on the wall he received his petition and greeted the
questing knight.

[811]

‘Good sir,’ said Gawain, ‘would you go on an errand for me to the

noble lord of this house, to ask for lodging?’ ‘Yes, by St Peter!’ said the
porter, ‘and truly I believe that you are welcome, sir, to stay as long as
it pleases you.’ Then the man went eagerly and quickly came back, and
people readily with him to welcome the knight. They let down the great
drawbridge and courteously went out, and knelt down on their knees on
the cold earth to welcome this same knight in the way which seemed
proper to them. They allowed him through the great gate, opened wide,
and he courteously asked them to rise and rode over the bridge. Several
men held his saddle while he dismounted, and then many bold men
stabled his steed. Knights and squires came down then to bring this man
into the hall with joy. [826] When he lifted up his helmet many people
hastened to take it from his hand, to serve the gracious knight; they took
both his sword and his shield. Then he greeted each of those men very
courteously, and many a proud man there pressed forward to honour that
prince. They took him, all buckled into his armour, to the castle, where
a fine fire burned fiercely in the hall. Then the lord of the people comes
down from his chamber to meet the man on the floor with honour. He
said: ‘You are welcome to enjoy whatever is here, as you please; it is all

102

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [791–835]

your own to have and use as you wish.’ ‘Many thanks,’ said Gawain; ‘may
Christ reward you for it.’ In the manner of joyful men, each folded the
other in his arms.

[842]

Gawain looked at the man who graciously greeted him, and

thought him who owned the castle a bold knight, a huge man indeed,
and of mature age. His beard was broad and bright and all beaver-
coloured; powerful, firm of stance on mighty legs; face as fierce as fire,
and courteous of speech; and it appeared to the knight [i.e. Gawain] that
he was certainly a suitable person to exercise sovereignty in the castle
over excellent men. The lord turned aside to a chamber and solicitously
orders that a man should be assigned to him, to serve him humbly; and
there were ready at his bidding plenty of men who brought him to a
bright bedroom where the bed-clothes were splendid: bed-curtains of
pure silk with bright gold hems, and rare counterpanes with fine edging
of bright ermine on top, embroidered round about, curtains running on
ropes, with red gold rings, tapestries of rich fabrics from Toulouse and
Tharsia spread on the wall, and under foot, on the floor, to match. [860]
There the knight was divested of his coat of mail and of his armour,
with cheerful talk; men promptly brought rich robes, to put on and to
change and choose the best. As soon as he had taken one and had it on
– one which looked well on him, with flowing skirts – truly it seemed
to everyone from his appearance almost as if spring had come in all its
colours, all his limbs under the garment shining and beautiful; it seemed
to them that Christ never made a finer knight. Wherever in the world he
was from, it seemed that he might be a peerless prince in the field where
fierce men fought.

[875]

Before the fireplace, where charcoal burned, a chair was promptly

prepared for Gawain, with coverings – cushions upon quilted seats
– which were both skilfully made; and then a fine mantle was put on
that man, of a brown silk, embroidered most splendidly, and well lined
on the inside with the best of furs, all of the best ermine on earth, his
hood of the same material. And he sat in that becomingly splendid seat

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [836–82]

10

and warmed himself quickly, and then his mood improved. Soon a table
was set up on fine trestles, covered with a clean cloth that showed pure
white, napkin and salt-cellar and silver spoons. [887] The knight washed
as he wished and went to his meal. Men served him very becomingly with
various excellent broths, seasoned in the best manner, in double helpings,
as it befitted, and many kinds of fish – some baked in bread, some grilled
on the embers, some boiled, some in broth flavoured with spices – and in
each case sauces so subtle that the knight was pleased. The knight very
courteously and graciously called it a feast again and again, when all
together the men, equally courteously, exhorted him: ‘Take this penance
now and next time it will improve.’ That man made much mirth because
of the wine that went to his head.

[901]

Then inquiry was made in a tactful manner, by discreet questions

put to that prince, so that he courteously acknowledged that he was
from the court that noble Arthur the gracious governs alone, who is the
splendid royal king of the Round Table, and it was Gawain himself who
sits in that house, come to that Christmas feast, as chance then befell him.
When the lord had learned that he had the knight, he laughed loudly
about it, so delightful it seemed to him, and all the men in that castle
made great joy to appear in his presence readily at that time, to whose
person all excellence and prowess and refined manners belong and who
is always praised, and whose honour is greater than that of all men on
earth. [915] Each man said very softly to his companion: ‘Now shall we
see becomingly skilled demonstrations of courteous manners and the
faultless expressions of noble conversation. We can learn, without asking,
what sort of thing success in conversation is, since we have welcomed
that excellent father of good breeding. God has indeed generously given
us His grace, who allows us to receive such a guest as Gawain, when
men will sit and sing, rejoicing in His birth. This man will now bring us
to an understanding of noble manners. I believe that anyone who has
the opportunity of listening to him will learn something of the art of
conversing about love.’

10

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [883–927]

[928]

By the time dinner was over and the noble knight had risen, it

was nearly night-time. Chaplains made their way to the chapels, rang
the bells most nobly, just as they should, to the glorious evensong of
the festival. The lord goes to it, and the lady also; she gracefully enters
into a fine closed pew. Gawain hurries along very happily and makes his
way at once. The lord takes him by the sleeve and leads him to sit, and
acknowledges him familiarly and calls him by his name, and said he was
the most welcome man in the world. And he thanked him earnestly; and
they embraced each other and sat together quietly during the service.
[941]

Then it pleased the lady to look at the knight; then she came from

her closed pew with many fair ladies. She was the most beautiful creature
alive in respect of flesh, face, figure, complexion, and deportment, and
lovelier than Guinevere, the knight thought. She made her way through
the chancel to greet that noble knight. Another lady led her by the left
hand, who was older than she was, an aged woman it seemed, and
highly honoured by men about her. But those ladies were dissimilar in
appearance: for if the young one was blooming, the other was sallow; a
glowing pink everywhere adorned the first one, rough wrinkled cheeks
sagged on the other; the first lady’s kerchiefs [were adorned] with many
bright pearls; her breast and her bright throat, exposed bare, shone
more brightly than snow which falls on hills; [957] the other was attired
over the neck with a neckerchief, muffled up over her swarthy chin with
chalk-white veils, her forehead wrapped in silk, swathed everywhere,
with embroidered hems and lattice work covered in fine stitching, so that
nothing of that lady was bare but the black brows, the two eyes and the
nose, the naked lips, and those were disagreeable to see and exceedingly
bleared. A charming lady on earth one may call her, by God! Her body
was short and thick, her buttocks rounded and broad; more delicious to
taste was that which she had with her.

[970]

When Gawain saw that fair lady who looked graciously [at him],

having excused himself from the lord, he went towards them. The elder
he greets, bowing very low; the lovelier he embraces in his arms a little.
He kisses her fittingly and speaks in a courtly manner. They beg the

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [928–74]

10

favour of his company and he swiftly asks to be their servant truly if it
pleased them. They take him between them and, making conversation,
lead him to the private room, to the fireplace, and quickly they ask
for spiced cakes, which servants sped to bring them in plenty, and the
pleasant wine with them each time. [981] The lord often leaps to his feet
in a friendly manner, reminding them over and over again to make merry,
ceremoniously took off his hood and hung it on a spear, and directed
that those who devised most amusement during Christmas were to win it
as a trophy: ‘And, on my honour, I shall try with the help of my friends
to contend with the best, before I lose the garment.’ Thus with laughing
words the lord makes merry, to gladden Sir Gawain with games in hall
that night, until it was time the lord ordered lights. Gawain took his leave
and directed himself to bed.

[995]

On the morrow, as every man remembers that time when the Lord

was born to die for our destiny, joy grows in every dwelling on earth for
His sake. So it did there on that day, through many delicacies: both at
breakfast and at dinner, bold men arranged very skilfully made dishes
on the dais in the best manner. The venerable old lady sits in the place
of honour; the lord courteously took his place beside her, as I believe.
Gawain and the beautiful lady sat together right in the centre, where
the food properly came, and afterwards went around the whole hall, as
seemed most fitting to them, until each man was duly served according
to his rank. [1007] There was food, there was mirth, there was great
joy, so that I would have difficulty to tell of it, even if, perhaps, I were
to take pains to describe it in detail. But still I know that Gawain and
the delightful lady found such pleasure in each other’s company through
the pleasant courtly conversation of their confidential words, with chaste
courteous speech free from impurity, that their pleasant occupation
surpassed the pleasure of any nobleman there, in truth. Trumpets,
kettledrums, and much piping were present there. Each man attended to
his own pleasure, and those two attended to theirs.

10

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [975–1019]

[1020]

Much merriment was made there that day and the second, and

the third, just as hectic, hastened in afterwards – the joy of St John’s
day was excellent to hear, and people there intended that it was the
last of the holiday. Those who were guests there were due to go in the
grey morning; therefore they stayed up amazingly late, drank wine, and
incessantly danced their favourite ring-dances. At last, when it was late,
they take their leave, each one who was a visitor to go on his way. Gawain
said goodbye to him [i.e. the host]; the host seizes him, leads him to his
own private room, beside the fireplace, and there he holds him back
and heartily thanks him for the delightful honour that he had brought
him, to honour his house in that festive season and grace his castle with
his gracious demeanour. [1035] ‘Indeed, sir, it will be the better for me
as long as I live that Gawain has been my guest at God’s own festival.’
‘Many thanks, sir,’ said Gawain, ‘in good faith it is yours, all the honour
is your own – may the supreme King reward you – and I am, sir, at your
command, to do your bidding, as I am bound to, in great things and in
small, by obligation.’ The lord earnestly endeavoured to keep the knight
longer; Gawain answers him that he could by no means stay longer.

[1046]

Then the man asked him very courteously what terrible deed had

compelled him to ride away so eagerly from the king’s court all by himself
at that festal time, before the holidays were completely over. ‘Indeed, sir,’
said the knight, ‘you speak only the truth. A great and urgent mission
drew me from that abode, for I myself am summoned to seek a place, and
I do not know whatever direction in the world to go to find it. I would not
fail to reach it on New Year’s morning for all the land in Britain, so help
me our Lord! Therefore, sir, I ask you this question here: that you tell me
truly if ever you heard an account of the Green Chapel, where it stands
on the ground, and of the knight coloured green who holds it. [1060] An
appointment was established by agreement between us, for me to meet
that man at that rendezvous, if I happened to live so long; and there is
but little time until that same New Year, and I would see that knight, if
God will allow me, more gladly, by Christ, than possess any good thing!
Therefore, indeed, if you please, I am obliged to go; I now have barely

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1020–65]

10

three days to bestir myself, and I would be as glad to fall down dead as
to fail in my mission.’ Then the lord said with a laugh: ‘Now it behoves
you to stay, for I shall direct you to that trysting place before the time
expires. Let the whereabouts of the Green Chapel bother you no more;
but you shall remain in your bed, sir, at your ease, until well on in the
day, and leave on the first day of the year, and come to that rendezvous
at mid-morning, to do what you like there. Remain until New Year’s Day,
and rise and depart then. You shall be put on the right road; it is not two
miles from here.’

[1079]

Then Gawain was very glad and he laughed happily: ‘Now I

thank you heartily beyond all your other kindnesses. Now my adventure
is accomplished, I shall remain at your command and in other ways do
what you think fit.’ Then the lord seized him and sat him down beside
himself, and sent for the ladies for their greater enjoyment. There was
seemly pleasure by themselves in private; the lord uttered such merry
words in friendship that he seemed like a man who was about to go off his
head, who didn’t know what he might do. Then he spoke to the knight, in
a loud voice: ‘You have agreed to do whatever I command – will you keep
this promise here and now?’ ‘Yes, sir, indeed,’ said the faithful knight,
‘while I stay in your castle I shall be obedient to your command.’ [1093]
‘As you have had a hard journey,’ said the man, ‘and have come from
afar, and have since stayed up late with me, you are not well recovered
in respect either of sustenance or of sleep, I know for a fact. You shall
remain in your bedroom and lie at your ease tomorrow morning until the
time of Mass, and go to your meal when you wish with my wife, who will
sit with you and amuse you with company until I return to court. You stay
and I shall rise early; I intend to go hunting.’ Gawain agreed to all this,
bowing, like the courteous man he was.

[1105]

‘Yet further,’ said the man, ‘let us make an agreement: whatever

I win in the forest becomes yours, and you give me in exchange for it
whatever bad luck you have. My dear sir, let us strike a bargain on these
terms: to answer honourably, to whichever man may fall the worse lot or

10

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1066–1109]

the better.’ ‘By God,’ said Gawain the good, ‘I agree to it; and it seems
delightful to me that it pleases you to play.’ ‘If someone will bring us the
drink [to pledge our word], this bargain is made’ – so said the lord of
that people; everyone laughed. [1114] They drank and conversed and
behaved freely, these lords and ladies, as long as they pleased, and then
with refined manners and many courteous words they stood and lingered
and spoke quietly, kissed most courteously, and took their leave. With
many energetic servants and gleaming torches, every man was brought
to his bed at last in great comfort. Before they went to bed, they often
repeated the terms of the agreement; he who had long been lord of that
people certainly knew how to keep up the fun.

III

[1126]

Very early before the day dawned the people got up. Guests who

wanted to go called their servants, and they hasten up immediately to
saddle horses, prepare their gear, and pack their bags; the nobles prepare
themselves, all dressed to ride, quickly mount, seize their bridles, each
man on his way to where it well pleased him. The dear lord of the
land was not the last dressed for riding with many men; he ate a morsel
quickly, after he had heard mass; he goes swiftly to the hunting-field
carrying a horn. By the time that any daylight shone upon the earth,
he and his men were on great horses. [1139] Then huntsmen who were
expert leashed their hounds in pairs, opened the kennel door and called
them outside, blew three single notes powerfully on their horns. Hounds
bayed in response, and made a fierce noise; and they controlled and
turned back the hounds that chased false scents, a hundred huntsmen of
the best, as I have heard tell. Keepers of hounds went to their hunting-
stations, huntsmen took off the leashes; there arose a great noise in that
forest on account of the good blasts (of the horn).

[1150]

At the first sound of the baying [of hounds on the scent] the

wild animals trembled. Deer hurtled into the valley, frenzied with fear,

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1110–51]

10

hastened to the high ground, but they were quickly turned back by the
ring of beaters, who shouted loudly. Then they allowed the stags with the
high heads to pass, also the wild bucks with their broad antlers; for the
noble lord had forbidden that any man should rouse any male deer in
the close-season. The hinds were held in with cries of ‘Hay!’ and ‘War!’
The does poured with a great noise into the deep valleys. There could
be seen the slanting flight of arrows as they were loosed; at every turning
in the wood an arrow swished, burying their broad heads deep in the
brown flesh. [1163] Oh! they bray and bleed, they die on hillsides, and
all the time hounds pursue them in a headlong chase, huntsmen with loud
horns hastened after them, with a ringing sound as if rocks were splitting.
Any animal that escaped the archers was pulled down and slaughtered at
the receiving stations, when they had been harassed on the heights and
driven down to the streams, so skilful were the men at the low hunting
stations; and so huge were the greyhounds that they quickly seized them
and pulled them down as fast as men could turn and look. The lord,
transported with delight, galloped forward and dismounted again and
again, and passed that day with joy thus until the dark night.

[1178]

Thus the lord amuses himself along the edges of the forest, and

Gawain the good man lies in a fine bed, stays snug until the daylight
shone on the walls, under a lovely counterpane, with curtains around.
And as he dozed [lit. drifted in sleep], he heard a little stealthy sound at
his door and [heard it] quickly open; and he raises his head up out of the
clothes, lifted up the corner of the curtain a little, and looks warily in that
direction [to see] what it might be. It was the lady, loveliest to behold, who
drew the door after her secretly and silently, and came towards the bed;
and the man was embarrassed, and lay down cunningly and pretended
to be asleep. [1191] And she stepped quietly and stole to his bed, opened
the curtain and crept inside, and sat herself very softly on the bedside,
and remained there an exceedingly long time to see when he would wake
up. The man lay snuggled down a very long time, pondered in his mind
what the circumstance could portend or signify. It seemed amazing to
him; but yet he said to himself: ‘It would be more seemly, by talking to her,

110

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1152–99]

to discover in due course what she wants.’ Then he stirred and stretched
and turned towards her, and opened his eyelids and behaved as though
he was surprised, and crossed himself with his hand, as if to become the
safer by his (silent) prayer. With very lovely chin and cheek, both white
and red together, she spoke very amiably with slender laughing lips.

[1208]

‘Good morning, Sir Gawain,’ said that fair lady, ‘you are an

unwary sleeper, that one may slip in here. Now you are captured in a
moment! Unless we can arrange a truce between ourselves, I shall bind
you in your bed – be sure of that.’ All laughing, the lady uttered those
jests. ‘Good morning, fair lady,’ said the joyful Gawain, ‘my fate shall be
as you determine, and that pleases me well, for I yield myself promptly
and cry out for mercy; and that is best, in my opinion, for I am obliged
of necessity!’ (And thus he jested in return with much happy laughter.)
‘But if you, lovely lady, would then grant me permission, and release your
prisoner and ask him to rise, I would leave this bed and dress myself better;
I should take more pleasure in talking with you.’ [1222] ‘No indeed, fine
sir,’ said that sweet lady, ‘you shall not rise from your bed. I give you better
instructions: I shall imprison you here on the other side too, and then talk
with my knight whom I have caught. For I am well aware, indeed, you
are Sir Gawain, whom all the world honours; wherever you ride, your
honour, your courtesy is graciously praised by lords, by ladies, by all who
live. And now you are here, indeed, and are we quite by ourselves; my
lord and his men have gone a long way off, other men are in their beds,
and my ladies too, the door is shut and fastened with a strong latch; and
since I have in this house him who pleases everyone, I shall make good
use of my time, while it lasts, with conversation. You are welcome to me
[lit. to my body], to take your own pleasure; I must of pure necessity be
your servant, and shall be.’

[1241]

‘In good faith,’ said Gawain, ‘that seems agreeable to me. Though

I am not he of whom you now speak – I am a man unworthy to attain
such an honour as you have just mentioned, I myself know well – by God,
I should be glad if you saw fit that I should devote myself, by word or

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1200–1246]

111

deed, to obliging your worthy self; it would be a sheer delight.’ ‘In good
faith, Sir Gawain,’ said the fair lady, ‘if I disparaged or made little of the
exellence and the prowess that pleases everyone else, it would be small
courtesy. [1251] But there are many ladies who would rather now have
you, gracious knight, in their grasp, as I have you here – to make courtly
play with your charming words, to find solace for themselves and assuage
their longings – than much of the treasure or gold that they have. But I
praise that very Lord who rules the heavens that I have wholly in my hand
what everyone desires, through grace.’ She who was so fair of face made
him such a great welcome. The knight answered everything she chanced
to say with innocent speeches.

[1263]

‘Madam,’ said the handsome man, ‘Mary reward you, for I have

found, in good faith, your liberality noble; and some people take their
mode of conduct a good deal from others; but the honour they bestow is
not at all my deserving – it does credit to yourself, revealing the goodness
of your own heart [lit. who can only behave generously].’ ‘By Mary,’ said
the noble lady, ‘it seems to me otherwise; for were I worth all the multitude
of women alive, and all the prosperity of the world were in my hand, and
I should haggle and choose to get myself a husband, for the qualities that
I have perceived in you, knight, here, of good looks and graciousness and
joyful demeanour – for this is what I have heard before and now believe it
to be true – there should be no man on earth chosen before you.’ [1276]
‘Indeed, worthy lady,’ said the knight, ‘you have chosen much better; but
I am proud of the value that you place on me and, solemnly [as] your
servant, I consider you my sovereign [lady] and become your knight, and
may Christ recompense you.’ Thus they spoke of many things until mid-
morning passed, and all the time the lady behaved as if she loved him a
great deal. The man acted guardedly and behaved most politely; though
she may have been the loveliest lady the knight had ever known [lit.
remembered], he had brought with him so much the less love because of
the penalty he was going to meet forthwith – the blow that should strike
him down, and cannot be avoided [lit. and needs it must be done]. The
lady then spoke of leaving; he consented immediately.

112

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1247–89]

[1290]

Then she wished him good day, and laughed with a twinkle, and

as she stood she astounded him with her severe words: ‘Now may He
who prospers every speech reward you for this pleasure, only it is hard to
believe that you are Gawain!’ ‘Why?’ said the man, and he asks eagerly,
afraid that he had fallen short in the manner of his speeches. But the lady
exclaimed ‘God bless you’ and said: ‘For this reason: anyone as good as
Gawain is rightly considered to be, and in whom courtesy is so completely
embodied, could not easily have stayed so long with a lady without
asking for a kiss through his courtesy, by some trifling hint at the end
of a speech.’ Then Gawain said: ‘Indeed, let it be as you please; I shall
kiss at your command, as befits a knight, and, in addition, lest he should
displease you; so urge it no more.’ [1305] With that she comes nearer
and takes him in her arms, bends down graciously and kisses the knight.
They courteously commend each other to Christ; she goes out at the
door without any further sound, and he prepares to rise and immediately
hurries, calls to his manservant, chooses his clothing, goes out, when he
was ready, gladly to mass; and then he proceeded to his meal, that fittingly
awaited him, and enjoyed himself all day, with merriment, until the moon
rose. A man was never better received between two such noble ladies, the
elder and the younger; they found much pleasure together.

[1319]

And all the time the lord of the land is away at his sport, hunting

the barren hinds in woods and heath. He had killed there such a quantity
of does and other deer by the time the sun went down, it would be
wonderful to assess. Then at last the people spiritedly assembled, and
quickly made a heap of game from the slaughtered deer. Those of highest
rank went there with many men, gathered the plumpest that were there,
and had them gracefully cut open in the prescribed manner. Some who
were there examined them at the ‘assay’; they found two fingers’ breadth
of flesh on the poorest of them all. Then they slit the hollow at the base
of the throat, took hold of the gullet, scraped it with a sharp knife, and
tied up the flesh. Then they slit along the four legs and stripped off the
hide; they opened the belly, drew the bowels carefully to avoid undoing
the ligature of the knot. [1335] They seized the throat and properly

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1290–1335]

11

separated the gullet from the wind-pipe and tossed out the guts. They
cut out the shoulder-joints with their sharp knives, drawing them through
a small hole so as to keep the sides intact; then they cut the breast and
divided it in two. And then one of them begins once again at the neck,
quickly cuts the carcase open right to the fork, removes the neck offal
and truly after that they promptly loosen all the membranes on the ribs;
thus they correctly clear out the offal along the bones of the back right
down to the haunch, so that it all hung together, and they lift it up quite
intact and cut it off there – and that, I believe, they properly designate
the ‘numbles’. Then they loosen the folds of skin behind the fork of the
thighs; they make haste to cut the carcase in two, dividing it along the
backbone.

[1353]

Then they cut off both the head and the neck, and next they

separate the sides swiftly from the backbone, and throw the ‘raven’s fee’
into a thicket. Then they pierced each thick side through by the ribs,
and then hung each by the hocks of the haunches, each man receiving
what befits him for his fee. Upon a skin of the fine beast they feed their
hounds with the liver and the lungs, the lining of the stomachs, and bread
soaked in blood mingled with it. [1362] They vigorously blew ‘capture’,
their hounds bayed; then they took their venison, packed up for home,
sounding very loudly many powerful notes on the horn. By the time
daylight was finished, the company had all come into the fine castle,
where the knight waits quietly, with joy and a bright fire kindled. The
lord comes to that place: when Gawain met with him, there was all the
happiness that could be desired.

[1372]

Then the lord commanded all the company to assemble in that

hall, both the ladies to come down with their women. In front of all the
people in the hall he bids men faithfully to fetch his venison before him;
and most graciously, in merriment, he called Gawain, directs his attention
to the number [lit. tails] of extremely well-grown beasts, shows him the
bright meat cut on the ribs: ‘How does this sport please you? Have I won
renown? Have I abundantly deserved thanks by means of my skill?’ ‘Yes

11

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1336–80]

indeed,’ said the other man, ‘this is the finest catch that I have seen for
many a year [lit. seven years] in the season of winter.’ ‘And I give it all to
you, Gawain,’ said the man then, ‘for by the agreement of the covenant
you may claim it as your own.’ ‘This is true,’ said the man; ‘I say the
same to you: that which I have honourably won within this abode shall
indeed with as good a will become yours.’ [1387] He clasps his fair neck
within his arms and kisses him as courteously as he could contrive: ‘There
take my winnings; I got no more. I bestow it completely and would do so
even if there were more.’ ‘It is good,’ said the host, ‘thank you for that.
It may be of such a nature that it would turn out to be the better prize,
if you would tell me from whom you won this good fortune by your own
cleverness.’ ‘That was not in our agreement,’ said he; ‘ask me no more,
for you have received what is due to you; rest assured you cannot have
anything else.’ They laughed and made merry with admirable speeches.
They immediately went to supper, with many new delicacies.

[1402]

And afterwards they sat by the fireplace in the private room,

servants brought excellent wine to them frequently, and again in their
jesting they agree to carry out on the next day the same terms that they
had made before: whatever fortune happens, to exchange their winnings,
whatever new thing they received, when they met at night. They agreed
to the conditions before all the court – the drink was brought forth in jest
at that time – then they took leave at last in a friendly manner; each man
went quickly to his bed. [1412] By the time that the cock had crowed
and cackled but thrice, the lord had leapt from his bed, [and so had] all
the men, so that the meal and the mass were properly despatched, the
company went on their way to the wood, before any daylight dawned,
to the chase. To the loud sound of huntsmen and horns, they soon pass
through meadows; they unleashed among the thorns hounds which ran
in a headlong course.

[1421]

Soon the hounds signal [by baying] that they have a scent at the

edge of a wooded marsh; the huntsman urged on the hounds who had
first drawn attention to the scent, uttered excited words to them with a

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1381–1423]

11

loud noise. The hounds that heard it hastened there swiftly, and rushed
with all speed to the trail, forty at once. Then such a babble and noise rose
from the assembled hounds that the rocks round about rang. Huntsmen
encouraged them with horn and with voice; then all in a throng they
surged together between a pool in that wood and a forbidding crag. In
the middle of a wooded mound beside a high rock at the edge of the
marsh, where the rough hillside had fallen in confusion, the hounds went
to the dislodgement [of the quarry], with the men after them. The men
cast about both the crag and the wooded knoll, until they were sure they
had contained the beast whose presence had been revealed by the voices
of the bloodhounds. [1437] Then they beat the bushes and bade him
rise; and he came out menacingly, straight across the line of men. There
rushed out the most amazing boar, which had long since left the herd on
account of his age, for he was huge and broad, the greatest boar of all,
very fierce when he snorted; then many were troubled, for he flattened
three [men] to the earth at the first thrust, and sprang forward at a good
speed without [causing] further injury. Others shouted ‘Look out!’ very
loudly, and cried ‘Hey! Hey!’, put horns to mouth, quickly sounded the
recheat [to call the hounds together]. Many were the merry voices of
men and of hounds that hastened after this boar with clamour and with
noise, to kill it. Very often he stands at bay and causes injury in the midst
of the pack of hounds. He hurts some of the hounds, and they howl and
yell most miserably.

[1454]

Men pushed forward to shoot at him then, shot their arrows at

him, hit him often; but the points which struck his shoulders were blunted
by the toughness [of them], and none would penetrate the bristles of his
brow; though the smooth shaft shattered in pieces, the head bounced
back wherever it hit. But when the blows of their incessant strokes hurt
him, then, maddened by the persistent attacks, he charges at the men,
injures them cruelly where he dashes forward; and many were afraid
at that and drew back. [1464] But the lord gallops after him on a swift
horse, he blows his horn like a bold warrior, he sounded the recheat,
and rode through thick bushes, pursuing this wild boar until the sun

11

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1424–67]

was setting. They spend this day with this same activity in this manner,
while our gracious knight, Gawain, lies in his bed, comfortably at home
in bedclothes splendid of hue. The lady did not forget to come to greet
him; she visited him very early, in order to bring about a change in his
attitude.

[1476]

She comes to the curtain and peeps at the knight. Sir Gawain

welcomed her courteously first, and she replies to him using very eager
language, sits herself softly by his side and laughs a good deal, and
with a look of love she bestowed these words on him: ‘Sir, if you are
Gawain, it seems to me a wonder, a man who is always so well disposed
to good things, and you cannot understand the manners of society, and
if someone teaches you to know them, you cast them from your mind:
you have quickly forgotten what I taught you yesterday in the very truest
teaching I could put into words.’ ‘What is that?’ said the knight. ‘Indeed
I do not know. If what you declare is true, the blame is mine.’ ‘But I
taught you about kissing,’ said the fair one then, ‘to claim it immediately
wherever favour is shown; that becomes every knight who practises
courtesy.’ [1492] ‘Put an end to that speech, my dear lady,’ said the bold
man, ‘for I would not dare do that, in case I were refused. If I offered
[a kiss] and were refused, I would, indeed, be [put in the] wrong.’ ‘On
my word,’ said the lovely lady, ‘you may not be refused; you are strong
enough to force the issue with strength, if it pleases you, if anyone were
ill-bred enough to refuse you.’ ‘Yes, by God,’ said Gawain, ‘you speak
well; but force is considered ignoble in the land where I live, and so is
every gift that is not given with a good will. I am at your command, to
kiss when it pleases you; you may take [a kiss] when it pleases you and
leave off when it seems good to you, in due course.’ The lady bends down
and graciously kisses his face. They utter many words there about the
punishments and favours of love.

[1508]

‘I would like to know from you, sir,’ the noble lady said at that

point, ‘if you did not become angry about this, what might be the reason
that one so young and so active as you are at this time, so courteous, so

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1468–1510]

11

chivalrous, as you are known far and wide – and from among the whole
[code] of chivalry, the thing principally praised is the faithful practice
of love, the very doctrine of knighthood; for to speak of the striving of
true knights, it is the rubric written at the head of their works, and the
very works themselves, how men have risked their lives for their true love,
endured grievous times of hardship for their love, and later avenged and
dispelled their sorrow through their valour, and brought joy into [their
ladies’] bower through their own merits – [1520] and you are known
as the most handsome knight of your generation, your fame and your
honour are spread abroad everywhere, and I have sat by you here on two
different occasions, yet I never heard any words come from your lips [lit.
head] that ever pertained to love at all. And you, who are so courteous
and fastidious in your promises, ought to be eager to show and teach a
young thing some tokens of the arts of true love. Why! are you ignorant,
you who possess all the renown, or else do you consider me too stupid to
listen to your courtly conversation? For shame! I come here alone and sit
to learn some pleasure from you; do teach me from your wisdom while
my lord is away from home.’

[1535]

‘In good faith,’ said Gawain, ‘may God reward you! It is a great

good pleasure and a huge delight to me that one as noble as you should
wish to come here and take pains with so worthless a man, as to amuse
yourself with your knight and show any kind of favour; it gives me
pleasure. But to take upon myself the task of expounding true love, and
relating the subject-matter and stories of chivalry to you, who (I know
well), possess more skill in that art, by far, than a hundred such as I am,
or ever shall be, while I live on earth, it would be a folly many times
over, my gracious lady, upon my honour. [1546] I should be willing to
carry out your wish to the best of my ability, as I am greatly obliged [to
do], and shall be your servant evermore, so help me God!’ In this way
that gracious lady put him to the test and tempted him often, in order to
bring him to wrong, whatever else she intended; but he defended himself
so fitly that no offence was apparent, nor any impropriety on either side,
nor were they aware of anything but pleasure. They laughed and amused

11

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1511–54]

themselves for a long time; at last she kissed him, graciously took her
leave, and went on her way, indeed.

[1558]

Then the knight bestirs himself and rises to mass, and afterwards

their dinner was prepared and courteously served. The knight amused
himself with the ladies all day, but the lord galloped over the fields again
and again, pursues his ill-fated boar, that rushes along the hillsides and
bit asunder the backs of the best of his hounds where he stood at bay, till
bowmen broke it [i.e. his stand], and made him move out into the open
despite all he could do, such deadly arrows flew there when the people
assembled. But yet he made the bravest men jump at times, till at last
he was so exhausted that he could run no more, but with all the haste
that he could he reached a hole in a water-course, by a rock where the
stream runs. [1571] He got the bank at his back, begins to scrape – the
froth foamed hideously at the corners of his mouth – sharpens his white
tusks. Then all the very brave men who stood round him became weary
of trying to hurt him from a distance, but none of them dared go near
him because of the danger; he had previously hurt so many that it then
seemed hateful to everyone to be torn any more by his tusks, [he] who
was both fierce and maddened.

[1581]

Till the knight came himself, urging on his horse, saw him [i.e. the

boar] stand at bay near his men. He dismounts gracefully, leaves his horse,
draws out a bright sword and strides forward powerfully, hastens swiftly
through the ford where the fierce beast waits. The wild animal was aware
of the man with the weapon in his hand, raised his hair on end; he snorted
so fiercely that many feared for the man, lest the worst befell him. [1589]
The boar charges straight at the man, so that the man and the boar were
both in a heap in the strongest current of the stream. The other had the
worst of it, for the man aims at him well, as they first met, firmly placed
the blade right in the hollow at the base of the throat, struck him up to the
hilt, so that the heart broke apart, and he yielded snarling and was carried
downstream very quickly. A hundred hounds seized him, fiercely biting
him; men brought him to the bank and dogs do him to death.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1555–1600]

11

[1601]

There was the blowing of ‘capture’ on many loud horns, proud

shouting aloud by men who were able [to do so]; hounds bayed at that
beast, as the masters of game, who were the chief huntsmen of that
onerous chase, commanded. Then a man who was skilful in woodcrafts
begins to cut up this boar correctly. First he cuts off his head and sets
it on high, and then rends him all roughly along the backbone, draws
out the bowels, burns them on red-hot embers, with bread blended with
them rewards his hounds. [1611] Then he cuts out the meat in bright
broad slabs, and cuts up [the boar] into the prescribed parts, as is right
and proper; moreover he fastens the two complete sides together, and
afterwards hangs them securely on a strong pole. Now with this same
boar they hasten home. The boar’s head was borne in front of the very
knight who had killed it in the ford through the strength of his mighty
hand. He was impatient to see Sir Gawain in the hall; he called, and he
[i.e. Gawain] came promptly, to receive his payment there.

[1623]

When he saw Sir Gawain, the lord speaks with pleasure, very

loudly and with merry laughter. The good ladies were sent for, and the
household assembled; he shows them the slabs of meat and recounts to
them the tale of the width and length of the wild boar, also the viciousness
of his defence, when he fled in the wood. The other knight very
courteously commended his deeds and praised his actions as giving proof
of great accomplishment, for, the bold knight said, he had never before
seen such a well-fleshed beast or such sides of a boar. Then they handled
the huge head; the noble man praised it and made a show of abhorrence
at it, in order to praise the lord. [1635] ‘Now, Gawain,’ said the host, ‘this
catch is your own by precise and binding agreement, you know truly.’ ‘It
is true,’ said the knight, ‘and as surely true [as you are], I shall give you all
my winnings in return, upon my honour.’ He took the man about the neck
and kisses him courteously, and again he served him there in the same way
[i.e. kissed him again]. ‘Now we are even,’ said the knight, ‘in this evening,
in respect of all the covenants that we have formally established since I
came here.’ The lord said: ‘By St Giles, you are the best that I know! You
will be rich in a while if you carry on such trade.’

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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1601–47]

[1648]

Then they set up tables on trestles, threw cloths upon them;

bright lights then shone by walls, torches of wax. Servants laid the table
and served in the hall all around. Great noise and music sprang up
there around the fire in the hall, and in many ways at the supper and
afterwards, many noble songs such as Christmas part-songs and new
ring-dances, with all the dignified amusement that one may tell of. [1657]
And our gracious knight constantly beside the lady; she sweetly made
such a demonstration [of regard] to that man, with secret stolen looks, to
please that bold knight, that the man was quite astonished and inwardly
angry, but he would not repulse her on account of his good breeding, but
behaved with complete courtesy towards her, even though this might be
misconstrued. When they had amused themselves in the hall for as long
as they wished, he [i.e. the host] called him [i.e. Gawain] to the private
room and they went to the fireplace.

[1668]

And there they drank and conversed, and agreed once more to

do the same on New Year’s Eve; but the knight asked leave to depart in
the morning, for it was near to the appointment to which he had to go.
The lord dissuaded him from that, persuaded him to stay, and said: ‘As
I am a true knight, I pledge my word of honour that you will reach the
Green Chapel to perform your business, sir, at first light on New Year’s
Day, long before prime [i.e. 9 a.m.]. Therefore lie in your bedroom and
take your ease, and I shall hunt in the wood and keep to the covenant,
exchange winnings with you when I return hither. [1679] For I have
tested you twice and I find you faithful. Now remember tomorrow [the
saying] “Third time, throw best”; let us make merry while we may and
think about joy, for one can get sorrow whenever one pleases.’ This
was readily agreed and Gawain is persuaded to stay; drink was happily
brought to them and they went to bed with lights. Sir Gawain lies and
sleeps very quietly and comfortably all night; the lord, who attends to his
sports, was dressed very early.

[1690]

After mass, he and his men had a bite to eat. The morning

was fine; he asks for his mount. All the men who were to follow him

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121

on horseback were ready prepared on their horses in front of the hall
gates. The countryside was very beautiful, for the frost clung [to it]; the
sun rises red, its redness reflected upon a bank of cloud, and in its full
brightness drives the clouds from the sky. Huntsmen unleashed [their
hounds] by the side of a wood; rocky banks rang in the wood with the
noise of their horns. Some [of the hounds] hit upon the scent where the
fox was lurking, trail again and again across it in their wily ingenuity. A
small hound gives tongue at it; the huntsman calls him on; his fellows
rush to him, panting very hard, they ran forward in a rabble on the
right track, and he [i.e. the fox] scampers before them; they found him
at once. [1705] And when they caught sight of him they pursued him
fast, vilifying him in no uncertain terms with a furious noise, and he
twists and turns through many a troublesome thicket, doubles back and
listens by hedges again and again. At last by a little ditch he leaps over a
fence, steals out quietly at the edge of a wooded marsh, thinking to have
escaped out of the wood by tricks, away from the hounds. He had turned
in then, before he knew it, to a well-placed hunting station, where three
fierce [hounds] – all greyhounds – came at him in a rush. He dodged
back quickly and leapt off violently in a changed direction. With all the
woe on earth he went away to the wood.

[1719]

Then it was pleasure indeed to hear the hounds, [their voices]

mingled together, when all the pack had met up with him; on seeing him
they call down on him such an imprecation, as though all the clustering
cliffs were crashing in a heap. Here he was shouted at when men met
him, loudly he was greeted with snarling speech; there he was threatened
and often called ‘thief,’ and all the time the hounds on his tail, so that
he could not tarry. He was often run at when he broke cover, and often
swerved in again, so wily was Reynard. And yes! he led them astray, the
lord and his company, in this way among the hills until well on in the
afternoon, while the noble knight at home sleeps for the good of his
health within the fine curtains, in the cold morning. [1733] But the lady,
on account of her wooing, did not allow herself to sleep, nor did she
allow the purpose which stuck in her heart to become blunted, but rose

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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1693–1734]

quickly, went there in a beautiful cloak, reaching to the floor, which was
perfectly furred with well trimmed skins; no seemly coif on her head, but
the noble jewels [i.e. pearls?] set about her hair-fret in clusters of twenty;
her lovely face and her throat laid all bare, her breast uncovered in front,
and also her back. She comes inside the bedroom door and closes it after
her, pushes open a window and calls the man, and this is how she urgently
exhorted him with her lively words, in a cheerful manner: ‘Ah! man, how
can you sleep? This morning is so bright.’ He was deep in uneasy sleep,
but then he heard her.

[1750]

In the deep uneasy sleep of dreams that noble knight muttered,

as a man who was troubled by many oppressive thoughts, how Destiny
would deal out his fate to him on that day when he meets the man at
the Green Chapel, and must endure his blow without more resistance.
But when that fair lady came he recovered his wits, starts out of the
dreams and answers quickly. The lovely lady came, laughing sweetly,
bent over his handsome face and gracefully kissed him. He welcomes her
courteously with an urbane manner; [1760] he saw her so glorious and
splendidly dressed, so perfect in her features and of such fine complexion,
strong surging joy warmed his heart. With pleasant and gentle smiles
they fall into [conversation on] pleasant subjects, so everything that was
broached between them was bliss and happiness and joy. They uttered
friendly words; much delight was then in that place. There was great peril
between them, unless Mary be mindful of her knight.

[1770]

For that noble princess pressed him so insistently, urged him so

near the limit, that he needs must either accept her love there or rudely
refuse. He was concerned about his courtesy, lest he should be boorish,
and more about his guilt if he were to commit sin and be a traitor to
the man who owned that house. ‘God forbid!’ said the man [to himself].
‘That shall not happen!’ With a little flirtatious wit he turned aside all the
expressions of affection that sprang from her mouth. [1779] The lady
said to the man: ‘You deserve blame if you do not love that person you
are lying beside, [who is] wounded in heart more than anybody in the

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1735–81]

12

world, unless you have a sweetheart, someone dearer to you, who pleases
you better, and have pledged your word to that noble one, confirmed so
definitely that you do not care to break it – and that I now believe! And
I pray you that you now tell me that truly; for everything that is dear, do
not conceal the truth through guile.’ The knight said: ‘By St John’ (and
he smiled gently), ‘in faith I have no [sweetheart] at all, nor will I have
any for the time being.’

[1792]

‘That is a word,’ said that person, ‘that is worst of all; but I am

truly answered – that seems painful to me. Kiss me now, noble one, and I
shall go away; I can do nothing but lament as long as I live, as a woman
deeply in love.’ Sighing, she bent down and kissed him sweetly, and then
she parts from him and says as she stands: ‘Now, dear, at this parting, do
me this favour: give me something as your gift, your glove for example,
so that I may think of you, sir, to lessen my grief.’ ‘Now indeed,’ said
that man, ‘I wish I had here the most precious thing, for love of you,
that I have on earth, for you have deserved, indeed, exceedingly often
more recompense by rights than I could give. [1805] But to give you, as
a love-token, something of little worth! – it is not equal to your dignity
for you to have at this time a glove as a trophy given by Gawain. And I
am here on a mission in strange lands, and have no men with bags of fine
things (which I regret, lady) for friendship at this time; each man must
act according to his situation – do not take it amiss or be distressed.’ ‘No,
noble knight of high honour,’ said that lovely lady, ‘though I did not have
anything of yours, yet you should have something of mine.’

[1817]

She offered him a fine ring of red gold workmanship, with a

glittering stone standing out, that sent forth flashing beams like the bright
sun; understand well, it was worth a huge amount. But the knight refused
it and quickly said: ‘Before God, I wish for no gifts, my fair lady, at this
time; I have none to offer you, nor will I take anything.’ She offered it
to him most earnestly, and he refuses her offer, and swore swiftly on his
word that he would not take it; and she was sorry that he refused and
said afterwards: ‘If you refuse my ring because it seems too valuable,

12

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1782–1827]

and you do not wish to be so greatly beholden to me, I shall give you
my girdle, which will profit you less.’ [1830] She quickly took a belt that
was fastened around her waist, tied over her gown, under the bright
cloak; it was made from green silk and mounted with gold, embroidered
all over, inlaid by hand. And that she offered to the man and cheerfully
implored him to take it, though it were of little value; and he said the
he would by no means touch either gold or treasure, before God should
send him the grace to accomplish the adventure to which he had devoted
himself there. ‘And therefore, I pray you, do not be displeased, and stop
your importunity, for I shall never agree to grant it to you. I am deeply
beholden to you because of your kindness, and [obliged] always to be
your servant in all circumstances.’

[1846]

‘Now, do you refuse this piece of silk,’ said the lady then, ‘because

it is plain in itself ? And so it seems, perhaps: look! it is no bigger than this
and its value is even less [than it seems]. But whoever knew the qualities
that are woven into it, he would esteem it at greater value, perhaps; for
whatever man is girt with this green belt, while he had it closely fastened
about him, there is no man under heaven who could cut him down,
for he could not be slain despite any strategem [i.e. trickery] on earth.’
Then the knight considered, and it came to his mind that it would be a
godsend [lit. jewel] for the hazard assigned to him: when he reached the
chapel to receive his doom, if he could escape without getting killed it
would be a fine strategem. [1859] Then he gave in to her insistence and
allowed her to speak, and she pressed the belt on him and offered it to
him earnestly, and he consented and gave in of his own free will, and she
implored him, for her sake, never to reveal it, but faithfully to conceal
it from her lord. The knight agrees that no one should ever know of it,
indeed, but they two, on any account. He thanked her often very much,
most earnestly with heart and thought; then she kissed the hardy knight
for the third time.

[1870]

Then she takes her leave and leaves him there, for she could not

get any more pleasure from that man. When she had gone, Sir Gawain

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1828–72]

12

quickly dresses himself, rises and decks himself out in noble array, puts
away the love-girdle the lady had given him, hid it most carefully where
he would find it again. Then he makes his way first of all to the chapel,
approached a priest in private and asked him there if he would hear his
confession and teach him better how his soul should be saved when he
should pass away. [1880] He made a clean confession there and revealed
his sins, the greater and the lesser, and begs for forgiveness, and asks the
man [i.e. the priest] for absolution; and he absolved him reliably and
made him as clean as if doomsday had been appointed on the next day.
And then he makes himself as cheerful among the noble ladies, with fine
ring-dances and all kinds of joy, as he never did except on that day, until
the dark night, with bliss. Everyone there took delight in him, and said:
‘Indeed, he was never yet so merry, since he came here, before this.’

[1893]

Now let him stay in that shelter, where friendship befall him! The

lord is still in the field, pursuing his sport. He has headed off this fox that
he has followed for a long time; as he leapt over a fence to look for the
villain, at a place where he heard the hounds in full chase, Reynard came
moving through a rough thicket, and all the rabble in a rush hard on his
heels. The man was aware of the animal and waits cautiously, and draws
the bright sword and lunges at the beast. And he flinched on account of
the sharp blade and was about to retreat; a hound rushed to him, just
before he could do so, and right in front of the horse’s feet they all fell
on him and worried this wily beast with a fierce noise. [1906] The lord
swiftly dismounts and seizes him immediately, snatched him very quickly
out of the mouths of the hounds, holds him high over his head, shouts
loudly, and many fierce hounds bay at him there. Huntsmen hurried there
with a great many horns, sounding the recheat in proper fashion all the
time until they saw the man. When his noble company had come, all
who carried a horn blew together and all the others, who had no horns,
shouted; it was the most joyful sound that anyone ever heard, the glorious
noise that was raised for Reynard’s soul with clamour. They reward their
hounds there, they fondle and stroke their heads, and then they take
Reynard and strip off his coat.

12

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1873–1921]

[1922]

Then they make for home, for it was nearly night, sounding loudly

on their powerful horns. The lord has arrived at last at his beloved home,
finds a fire in the hall, the knight beside it, the good Sir Gawain, who
was happy with everybody – he experienced much joy among the ladies
on account of friendship. He wore a silk garment of blue, which reached
to the floor; his surcoat, which was softly furred, suited him well, and his
matching hood hung on his shoulder; both were trimmed all around with
fur. He meets the host in the middle of the floor, and greeted him jovially,
and said graciously: ‘I shall now be first to fulfil our agreement, which we
happily affirmed when the drink flowed freely.’ [1936] Then he embraces
the knight and kisses him three times, as feelingly and deliberately as he
could place them. ‘By Christ,’ said the other knight, ‘you have had a lot
of luck in obtaining this merchandise, if you found the market good.’
‘Oh never mind the market,’ said the other quickly, ‘since the gain which
I obtained is publicly paid.’ ‘Mary,’ said the other man, ‘mine is inferior,
for I have hunted all this day and have got nothing but this vile fox skin
– the Devil take the goods! – and that is very poor to pay for such precious
things as you have earnestly imprinted on me, three such good kisses.’
‘Enough,’ said Sir Gawain, ‘I thank you, by the Cross.’ And as they stood
he [i.e. the host] told him how the fox was slain.

[1953]

With merriment and minstrelsy, with dishes to their taste, they

made as merry as anyone could, with laughter of ladies, with jesting
speeches (Gawain and the host were both as merry as they could be),
unless the company had been demented or else drunk. Both the man [i.e.
the host] and the company made many jokes, until the time had come
that they must part; men had to go to their beds at last. Then this gracious
man humbly takes his leave of the lord first, and courteously thanks him
‘for such a marvellous stay as I have had here. May the Supreme King
reward you for your hospitality at this solemn festival! [1964] I pledge
[lit. give] myself to you [i.e. as your servant] in return for one of your
own, if it pleases you, for I must needs go tomorrow, as you know, if you
will offer me a man, as you promised, to show me the way to the Green
Chapel, as God will allow me to partake of the judgement of my fate on

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1922–68]

12

New Year’s Day.’ ‘In good faith,’ said the host, ‘with a good will, all that
I ever promised you I shall hold ready.’ He assigns a servant there to set
him on the way and conduct him beside the hills, so that he had no delay,
to ride through the forest and go most directly beside the woods. Gawain
thanked the lord for proffering him such an honour. Then the knight has
taken his leave of the fine ladies.

[1979]

He speaks to them with sorrow and with kisses, and he urged

them to accept many hearty thanks; and they promptly gave him the
same in return. They commended him to Christ with melancholy sighs;
then he departs courteously from the household. He thanked each man
he came to for his service and his kindness and his particular trouble that
each had taken to serve him with solicitude; and each man was as sorry
to part from him there as if they had always lived honourably with that
fine knight. [1989] Then with men and lights he was led to his bedroom
and gladly brought to his bed to be at his rest. Whether or not he slept
soundly I dare not say, for he had much to ponder on the next day, if he
wished to, in thought. Let him lie there quietly; he has what he sought
nearby. If you will be quiet for a while, I shall tell you what they did.

IV

[1998]

Now the New Year approaches and the night passes, the day

presses against the darkness, as God commands. But wild storms awoke
in the world outside; clouds drove the cold keenly down to the earth, and
there was bitter wind enough from the north to torment the unprotected
flesh. The snow showered down sharply, stinging the wild animals;
the whistling wind struck down from the high ground and filled every
valley with huge snowdrifts. The man who lay in his bed heard it very
well – though he keeps his eyes closed, he sleeps very little; every time
a cock crowed he was aware of the hour. Quickly he got up before the
day dawned, for there was light from a lamp that shone in his bedroom.
He called to his manservant, who promptly answered him, and bade

12

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [1969–2011]

him bring him his coat of mail and saddle his horse. [2013] The other
man bestirs himself and fetches him his clothes, and dresses Sir Gawain
magnificently. First he clad him in his clothes, to keep out the cold, and
then his other accoutrements, which had been carefully kept: both his
abdominal armour and his pieces of plate-armour polished very bright,
the rings of his splendid mail-coat rocked free of rust; and everything was
as bright as in the beginning, and he gave hearty thanks [for that]. He
[now] had on him every piece, polished most splendidly; the most elegant
(knight) from here to Greece ordered the man to bring his horse.

[2025]

While he was putting the finest clothes on himself – his surcoat

with the badge of bright workmanship set upon velvet, with potent gems
inlaid and clasped everywhere, the seams embroidered, and beautifully
lined with fine furs – still he did not leave off the belt, the lady’s gift;
Gawain did not forget that, for his own good. When he had belted the
sword upon his rounded hips, then he arranged his love-token twice about
himself, wrapped it carefully about his waist, happily, that knight; the
girdle of green silk well suited the magnificent knight, upon the glorious
red cloth, that was splendid in appearance. [2037] But this same man
did not wear this girdle for [its] costliness, for pride of the pendants,
though they were polished, and though the glittering gold glinted at the
ends [of them], but to save himself when he had to suffer, to endure
calamity without resistance, to defend him from sword or knife. When,
soon after, the brave man, fully equipped, comes outside, he thanks the
noble household often and abundantly.

[2047]

Then Gringolet was prepared, that massive great horse, having

been lodged in comfort and in a trustworthy manner: that high-mettled
horse was in the mood to gallop then, because of his [fine] condition.
The man goes to him and looks at his coat, and said solemnly to himself
and swears on his word: ‘There is a company herein this castle who
bear courtesy in mind. The man [who] supports them, may he have
joy; the dear lady, may she be loved while she lives! If they welcome a
guest out of charity and dispense favour [i.e. hospitality], may the Lord

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2012–56]

12

who governs heaven on high reward them, and also you all! [2058] And
if I might lead life on earth any length of time, I should willingly offer
you some recompense, if I might.’ Then he steps into the stirrup and
mounts; his man offered him his shield, he took it on his shoulder, spurs
Gringolet with his gilt heels, and he leaps forward on the pavement – he
no longer stood prancing. His man, who bore his spear and lance, was
then mounted. ‘I commend this castle to Christ’ – he wished it good
fortune for ever.

[2069]

The drawbridge was let down, and the wide gates unbarred and

swung open on both sides. The knight crossed himself quickly and passed
over the boards, compliments the porter [who] knelt before the prince
– [and the porter] wished him good day and commended him to God,
[praying] that He would save Gawain – and went on his way with no one
but his man, who was to direct him to make his way to that perilous place
where he must receive the terrible blow. They pass by hillsides where
boughs are bare; they climbed by crags where the cold clings. [2079]
The clouds were high, but threatening underneath. Mist lay damp on the
moor, condensed on the mountains; each hill had a hat, a huge cap-cloud.
Brooks bubbled and splashed on the hillsides round about, dashing white
on the banks, where they [i.e. the riders] made their way down. The path
which they had to take through the wood was very devious, until it was
soon the time when the sun rises at that time of year. They were on a
very high hill; the white snow lay round about. The man who rode beside
him bade his master to stop.

[2091]

‘For I have brought you here, sir, at his time, and now you are

not far from that well-known place which you have inquired and asked
about so particularly. But I shall tell you truly, since I know you, and you
are indeed a man whom I love well: if you would act according to my
judgement, it would be the better for you. The place that you hasten to
is considered very perilous: in that deserted place there dwells a man, the
worst on earth, for he is bold and grim and loves to strike [blows], and he
is bigger than any man on earth, and his body stronger than the best four

10

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2057–2101]

that are in Arthur’s house, [or] Hector, or anyone else. [2103] He brings
it about at the Green Chapel that no one passes by that place so proud
in his arms that he does not strike him dead with a blow of his hand;
for he is an intemperate man and practises no mercy. For be it churl or
chaplain who rides by the chapel, monk or ordained priest, or any other
man, it seems to him as pleasant a thing to kill him as to remain alive
himself. Therefore I tell you: as truly as you sit in the saddle, if you go
there you will be killed, if the knight has his way – believe you me, truly
– though you had twenty lives to lose. He has dwelt here for a long time,
[and] caused much strife on the battlefield; you cannot defend yourself
against his grievous blows.

[2118]

‘Therefore, good Sir Gawain, let the man alone and go away

some other way, for God’s sake! Go through some other region, may God
help you! And I shall hurry home again; and promise you moreover that I
shall swear “by God and all His good saints”, “as may God and the holy
object help me”, and many oaths, that I shall faithfully keep your secret
and never utter an account that you ever attempted to flee because of any
man as far as I knew.’ ‘Many thanks,’ said Gawain, and ill-humouredly he
said: ‘Good luck befall you, sir, who intended to benefit me, who I believe
would have faithfully kept my secret; [2129] but no matter how faithfully
you kept it, if I passed this place, hastened to flee for fear, in the manner
that you describe, I would be a cowardly knight, I could not be excused.
But I am determined to go to the chapel, whatever may happen, and
speak whatever words I wish with that same man, whether good or ill
come of it, as Providence sees fit to dispose. Though he may be a grim
fellow to master, and armed with a club, the Lord is well able to ordain
that His servants should be saved.’

[2140]

‘Mary!’ said that other man, ‘now you so much as say that you

wish to bring your own harm upon yourself, and that it pleases you to
lose your life, I do not care to dissuade you. Here take your helmet on
your head, your spear in your hand, and ride down this same path, by
the side of that rock, till you are brought to the bottom of the wild valley.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2102–45]

11

Then look a little way off in the glade, on your left hand, and you will
see in that valley the very chapel and the huge warrior who keeps it.
Now farewell, in God’s name, Gawain the noble! [2150] I would not go
with you for all the gold on earth, nor keep you company through this
wood one foot further.’ Then the man in the wood pulls round his bridle,
hit the horse with his heels as hard as he could, gallops over the plain,
and leaves the knight there alone. ‘By God Himself,’ said Gawain, ‘I will
neither weep not groan; I am entirely obedient to God’s will and to Him
I have committed myself.’

[2160]

Then he spurs Gringolet and picks up the path, pushes on past a

rock at the edge of a thicket, rides down through the wooded slope right
to the bottom. And then he looked about him, and it seemed wild to him,
and he saw no sign of habitation anywhere about, only high and steep
banks on both sides, and rough, lumpy crags with rugged outcrops; the
clouds seemed to him to be grazed by the jutting rocks. Then he paused
and restrained his horse at that time, and looked repeatedly from side to
side, seeking the chapel. He saw nothing of the kind on any side – and it
seemed strange to him – except, at a short distance across a glade, a sort
of mound, a smooth-surfaced barrow on the side of a slope beside the
water’s edge, by the channel of a stream which passed there; the burn
surged in it [i.e. the channel] as if it were boiling. [2175] The knight
spurs his horse and came to the mound, dismounts gracefully, and ties
the reins of his noble steed to the rough branch of a tree. Then he goes
to the barrow, walks about it, debating with himself what it might be. It
had a hole at the end and on either side, and was overgrown with grass
in patches everywhere, and was all hollow within, only an old cave or a
crevice in an old crag – he could not say which it was. ‘Alas! Lord,’ said
the noble knight, ‘is this the Green Chapel? The devil might well recite
his matins here around midnight!’

[2189]

‘Now indeed,’ said Gawain, ‘it is desolate here; this chapel is

threatening, overgrown with plants. It well suits the man dressed in green
to perform his devotions here in the Devil’s manner; now I feel, in my

12

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2146–92]

five senses, that it is the Devil who has imposed this appointment on
me to destroy me here. This is a chapel of doom; ill fortune befall it! It
is the most accursed church that I ever came in!’ With high helmet on
his head, his lance in his hand, he winds his way up to the roof of that
rough abode. Then he heard from that high hill, [coming from] within
a hard rock beyond the brook, on a hillside, an exceedingly loud noise.
[2201]

Wow! it clattered on the cliff as if it would split asunder, as though

someone were grinding a scythe on a grindstone. Wow! it whirred and
rasped like water at a mill; wow! it swished and rang out, ghastly to hear.
Then ‘By God,’ said Gawain, ‘that equipment, as I believe, is being
prepared in honour of marking out the field of combat for me, with due
ceremony. Let God’s will be done! [To cry] “Alas!” will not help me a bit.
Even though I lose my life, no noise shall make me fear.’

[2212]

Then the knight called very loudly: ‘Who is in charge in this

place, to keep an appointment with me? For now good Gawain is walking
right here. If any man wants anything, let him come here quickly, now
or never, to further his business.’ ‘Wait!’ said someone on the hill high
above his head, ‘and you will very soon have what I once promised you.’
Still he swished on hastily with that noise for a while, and turned back
to his sharpening, before he would come down; and then he makes his
way by a crag and comes out of a hole, whirling out of a nook with a
formidable weapon, a battle-axe, newly prepared, with which to return
the blow, [2224] with a huge blade fastened to the handle, sharpened on
a grindstone, four feet wide [i.e. from point to point] – it was no less, by
that belt which shone brightly! – and the man in green, attired as at first,
both the face and the legs, hair and beard, except that gracefully on his
feet he moves quickly on the ground, set the handle to the rock and strode
alongside. When he came to the water, where he did not wish to wade,
he vaulted over on his axe and boldly strides in the snow, fiercely grim,
on a field that was broad round about. Sir Gawain greeted the knight; he
did not bowed at all low to him. The other said: ‘Now, dear sir, you can
be trusted to keep an appointment.’

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2193–2238]

1

[2239]

‘Gawain,’ said that green man, ‘may God watch over you! Indeed

you are welcome, sir, to my place, and you have timed your journey as
a true man should; and you know the conditions arranged between us:
twelve months ago at this time of year you were to take what fell to your
lot, and I should promptly repay you at this New Year. And in this valley
we are truly on our own; here are no men to part us, fight as we like.
Take your helmet off your head, and receive your pay here. [2248] Make
no more resistance than I offered to you then, when you whipped off my
head at a single stroke.’ ‘No, by God,’ said Gawain, ‘who gave me a soul,
I shall not bear you the slightest ill-will, whatever injury befalls me; only
limit yourself to one stroke, and I shall stand still and utter no resistance
to your doing as you wish anywhere.’ He leant and bowed his neck and
showed the white flesh all bare, and behaved as though he feared nothing;
he did not intend to flinch for fear.

[2259]

Then the man in green quickly prepared himself, heaves up his

grim weapon, to smite Gawain; with all the strength in his body he lifted
it on high, aimed at him as powerfully as if he intended to destroy him.
Had it hurtled down as forcibly as he pretended, he who was ever brave
[i.e. Gawain] would have died there from his blow. But Gawain glanced
sideways at that battle-axe as it came gliding down to destroy him in a
flash, and shrank a little with his shoulders on account of the sharp iron.
The other man checks the bright weapon with a sudden deflection, and
then reproved the prince with many proud words: [2270] ‘You are not
Gawain,’ said the man, ‘who is considered so good, who never quailed
because of any army by hill or by valley, and now you flee for fear before
you feel injuries! I never did hear of such cowardice on the part of that
knight. I neither flinched nor flew, sir, when you aimed a blow, nor uttered
any objection in the house of king Arthur. My head flew to my feet and
yet I never fled; and you, before receiving any injury, are afraid at heart.
For which reason I ought to be called the better man.’ Gawain said: ‘I
flinched once and will do so no more; but if my head falls on the ground
I cannot replace it.

1

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2239–83]

[2284]

‘But make haste, sir, by your honour, and come to the point with

me – mete out my destiny to me and do it at once. For I shall stand a
stroke from you and start no more until your axe has hit me – have here
my word of honour.’ ‘Have at you then!’ said that other man, and heaves
it [i.e. the axe] up, and looks as fiercely as though he were mad. He aims
at him powerfully but does not touch the man, suddenly restraining his
hand before it could do harm. Gawain waits for it properly and flinched
in no limb, but remained as steady as the rock or else a stump that
is anchored in rocky soil with a hundred roots. Then he spoke again
cheerfully, the man in the green: ‘So, now you have all your courage [lit.
your heart whole], I am obliged to strike. [2297] May the noble order of
knighthood which Arthur bestowed upon you keep you now and preserve
your neck at this stroke, if it is able to accomplish that!’ Gawain very
fiercely then said with vexation: ‘Why, strike on, you fierce man! You
threaten too long. I believe that you have struck fear into your own heart
[lit. your heart is afraid of yourself].’ ‘Indeed,’ said the other man, ‘you
speak so fiercely, I will no longer continue to hinder your business right
now.’ Then he takes his stance to strike and puckers both lip and brow.
No wonder if it displeases him who expected no rescue.

[2309]

He swiftly lifts his weapon and let it down precisely with the edge

of the blade beside the bare neck. Though he struck fiercely, he hurt him
no more than to nick him on the one side, so that the skin parted. The
blade sank to the flesh through the white skin, so that the bright blood
spurted to the ground over his shoulders. And when the man saw the
blood shine on the snow, he leapt forward with feet together more than a
spear’s length, quickly grabbed his helmet and threw it on his head, with
his shoulders he jerked down his fair shield, pulls out a bright sword and
speaks fiercely – [2320] never since he was a child born of his mother
was he ever in this world half so happy – ‘Cease, sir, from your onslaught!
Offer me no more! I have taken a stroke in this place without resistance,
and if you give me any more I shall quickly repay [them] and promptly
give them back – depend on that – and in hostility. Only one stroke falls

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2284–2327]

1

to my lot here – the covenant established in Arthur’s halls ordained just
so – and therefore, gracious knight, now stop!’

[2331]

The knight moved away from him and rested on his axe, set the

shaft on the ground and leant on the blade, and looked towards the man
who was walking on the glade, how that brave man, undaunted, boldly
stands there, armed, most fearless; it pleases him at heart. Then he speaks
cheerfully in a great voice and, in a resounding speech, he said to the
man: ‘Bold knight, do not be so angry on this battle-field. No one has
treated you discourteously here, nor acted otherwise than as the covenant
at the king’s court laid down. I promised you a stroke and you have it
– consider yourself well paid. I release you from all remaining obligations
whatever. If I had been unrestrained, I could perhaps have repaid a blow
more harshly and have done you harm. [2345] First I threatened you
playfully with a feint only, and did not cut you with a gash. I offered [it]
to you with justice, because of the agreement that we confirmed on the
first night; and you faithfully and honestly keep your agreement with to
me: you gave me all your winnings, as a good man should. The second
feint I offered you, sir, for the next day: you kissed my fair wife, and gave
the kisses to me. For both [these] two [occasions] I offered you here only
two mere feints, without harm. A true person must restore truly; then one
need fear no danger. On the third [occasion] you failed in that respect,
and therefore [you must] receive that tap.

[2358]

‘For it is my garment that you are wearing, that same woven

girdle. My own wife gave it to you, I truly know well. Now I know all
about your kisses and your actions also, and about my wife’s wooing.
I brought it about myself; I sent her to test you, and truly you seem
to me the most faultless man who ever lived [lit. walked]. As the pearl
in comparison with the white [i.e. dried] pea is of greater value, so is
Gawain, in respect of good faith, beside other fine knights. Only in this
respect a little was lacking in you, sir, and you were wanting in good faith;
but that was not for any intricate workmanship, nor for wooing either,
but because you loved your life – I blame you the less.’ The other bold

1

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2328–69]

man stood in thought a great while, so overcome with vexation that he
shuddered within; all the blood from his breast suffused his face, so that
he quite shrank for shame at what the man said. [2373] The very first
words that the knight uttered [were]: ‘Cursed be both cowardice and
covetousness! In you is degeneracy and vice, which destroy virtue.’ Then
he seized the knot and undoes the fastening, violently flung the belt to the
man himself: ‘Look! there is the deception – may evil befall it! Because of
concern about your blow, cowardice taught me to reconcile myself with
covetousness, and to forsake my nature: that is liberality and good faith,
which pertain to knights. Now I am sinful and dishonourable, I who have
always been afraid of treachery and dishonesty – may sorrow and care
betide both of them! I acknowledge to you, knight, in private here, my
conduct has been completely at fault. Let me understand your wish, and
next time I shall be cautious.’

[2389]

Then that other man laughed and said in a friendly manner: ‘I

consider it assuredly amended, the injury that I had. You are confessed
so clean, your offences acknowledged, and have had penance plainly from
the point of my blade. I consider you cleansed of that guilt and purified
as completely as if you had never transgressed since you were first born.
I give you, sir, the girdle that is hemmed with gold; [2396] because it is
green like my gown, Sir Gawain, you may think about this bout of ours
when you mingle again among noble princes, and this will be a noble
token of the exploit of the Green Chapel in the dwellings of chivalrous
knights. And you must [come] back in this New Year to my abode, and
we shall revel for the remainder of this glorious festival very pleasantly.’
The lord there invited him pressingly and said: ‘I believe we shall fully
reconcile you with my wife, who was your bitter enemy.’

[2407]

‘No, truly,’ said the knight, and seized his helmet, and takes it off

courteously and thanks the man, ‘I have stayed long enough – may good
fortune befall you, and may He who institutes all honours soon repay
you for it [i.e. your hospitality]! And commend me to that gracious lady,
your fair wife, both the one and the other, my honoured ladies, who have

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2370–2412]

1

thus cleverly beguiled their knight with their trick. But it is no wonder
if a fool behave stupidly and is brought to sorrow through the wiles of
women; for so was Adam of old beguiled by one, and Solomon by many
different [ones], and Samson, again – Delilah meted out his fate to him
– and similarly David was deluded by Bathsheba, and endured much
sorrow. [2420] Since these were troubled by their wiles, it would be a
great advantage to love them well and not trust them, if a man could.
For these were of old the noblest, those who were pre-eminently favoured
by fortune, of all those upon earth who have wandered in mind; and all
these were deceived by women with whom they had relations. If I am
now beguiled, it seems to me that I ought to be excused.

[2429]

‘But your girdle,’ said Gawain, ‘ – may God reward you! – that I

shall keep willingly, not for the precious gold, nor the girdle, nor the silk,
nor the long pendants, [nor] for the value of it or the honour of ownership,
nor for the fine ornamentation; but I shall often see it as a sign of my
transgression, when I ride in honour lament to myself the sinfulness and
the fallibility of the perverse flesh, how liable it is to catch blemishes of
sin. And thus, when pride shall incite me on account of chivalric prowess,
looking at this love-girdle will humble my heart. But one thing I would ask
of you, do not be offended: since you are lord of the land yonder in which
I have stayed with you with honour – may the Being who holds up the
heavens and sits on high reward you for it – what is [lit. how do you call]
your true name? – and that is all.’ [2444] ‘That I shall tell you truly,’ said
the other then: ‘I am called Bertilak de Hautdesert in this land. Through
the power of Morgan la Fay, who lives in my house, and [her] skill in
learning, [she who is] well instructed in magic arts – she has acquired
many of the miraculous powers of Merlin, for she has formerly had very
intimate love-dealings with that excellent scholar, as all your knights at
home know. Her name is therefore Morgan the goddess; there is no one so
exalted in pride whom she cannot humble completely.

[2456]

‘She sent me in this array [i.e. as the Green Knight] to your fair

hall to make trial of your pride, [to see] if [the report] which is current,

1

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2413–57]

of the great renown of the Round Table, is true. She sent this marvel to
deprive you of your senses, in order to distress Guinevere and cause her
to die from terror at that man who spoke in supernatural manner with
his head in his hand before the high table. That is she who is at home,
the aged lady; she is actually your aunt, Arthur’s half-sister, the daughter
of the duchess of Tintagel [i.e. Igerne], upon whom the noble Uther
later begot Arthur, who is now famous. [2467] Therefore I entreat you,
sir, come to your aunt. Make merry in my house: my household loves you
and I bear you as much good will, sir, on my honour, as I do any man on
earth, because of your great integrity.’ And he told him ‘No!’ – he would
not on any account. They embrace and kiss and commend each other
to the Prince of Paradise, and part right there on the wintry ground.
Gawain happily on his horse hastens valiantly to the king’s castle, and the
knight in the pure green to wherever he wished.

[2479]

Gawain, whose life had been reprieved, now rides wild pathways

in the world on Gringolet; often he lodged where he had a roof over his
head and often completely outside, and many times overcame hazards in
valleys, which I do not intend at this time to relate. The wound that he
had received in his neck had healed and he wore the shining belt round
it, diagonally, like a baldric, tied at his side, the belt fastened under his left
arm with a knot, in order to signify that he had been found guilty of a
fault. And thus he comes to the court, a knight safe and sound. Joy awoke
in that dwelling when the nobles learned that good Gawain had come;
it seemed excellent to them. [2492] The king kisses the knight, and the
queen also, and then many a trustworthy knight who came to greet him,
who asked him about his journey; and he tells his amazing story, confesses
all the hardships that he had, the episode in the chapel, the behaviour of
the knight, the wooing of the lady, finally the belt. He laid bare to them
the nick in his neck, which he received at the knight’s hands as a reproof
for his faithlessness. He suffered torment when he had to tell; he groaned
for grief and vexation. The blood flowed into his face, for shame, when he
had to reveal it.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2458–2504]

1

[2505]

‘Look! lord,’ said the knight, and took hold of the belt, ‘this

is the ribbon of this reproof [i.e. the scar] which I carry in my neck.
This is the injury and the damage which I have obtained because of
cowardice and covetousness, which infected me there; this is the token
of infidelity in which I have been detected. And I must needs wear it
as long as I may live; for one may conceal one’s offence but one cannot
remove it, for where it is once attached it will never be separated.’ The
king comforts the knight, and all the court also laugh loudly at that [i.e.
Gawain’s speech] and agree in a friendly manner that lords and knights
who belonged to the Table, each man of the brotherhood, should have a
baldric, a ribbon about him diagonally, of a bright green, and wear it in
the same manner [as Gawain], for the sake of that knight. [2519] For that
was agreed [to be] the glory of the Round Table, and he [was] honoured
who had it, for ever after, as it is told in the best book of romance. Thus
in Arthur’s day this adventure happened – the chronicles of Britain bear
witness to it. Since Brutus, the bold warrior, first came here, after the
siege and the attack at Troy had ended, indeed, many exploits of this
kind have happened in times past. Now may He who wore the crown of
thorns bring us to His bliss! Amen.

Evil be to him who thinks evil.

10

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lines [2505–30]