Roman Kečka, Religious World(s) in Slovakia, 4-8.03.2013

Zapraszamy na kurs anglojęzyczny odbywający się w ramach programu CEEPUS.

The course presents both history and contemporary situation of the religion(s) in Slovakia. It
shows the many religious worlds of the Christians - Roman and Greek-Catholics, Lutherans and
Calvinists and the Orthodox Christians, and the small Christian churches – and the tensions that
there have been during the history; then the religious world of the Jews and that of the Romas
in Slovakia. Then it will analyze existing popular religious beliefs such as magic and
superstitions. One part of the course describes the present situation of the new religious
movements and the small Islamic community.

Students will develop knowledge about religious traditions and their adherents in Slovakia. The
course will provide a context within which the students will develop skills essential to be able to

describe, discuss and explain issues regarding the religion(s) in Slovakia.
Kod kursu: I/59

ECTS: 4 pkt

The exam: written test (the last day of the course)

Syllabus:

0. Introduction to the course

1. The Great Moravian Empire (9. cent.): between the slavic religion and the

Christianity

2. The Catholicism in Slovakia: the milestones

3. The Protestantisms in Slovakia: the lutherans, calvinists and small Protestant

Churches

4. Slovak Catholicism during the World War II. – the dream of a Catholic country

5. The Greek Catholics and the Orthodox: a history of tension and pain

6. Official and Hidden Christianities during the Communism

7. The Jewish Religion in Slovakia – its past and present

8. The Religious World of the Roman

9. Religious Revival after 1989: old churches and new religious movements

10. The popular religious beliefs in the present Slovakia: magic and superstitions

11. The Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism in Slovakia

12. Religion and religions in the contemporary Slovakia

13. Conclusion and the final test

Readings to the religion(s) in Slovakia:
Podolinská, T., „The Religious Landscape in Post-Communist Slovakia“, in Anthropological
Journal of European Cultures 19/1 (2010) 85-101.
Felak, J. R., „The Roman Catholic Church Navigates the New Slovakia, 1945-1948“, in Berglund
B. R. – Porter-Szucs (eds.), B., Christianity and Modernity in Eastern Europe, Budapest-New
York: CEUP, 2010.
Robertson, G. R., The Romani People and Selected Churches in Slovakia: a description,
analysis, and interpretation of their relations (1989-2007), Oregon: Boekencentrum. 2009.
Schwarz, K. – Švorc, P. (eds.), Die Reformation und ihre Wirkungsgeschichte in der Slowakei.
Wien: Evangelischer Presseverband, 1996.
General readings to the religion in Central Europe:
In English:
Berglund B.R. – Porter-Szucs, B., Christianity and Modernity in Eastern Europe, Budapest-New
York: CEUP, 2010.

Borowik Irena, G. Babinski (eds.), New Religious Phenomena in Central and Eastern Europe,
Krakow: Nomos, 1997
Borowik, I. – Tomka M., Religion and Social Change in Post-Communist Europe, Krakow: Nomos,
2001.
Tomka, M., ed., Religion during and after Communism, SCM Press, 2000

04.03.2013
Tylko 18 zarejestrowanych kościołów na Słowacji --> trudniejszy proces legislacyjny

Velvet Revolution – za czasów Czechosłowacji – komunizm

Slovakia-znacznie mniejsza od Polski,mniej mieszkańców.
od 1918 do 1993 była Czechosłowacja ---> należała do niej także tzw Zakarpacka Ukraina
(fragment dzisiejszej Ukrainy)
1918 – małe wioski w obecnych górach polskich należały do Słowacji (w 1920 znowu do Polski
czy jakoś tak)
Czechy również uszczknęły jakąś odrobinkę przy granicy
during war Slovakia was completely different
większość Słowacji jest na terenie górskim,niewielkie części na zachodzie i wschodzie są na
poziomie 200m npm
stolica Bratislava (in German Breizburg, in Hungarian Burzam czy jakoś tak), około 20 tysięcy
ludzi tam mieszka???
Kosice – drugie co do wielkości miasto
trzecie -niedaleko Preslov
Budapest – was part of Turkey – queens were coronated in Bratislava
when Czechoslovakia was founded (1918), in Bravislava lived mostly Germans
(3 millions of Germans in all Slovakia these times!)
near Bratislava = most inhabited part of Slovakia

Komarno – town on the border with Hungary

Slovakia is divided for 3 parts (western,eastern and northern) but it was divided also for 8 counties
(dzielnice?) - without any natural or historical reasons... in 1919 prime minister wanted to isolate
Slovakia nationally – nationallistic movements
no counties in Slovakia can ... from majority of Hungarians
there was about 400 tys. (4 hundred tousands) of Hungarians
tak podzielili dzielnice/województwa, żeby w każdej części Słowacy byli WIĘKSZOŚCIĄ – żeby
liczni np. Węgrzy nie byli nigdzie dominujący --> nacjonalizm w Słowacji
wg niektórych polityków mogliby chcieć uzyskać autonomię a to niebezpieczne bo Słowacja to
mały kraj
organization (diecezje) of Roman Catholic Church – before 2008 and after
before 2008: six really big dicesies
after 2008 – 8 dieciesies, really similar to political division --> again about majority of Slovaks vs
Hungarians
centre of nationalism in Slovakia is in Banskobystricka dieceza (Banskobystrice?)
in Bratislava there's also Hungarian speaking catholics so they want to have Hungarian speaking
bishop... and Hungarian speaking land were divided in such parties that it cannot anymore...??
Roman-Catholic church – w 1991r. - 60%, 2001 – 68%, 2011 – 62% people
(any data about there people) - nezistene – nie wiadomo – 17,4%, 3,0%, 10,6%
people without confession - bez vyznania – 9,8%, 13%, 13,4%
Ewangelicy: 6,2%, 6,9%, 5,9%
Greek-Catholic: 1991 – 3,4%, 2001 4,1%, 2011 3,8%
Kalvinists – about 2% (Reformovana krestanska cirkev)
Prawosławie: 0,7%, 0,9%, 0,9%

świadkowie Jehowy – 0,2%, 0,4%, 0,3% - it was illegal long time because they don't use medical
system
methodists church – 0,1%, 0,1%, 0,2% --> the growth is 100%!
kościoły chrystusowe??zielonoświątkowcy??jakieś grupy charyzmatyczne:) „more radical” - very
active among Gypsies! (krestanske zbory) – 0,0%, 0,1%, 0,1%
apostolic church – about 0,0-0,1%
baptists -same
adventists – same
Moravian brothers etc (Cirkev bratska) 0,0 – 0,1%
Jews – in 1991 there's 900 people registered and in 2001 there's 2300 people; in reality there's about
5000 people – they are afraid to write it; it's very dangerous to be Jew in Slovakia - a looot of
antisemitism! podczas II wojny światowej były tylko 2 kraje które z własnej woli wywozioły
Niemcom Żydów -Słowacja i (Czechy?) -- inne kraje robiły to tylko pod przymusem – przed wojną
było ok. 17 tys. Żydów w Słowacji
Old Catholic Church (Starokatolicka cirkev) – 800 in 1991, 1 733 in 2001 and now there's 1700
people (=0,0%)– Bishop of this Church was Roman-Catholic but in 1991 he founded his own
church
Cirkev ceskoslovenska husitska (Czechoslovak Husith Church) – Czech and Slovak people (mostly
Czech) -0,0%
New Apostolic Church – 0,0%
Bahajske spolecenstvo – 0,0% - 1000 people, registered after 2001.
Cirkev Jezisa Krista Svatych neskorsich dni -0,0%
inne – 0,1%, 0,1%, 0,5% ?

In 1991 many people didn't write anything cause it was just after the revolution, and they were
afraid what would happen!

Jeśli chcesz zarejestrować kościół w Słowacji – kiedyś wystarczało 15tys. podpisów,żeby
założyć,ale teraz już potrzebne jest żeby było tyle wyznawców -zarejestrowanych – a nie tylko
poparcie społ.!! Jeśli dzisiaj byłyby rejestrowane,to tylko trzy kościoły dostałyby legalizację

Próba rejestracji muzułmańskiej społeczności – trudno znaleźć 15tys. członków kościoła,może
zebraliby tyle podpisów... There's state policy who can be registered and who can't. Politics don't
agree for muslim registration. There's no freedom in statement.

Number of people without confession is growing. There's some new age etc., not only atheists :)

3 diecezje w Słowacji,acydiecezja jest na płn-wsch., bo na zach. są mniejszością [Roman-catholic
church]

Lutheran church ---> eastern and western districts. Border is not strict line but it's good divided for
journey (because there are high mountains..)

only 18 registered churches. In Hungarian there was 400 registered :)in Slovakia government pay
for churches so it can't be so, because they don't have so much money
konordat (agreement with Vatican) with Slovaks
and the second agreeement with /for other churches

Holidays – national holidays- Christmas, Eastern (niedziela + poniedziałek) --> 15 state holidays –
free day – osobno katolickie i ortodoksyjne święta, święto Marii Panny, 1th November, St. Steven's
Day (26 grudnia),

THE GREAT MORAVIAN EMPIRE – one of the most important topics for Slovaks :)

Velke Moravy --> controverse terms (Czech empire etc.) so Velke Moravy is good one for every
nations; old slavic / slavonic language (starocerkiewnosłowiański)

empire extended to Hungary, Ostra, Slovenia, Ukraine and Germany. It was GREAT, huge land.

Balaton lake and somewhere above there would be a town of Moimir --- Nitra city and the second
was ? :(

TEST-basic tests and one great topic.
Daty na test:
GREAT MORAVIA (833-907) – 833 – principality of Nitra and Moravia were unified by the prince
Mojmir I
St Constantine-Kirill and his brother Methodius came to Slovakia in 863.
Prince Rastislav -
Svatopluk the I (871-894) – greater extension of the empire
not sure when there were kings etc.
but there are documents of St.Paul pope that Svatoluk was a „rex” --> king

after Svatopluk death, the empire wasn't unified anymore – Great Moravia was ... by .. who invaded
the Carpathian ...
907 – near Bratislava – some battle... battle between Bavarian and the ... - it was the end of Great
Moravian empire

REGARDING RELIGION: pagans, Slavic religion, christianity destroyed documentations and
there was really few
Pohansko – pagan territory ---> nie wiadomo gdzie dokładnie było centrum dla która/książąt, wg
niektórych Mikulczyce (Mikulcice) --> or Stare Mesto.
under Stare Mesto – archeological – some basilics fundaments – small churches --- under Mikulcice
– 10 fundaments of churchs
Nitra – connected with Kirill-Methodius mission --> more probably centre of empire?

Constantine died in 869 in Rome, Methodius in 885 in G.M.
relics of Constantine in Rome in basilica of St. ...?
where Methodius is buried? don't know.. in some church...where is it?

Svatopluk expelled students of Methodius out of Morava, they went to Serbian and Bulgarian
territory (developed alphabet there:)

Balaton the lake – nie wiadomo czy na wschód ziemie też były morawskie

glagolitic alphabet – glagol = 'syllable'
cirillic alphabet (asbuka?!)
comparition: cirillic is very similar to Greek...
Vitae Constntinis and Vitae Methody czy jakoś tak – sprawdzić tytuły na wikipedii – żywoty
Proglas ---? WTF? to jest niby bardzo ciekawe? one of the capt documents

CONSTANTINE AND METHODY: from Greece from Saloniki
Methody was older – born about 820-850...
there was 7 brothers, Constantine was the youngest
father was very important... in Saloniki
Methody gave up his office and went to the monastery
Constantine did so. Spiritually orientated life. Worked also on university... (nazwa miasta)

Further emperor was his school-mate
Constantine spoke probably Hebrew and Arabic...
jakieś misje u kalifów – obczaić -coś tam pomógł politycznie
Hebrew,Samaritan and Arabic language – chyba znowu Konstantyn.. - jakieś poprzednie misje
chyba:)
most important mission was the Slavs... came in 833..
old church slavonic language -->stworzenie języka --> przetłumaczyli jakieś dokumenty prawne
873 – what?cyrylica?nie wiem co wtedy było..
accused of being not orthodox enough
feast in 5th February – wtf?
king of the Franks
they let Methodius free...
Methodius was freed from captivity
Bishop/Pope John the 8th – gave the bull Industriae tuae 880
Methodius died in 885
It was continuing

Methodius ---> Gorazd (priest) and Wiching (bishop) (supported by Svatopluk the king) –
(Svatopluk was sth with the Franks) --> so there was interreaction between Franks and Methodius
Gorazd and companions expelled from Morava in 885
They were treated as heretics??
Because they were expelled, Czech and Slovak are not orthodox church (not with Russia). Slovakia
is border to orthodox world (Ukraine)

Slovakia is colourful – eastern Slovakia is mix of orthodox and Western churches
orthodox church is a minority in Slovakia, only small tense on history
894 ?
896 – Madziarowie zajęli Karpaty (Magyar)
907 – Bratislava battle – gdyby dali im przekroczyć rzekę to by dalej podbijali zach. Europę,ale
zostali zatrzymani, musieli się cofnąć – więc sobie zajęli część Słowacji i obecne Węgry
955 --> zatrzymanie na rzece?
1000 – Stephen was baptised by the Pope
two words for hungaria
slov. Uhorsko – historical Hungaria
after 1980 – Madjarska Republika
konflikt Słowacy-Madziarowie jak Polacy-Niemcy – odwieczny i bardzo ostry :P
1918

5-03-2013 ---> nie było mnie, odpisać/skserować!
(historia od XI do XVIII wieku)

6-03-2013
dzisiaj historia XVIII-XX wiek

1711-1740 Charles VI

Resolutio carolina 1731 --> Maria Theresia -->torture while asking people – even if she was
catholic,she was trying to humilize

1740-1780 Maria Theresia

1780-1792 – Joseph II – he was more for freedom, religious freedom also
1781 – tollerance edict – Joseph II – make equal protestants to catholics

protestant churches made of wood, some really big (for many people), some for 2 or 3 tousend
people

1848 – the revolution in Hungary started – national movement in Hungary and for Slovaks also
the representives of Slovaks – Ludovit Stur, Hurban and Hodza – Stur is one of the most important
people cause in 1843 it was codification of the written Slovak language,he was also linguist and
politician.Base of Slovak language was made of central Slovakian dialects.Wczesniej byla proba
kodyfikacji na bazie zach-slowackiego ale nie zaakceptowali tego wszyscy intelektualisci
stare teksty trudno rozszyfrowac bo uzywaja roznych rodzajow pisma

in this 1843national movement starts --> Slovakia was big part of Hungarian empire – they must've
asked for permission for codification

in Hungary 14th April 1848 --> Laso Cossut declared indipendency and didn't obayed the Habsburg
– the Austrian empiror – Franz Joseph I – Russian army called --> they came to help, there was a
battle on 13 August 1849 in Vilagos --> defeated Hungarian army:)
Vilagosz – city – in Slovakian means also „dosta dosta wilagosz” --> pokonać kogoś, synonim
zwycięzstwa nad kimś --> to chyba Węgrzy pokonali Ruskich??

1849 – hungarian constitution --- Viena didn't want to obey – zbuntowani austriacy xD –
dictatorship in Hungary --> until 1854

1859 – protestant patent – protestant degree!? - sprawdzić o co w ogóle chodzi... protestants got
priviologist –government? thought that they would get the sympathy of protestants – in 1867 there
was a battle Austrians vs Prussia --> beaten by Prussians – Austria was in danger these times –
Austrians decided they need support of hungarian army --- so in 1867 year of austrian-hungarian
compromise – it meant independency austrian and hungarian parts --> in budapest was government
– big profit for hungarians ---it meant tragedy for minorities in hungary --> they built up the layer
of dominanting ---> discrimination of minorities and Slovaks also ---> up to 1848 there was a Latin
official language in Hungary --> dopiero od 1848 w ogóle zacżęli używać wreszcie własnych
języków WOOOW

1867-they introduced the hungarian language as official language...no wreszcie ludzie!

situation of church ---> after 1867 emperor gave new rights for the protestants --> general view this
year was positive for religious/human rights but not for minorities :/

Austrian-Hungarian started to be more civil society (not cleric) --> for ex. 1894 civil marriage -->
up to 1894 there was only church marriage --> za komuny najpierw cywilne,potem można było
dodatkowo zrobić kościelny,teraz kościelny zrobisz i to już idzie też do państwowych dokumentów
jako oficjalnie ważne małżeństwo --> jak za komuny sie zrobilo odwrotnie to jakaś kara
podatkowa?

1895 – it was prolongated that you could right to found a new religion/church --> ważne:),
abolished the obligation of religious confession --> until 1895 wyznanie czy jestes katolem czy
protestantem było konieczne,dopiero wtedy zaczeli byc akceptowani agnostycy ateiści, until then
being atheist was illegal

1900: 2 700 000 people/habitants in Slovakia
almost dubbled since that?

75% --roman catholic church
19% lutherans -->today it's less..
5% greek cath
1,2% Jews

--> 69% Slovaks working in agriculture - --rolnicze społeczeństwo
in whole Hungary also not industrialized country
Austrians were different, they were industrialized

smoking and stinking factories to the east part of slovakia – koszice etc. --> czesi nie chcieli za
czasów czechosłowacji i tak sie wycwanili :(

w ogóole nie byloby industrializacji gdyby nie komuchy :(

1891 – reorganization of the protestant (lutheran) church --> new contitution – for all Hungary (not
only Slovakia)

1913 short before the war so infuential --> slovaks were catholics --> hungarians lutheranists –
german kalvinists – hospitals,educational system –founded schools,

ekonomic situation was really bad, epidemy of cholera was often these time --> people were living
in agriculture system, with animals near to the houses, water sources were problematic -->
emigration of Slovakia starts --- słabe warunki,poszuiwanie lepszych warunkow zycia

cholera,hunger –same klęski więc się wynosili, USA (state of Pennsilvania, Pithburg, Cleveland -->
they worked as minors –górnicy???) i Latin America

they didn;t know language --> church important role --> utrzymywał ich w kupie,

strong majority fo Slovaks in USA but now it's 4th generation! they don't feel as Slovaks anymore,
can't speak language
they write Hungary as country origin --> dziwne O.o --> historical problem --> Hungary /Slovakia
--> brak nacjonalizmu wtedy i tak o sobie mówili swoim dzieciom..

1868-1900 – 500,000 emigrated from Slovakia (forced by economical reasons)

1914 – 1/4 Slovak population (600 000 people) were in the USA

1872-73 big empidemy of cholera, life expecantsy was 41years for men..

2000: 1million people in USA --> one million people in USA says that they are Slovaks, and a lot of
them are lutherans

ELLIS ISLAND – 1915 - jak sie kiedys przyjezdzalo do NY to najpierw statki sie zatryzmywali na
jakies wyspie gdzie robili testy ludziom czy sa zdrowi psychicznie, dawali testy inteligencji itp. --
jak nie umieli zrobic prostych testów to ich nie wpuszczali do USA,niektorych wysylali z powrotem
jesli byli zbyt uposledzeni :(
movie industries --> short projection with moving people nagrani i slychac na tych starych
nagraniach słowacki jezyk :)
if child was sick,they didn't let go sick people – child has to stay in hospital on island, the parents
had to go without children... dramatic stories

parents of Andy Warhol were from Medzilabroca ---> najdzikszy obszar Słowacji, very poor areas

for Slovakia these times left mountain parts, Hungary took wszystkie niziny,tak że słowacy mieli
kiepskie warunki rolnicze...lipa nędza bida

hard capitalism times ---> jak mąż umarł to przychodzili i zostawiali trupa,a następnego dnia
musiała się wyprowadzić,bo tak dużo ludzi potrzebowało pracy w kopalniach i po prostu dom już
się należał komuś innemu...lipa

28th october 1918 czechoslovakia founded
czech republic was dangeraous because there was 50% germans...so they made czechoslovakia...
„czechoslovak nation” --> aritifcial idea – they were never such nation, it was political idea, made
germans minority...

no dominant religion

communists took rights of the church

secular state...

jakie były wyznania (ilosc wyznawcow)
1.catholic
2.lutheran
3.reformed (calnivists)
4.serbian greekchurch
5.unitarians
6.jews
accepted: baptists, moslims

1925 – czechoslovak church --> niby bez tradycji katolickich,ale jakis ogolno krajowy kosciol,nie
ma nic wspolnego z czechoslowacja za bardzo

1925 – law about churches -mozna bylo odchodzic z kosciola kiedy chcesz

1926 – financing of churches 0—przez panstwo?

1921 – three slovak bishops were udate ---- roman church - until the bishops of hungary were to
swear the priests the slovakian

Ruthenians --> eastern christnatiy – orthodox church or ewentualnie catholic church

ukrainian language ---> officially ruthenians in communism didn't exist.. O.o

CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1915 – Pittsburgh agreement [not capt in life] --> they will found the contry called Czecho-Slovakia
--> common form Czechoslovakia. „War about the dash” --> walczyli o wersję pisania z
myślnikiem
in 1990it was Czechloslovak Social Republic
1991-1992 – Czech and Slovak Federative Republic

1918 --> remember this date -Czechoslovakia starsts

Slovak nationalist movement – leaded by catholic priest Andrej Hlinka (1864-1938) – he found in
1913 Slovak People's Party (Slovacka Ludova Strava) – strong connection between automy
tendention and catholic church --> issue of political autonomy was ..important? --> politicans

promised Slovaks autonomy – this never happend :(
after 1918 he was leader of autonomists movement
1925 --- 32% votes dostał (80% of catholics było w całej Słowacji,więc dosyć cienko poszło na
wyborach..)

autonomists is not the separatits! to nie to samo

Vojtech Tuka – one of separatists – from the early 1920s --> lubił się z nazistami – supporter of
the nazis in Slovakia... - great carrier... - dangerous man – arrested in 1919 – on some protest?

in 1935 – they got 30% votes...
6 october 1938 --> slovak's people party declared slovak's autonomy – on hitler's pression

po smierci hlinki to bylomwiec on nic nie mial wplywu,slovacy weszli we wspolprace z
gestapo,czesc z nich bardziej działało-zabijali więcej ludzi bo najczesciej wrogow politycznych

1907 – Czernova --> hlinka consecrated church, there was no church in village... he was prisoned so
he was hiding...?

ludzie go nie chcieli wpuscic do wioski,bo byl jakby na czarnej liscie?zolnierze zaczeli strzelac do
ludzi??? morderstwo masakra – najmlodsi zgineli mieli 14 lat... ludzie rzucali kamieniami,moze
jako prowokacja,ale mimo wszystko straszne co zrobli zolnierze

to wydarzenie mialo duzy wplyw na nienawisc do Wegrow,zawsze bylo jakos obchodzone przez
nacjonalistow-Slowakow..

w koncu kosciol zostal konsekrowany pare lat pozniej po tych wydarzeniach

hlinka mial biednych rodzicow,chcial pomagac poor people

hungarian people's party?

obecnie jest zakazane aby księża mieli działalność polityczną!

wg Hlinki Słowacy powinni miec autonomie wewnatrz Czechosłowacji

Hlinka został uznany za bohatera narodowego po śmierci? został pochowany w Rozenbergu,
zrobiono mu mauzoleum

potem go przeniesiono do Bratysławy...nie wiemy obecnie po ruskich gdzie leży jego ciało

po wojnie go próbowali zrobić na „clerofascist” -- klerofaszysta

HSLS –hlinka sloval people's party
dominant party in world war II

after hlinka's death – Jozef Tiso – in Czechoslovak government was medical priests - --health care
minister – 1938-45

they have sign like slovak flag (double cross) on the hands like hitlerpeople :P

30th September 1938 – Munich Treaty or Munich Betrayal
Sudet part was took from Czechoslovakia to German...
some part given to Hungary

Horthy ruled in Hungary these time,

14 March 1939 --> Hitler enterd the Prague

15 March 1939 --> Slovak republic declared unindipendency

Slovak Parliament, Jozef Tiso was a president

Tiso with Hitler – famous picture

Tiso declared Slovakia republic from Berlin by radio......!

Tiso was priest and very good speaker....

AAA słowacja zostałaby zajęta częsciwo przez niemców gdyby nie ogłosiła niepodległości
(=współpracy z hitlerowcami?), kosztem tego było odebranie czesci terenow przez węgry

1938 --- 97,3%

in 1939 –only party in parliament these times

Tiso—cooperation with Germany but not losing the Slovak's position

after 1949 --- Tuka Slovak National Socialism Party ---> Hlinka's Guard to help in military ways...
Tiso = conservatice wing,more than Hlinka

Jewish code 1942 --> deportation of Jews from Slovakia – 80 tausend Jews from
Slovakia...deported and .. to the deportation caps

no German military present in Slovakia ---> własna wola polityków aby wykonywać takie rzeczy :/

one of the biggest mistakes,,,freely giving the Jews to the nazis

party members were prosecuted in communism...they became members of the coomiunisms party

1944 ---> 29 august --- slovak's uprising – german army invidted to the slovakia ---> germen
soldiers are pesent and starting the deportation of people to auschiwtz

4 april 1945 ---bratislava was wyzwolona – koniec wojny

1947 joseph tiso escaped from slovakia --- he was find by the american soldier and was sentenced
to death

in bratislava greave with tiso's name,not sure if he's buried there,celebrate his birthday (by
nationaists)

clerofascism in Slovakia = combination of clerical and fastist ideas

april 1945 -february 1948 – church tried their place in the Slovak country

they tried to make cooperation with alll parties that exssted those times...(church katholic)

in 1946 – katholics and lutherans made agreement that they will join the Democratic Party -->
dzięki temu wykończą partię po Hlince itd.

May 1946 election party got 62% votes- dem party

communists 30%,party of rfredom 3,7%

slovakia wasn't fully idependent..

communists party – for whole czechoslovaia
--> 38% części

nawet jesli system byl demokratyczny,to zwyciezali ounisci i raczej oni byli tlyko traktowani serio

Klement Gottwald

25 february 1948 – beginning of h e had imes

07-03-2013

main part of catholic ---Presau [preszou] --- and also centre of orthodox ---> so two bishops has
there offices --> in orthodox there's beautiful ikonostas ---> in town about 100 tausend people ---
constantine and methodius --> brought christianity --> they prepared translation of the bible, an
alphabet
833 -principality of nitra [first church] --> the great morava begun [sometimes it's 828]
863-Constantine and Methodius
885-death of Methodius
Arpad dynasty – 11th and 12th centuries
opposition of the latin – stron latinization by church – after 13th cent.
14th cent. - Walachian colonization [sheep, agriculture – from Romania, typical Slovak drinks,
meals etc. - for example bryndzowe hauszki – noodles with sheep cheese] – duke invited those
people and they were orthodox so orthodox developing :P
oszcziepok [oscypek :D ]
Nukachevo [Nukaczewo] -obecna Ukraina,kiedyś Słowacja --> orthodox influence – unity of
eastern christians – some parts were united with catholic church, some part with orthodox church
1646 – ratified agreement of unification of uzhorod [at east border of slovakia] – the eastern church
with the roman-catholic church – reasons political and economical – Habsburg monarchy supported
the catholic church – priests and villages – but orthodox didn't – they were very poor – they would
have some support from monarchy [economical argument in the background]
nie mogli nalegać na nich aby sie przeniesli do katolikow i zmieniali swoje zwyczaje czy jezyk
liturgii – tylko musieli zaakceptowac rzymskiego biskupa[papieza] --- so they did

they were supported only inllegal or not at all

1692 – situation stopped here – Leopold I – droga krzyzowa and eucharist sth – only in
catholics,not in orthodox – eastern ?christians? had to latinazation and hungarization
18th cent. - until they didn't have bishop
1771 – eparchy of Mukavevo [Mukaczewo] – 771 parshies, 560 000 believers -
1792 Presov [Preszow] 1818 eparchy – they put here independent bishop
Mukaczewo was far from Koszyce so they had to move to Preszow,so it would be not far

mixed marriages – Slovaks and ??

1948 – the communists to the power in country – religious issue – these way of solution was tragid

for catholic church
28 april 1950 – so-called SOBOR of PRESOV [Preszow] – they made „official” [actually it was
forced] unification with the orthodox church under the Moscow patriarch – people had to tell that
they didn't really want to be catholics but they were forced by Hungarians and Germans, and they
obey the Moscow

many prisioners... if didn't want to obey...

the bishops were prisoners for the rest of their life.. :/

in eastern slovakia they was only several groups of orthodox church, they were greek-catholics..and
officially...tausends... in 1951 – made in 6 weeks all kościelnys into priests :P [orthodox] so
everybody could be orthodox

1950-1968 – non-existince of the greek-catholic church [no property – everything into orthodox
church property] [ non-orthodox people couldn't go to the church – there was none]

1968 – 1990 – greek-cath church was allowed but had no property restituted ,no position of bishop
of Presau

the clergy could study only in seminar in Bratislava – the only roman-cath seminar in Slovakia [ no
greek-cath...]

after 1990 – communism ended; church wanted their churches back. problem – orthodox are there...
no possible to make agreement with orthodox – people wanted to be caths again, but some wanted
to stay in orthodoxes
no peaceful way
people fought for the churches...they were coming at night with the axes and occupied the
churches....
agressive way...dangerous way of fight

czyli ludzie za komuny byli oficjalnie catholami[rzymskimi] albo orthodoxami, greko-kathole mieli
probleme wielką i musieli się zdecydować na któreś z tych opcji,bo ich opcja była zdelegalizowana
przez komuchów

wyznanie grekokatolickie było uwarunkowane obszarem austrowęgierskim,tzn oni taką mieli
oficjalną religię albo jakoś ją promowali,brak było przed komunizmem dofinansowania
państwowego dla kościoła prawosławnego,dlatego wszyscy ludzie przechodzili na ten
grekokatolicyzm.

state gave money to priests...sometimes they got money to build new church...before 1990 the
grecocatholics were afraid to speak about confession... after 1990 all the psychological pressure and
hatred exploded...

Greekcatholic – Reckokatolicka Cerkev na Slovensku :P

2008 – Preszov [Presov] – archeparch, Koszice and Bratislava – eparchs

one big organization of orthodox for Czech Slovakia and Silesia [the small north part] --> no
divisions for smaller parts

orthodox say about tradition from 9th cent. [Methodius and Constantine] --> spory z
grekokatolikami o tradycję w kraju (kto dłużej)

since 1918 – started the orthodox church history in Slovakia [Czechoslovak] – many people left
the roman-catholic church – idealistic motivations – former was ex-roman-catholic priest – Matus
Pavlik [Patusz Pawlik] – ordained an orthodox bishop – the 1st orthodox bishop in Slovakia -->
named Gorazd --> he didn't join the Moscow patriarch but created independent church [because
there was complications with communists in Russia :P ]

after World War II many Russians emigrated to Czechoslovakia

tak jak w Polsce była generalna gubernia [+gubernator] tutaj w Krakowie,no to tam był Protektorat,
Reichsprtektor --> Reinhart Heinrich – very cruel – shot a lot of people – jacys ludzie w niego
rzucili w koncu granatami,powaznie ranny,w koncu umarl [zrobili wielki pogrzeb]

z jakiegos powodu wymordowano całą miejscowość Legice pod Pragą --> nie wiem moze chodzi o
to,ze stamtad byli zamachowcy Reinharta?? - wszyscy mezczyzni z Legic wystrzeleni,jeden
mezczyzna stamtad byl w wiezieniu za morderstwo ojca i dzieki temu przezyl,bo nie przyszli tam
zeby go zabic..jedynymezczyzna jaki przezyl stamtad.wszystkie kobiety i dzieci wzieli do obozu
koncentracyjnego.

„Survivor Legice” - film o nim jakis niedawno zrobiony – kobiety ktore przezyly musialy przyjsc
na premiere filmu i byly bardzo niezadowolone z tego powodu

tam jest teraz pomnik na zgliszczach miasta,a obok zrobili od nowa miasto Legice,ale to nie to
samo,nikt tam nie wrocil,tylko nowi ludzie jacys

w jednym kosciele prawoslawnym byla walka z nazistami,ostrzelani byli i okrazeni,zalali piwnice
zeby ich wykurzyc,wszyscy strzelali [prawosławni],a ostatnia kulka sobie w łeb [żeby niemcy nie
torturowali]

200 people executed etc.

orthodoxyjny kosciol byl postrzegany jako bohaterowie wojenni,ale nadeszli komunisci i
wykorzystali go do zmuszania wszystkich do podporzadkowania Moskwie,wiec autortytet upadl..
zaczeto go kojarzyc z mechanizmami przymusu – many people understood orthodox church as the
tool of communist repression

1951 --- autocephaly to the orth church – officialy since then the church was autocephalic

1993 – separation - Czech Rep and Slovak Rep – orthodox church decided not to split the church
[one area organization]

Prague – center orth, in Czech, Presov – in Slovakia [priest education etc]
second bishop in Michalovice

in Presov is also roman-catholic bishop :P

beatification of the dead bishops of greek-cath church

JEWS IN SLOVAKIA

Jews in the middle ages lived in the royal and bishop towns, they had a special protection of the
king, payed to the king, he used Jews to banking system[lending money]
during the Austrian-Hungarian empire – they lived especially in the northern Hungary
Hungarian Jews – Hungarian parliament – emancipation of the minorities -espiecially Jews
[1867 – Austrian-Hungarian Compromise etc. - it was above......]

much antisemitism in Slovakia – refused...

aszkenazim Jews – always stayed in the towns, not civilized as in Italy or somewhere...

???not important date.....1896 – Slovak party in Austrian-Hungarian empire – many Jews decided to
emigrate, ???

after World War I – Jews were isolated or sth – communities and their property – after foundation of
Czechoslovakia .. at that time (1920s) – they had 40% of industrial property/udziałów -- Paper
„Judische Folkszeitung” - very important for the rights of the Jews in Czechoslovakia

1921 – census: 135 tausends Jews (4,5%)
before the World War II --> 217 congregations in Slovakia – w tym 165 orthodox, 52 „reformed”
(neological/neology and „status quo ante” [not orthodox] )

neological synagogue in Bratislava – near cathedral :P – part of Bratislava was a Jewish town,
Jewish streets... etc.
destroyed in WWII, now it is re-made of plastic-something and there are conferences

political party of Jews --> split for conservative Jewish party [orthodox] and economic Jewish party
[more liberal] – it was difficult to get enough votes to maintain the seats in parliament, in 1919
election they had very few percent

Slovaks – antisemitis, in late 1930s – demonstrations against the Jews – nationalist movements and
the Folks Deutsche students...[Deutsche..]

130 000 before WWII emigrated..they had some feelings it seems...

national party ruled the country – anti-Jewish law... 1939? – Jews excluded from all government
positions... more discriminations followed...expand from the schools the Jewish children..
1940: 6000 emigrants

August 1940 – every Jew had to register in the coutry registry and say about their property

9 september 1941 – Jews were in the „Jewish Code” - more restrict than the laws of the
Norimberg... Jews were forbidden almost everything..all jobs...they couln't have their own radio or
newspapers etc. - Jews cannot be advocates...Jews can have only Jewish advotes in the
court...WTF? :P

1942 – Osviencim [Osvienczim] – Auschwitz, some also to Lublin and some to other locations...

3/4 of Slovak Jews were exterminated -deported to Auschwitz..., deportation stopped in the
1944..than Germans came and the deportation continued... 25 000 emigrated/survived ...if they
came to Slovakia,their houses were used by other people ...pogromy żydów...dramat,większość już
nigdy nie wróciła

Czechoslovakia: 263,000 Jews killed

They have rabbi in Bratislava – American origin

rabbi of Bratislava is modern hassid (chabad) – Baruch Mayers

Chatam Sofer/Moses Schreiber/Moshe Sofer – several forms of his name - Hatham Sofer --> rabin?
przywódca hasydów? - w XIX wieku – he was one of orthodox rabbi in Europe – the most
important of the 19th century – defender of the orthodox Jews – lived in years 1762-1839 –

Pressburg Yeshiva – there was hundreds of students there..
he was born in Czech or Slovakia..check out..
in 1787 he married...cala biografia chyba :P he was rabbi of Czechia
1794 – he became rabbi of Straznice [Strażnice] -town in the Czech republic – 1797 -several jewish
synagouges

1806 – Pressburg (Pozsony/Pożoń aka Bratislava) -został rabinem tam
he died in Bratislava

his first wife was a daughter of rabbi,second was a widow after rabbi etc. --> second marriage (after
first wife died) – they had 7 daughters and 3 sons --> żona miała 22 (jako wdowa już!),a on miał
50..
one of sons was a rabbi of Cracow...

because of his authority the reformed movement never was strong in Bratislava..after his death they
started to be.

during 19th cent. splitting of the judaism: orthodox and reformed one

Tora forbids everything that is new – for orthodox judaism

Pressburg Yeshiva --> in Jeruzalem

chatam=correct form of the name, the pronountation is chasan in Slovakian

buried in Bratislava in 1839

08-03-2013
nie wiadomo dokładnie, ile jest Cyganów w Słowacji, ale są ważną mniejszością
officially – 80 000 Gypses, but off-records: above 400 000 Gypses...
Roma spirituallity – acountering chaos – a lot of names – religiosity, rituality etc.
The inner identity (life in the community, personal relationships with family) and outer identity
(tradition, problematic realization of identity)
non-prescriptive and neutral – Roma
7 or 8 hundred years of tradition, it's long, special kind of Christianity: Roma/Gypsy kind of
Christianity
since there is no complex field research it's still 'under contruction'

Roma christianity:

–

Gypsy has a lot of critical attitute

–

majority of Roma understand 'christianity' as for white people

–

the white christianity represented by Slovak and white people – too formal, critics

–

faith measured by intensity of religious exp.

–

folk/rural faith – specific way – no formal margence

typology of Roma christianity:

different elements than church-faith

1) Flexible relocation of sacrum – this place is not just 'here' but in the non-limited space –

idea of 'Self' is close to religion, unlimited locality of sacrum --> expiring to find sacrum
and absolute in Roma conception – Jean de luce – place is not limited – absolute is located
in lower structures of place and time [our space?] - absolute may be located any where any
time, located and relocated... topophilia (special places), chronophilia (special times) of
Christianity majority... special measure of time (sacred time) – homogenius time – lifted out
of hystorical times... - symbolical connection – trans-temporal. For Romas absolute is
everywhere and everytime. There's no limits.

2) Present character – time is always present – they want to feel spirituallity now, not wait for

it for some special date. It's not usual christianity (you must be patient), for Gypses the
results of prayers immediately; bardzo często przysięgają na Boga, not much developed
eschatology

3) pragmatic type of contract with God – do ut des? - np. chrzest dziecka jest po to, aby

dziecko przestało płakać :P efekty jakieś korzystne muszą mieć ;] pragmatic, practical
character

4) immediate communication with God – for them God want to speak to everybody equally

– for pope and for simple Gypsy woman – personal, intimate, requests, incantantions etc.;
prayer is used also to harm other people! - świece – z powbijanymi szpilkami takimi
krawieckimi – to wtedy ta świeca jak ją ksiądz zapali będzie szkodliwa dla kogoś, ksiądz
musi ogarniać i nie przyjąć tej świecy

5) special emic code standards that they are understanding the christianity – for example

punishment – for them it's very harsh punishment by God – stealth from family is punished
– stealth from white people not punished – Gypsy language: 'gadżo' na białych ludzi, stupid,
lower social standards etc.

6) individualism – individual forms of devoteness – especially birth and death – baptised

while birth and specially buried, very ritual way

7) religion of the common day – collective sistematization of religious facts – religiosity is

important now, praying for a long time is pointless

8) realism and imaginative character of religion ideas – Roma ideas of a God are very

concrete – antrophomorphism – old man – big eyes and hands – pictures of God

9) different relations with Christ – they don't have tradition of dogmatic orthodox

understanding of God

10) symbolism of dreams and revenants beliefs – in Gypse language 'mural' – the deads

connected with family – very afraid of revenants – after death special rituals to block so they
don't come back, they want to prevent their return; symbolism of dreams is very very strong
– practises of funerals – pieniądze po nieboszczyku wydane na grób itd., byleby nie wrócił

11) magical elements in religious practise – candles (above), they believe in magick, they

often use it against, with special objects (images, candles), curses, special magick for new
born babies, love magic, baby love etc.

etc..