Ch³odziarko-zamra¿arka
ER 8760
63,675( &,
63,675( &,
:6.$=Ï:.,2*Ï/1(
7
$%/,&=.$=1$0,212:$
=0,$1$.,(581.827:,(5$1,$'5=:,
8
67$:,(1,(
0
<&,((/(0(17Ï::(:1 75=1<&+
3
2'à &=(1,('2=$6,/$1,$(/(.75<&=1(*2
(.63/2$7$&-$
:
à &=(1,(
&+à2'=,$5.$
2
:,(7/(1,(:(:1 75=1(
.
2025$=$05$ $5.,
=$05$ $1,( <:12 &,
3
5=(&+2:<:$1,(052 21(.
.
2025$&+à2'=,$5.,
2'05$ $1,(=$05$ $5.,
2'05$ $1,(&+à2'=,$5.,
&
=<6=&=(1,(
:
<0,$5<85= '=(1,$==$0.1, 7<0,'5=:,$0,,=27:$57<0,'5=:,$0,
'$1(7(&+1,&=1(
=$.àÏ&(1,$:)81.&-212:$1,8&+à2'=,$5.2=$05$ $5.,
1
250$/1(2'*à26<32'&=$635$&<&+à2'=,$5.2
=$05$ $5.,
:6.$=Ï:.,2*Ï/1(
q
3U]HGSU]\VW SLHQLHPGRHNVSOR
DWDFML XU] G]HQLD QDOH \ GRNáDG
QLH]DSR]QDüVL ]LQVWUXNFM RE
VáXJL
q
,QVWUXNFM REVáXJL QDOH \ ]DFKR
ZDü SU]H] FDá\ F]DV HNVSORDWDFML
XU] G]HQLD D Z SU]\SDGNX RG
VW SLHQLD XU] G]HQLD LQQHPX
X \WNRZQLNRZL QDOH \ SDPL WDü
UyZQLH R SU]HND]DQLX LQVWUXNFML
REVáXJL
q
=DOHFHQLD L ZVND]yZNL RSUDFR
ZDOL P\ ] P\ O R EH]SLHF]QHM L
SUDZLGáRZHM HNVSORDWDFML XU]
G]HQLD
q
.D G\ X \WNRZQLN XU] G]HQLD
PXVL ]DSR]QDü VL ]H ZVND]yZ
NDPL GRW\F] F\PL EH]SLHF]H
VWZD
8U] G]HQLH SU]H]QDF]RQH MHVW Z\
á F]QLH GR SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD DUW\NX
áyZ \ZQR FLRZ\FK QD X \WHN JR
VSRGDUVWZD GRPRZHJR 8 \ZDQLH
FKáRG]LDUNR]DPUD DUNLQLH]JRGQLH]
MHM SU]H]QDF]HQLHP PR H E\ü QLH
EH]SLHF]QH L SU]\F]\QLü VL GR
XV]NRG]HQLDXU] G]HQLD
8U] G]HQLHSU]H]QDF]RQHMHVWGRX \
ZDQLDLREVáXJLZ\á F]QLHSU]H]RVRE\
GRURVáH']LHFLRPQLHQDOH \]H]ZDODü
QD REVáXJ XU] G]HQLD OXE PDQLSXOR
ZDQLHHOHPHQWDPLVWHUXM F\PL
:V]HONLH PRG\ILNDFMH L SU]HUyENL
SDUDPHWUyZ XU] G]HQLD V QLHEH]
SLHF]QH.RQLHF]QH]PLDQ\LQVWDOD
FML HOHNWU\F]QHM XU] G]HQLD PRJ
E\ü GRNRQ\ZDQH Z\á F]QLH SU]H]
XSUDZQLRQHJR WHFKQLND ] DXWRU\]R
ZDQHJR]DNáDGXVHUZLVRZHJR
1DSUDZ\VSU] WXPR HZ\NRQ\ZDü
Z\á F]QLH SHUVRQHO DXWRU\]RZD
Q\FK SODFyZHN VHUZLVRZ\FK 'R
QDSUDZVWRVXMHVL RU\JLQDOQHF]
FL]DPLHQQH
3RSRGá F]HQLXXU] G]HQLDGRVLHFL
HOHNWU\F]QHM QDOH \ VSUDZG]Lü F]\
QLH VWRL RQR QD SU]HZRG]LH ]DVLOD
M F\P
&KáRG]LDUNR]DPUD DUND SU]H]QD
F]RQD MHVW Z\á F]QLH GR SU]HFKR
Z\ZDQLD L ]DPUD DQLD SURGXNWyZ
VSR \ZF]\FK
5R]PUR RQH SURGXNW\ QLH SRZLQQ\
E\üSRQRZQLH]DPUD DQH
1DOH \ SU]HVWU]HJDü ZVND]yZHN L
]DOHFH SURGXFHQWD GDQHJR SUR
GXNWXGRW\F] F\FKSU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD
L]DPUD DQLD
3RGF]DV SUDF\ XU] G]HQLD VNUD
SODF] L VSU DUND QDJU]HZDM VL L
GODWHJR QDOH \ ]ZUyFLü V]F]HJyOQ
XZDJ DE\ ]DSHZQLü VZRERGQ\
GRSá\Z SRZLHWU]D GR W\FK HOHPHQ
WyZ 1LHGRVWDWHF]QD F\UNXODFMD SR
ZLHWU]D PR H VSRZRGRZDü ZDGOL
Z SUDF DJUHJDWX OXE QDZHW
XV]NRG]HQLHVSU] WX3U]\XVWDZLD
QLX FKáRG]LDUNR]DPUD DUNL QDOH \
SU]HVWU]HJDüZVND]yZHN]DZDUW\FK
ZLQVWUXNFMLREVáXJL
8U] G]HQLH QDOH \ XVWDZLü L SRGá
F]\ü ]JRGQLH ]H ZVND]yZNDPL
SRGDQ\PLZLQVWUXNFMLREVáXJL
3U]HGSU]\VW SLHQLHPGRSUDFNRQ
VHUZDF\MQ\FK OXE P\FLD QDOH \
RGá F]\ü XU] G]HQLH RG UyGáD ]D
VLODQLD HOHNWU\F]QHJR Z\MPXM F
ZW\F]N ]JQLD]GNDOXEZ\NU FDM F
]DEH]SLHF]HQLD
3RGF]DV WUDQVSRUWX ROHM ]QDMGXM F\
VL ZVSU DUFHPR HGRVWDüVL GR
XNáDGXFKáRGQLF]HJR=WHJRZ]JO
GXQDOH \RGF]HNDüSU]\QDMPQLHM
JRG]LQ\ DE\ ROHM FLHNá SRQRZQLH
GR VSU DUNL L GRSLHUR ZyZF]DV
Zá F]\ü XU] G]HQLH GR VLHFL HOHN
WU\F]QHM
:H ZV]\VWNLFK W\SDFK FKáRG]LDUNR
]DPUD DUHN V SRZLHU]FKQLH NWyUH
] F]DVHP SRNU\ZDM VL V]URQHP
:DUVWZ V]URQX PR QD XVXZDü
DXWRPDW\F]QLHOXEU F]QLHZHGáXJ
ZVND]D SURGXFHQWD XU] G]HQLD
GDQHJRPRGHOX
'R XVXZDQLD V]URQX QLH ZROQR
X \ZDü RVWU\FK QDU] G]L :DU
VWZ V]URQX QDOH \ XVXZDü SODVWL
NRZ áRSDWN E G F QD Z\SRVD
HQLXXU] G]HQLD
'R Z\MPRZDQLD NRVWHN ORGX QLH
ZROQR X \ZDü RVWU\FK SU]HGPLR
WyZ
: NRPRU]H ]DPUD DUNL QLH ZROQR
SU]HFKRZ\ZDü QDSRMyZ JD]RZD
Q\FK EXWHOHN OXE LQQ\FK SRMHPQL
NyZV]NODQ\FKJG\ PRJ S NQ ü
1LHQDOH \VSR \ZDüORGyZEH]SR
UHGQLR SR Z\M FLX ] FKáRG]LDUNR
]DPUD DUNL JG\ PR H WR VSRZR
GRZDüRGPUR HQLHVNyU\
8U] G]HQLH MHVW FL NLH L HOHPHQW\
QD W\OQHM FLDQFH SRVLDGDM RVWUH
]DNR F]HQLD 3U]\ SU]HVXZDQLX
XU] G]HQLD QDOH \ R W\P SDPL WDü
8 \ZDüU NDZLFRFKURQQ\FK
8U] G]HQLH Z\SRVD RQH MHVW Z ]D
PHN PDJQHW\F]Q\ -H OL PD RQR
]DVW SLüFKáRG]LDUN ]]DPNQL FLHP
VSU \QRZ\P UDG]LP\ DE\ SU]HG
XVXQL FLHP VWDUHJR XU] G]HQLD
XQLHUXFKRPLü ]DPHN FR XQLHPR
OLZL G]LHFLRP ]DPNQL FLH VL ZH
ZQ WU] FKáRG]LDUNL 1DOH \ UyZQLH
RGFL üSU]HZyG]DVLODQLDHOHNWU\F]
QHJRQDZ\VRNR FLXU] G]HQLD
7DEOLF]ND]QDPLRQRZD
: SU]\SDGNX Z\VW SLHQLD DZDULL L NR
QLHF]QR FL ZH]ZDQLD WHFKQLND ] DXWR
U\]RZDQHJR ]DNáDGX VHUZLVRZHJR
QDOH \ Z ]JáRV]HQLX SRGDü PRGHO L
QXPHU VHU\MQ\ XU] G]HQLD ,QIRUPDFMH
WH XPLHV]F]RQH V QD WDEOLF]FH ]QD
PLRQRZHM ]QDMGXM FHM VL Z NRPRU]H
FKáRG]LDUNL SR OHZHM VWURQLH ]D SR
MHPQLNLHPQDZDU]\ZD
=0,$1$.,(581.827:,(5$1,$'5=:,
3U]HGZ\NRQDQLHPWHMF]\QQR FLQDOH
\ Z\M ü ZW\F]N SU]HZRGX ]DVLODM
FHJR]JQLD]GND
: FHOX SU]HáR HQLD GU]ZL QD GUXJ
VWURQ QDOH \ Z\NRQDü QDVW SXM FH
F]\QQR FL
=GM üSDQHOFRNRáXGRW\F]\QLHNWy
U\FKPRGHOL
2GNU FLü GROQ\ ]DZLDV ]ZUDFDM F
XZDJ DE\GU]ZLQLHVSDGá\
=GM ü GROQH GU]ZL ]H URGNRZHJR
]DZLDVX
2GNU FLü URGNRZ\ ]DZLDV ]ZUD
FDM FXZDJ DE\JyUQHGU]ZLLSOD
VWLNRZDSRGNáDGNDQLHVSDGá\
=GM ü JyUQH GU]ZL ] JyUQHJR ]D
ZLDVX=ZUyFLüXZDJ DE\QLHZ\
SDGáDSODVWLNRZDSRGNáDGND
:\M ü SODVWLNRZH ]DW\F]NL ]QDMGX
M FHVL SRSU]HFLZQHMVWURQLH URG
NRZHJR ]DZLDVX L SU]HáR \ü MH QD
GUXJ VWURQ
*yUQ\ ]DZLDV SU]\NU FLü SR SU]H
FLZQHMVWURQLH8SHZQLüVL H ]R
VWDá SUDZLGáRZR ]DáR RQ\ L ]DEOR
NRZDQ\PHWDORZ SRGNáDGN
=DáR \üJyUQHGU]ZL=DáR \üSR]R
VWDáHHOHPHQW\
8ZDJD3RSU]HáR HQLXGU]ZLQDOH \
VSUDZG]Lü F]\ ZV]\VWNLH UXE\ V
SUDZLGáRZR GRNU FRQH XV]F]HOND
SU]\OHJD D R ZLHWOHQLH ZHZQ WU]QH
JD QLH SR ]DPNQL FLX GU]ZL FKáR
G]LDUNL
3U]\ QLVNLHM WHPSHUDWXU]H PR H VL
]GDU]\ü H XV]F]HOND QLH SU]\OHJD
SUDZLGáRZR'RSDVRZDQLHVL XV]F]HO
NL QDVW SL DXWRPDW\F]QLH SR NUyWNLP
F]DVLH
5\V
-H HOL XU] G]HQLH MHVW Z\SRVD RQH Z
PHWDORZH SURZDGQLFH GR ]DáR HQLD
SDQHOXQDOH \
]GM üMHGQ ]SURZDGQLF
SROX]RZDü UXE\ SR]RVWDá\FK SUR
ZDGQLF
ZVXQ üSDQHO
]DáR \üSURZDGQLF
SU]\NU FLüZV]\VWNLH UXE\
5\V
8ZDJD 3DQHO PXVL E\ü PLQ PP
NUyWV]\ RG GU]ZL 0DNV\PDOQD Já
ERNR üSDQHOXZ\QRVLPP
8VWDZLHQLH
:DUXQNLHP EH]DZDU\MQHJR IXQNFMRQR
ZDQLD XU] G]HQLD MHVW SUDZLGáRZH
XVWDZLHQLHLSRGá F]HQLH
8U] G]HQLHQLHSRZLQQRE\üXVWDZLRQH
Z SREOL X UyGHá FLHSáD QS Z SREOL X
SLHFD NXFKHQNL JU]HMQLNyZ OXE E\ü
QDUD RQH QD EH]SR UHGQLH RGG]LDá\
ZDQLH SURPLHQL VáRQHF]Q\FK :\ELH
UDM F PLHMVFH XVWDZLHQLD XU] G]HQLD
QDOH \ SDPL WDü R ]DSHZQLHQLX SUD
ZLGáRZHM ZHQW\ODFML ] ND GHM VWURQ\
XU] G]HQLDSDWU]U\VXQHNJG\ PD
WR]DVDGQLF]H]QDF]HQLHGODEH]DZD
U\MQHM SUDF\ :\SR]LRPRZDü XU] G]H
QLH]DSRPRF Qy HN
2SW\PDOQD WHPSHUDWXUD SRPLHV]F]H
QLD Z NWyU\P SUDFXMH XU] G]HQLH Z\
QRVLRG
R
&GR
R
&
5\V
5\V
0\FLHHOHPHQWyZ
ZHZQ WU]Q\FK
3U]HGSU]\VW SLHQLHPGRHNV
SORDWDFML QDOH \ XP\ü XU] G]HQLH
DE\XVXQ üFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\Ä]DSDFK
IDEU\F]Q\´ 8U] G]HQLH QDOH \ P\ü
OHWQL ZRG L QHXWUDOQ\P URGNLHP GR
P\FLD D SR XP\FLX VWDUDQQLH Z\WU]Hü
GR VXFKD 'R P\FLD QLH VWRVRZDü
URGNyZ V]RUXM F\FK JG\ PR QD
XV]NRG]LüXU] G]HQLH
=GM ü]DEH]SLHF]HQLDWUDQVSRUWRZH
3URGXFHQWQLHSRQRVLRGSRZLHG]LDO
QR FL ]D HZHQWXDOQH Z\SDGNL Z
SU]\SDGNX QLHSU]HVWU]HJDQLD SU]H
SLVyZ EH]SLHF]H VWZD SU]H] X \W
NRZQLND
3RGá F]HQLHGR]DVLODQLD
HOHNWU\F]QHJR
3U]HGSRGá F]HQLHPXU] G]HQLDQDOH \
XSHZQLü VL H SDUDPHWU\ LQVWDODFML
HOHNWU\F]QHM Z PLHMVFX HNVSORDWDFML V
]JRGQH ] GDQ\PL WHFKQLF]Q\PL
XPLHV]F]RQ\PL QD WDEOLF]FH ]QDPLR
QRZHMFKáRG]LDUNR]DPUD DUNL
8ZDJD
8U] G]HQLHPXVLE\üX]LHPLRQH
]JRGQLH]SU]HSLVDPL
: W\P FHOX ZW\F]N SU]HZRGX ]DVLOD
M FHJR Z\SRVD RQR Z VSHFMDOQ\ NRQ
WDNW X]LHPLDM F\ : SU]\SDGNX NLHG\
VLHüZPLHV]NDQLXQLHSRVLDGDLQVWDOD
FML X]LHPLDM FHM QDOH \ WDN LQVWDODFM
Z\NRQDü L GRSLHUR ZWHG\ SRGá F]\ü
XU] G]HQLH ,QVWDODFM ] X]LHPLHQLHP
PR H Z\NRQDü RVRED ] RGSRZLHGQLPL
NZDOLILNDFMDPL ]JRGQLH ] RERZL ]XM
F\PLSU]HSLVDPLEH]SLHF]H VWZD
5\V
8U] G]HQLH VSHáQLD QDVW SXM FH
QRUP\(:*
(:* ] QLVNLH QD
SL FLD]H]PLDQDPL
]ZUD]]H]PLD
QDPL
(.63/2$7$&-$
:á F]HQLH
3RGá F]\ü XU] G]HQLH GR ]DVLODQLD
HOHNWU\F]QHJR
8SHZQLü VL F]\ R ZLHWOHQLH
ZHZQ WU]QH ³+´ Zá F]D VL SR
RWZDUFLXGU]ZL
3RNU WáR WHUPRVWDWX FKáRG]LDUNL
³$´
XVWDZLü
Z
SRáR HQLX
URGNRZ\P
&+à2'=,$5.$5\V
3RNU WáRWHUPRVWDWXFKáRG]LDUNL³$´
3R]ZDOD QD UHJXODFM WHPSHUDWXU\
ZHZQ WU] FKáRG]LDUNL ]JRGQLH ]
SRWU]HEDPL X \WNRZQLND L ZDUXQNDPL
]HZQ WU]Q\PL
SR]\FMDPLQLPDOQHFKáRG]HQLH
SR]\FMDPDNV\PDOQH
FKáRG]HQLH
SR]\FMDlZ\á F]RQ\
=LHORQDODPSND³%´
:VND]XMH
H
XU] G]HQLH
MHVW
SRGá F]RQHGR]DVLODQLDHOHNWU\F]QHJR
2 ZLHWOHQLH ZHZQ WU]QH ³+´
5\VL
:á F]D VL SR RWZDUFLX GU]ZL
FKáRG]LDUNL
3U]\
Z\PLDQLH
DUyZNL
QDOH \
SU]\WU]\PDü NUDZ G REXGRZ\ L
SRFL JQ ü
M
Z]GáX
]HVSRáX
R ZLHWOHQLRZHJR
5\V
5\V
.RPRUD]DPUD DUNL
=DPUD DUND R]QDF]RQD MDNR
MHVW SU]H]QDF]RQD GR ]DPUD DQLD
\ZQR FL L GáX V]HJR SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD
PUR RQHN
5\V
=DPUD DQLH \ZQR FL
\ZQR ü SRZLQQD ]RVWDü ]DPUR RQD
QDMV]\EFLHM MDN WR PR OLZH GR
JRG]LQ:W\PFHOXQDOH \SRVW SLüZ
VSRVyESU]HGVWDZLRQ\SRQL HM
8VWDZLü UHJXODWRU WHPSHUDWXU\ ³$´
QDPDNV\PDOQHFKáRG]HQLH
JRG]LQ\ SU]HG ZáR HQLHP
SURGXNWyZMH OL]DPUD DUNDQLHMHVW
SRGá F]RQD
GR
]DVLODQLD
HOHNWU\F]QHJROXEMHVWSXVWDSU]HG
SLHUZV]\PX \FLHP
JRG]LQ\
ZF]H QLHM
SU]\
SRQRZQ\P ZáR HQLX SURGXNWyZ
MH HOL]DPUD DUNDMHVWZ\SHáQLRQD
0DNV\PDOQDLOR üSURGXNWyZNWyUH
PRJ E\ü ]DPUR RQH Z FL JX
JRG]LQ MHVW ZVND]DQD QD WDEOLF]FH
]QDPLRQRZHM XU] G]HQLD L Z WDEHOL
³'DQHWHFKQLF]QH´
:áR \ü SURGXNW\ QD QDMQL V]\
SR]LRPNRV]]DPUD DUNL
3R JRG]LQDFK SURGXNW\ E G
]DPUR RQH
8VWDZLü UHJXODWRU WHPSHUDWXU\ ³$´
Z URGNRZ\PSRáR HQLX
3U]HFKRZ\ZDQLHPUR RQHN
0UR RQNL
PR QD
EH]SLHF]QLH
SU]HFKRZ\ZDü Z WHPSHUDWXU]H QLH
Z\ V]HMQL ±&
8U] G]HQLH DXWRPDW\F]QLH GRNRQXMH
UHJXODFMLWHMWHPSHUDWXU\
1DOH \ XSHZQLü VL H UHJXODWRU
WHPSHUDWXU\
MHVW
XVWDZLRQ\
Z
URGNRZ\PSRáR HQLX
: SU]\SDGNX ]PLDQ\ ZDUXQNyZ
]HZQ WU]Q\FK
QLHGRVWDWHF]QD
ZHQW\ODFMD
Z\VRND
WHPSHUDWXUD
RWRF]HQLD F] VWH RWZLHUDQLH GU]ZL
]PLDQD
XVWDZLHQLD
UHJXODWRUD
WHPSHUDWXU\
PR H
RND]Dü
VL
QLH]E GQD
: SU]\SDGNX SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX
QDOH \ ]DPNQ ü GU]ZL FKáRG]LDUNR
]DPUD DUNL -H HOL ]DPUD DUND MHVW
FDáNRZLFLH Z\SHáQLRQD D SU]HUZD Z
GRSá\ZLH SU GX E G]LH NUyWV]D QL
³&]DV SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD PUR RQHN Z
SU]\SDGNX SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX´
ZVND]DQ\Z³'DQ\FK7HFKQLF]Q\FK´
± \ZQR ü QLH ]HSVXMH VL -H HOL
]DPUD DUND
QLH
MHVW
FDáNRZLFLH
Z\SHáQLRQD \ZQR FL WR WHPSHUDWXUD
Z]UR QLH Z NUyWNLP F]DVLH -H HOL
\ZQR ü ]DF] áD VL MX UR]PUD Dü
QDOH \ VSR \ü PUR RQNL QDMV]\EFLHM
MDNWRPR OLZH
.RPRUDFKáRG]LDUNL
6áX \ GR SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD QDSRMyZ L
ZLH HM
\ZQR FL 1DOH \ XQLNDü
GRW\NDQLD
\ZQR FL GR
FLDQHN
ZHZQ WU]Q\FK
FKáRG]LDUNL
JG\
SURGXNW\
PRJ
XOHF
OHNNLHPX
]PUR HQLX3RSUDZLWRWDN HF\UNXODFM
]LPQHJR
SRZLHWU]D
ZHZQ WU]
XU] G]HQLD
&KáRG]LDUND
SRVLDGD
V\VWHP DXWRPDW\F]QHJR UR]PUD DQLD
VL = WHJR SRZRGX QD W\OQHM
ZHZQ WU]QHM FLDQFH PRJ ]QDMGRZDü
VL NURSOHZRG\OXENU\V]WDáNLORGX
:6.$=Ï:.,
QLH ZNáDGDü QRZ\FK SURGXNWyZ
SRGF]DV]DPUD DQLD
QLH
XNáDGDü
SURGXNWyZ
SU]H]QDF]RQ\FK GR ]DPUR HQLD Z
SREOL XPUR RQHN
\ZQR ü
SU]H]QDF]RQ
GR
PUR HQLDQDOH \GREU]H]DSDNRZDü
OXE ZáR \ü GR KHUPHW\F]Q\FK
SRMHPQLNyZ
QLH
ZNáDGDü
GR
]DPUD DUNL
JRU F\FKOXEFLHSá\FKSRWUDZ
VLOQ\ ]DSDFK QDSRMyZ L \ZQR FL
PR H SU]HM ü QD LQQH SURGXNW\
]DSDNRZDü MH Z KHUPHW\F]QH
RSDNRZDQLDOXESRMHPQLNL
3U]HG SU]\VW SLHQLHP GR MDNLFKNRO
ZLHN F]\QQR FL NRQVHUZDF\MQ\FK
QDOH \ RGá F]\ü XU] G]HQLH RG ]D
VLODQLDHOHNWU\F]QHJR
2'05$ $1,(=$05$ $5.,
6]URQ SRZVWDMH QD VNXWHN ]HWNQL FLD
VL ZLOJRWQHJR SRZLHWU]D ] ]LPQ\PL
SRZLHU]FKQLDPL XU] G]HQLD &LHQND
ZDUVWZDV]URQXQLHZSá\ZDXMHPQLHQD
SUDZLGáRZH IXQNFMRQRZDQLH ]DPUD DU
NL -HGQDN H PP ZDUVWZD V]URQX
WZRU]\ SRZáRN L]ROXM F NWyUD Z
]QDF]Q\ VSRVyE ]PQLHMV]D VNXWHF]
QR ü XU] G]HQLD L ]ZL NV]D ]X \FLH
HQHUJLLHOHNWU\F]QHM
.LHG\ JUXER ü ZDUVWZ\ V]URQX SU]H
NUDF]DPPQDOH \FDáNRZLFLHRGPUR
]Lü]DPUD DUN =DOHFDP\RGPUD DQLH
MH OL]DPUD DUNDMHVWSXVWDOXE]QDMGXMH
VL ZQLHMPDáRSURGXNWyZ
5\V
$E\ RGPUR]Lü ]DPUD DUN QDOH \ Z\
NRQDüQDVW SXM FHF]\QQR FL
q
:\M üSRMHPQLNLQDOyGDPUR RQNL
RZLQ ü Z NLOND ZDUVWZ SDSLHUX JD
]HWRZHJR L XPLH FLü Z FKáRGQ\P
SRPLHV]F]HQLXOXEZáR \üGRWRUHE
L]RWHUPLF]Q\FK
q
àRSDWN GRXVXZDQLDV]URQXQDOH \
ZVXQ ü QDG OLVWZ Z GROQHM F] FL
XU] G]HQLDSDWU]U\VXQHN
q
3RGVWDZLü QDF]\QLH QD VSá\ZDM F
ZRG
q
:\FL JQ üV]XIODG\LJyUQ WDF
q
3RF]HNDüD V]URQLOyGVWRSQLHMHL
VSá\QLHGRQDF]\QLD
q
:\F]\ FLü L Z\VXV]\ü ZQ WU]H
XU] G]HQLD Z\M ü áRSDWN D GR
URGND]DPUD DUNLZáR \üV]XIODG\L
JyUQ WDF
q
3RGá F]\ü XU] G]HQLH GR ]DVLODQLD
HOHNWU\F]QHJR
2'05$ $1,(&+à2'=,$5.,
.RPRUD FKáRG]LDUNL MHVW RGPUD DQD
DXWRPDW\F]QLHSRGF]DVND GHMSU]HUZ\
Z SUDF\ VSU DUNL 1DOH \ UHJXODUQLH
F]\ FLüRWZyURGSá\ZRZ\Ä*´
5\V
&]\V]F]HQLH
q
'R F]\V]F]HQLD XU] G]HQLD QDOH \
X \ZDü UR]WZRUX FLHSáHM ZRG\ L áD
JRGQHJR GHWHUJHQWX 1LH VWRVRZDü
V]RUXM F\FK URGNyZLSU]HGPLRWyZ
F]\V]F] F\FK
q
6NUDSODF]W\OQD]HZQ WU]QD FLDQD
XU] G]HQLDVSU DUN RUD]JyUQ\L
GROQ\ RWZyU ZHQW\ODF\MQ\ QDOH \
F]\ FLü]DSRPRF V]F]RWNLOXERG
NXU]DF]D 5HJXODUQH F]\V]F]HQLH
]DSHZQLD RSW\PDOQ SUDF XU]
G]HQLD L ]PQLHMV]D ]X \FLH HQHUJLL
HOHNWU\F]QHM
q
5HJXODUQLH F]\ FLü SRMHPQLN QD
VNURSOLQ\ ]QDMGXM F\ VL QDG VSU
DUN
q
$E\ RF]\ FLü SRZLHU]FKQL SRG
XU] G]HQLHP QDOH \ ]GM ü GROQ OL
VWZ
-H HOL XU] G]HQLH QLH E G]LH X \ZDQH
SU]H] GáX V]\ F]DV QDOH \ Z\NRQDü
QDVW SXM FHF]\QQR FL
Z\M ü ZW\F]N SU]HZRGX ]DVLODM
FHJR]JQLD]GND
Z\M üZV]\VWNLHSURGXNW\
RGPUR]Lü RF]\ FLü L Z\VXV]\ü
ZQ WU]H XU] G]HQLD RUD] ZV]\VWNLH
DNFHVRULD
GU]ZL SR]RVWDZLü RWZDUWH DE\ SR
ZLHWU]H PRJáR VZRERGQLH SU]HSá\
ZDüRUD]DE\XQLNQ üSRZVWDZDQLD
QLHSU]\MHPQHJR]DSDFKX
:\PLDU\XU] G]HQLD]]DPNQL W\PLGU]ZLDPLL]RWZDUW\PLGU]ZLDPL
5\V
'DQHWHFKQLF]QH
3RMHPQR üFDáNRZLWDO
:\VRNR üÄ$´PP
1DSL FLH9
&] VWRWOLZR ü+]
=GROQR ü]DPUD DQLDNJK
0RF:
&]DV SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD SURGXNWyZ SR Z\VW SLHQLX DZDULL ]DVLODQLD
HOHNWU\F]QHJR
JRG]LQ
=$.àÏ&(1,$:)81.&-212:$1,8
&+à2'=,$5.2=$05$ $5.,
3RGF]DVSURGXNFMLXU] G]HQLHSRGGDQRZLHOXWHVWRPLNRQWUROLMDNR FL0R HVL MHG
QDN ]GDU]\ü H Z\VW SL DZDULD VSRZRGRZDQD F]\QQLNDPL QLH]DOH Q\PL RG SURGX
FHQWD3U]HG]JáRV]HQLHPXVWHUNLZDXWRU\]RZDQ\P]DNáDG]LHVHUZLVRZ\PSURVLP\R
]DSR]QDQLHVL ]HZVND]yZNDPLSRGDQ\PLZSRQL V]HMWDEHOL
:ZL NV]R FLSU]\SDGNyZX \WNRZQLNPR HVDPRG]LHOQLHUR]ZL ]DüSUREOHP
867(5.$
02 /,:(35=<&=<1<
52=:, =$1,(
*áR QDSUDFD
XU] G]HQLD
8U] G]HQLHMHVWQLHSUDZLGáRZR
XVWDZLRQHLZ\SR]LRPRZDQH
8U] G]HQLHMHVWXVWDZLRQH]E\W
EOLVNRPHEOL
3U]HF]\WDüZVND]yZNLGRW\
F] FHXVWDZLHQLDLZ\SR]LR
PRZDQLDXU] G]HQLD
ODG\ZRG\QD
GQLHNRPRU\
FKáRG]LDUNL
2WZyURGSá\ZXZRG\MHVW]DWNDQ\
8GUR QLüRWZyU*]DSRPRF
SU]HW\F]NL
:RGDSRMDZLD
VL ZSRMHPQLNX
QDZDU]\ZD
'RSRMHPQLNDZáR RQRPRNUHZD
U]\ZD
-HVWWRQRUPDOQ\REMDZ1LH
ZSá\ZDWRXMHPQLHQDSUDF
XU] G]HQLD
=HZQ WU]QD
REXGRZDXU]
G]HQLDQDJU]H
ZDVL
:SRPLHV]F]HQLXMHVWZ\VRNLSR
]LRPZLOJRFL
-HVWWRQRUPDOQ\REMDZ1LH
ZSá\ZDWRXMHPQLHQDSUDF
XU] G]HQLD
1LHGRVWDWHF]QH
FKáRG]HQLH
PUR HQLHZ
NRPRU]HFKáR
G]LDUNL]DPUD
DUNL
7HPSHUDWXUDRWRF]HQLDMHVW]E\W
QLVNDVSU DUNDQLHSUDFXMH]RG
SRZLHGQL F] VWRWOLZR FL
'RNRPRU\]DPUD DUNLZáR RQR
MHGQRUD]RZR]DGX R ZLH \FK
SURGXNWyZ
1LH]DPNQL WRGU]ZL
=E\WF] VWRRWZLHUDQRGU]ZL
3RNU WáRUHJXODWRUDWHPSHUDWXU\
XVWDZLRQRZQLHZáD FLZ\PSRáR H
QLX
8VWDZLüWHUPRVWDWQDZ\ V]
SR]\FM
=DPNQ üSUDZLGáRZRGU]ZL
=PQLHMV]\üLOR üSURGXNWyZ
SDWU]Ä]GROQR ü]DPUD DQLD´
=PLHQLüSRáR HQLHUHJXODWRUD
WHPSHUDWXU\
%UDNFKáRG]HQLD
OXEPUR HQLDZ
XU] G]HQLX
3RNU WáRUHJXODWRUDWHPSHUDWXU\
XVWDZLRQRZSRáR HQLXÄ
l
´
3DWU]UR]G]LDáÄ,QVWDODFMD´
=PLHQLüSRáR HQLHUHJXODWRUD
WHPSHUDWXU\
=LHORQDODPSND
QLH ZLHFLVL
GRW\F]\QLHNWy
U\FKPRGHOL
8U] G]HQLHQLHMHVWSRGá F]RQHGR
]DVLODQLDHOHNWU\F]QHJR
:JQLD]GNXHOHNWU\F]Q\PQLHPD
QDSL FLD
:áR \üZW\F]N SU]HZRGX
]DVLODM FHJRGRJQLD]GND
6SUDZG]LüGRPRZ LQVWDODFM
HOHNWU\F]Q
867(5.$
02 /,:(35=<&=<1<
52=:, =$1,(
&]HUZRQD
ODPSNDFDá\
F]DVVL ZLHFL
GRW\F]\QLHNWy
U\FKPRGHOL
1LHSUDZLGáRZR]DPNQL WRGU]ZL
]DPUD DUNL
'U]ZL]DPUD DUNLE\á\]E\WGáXJR
RWZDUWH
3U]HVWDZLRQRWHUPRVWDWQDQL V]
WHPSHUDWXU
:áR RQR ZLH HSURGXNW\
:DUVWZDV]URQXMHVW]E\WGX D
=DPNQ üGU]ZL/DPSND]JD
QLHSRNLONXJRG]LQDFK
2GPUR]LüXU] G]HQLH
%UDNR ZLHWOH
QLDZHZQ WU]
QHJRÄ+´
8U] G]HQLHMHVWRGá F]RQHRG]D
VLODQLDHOHNWU\F]QHJR
:JQLD]GNXHOHNWU\F]Q\PQLHPD
QDSL FLD
6SDOLáDVL DUyZND
:áR \üZW\F]N SU]HZRGX
]DVLODM FHJRGRJQLD]GND
6SUDZG]LüGRPRZ LQVWDODFM
HOHNWU\F]Q
:NU FLüQRZ DUyZN
3URGXNW\Z
FKáRG]LDUFH
XOHJDM ]DPUR
HQLX
5HJXODWRUWHPSHUDWXU\XVWDZLRQRZ
QLHZáD FLZHMSR]\FML
3URGXNW\GRW\NDM W\OQHM FLDQNL
FKáRG]LDUNL
=PLHQLüSRáR HQLHUHJXODWRUD
WHPSHUDWXU\
3U]HáR \üSURGXNW\
6SU DUNDSUD
FXMHFDá\F]DV
5HJXODWRUWHPSHUDWXU\XVWDZLRQRZ
QLHZáD FLZHMSR]\FML
1LHGRPNQL WHGU]ZL
'U]ZLRWZLHUDQH]E\WF] VWR
:áR RQRMHGQRUD]RZRGX LOR ü
SURGXNWyZ
5HJXODWRUWHPSHUDWXU\MHVWXVWD
ZLRQ\ZQLHZáD FLZ\PSRáR HQLX
=PLHQLüSRáR HQLHUHJXODWRUD
WHPSHUDWXU\
=DPNQ üGU]ZL
8QLNDüF] VWHJRRWZLHUDQLD
GU]ZL
2GF]HNDüD XU] G]HQLHZUy
FLGRQRUPDOQHMSUDF\
-HVWWRQRUPDOQH
=PLHQLüSRáR HQLHUHJXODWRUD
WHPSHUDWXU\
=E\WGX DLOR ü
V]URQX
5HJXODWRUWHPSHUDWXU\XVWDZLRQRZ
QLHZáD FLZHMSR]\FML
1LHGRPNQL WHGU]ZL
'U]ZLRWZLHUDQH]E\WF] VWR
=PLHQLüSRáR HQLHUHJXODWRUD
WHPSHUDWXU\
=DPNQ üGU]ZL
8QLNDüF] VWHJRRWZLHUDQLD
GU]ZL
'U]ZLQLH]DP\
NDM VL
8U] G]HQLHMHVWQLHZáD FLZLHZ\
SR]LRPRZDQH
1LHGRNáDGQLHZVXQL WHSURGXNW\OXE
V]XIODG\
:\SR]LRPRZDü
:VXQ üV]XIODG\LSU]HVXQ ü
SURGXNW\
1RUPDOQHRGJáRV\SRGF]DV
SUDF\FKáRG]LDUNR]DPUD DUNL
UHJXODWRUWHPSHUDWXU\
PRJ Z\VW SLü RGJáRV\ S NDQLD
SRGF]DVZá F]DQLDZ\á F]DQLDVL
WHUPRVWDWX
V\VWHPFKáRG] F\
PR HZ\VW SLüRGJáRVEXOJRWDQLD
NLHG\ F]\QQLN FKáRGQLF]\ SU]H
PLHV]F]D VL Z XNáDG]LH FKáRGQL
F]\P
VSU DUND
PRJ Z\VW SLü RGJáRV\ UR]FL JD
QLDVWXNRWDQLD
L]RODFMD
PRJ Z\VW SLü RGJáRV\ S NDQLD
OXEWU]DVNL
: SU]\SDGNX ZH]ZDQLD WHFKQLND ]
DXWRU\]RZDQHJR ]DNáDGX VHUZLVRZHJR
QDOH \SRGDüPRGHORUD]QXPHUVHU\M
Q\ 3D VWZD XU] G]HQLD ,QIRUPDFMH WH
XPLHV]F]RQH V QD WDEOLF]FH ]QDPLR
QRZHMZNRPRU]HFKáRG]LDUNLSROHZHM
VWURQLH]DSRMHPQLNLHPQDZDU]\ZD
.RV]W\ EH]]DVDGQHJR ZH]ZDQLD VHU
ZLVXSRNU\ZD.OLHQW
: WURVFH R VWDáH XGRVNRQDODQLH QD
V]\FK Z\UREyZ ]DVWU]HJDP\ VRELH
SUDZRGRZSURZDG]DQLD]PLDQNRQ
VWUXNF\MQ\FK L WHFKQLF]Q\FK XU]
G]HQLD ,QVWUXNFMD GRW\F]\ NLONX
ZHUVML XU] G]HQLD ] Uy Q\P Z\SR
VD HQLHPLIXQNFMDPL
EP
Wyszukiwarka
Podobne podstrony:
więcej podobnych podstron