18 Arabic Grammar

18

3

APPENDIX B: A BRIEF JOURNEY

THROUGH ARABIC GRAMMAR

You will cover the basics of the following topics in this Part.

1. Subject and Predicate………………………… 19
2. Masculine and Feminine Genders…………… 20
3. Numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural……… 22
4. Adjective and its Noun………………………… 23
5. The Possessive Case or Genitive………………24
6. Interrogatives ………………………… ……… 26
7. Pronouns………………………………………… 26
8. The Prepositions…………………………………29
9. Subject, Verb, and Object………………………30
10. The Tense…………………………………………31

10a. Past Tense ………………………………… 31
10b. Imperfect Tense ………………… ……… 34
10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative…… 37

10d. Derived Forms of the verb ……………… 42

19 Arabic Grammar

19

1. Subject and Predicate

¦»Â¦¾¬¦÷

Allah is creator.
Muhammad (peace be upon him, pbuh) is prophet.
Tariq is Mujahid (one who struggles)

The sentences like these are composed of a subject and a predicate which are called

¦¾¬¦÷

and

¦»

in Arabic. To translate such sentences into Arabic, just put Tanveen (

Æ

) on each of these

words (in case they are singular masculine). Tanveen (

Æ

) is also known as double pesh or

double dhammah.

Allah is creator.

êó¢»É…Ȧ

Muhammad (pbuh) is Prophet.

Ž¦û¾ø¸÷

Tariq is a Mujahid.

¾ÿ¢´÷Ƽʰ¢Š×

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 1 ************************

creator

êó¢»

prophet

Ž¦û

one who

¾ÿ¢´÷

struggles

house

ª¥

big

ZŽ¦Šï

mg. slave

¾¦ß

pious

¶ó¢Ï

truthful

Ƽʮ¢Ï

religion

úÊ®

one

¾·¦ÈÂ

scholar

öó¢ß

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 1 =======================

Using the words and their meanings given above, translate the following sentences into English.
The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.

The house is big.

ZŽ¦Šïª¦’óȦ

The slave is pious.

¶ó¢Ï¾¦à’ó¦

The Muslim is truthful.

Ƽʮ¢ÏöôÈø’óȦ

Islam is a religion.

úʮɿ¢ŠôÇ¢’óȦ

Allah is one.

¾·¦ÈÂɅȦ

Javeed is a scholar

öó¢ß¾Ê¢³

20 Arabic Grammar

20

2. Masculine and Feminine Genders

®ûš÷ÈÂÂMïŠÀ÷

You must have heard the Arabic names, for e.g.,

ˆòø³

for a boy and

ˆ¨Šôø³

for a girl. There

lies the rule. Just put

¨

at the end of a masculine (singular) word to make it feminine (singular).

For example,

ˆ¨ïȯ ïȯ

ˆ¨¸ó¢Ï

¶ó¢Ïƨ¾Ë¦È° ¾Ë¦È°

ˆ¨ü÷š÷ ú÷š÷ ƨ¾Ž¥¢ß ¾Ž¥¢ß

¨¾ó¢» ¾ó¢»

Notes:
1. Arabic has two genders, i.e., masculine gender and feminine gender. There is no common

gender in Arabic.

2. A common sign of a feminine word is

¨

(in general) as the last letter of the word.

3. To make a specific reference, we put

̾Ȧ

in front of a common noun in Arabic just as we put

"the" in front of a common noun in English. When

̾Ȧ

is attached to an Arabic word, we

remove one of

É

(dhamma or pesh) from the two

Æ

(Tanveen or double pesh). For

example,

ɾÇÂóȦ ƾÇÈ° ÉÀŠ¢Èû¢’óȦ ÆÀ¢Èûʦ

¾ø¸’óȦ ¾ø·

4. Occasionally, the prefix

̾Ȧ

is used to imply generality also. For e.g.,

À¢Èû¢’óȦ

(the human

being).

5. If the

¦¾º¬¦÷

(subject) is feminine, then its

¦º»

(predicate) will also be feminine.

For example,

¶ó¢ÏɧŠ¢’óȦ

ˆ¨¸ó¢ÏN¿Œ¢’óȦ

Additional rules for making feminine gender of dual and plural nouns are given in the following
lesson.

21 Arabic Grammar

21

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 2 ************************

mg. small

ZäÏ

fg. small

ƨZäÏ

mg. big

ZŽ¦Šï

fg. big

ƨZŽ¦Šï

mg. intelligent

ïȯ

uncle (father's brother)

öß

aunt (father's sister)

ˆ¨øß

uncle (mother's brother)

ƾ¢»

aunt (mother's sister)

ˆ¨Šó¢»

mg. truthful

Ƽʮ¢Ï

brother

ƭȦ

mg. worshipper

¾Ž¥¢ß

fg. worshipper

ƨ¾Ž¥¢ß

mg. beautiful

ˆòø³

fg. beautiful

ˆ¨Šôø³

son

ú¥Ê¦

daughter

ªüŽ¥

father

ƧȦ

mother

K¿É¦

sister

ª»É¦

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 2 =======================

Find out the masculine and feminine words in the following sentences and translate them into
English. The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.

The son is beautiful.

ˆòø³ú¥¢’óȦ

The daughter is beautiful.

ˆ¨Šôø³ªüŽ¦’óȦ

The father is pious.

¶ó¢ÏɧŠ¢’óȦ

The mother is pious.

ˆ¨¸ó¢ÏN¿Œ¢’óȦ

The uncle is big.

ZŽ¦Šïöà’óȦ

The aunt is big.

ƨZŽ¦ŠïŒ¨øà’óȦ

The brother is intelligent.

ï¯É­Š¢’óȦ

The sister is intelligent.

ˆ¨ïȯª»Œ¢’óȦ

The uncle is truthful.

Ƽʮ¢Ïɾ¢¼’óȦ

The aunt is truthful.

ˆ¨ŠëÊ®¢ÏŒ¨Šó¢¼’óȦ

The son is small.

ZäÏú¥Žœ’óȦ

The daughter is small.

ƨZäϪüŽ¦’óȦ

22 Arabic Grammar

22

3. Numbers: Singular, Dual and Plural

Þø³¨Žü’°«¾·¦ÈÂ

There are specific rules in Arabic for making singular, dual, and plural forms of a word. (Yes,
dual is a separate and distinct Number in Arabic). There are two types of plurals in Arabic.

Solid Plural (

öó¢ºÇÞf

) and Broken Plural (

ZÊȒð«Þf

). The plural form depends upon the

context in which it is used, as shown below (for the Solid Plural case only):

'Aaraab forms

↓

Plural

Dual

Singular

Gender

¸ŒçÂ÷

with Dhamma (

É

- );

ÈÀøôÈ÷ ÊÀ¢øôÈ÷

öôÈ÷

mg.

when used as subject

Ç©¢øôÈ÷ ÊÀ¢¬øôÈ÷ ˆ¨øôÈ÷

fg.

§Ðü÷

with Fatha (

È

- );

Ž[øôÈ÷

ŽúøôÈ÷

öôÈ÷

mg.

when used as object

Ç©¢øôÈ÷ Žú¬øôÈ÷ †¨øôÈ÷

fg.

°Ì´÷

with Kasra (

Ê

- );

Ž[øôÈ÷

ŽúøôÈ÷

‰öôÈ÷

mg.

when the noun is
used with preposition

Ç©¢øôÈ÷ Žú¬øôÈ÷ ¨øôÈ÷

fg.

******************* Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 3 *******************

Try to practice the rules of making dual and plural by reproducing the above table for the
following words (both for masculine and feminine case):

hypocrite

êç¢ü÷

believer

ú÷š÷

disbeliever

Â碊ï

patient

Ž¥¢Ï

helper

ÂÏ¢û

worshipper

¾Ž¥¢ß

scholar

öó¢ß

one who struggles

¾ÿ¢´÷

one who
remembers

Âï¦È¯

pious

¶ó¢Ï

killer

ˆò«¢Šë

truthful

Ƽʮ¢Ï

protector

ˆÚ碷

one who prostrates

¾Ž³¢Ç

prophet

Ž¦û

23 Arabic Grammar

23

4. Adjective and its Noun

»Ï÷¨ŠèÏ

Look at the following phrases and their translations:

a true Muslim

Ƽʮ¢ÏöôÈ÷

a pious person

¶ó¢Ïˆò³È°

a small book

ZäÏƧ¢¬ï

a trustworthy uncle

[÷Ȧƾ¢»

a big mosque

ZŽ¦Šï¾Ž´È÷

a beautiful house

ˆòø³ª¥

These phrases are said to be composed of

¨ººŠèÏ

(adjective) and

»Ï÷

(the noun of the

adjective). To translate these into Arabic, just reverse the order of the words (Muslim

öôÈ÷

and

then true

¼Ê®¢ººÏ

) and put tanveen (

Æ

) on each of them. The tanveen could be

Å

or

Ç

or

Æ

depending upon the context in which this phrase is used.

The rules are similar to those of

¦»¦¾¬¦÷

(subject and predicate) except that in case of

¨ŠèÏ

»Ï÷Â

:

1: The order of the words is reversed; and

2: If the first word is attached with

̾Ȧ

, then the second will also have

̾Ȧ

attached to it.

For e.g., using the same phrases given above, we will have:

the true Muslim

ɼʮ¢Ð’ó¦öôÈø’óȦ

the pious person

¶ó¢Ð’ó¦Œò³Â’óȦ

the small book

ZäВó¦É§¢¬ð’óȦ

the trustworthy uncle

[÷Š¢’ó¦É¾¢¼’óȦ

the big mosque

ZŽ¦Šð’󦾎´Èø’óȦ

the beautiful house

Œòø´’󦪦’óȦ

And remember, as in case of

¦»¦¾¬¦÷

(subject and predicate), if the first word is feminine,

the second should also be feminine. Further, if the first word is dual or plural, the second should
also be dual or plural in number, i.e, the two words should agree in gender and number with
respect to each other. For example:

the true Muslim
man

ɼʮ¢Ð’ó¦öôÈø’óȦ

the true Muslim
woman

Œ¨ŠëÊ®¢Ð’󦌨øôÈø’óȦ

the true
Muslim men

ÈÀŒëÊ®¢Ð’ó¦ÈÀøôÈø’óȦ

the true
Muslim
women

É©¢ŠëÊ®¢Ð’ó¦É©¢øôÈø’óȦ

24 Arabic Grammar

24

==================== Exercises for Lesson No. 4 ====================

Try to translate the following sentences and phrases. Notice the difference in Arabic construction

for a simple sentence (

¦»È¦¾¬¦÷

) and for adjective and its

noun (

»Ï÷ȨŠèÏ

).

The house is big.

ZŽ¦Šïª¦’óȦ

the big house

ZŽ¦Šð’󦪦’óȦ

The slave is
pious.

¶ó¢Ï¾¦à’óȦ

the pious slave

¶ó¢Ð󦾦à’óȦ

The Muslim is
truthful.

Ƽʮ¢ÏöôÈø’óȦ

the truthful
Muslim

ɼʮ¢Ðó¦öôÈø’óȦ

The path is
straight.

öì¬È÷ɶ¦ÂÐóȦ

the straight path

öì¬Èø’ó¦É¶¦ÂÐóȦ

The uncle is
pious.

¶ó¢Ïöà’óȦ

the pious uncle

¶ó¢Ðó¦öàóȦ

The aunt is pious.

ˆ¨¸ó¢ÏŒ¨Šó¢¼’óȦ

the pious aunt

Œ¨¸ó¢Ð󦌨Šó¢¼’óȦ

5. The Possessive Case or Genitive

þŠó¤»¢Ô÷»¢Ô÷

Look at the following phrases and their translations:

the creation of Allah

ʅ¦ê’ô»

the house of Allah

ʅ¦ª¥

the nation of Hud

Ç®ÿÉ¿Šë

the call of the prophet

ʾÇÂó¦É¨ßÈ®

the command of the
Qur'an

ÊÀ¡ÂŒì’ó¦ö’ð·

the creation of Allah

ʅ¦ê’ô»

Notes:

1. To convey the meanings of "of," we place Dhammah or pesh (

É

- ) on the first word and

double kasra (

Ç

- ) on the second word.

2. As usual, if the second word has

¾È¢

attached with it, then instead of double kasra

(

Ç

- ), we will have single kasra (

Ê

- ) on the second word.

3. The first noun

꺒ô»

in the sentence

ʅ¦ê’ô»

is called

»¢Ô÷

. The second noun

ʅ¦

is

called

þ󤻢Ô÷

, which should always be a proper noun.

25 Arabic Grammar

25

4. In Arabic the construction of

»¢Ô÷

and

þ󤻢Ô÷

automatically takes care of the " 's "

or "of" (Allah's creation OR the creation of Allah) as shown in the above examples.

5. The construction of

»¢ººÔ÷

and

þ󤻢Ô÷

automatically implies specific person or

thing. Therefore, 'the' is always added in English translation of this phrase.

*********************** Vocabulary for Lesson No. 5 ***********************

grance

ˆòԊç

rebellion

ÆÀ¢äŒ×

the people

ɲ¢üóȦ

house

Æ°¦È®

hereafter

ƨ»¡

food

Æ¿¢àŠ×

sinner

ö¯È¦

day

Æ¿

judgement

úÊ®

to establish

ˆ¨÷¢Šëʤ

the prayer

ɨ¢ŠôÐóȦ

to obey

ˆ¨ß¢Š×ʤ

parents

Žú¾ó¦ÊÂ

earth

Ƶ̰Ȧ

words

Æ¿¢ŠôŠï

way, system

ˆ¨üÇ

messenger

ƾÇÈ°

doubt

¤È°

human being

ÆÀ¢Èûʦ

remembrance

’ïʯ

the most

úø·È°

beneficent

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 5 =======================

Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.

the establishment of
prayer

ʨ¢ŠôÐ󦌨÷¢Šëʤ

the words of Allah

ʅ¦É¿¢ŠôŠï

the obedience to
parents

Žú¾ó¦’󦌨ߢŠ×ʤ

the book of Allah

ʅ¦É§Š¢¬ï

the earth of Allah

ʅ¦ÉµÌ°È¢

the way of the
messenger

ʾÇÂ󦌨üÇ

the rebellion of the
people

ʲ¢üó¦ÉÀ¢äŒ×

the doubt of the
human being

ÊÀ¢ÈûŽœ’ó¦¤È°

the house of the
hereafter

ʨ»–’ó¦É°¦È®

the remembrance of
the most Beneficent.

úø·Âó¦Â’ïʯ

the food of the
sinner

Žö¯Š˜’ó¦É¿¢àŠ×

the grace of Allah

ʅ¦ŒòԊç

the house of Hamid

¾÷¢·ª¥

the day of judgement

Žú¾ó¦É¿

26 Arabic Grammar

26

6. Interrogatives

¿¢ è¬Ç¦©¦Â®¢

When

Where

Why

How much, How many

Is? Am? Are? Do?

Have?

¦

U÷

úȦ
¦È¯¢øó
öŠï
È¢òÿ

Who

What

Which (masculine)

Which (feminine)

How

ú÷
¢÷¦È¯¢÷
NÄȦ
ˆ¨È¦
æŠï

7. Pronouns

Ÿ¢øÓ

7a. Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronoun

¾Ïø’ó¦öÇʦ

Demonstrative Pronoun

¨È°¢Ë¢’ó¦öÇʦ

Num-
ber

Gen-
der

(The one)
who

ÄÀMóȦ

That

îó

¦

¯

This

¦Àÿ

sr.

(The two)
who

ÊÀ¦ŠÀMóȦ

Those
(two)

îŽû

¦

¯

These
(two)

ÊÀ¦ŠÀÿ

dl.

mg.

(Those)
who

úÀMóȦ

Those
(more
than two)

î óÂɦ

These
(more
than two)

 šÿ

pl.

(The one)
who

¬MóȦ

That

î’ô«

This

ÊÁÀÿ

sr.

(The two)
who

ÊÀ¢¬MóȦ

Those
(two)

îŽû¢«

These
(two)

ÊÀ¢«¢ÿ

dl.

fg.

(Those)
who

«¢MóȦ

Those
(more
than two)

î óÂɦ

These
(more
than two)

 šÿ

pl.

27 Arabic Grammar

27

7b. Personal and Possessive Pronouns

Examples

on pronouns

Possessive

Pronouns

Personal

Pronouns

No.

Gen-

der

Per-

son

his
book



þ¥¢¬Šï

his

Á

he

ÿ

sr.

their
house

¢ø ¬¥

their
(of
two)

¢øÿ

they
two

¢øÿ

dl.

mg.

their
belief

ö û¢{ʦ

their

öÿ

they

öÿ

pl.

3rd

her
mother

¢ ÷ɦ

her

¢ÿ

she

ÿ

sr.

person

their
house

¢ø ¬¥

their
(of
two)

¢øÿ

they
two

¢øÿ

dl.

fg.

their
house

ú ¬¥

their

úÿ

they

úÿ

pl.

your
book

¬ï

your

Ƚ

you

ªûȦ

sr.

your
house

¢øŒð¬¥

your
(of
two)

¢øŒï

you
two

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

your
me-
ssenger

öŒðŒóÇÈ°

you

öŒï

you all

ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

your
house



your

ʽ

you

ªûȦ

sr.

person

your
book

¢øŒð¥¢¬ï

your
(of
two)

¢øŒï

you
two

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

your
house

úŒð¬¥

your

úŒï

you all

ú¬ûȦ

pl.

my
book

gave me
rizq

Ž¥¢¬ï
ŽüŠë±È°

my

me

Ä

Žû

I

¢ûȦ

sr.

mg.

fg.

1st

our
book

¢ü¥¢¬ï

our

¢û

we

ú¸û

dl.,

pl.

mg.,

fg.

person

NOTE: Memorize these pronouns thoroughly because they occur quite often in the Qur'an.

28 Arabic Grammar

28

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 7 ************************

Companions

Ƨ¢¸ÏȦ

Shop

ÆÀ¢MïÉ®

from

ú÷

son

ú¥¦

hearing

ÞøÇ

relatives

ˆòÿȦ

I helped

É©ÂÐû

Sustainer, Lord

K§È°

and

ÈÂ

for

ȾÊ¾

Verily

MÀʦ

tongue

À¢Èó

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 7 =======================

He is a Muslim.

öôÈ÷ÿ

You are a scholar.

öó¢ßªûȦ

I am a believer.

ú÷š÷¢ûȦ

She is righteous.

ˆ¨¸ó¢Ïÿ

your tongue

öŒðû¢Èó

for him



þŠó

my son

Žü¥Ê¦

towards me

Šóʦ

I helped him



þ«ÂÐû

towards them
(females)

úŽ Šóʦ

from you

îü÷

for us

¢üŠó

towards us

¢üóʦ

verily you (males)

öŒðûʦ

towards them
(males)

öŽ Šóʦ

your hearing

öŒðàøÇ

from you

îü÷

verily we

¢üûʦ

our Lord

¢ü¥È°

my house

´

your Lord

öŒð¥È°

for them

¢ø Šó

our messenger

¢üŒóÇÈ°

my relatives

ôÿȦ

29 Arabic Grammar

29

8. The Preposition

³»Â·

Prepositions

Examples of Prepositions / usage

in

ç

from

ú÷

on

¦

Šôß

like

Ƚ

about

úß

with

ʧ

for

ʾ

towards

¦

Šóʦ

until

¦

¬·

by (of oath)

ÈÂ

in a house

ª¥ç

We read from the Qur'an.

ÊÀ¡ÂŒì’ó¦ú÷¢û̢Šë

on a mountain

‰ò¦³Šôß

like a man

‰ò³ÂŠï

I heard

¾Ž´Èø’ó¦çʨŠôÐó¦ŽúߪàøÇ

about Prayer in the Masjid

I enetered with security

Ç¿¢ŠôȎ¥ª’ô»È®

for people

ʲ¢üôó

towards a city

¾Šô¥Šóʦ

until the day-break

ŽÂ´Šè’ó¦ŽÞŠô’Ø÷¬·

By Allah

ʅ¦ÈÂ

Rules of using Prepositions:

1. These words are used as connectors.

2. When these words are used with a proper noun, then a double kasrah ( -

Ç

), is placed on the

last letter of word (or a single kasra, -

Ê

in case

¾È¦

is attached with it).

30 Arabic Grammar

30

9. Subject

’òߢŠç

, Verb

òàŠç

, and Object

¾à’è÷

In general, in an Arabic sentence, the verb comes first, followed by the subject and the object. A

Double Dhammah or tanveen ( -

Æ

) is placed on the subject and double fathah ( -

Å

) is placed on

the object. Look at the following examples:

Hameed read the Qur'an.

¢û

¦

¢ÂŒë¾ø·È¢ÂŠë

Iqbal wrote a book.

¢¥¢¬ïƾ¢¦’ëʦ¤¬Šï

In the first sentence, read is the verb, Hameed is the subject, and the Qur'an is the object. In the
second one, wrote is the verb, Iqbal is the subject, and a book is the object.

************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 9 *************************

read

ȢŠë

wrote

¤¬Šï

cheated

ȸ¾»

made

Šòà³

separated

ȼŠç

water

Æ ¢÷

created

êŠô»

collected

Þø³

wealth, means

ƾ¢÷

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 9 =======================

Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your

answers.

Allah made Muhammad
(pbuh) a messenger.

¢†óÇM°¦¾ø¸÷Ʌ¦Šòà³

Allah created the people.

Ȳ¢üó¦É…¦êŠô»

Allah revealed the book.

¢¥¢¬ïɅ¦È¾ÄûȦ

The Satan cheacter the
man.

ÈÀ¢Èû¢’ó¦ÉÀ¢ŠØÌó¦È¸¾»

We parted the sea.

¸¦’ó¦¢ü’ëŠç

Note: When a word is attached with

̾Ȣ

then one of two fathah ( -

È

) , kasrah ( -

Ê

) or dhammah (

-

É

) in a tanveen ( -

Å

-

Ç

or -

Æ

) are dropped. For example, as shown in the above sentences,

Ƽʰ¢ºŠ×

has double dhammah, whereas

ÉÀ¢ŠØÌóȦ

has one dhammah since

̾Ȧ

is attached with

ÆÀ¢ŠØË

. Similarly,

¢†óÇÈ°

has double fathah, whereas

¸¦’óȦ

has only one fathah.

31 Arabic Grammar

31

10. Tense

10a. The Past Tense

Ó¢÷òàç

Past Tense

Ó¢÷

Possessive

Pronouns

Personal

Pronouns

No.

Gen-

der

Per-

son

he did

ŠòàŠç



Á

ÿ

sr.

they two
did

ŠàŠç

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

mg.

they all
did

¦ŒôàŠç

öÿ

öÿ

pl.

3rd

she did

ªŠôàŠç

¢ÿ

ÿ

sr.

person

they two
did

¢¬ŠôàŠç

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

fg.

they all
did

ú’ôàŠç

úÿ

úÿ

pl.

you did

ª’ôàŠç

Ƚ

ªûȦ

sr.

you two
did

¢ø¬’ôàŠç

¢øŒï

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

you all
did

ö¬’ôàŠç

öŒï

ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

you did

ª’ôàŠç

ʽ

ªûȦ

sr.

person

you two
did

¢ø¬’ôàŠç

¢øŒï

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

you all
did

ú¬’ôàŠç

úŒï

ú¬ûȦ

pl.

I did

ª’ôàŠç

Ä

¢ûȦ

sr.

mg.

fg.

1st

We did

¢ü’ôàŠç

¢û

ú¸û

dl.,

pl.

mg.,

fg.

person

Gender: mg.: Masculine gender;

fg.: Feminine gender

Number: sr.: Singular; dl..: Dual; pl.: Plural (n)

32 Arabic Grammar

32

Try to practice the pronouns and past tense by repeating the conjugation table using the following
words. This will greatly help you in getting yourself familiarized with the verb forms. Is it not
worth repeating it 10 to 15 times so that you can remember it for the rest of your life? It certainly
is! Learning and practicing them for the sake of understanding Qur'an is one of the best worship
for which you will be abundantly rewarded by Allah, inshaAllah.

************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a *************************

he did

ŠòàŠç

he wrote

¤¬Šï

he read

ȢŠë

he helped

ÂÐû

he hit,

ȧÂÓ

gave example

he demanded

¤ŠôŠ×

he went

¤ÿȯ

he killed

Šò¬Šë

he made

Šòà³

he opened

¶¬Šç

he entered

Šò»È®

he drank

ȧŽÂË

he found

¾³ÈÂ

he refused

ŠèŠï

he joined

ŠòÏÈÂ

he created

êŠô»

he sent

Š®à¥

he provided rizq

ȼȱȰ

====================== Exercises for Lesson No. 10a =======================

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The English translation is provided for you to check your
answers.

mg. dl. they opened

¢¸¬Šç

mg. pl. you did

ö¬’ôàŠç

mg. pl. they did

¦ŒôàŠç

mg./fg. dl. you two did

¢ø¬’ôàŠç

mg. dl. they two did

¢ŠôàŠç

mg. you did

ª’ôàŠç

fg. she did

ªŠôàŠç

fg. pl. they did

ú’ôàŠç

mg. pl. you went

ö¬¦ÿȯ

mg./fg. dl. you two helped

¢ø«ÂÐû

mg. pl. they wrote

¦¦¬Šï

mg. you helped

È©ÂÐû

mg./fg. dl. you two opened

¢ø¬¸¬Šç

mg. pl. you demanded

ö¬¦ŠôŠ×

mg. dl. they two wrote

¢¦¬Šï

mg. pl. they demanded

¦¦ŠôŠ×

mg. you went

ª¦ÿȯ

mg./fg. dl. they two

¢ø¬¦ŠôŠ×

demanded

mg. pl. you wrote

ö¬¦¬Šï

33 Arabic Grammar

33

mg. you demanded

ª¦ŠôŠ×

fg. dl. they two helped

¢«ÂÐû

mg./fg. dl. you two went

¢ø¬¦ÿȯ

mg. pl. you helped

ö«ÂÐû

fg. you wrote

ª¦¬Šï

mg. he wrote

¤¬Šï

mg. pl. you opened

ö¬¸¬Šç

fg. dl. they two hit

¢¬¥ÂÓ

mg. pl. they went

¦¦ÿȯ

mg. you opened

ª¸¬Šç

mg./fg. dl. you two wrote

¢ø¬¦¬Šï

mg. pl. they opened

¦¸¬Šç

mg. you demanded

ª¦ŠôŠ×

mg. dl. they two went

¢¦ÿȯ

mg. pl. they hit

¦¥ÂÓ

Active and Passive Voices

¾ ´÷»ÂÂà÷

You already know that

ŠòàŠç

means (he) did. To make passive voice of this, you have to write it

as

ŠòàŒç

which means (it) is done. Further examples are given below.

mg. pl. you created

ö¬’ìŠô»

mg. he killed

Šò¬Šë

mg. pl. you were created

ö¬’ìô»

mg. he was killed

Šò¬Œë

Mg. pl. they demanded

¦¦ŠôŠ×

mg. he sent

Š®à¥

I sent

ª’°à¥

we provided

¢ü’ëȱȰ

mg. pl. they provided

¦ŒëȱȰ

mg. pl. they were demanded

¦¦ôŒ×

mg. he was sent

Š®à¥

I was sent

ª’°à¥

we were provided

¢ü’ëʱɰ

mg. pl. they were provided

¦Œëʱɰ

Important Note: Always be careful in placing A'araab (fathah, kasrah, or dhammah) on different
parts of a sentence. A little change in these A'araab may lead to a completely different message.
The tense may change from active to passive or the object may be changed to subject. In some
cases, the sentence may not make any sense at all.

34 Arabic Grammar

34

10b. The Present (and Future) Tense

̸ʰ¢Ô÷òàç

Present Tense

¸°¢Ô÷

Possessive

Pronouns

Personal

Pronouns

No.

Gen-

der

Per-

son

he does

Œòà’è



Á

ÿ

sr.

they do.

ÊÀŠà’è

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

mg.

they do

ÈÀŒôà’è

öÿ

öÿ

pl.

3rd

she does.

Œòà’è«

¢ÿ

ÿ

sr.

person

they do.

ÊÀŠà’è«

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

fg.

they do.

ú’ôà’è

úÿ

úÿ

pl.

you do

Œòà’è«

Ƚ

ªûȦ

sr.

you do

ÊÀŠà’è«

¢øŒï

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

you do

ÈÀŒôà’è«

öŒï

ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

you do

[ôà’è«

ʽ

ªûȦ

sr.

person

you do

ÊÀŠà’è«

¢øŒï

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

you do

ú’ôà’è«

úŒï

ú¬ûȦ

pl.

I do

Œòà’çȦ

Ä

¢ûȦ

sr.

mg.

fg.

1st

We do

Œòà’èû

¢û

ú¸û

dl.,

pl.

mg.,

fg.

person

Gender:

mg: Masculine gender;

fg: Feminine gender

Number:

sr.: Singular;

dl.: Dual; pl: Plural (n)

35 Arabic Grammar

35

IMPORTANT NOTE:

¸°¢Ô÷

actually is the Imperfect Tense and refers to an action which

is incomplete at the time to which reference is being made. It refers to the present tense in

general. It becomes Future tense by addition of the prefix

Ȳ

or the particle

È»Ç

before the

¸°¢Ô÷

forms.

****************** Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 10b ******************

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.

mg. dl. they two drink

ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ

mg. he collects

Þø´

I know

öŠôßȦ

I open

¶¬’çȦ

fg. sr. you collect

Þø´«

mg. pl. they thank

ÈÀÂŒðÌ

mg. pl. they disbelieve

ÈÀÂŒè’ð

I worship

¾¦ßȦ

mg. you know

öŠôà«

we don't hear

ÞøÈû¢Šó

fg. pl. you make

ú’ôà´«

mg. dl. you two drink

ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ«

fg. dl. they two drink

ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ«

mg. dl. you two make

ÊÀ¢Šôà´«

fg. dl. they two make

ÊÀ¢Šôà´«

pl. we worship

¾¦àû

mg. pl. they recite

ÈÀŒô¬

mg. pl. you recite

ÈÀŒô¬«

mg. they don't know

ÈÀøŠôࢊó

I don't disbelieve

Œè’ïȦ¢Šó

And they will not grieve.

ÈÀûĸöÿ¢ŠóÈÂ

They hear the words of Allah.

ʅ¦È¿¢ŠôŠïÈÀàøÈ

I do not worhsip what you worship.

ÈÀ¾¦à«¢÷¾¦ßȦ¢Šó

We do not worship except Allah.

ȅ¦¢Móʦ¾¦àû¢Šó

They believe in Allah and His
messenger.

¦

þóÇÈ°ÈÂʅ¢¥ÈÀü÷š

36 Arabic Grammar

36

Active and Passive Voice:

As you have seen earlier,

ŠòàŠç

is made passive by writing

ŠòàŒç

for verbs in past tense. However,

in case of present tense,

Œòà’è

is made passive by writing it as

Œòà’è

, i.e., first letter will have

dhammah / pesh (

É

- ) and the third letter will have fathah (

È

- ). The remaining letters will have

the same A'araab as in the case of active voice.

Concentrate on the following examples:

he drinks

ɧÂÌ

they (all, mg) help

ÈÀÂÂÐü

you (mg) ask

ɾŠ˜È«

he is made / given to drink

ɧÂÌ

they (all, mg) are helped

ÈÀÂÂÐü

you (mg) are asked

ɾŠ˜È«

************************* Vocabulary & Exercises ****************************

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.

they understand

ÈÀ Šì’è

they cut

ÈÀàŠØ’ì

they (women) are
asked

ú’ôŠ È

they will not
asked

ÈÀŒóŠ˜È«¢Šó

they do not fear

ÈÀŒç¢¼¢Šó

they

ÈÀŒô ´

(it) is opened.

¶¬’è

they are killed

ÈÀŒô¬’ì

they do not cut

ÈÀàŠØ’좊ó

you understand

ö ’è«

you are provided.

ÈÀŒëȱ«

you are helped

ÈÀÂÂÐü«

you are provided.

ÈÀŒëȱ«

you are helped

ÈÀÂÂÐü«

37 Arabic Grammar

37

10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative

ûÂÂ÷È¢

You can order only to the person in front of you (2

nd

person). Therefore, the imperative and

negative forms for only the 2

nd

person are provided below.

Negative
Imperative

û

Imperative

Â÷Ȧ

Poss.

Prns.

Pers.

Prns.

No.

Gen-

der

Per-

son

Don't
do (it).

’òà’è«¢Šó

Do (it).

’òà’çʦ

Ƚ ªûȦ

sr.

Don't do
(it).

¢Šôà’è«¢Šó

(you two)
Do (it).

Šà’çʦ

¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

Don't
do (it).

¦Œôà’è«¢Šó

(you all)
Do (it).

¦Œôà’çʦ

öŒï ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

Don't do
(it).

ôà’è«¢Šó

Do (it).

ôà’çʦ

ʽ ªûȦ

sr.

person

Don't do
(it).

¢Šôà’è«¢Šó

(you two)
Do (it).

Šà’çʦ

¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

Don't do
(it).

ú’ôà’è«¢Šó

(you all)
Do (it).

ú’ôà’çʦ

úŒï ú¬ûȦ

pl.

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a ************************

to act, work

ˆòøß

to know

ö’ôß

to open, expand

ƬÂË

(he) separated, divided

ȼŠç

came near

ȧŠë

asked

ŠòŠ Ç

drank

ȧŽÂË

rode

¤ïÈ°

went

¤ÿȯ

38 Arabic Grammar

38

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 10c =======================

im. mg. sr. (you) Go

¤ÿ̯ʦ

im. mg. pl. Know.

¦øŠôßʦ

ni. mg./fg. dl. (You two)
Do not go near (it).

¢¥Â’ì«¢Šó

ni. mg. sr. Do not
do (it).

’òà’è«¢Šó

ni. fg. sr. Do not fear (it).

碼«¢Šó

ni. mg. sr. Do not
go.

¤ÿ’À«¢Šó

im. mg. sr. Open.

̬ÂËʦ

ni. mg. sr. Do not
make.

’òà´«¢Šó

im. mg. sr. (you) Say

՘Α

ni. mg. pl. Do not
say.

¦ŒóŒì«¢Šó

open up for me

ó̬ÂËʦ

(you two) don't
come near

¢¥Â’ì«¢Šó

(you all) drink

¦¥ŽÂËʦ

don't ask me

Žü’óŠ˜È«¢Šó

(you all) ride

¦¦Šḭ̈ʦ

and (you all)
listen

¦àøǦÈÂ

im. mg. sr. (you all) Say

¦ŒóŒë

ni. mg. pl. Do not
be divided.

¦ŒëŠ諢Šó

im. mg. sr. Be.

úŒï

ni. mg. pl. Do not
be.

¦ûŒð«¢Šó

IMPORTANT NOTE

All the verb forms of

ŠòºàŠç

that were taught in the previous lessons along with personal and

possessive pronouns are given in the table on the next page. Try to reproduce this table a couple

of times for different verbs such as:

Šò¬Šë¤ÿȯ¶¬ŠçÈ§ŽÂ˝ȧÂӝêŠèûÂŠèŠïöôߝŠòøß

¤ŠôŠ×Šò»È®¤¬ŠïŠòà³

.

39 Arabic Grammar

39

Conjugation table for the verb

ŠòàŠç

û

Â÷Ȧ

¸°¢Ô÷

Ó¢÷

Poss.
Prns.

Pers.

Prns.

No. Gen-

der

Per-

son

Œòà’è

ŠòàŠç



Á

ÿ

sr.

ÊÀŠà’è

ŠàŠç

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

mg.

ÈÀŒôà’è ¦ŒôàŠç

öÿ

öÿ

pl.

3rd

Œòà’è«

ªŠôàŠç

¢ÿ

ÿ

sr.

person

ÊÀŠà’è« ¢¬ŠôàŠç

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

fg.

ú’ôà’è

ú’ôàŠç

úÿ

úÿ

pl.

’òà’è«¢Šó ’òà’çʦ

Œòà’è«

ª’ôàŠç

Ƚ

ªûȦ

sr.

¢Šôà’è«¢Šó Šà’çʦ ÊÀŠà’è«

¢ø¬’ôàŠç ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

¦Œôà’è«¢Šó ¦Œôà’çʦ ÈÀŒôà’è«

ö¬’ôàŠç

öŒï ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

ôà’è«¢Šó ôà’çʦ [ôà’è«

ª’ôàŠç

ʽ

ªûȦ

sr.

person

¢Šôà’è«¢Šó Šà’çʦ ÊÀŠà’è«

¢ø¬’ôàŠç ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

ú’ôà’è«¢Šó ú’ôà’çʦ ú’ôà’è«

ú¬’ôàŠç

úŒï ú¬ûȦ

pl.

Œòà’çȦ

ª’ôàŠç

Ä

¢ûȦ

sr.

mg.

fg.

1st

Œòà’èû

¢ü’ôàŠç

¢û

ú¸û

dl.
pl.

mg.

fg.

person

40 Arabic Grammar

40

Conjugation table for the verb

ÈÀ¢Šï

û

Â÷Ȧ

¸°¢Ô÷

Ó¢÷

Poss.
Prns.

Pers.

Prns.

No. Gen-

der

Per-

son

ÉÀŒð

ÈÀ¢Šï



Á

ÿ

sr.

ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð

Š¢û¢Šï

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

mg.

ÈÀûŒð

¦û¢Šï

öÿ

öÿ

pl.

3rd

ÉÀŒð«

ªû¢Šï

¢ÿ

ÿ

sr.

person

ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð«

¢¬û¢Šï

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

fg.

úŒð

úŒï

úÿ

úÿ

pl.

úŒð«¢Šó

úŒï

ÉÀŒð«

ªüŒï

Ƚ

ªûȦ

sr.

Š¢ûŒð«¢Šó

Š¢ûŒï

ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð«

¢ø¬üŒï

¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

¦ûŒð«¢Šó

¦ûŒï

ÈÀûŒð«

ö¬üŒï

öŒï ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

ŽûŒð«¢Šó

ŽûŒï

[ŽûŒð«

ªüŒï

ʽ

ªûȦ

sr.

person

Š¢û𫢊ó

Š¢ûŒï

ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð«

¢ø¬üŒï

¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

úŒð«¢Šó

úŒï

úŒð«

ú¬üŒï

úŒï ú¬ûȦ

pl.

ÉÀŒïȦ

ªüŒï

Ä

¢ûȦ

sr.

mg.

fg.

1st

ÉÀŒðû

¢üŒï

¢û

ú¸û

dl.
pl.

mg.

fg.

person

The verb forms of

ÈÀ¢Šï

are extensively used in the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table a couple of

times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.

41 Arabic Grammar

41

Conjugation table for the verb

Ⱦ¢Šë

û

Â÷Ȧ

¸°¢Ô÷

Ó¢÷

Poss.
Prns.

Pers.

Prns.

No. Gen-

der

Per-

son

ɾŒì

Ⱦ¢Šë



Á

ÿ

sr.

ÊÀŠŒì

Š¢Šë

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

mg.

ÈÀŒóŒì

¦Œó¢Šë

öÿ

öÿ

pl.

3rd

ɾŒì«

ªŠó¢Šë

¢ÿ

ÿ

sr.

person

ÊÀŠŒì«

¢¬Šó¢Šë

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

fg.

ú’ôŒì

ú’ôŒë

úÿ

úÿ

pl.

’òŒì«Š

՘Α

ɾŒì«

ª’ôŒë

Ƚ

ªûȦ

sr.

¢ŠóŒì«Š

¢ŠóŒë

ÊÀŠŒì«

¢ø¬’ôŒë

¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

¦ŒóŒì«Š

¦ŒóŒë

ÈÀŒóŒì«

ö¬’ôŒë

öŒï ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

óŒì«Š

óŒë

[óŒì«

ª’ôŒë

ʽ

ªûȦ

sr.

person

¢ŠóŒì«Š

¢ŠóŒë

ÊÀŠŒì«

¢ø¬’ôŒë

¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

ú’ôŒì«Š

ú’ôŒë

ú’ôŒì«

ú¬’ôŒë

úŒï ú¬ûȦ

pl.

ɾŒëȦ

ª’ôŒë

Ä

¢ûȦ

sr.

mg.

fg.

1st

ɾŒìû

¢ü’ôŒë

¢û

ú¸û

dl.
pl.

mg.

fg.

person

Different forms of

Ⱦ¢ºŠë

are frequently used in the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table a couple of

times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.

42 Arabic Grammar

42

10d. Derived Forms of theVerb

ŠòàŠç

Verbal

Noun

°¾Ð÷

Passive

participle

¾à’èø’ó¦öÇʦ

Active

participle

òߢŠè’ó¦öÇʦ

Present (&

future) Tense

̸ʰ¢Ô÷

Past

Tense

Ó¢÷

S.

No.

ˆòàç

¾à’è÷

òߢŠç

Œòà’è

ŠòàŠç

1

ˆòà’è«

òàŠè÷

òàŠè÷

ŒòàŠè

ŠòàŠç

2

ˆ¨ŠôߢŠè÷

òߢŠè÷

òߢŠè÷

ŒòߢŠè

ŠòߢŠç

3

ƾ¢à’çʦ

òà’è÷

òà’è÷

Œòà’è

Šòà’çȦ

4

ˆòàŠè«

òàŠè¬÷

òàŠè¬÷

ŒòàŠè¬

ŠòàŠè«

5

ˆ¨ŠôߢŠè¬÷

òߢŠè¬÷

òߢŠè¬÷

ŒòߢŠè¬

ŠòߢŠè«

6

ƾ¢àèûʦ

òàŠèü÷

òàŠèü÷

ŒòàŠèü

ŠòàŠèûʦ

7

ƾ¢à¬’çʦ

ò଒è÷

ò଒è÷

Œò଒è

Šò଒çʦ

8

ƾŠà’çʦ

òŠôà’è÷

òôà’è÷

Nòà’è

Mòà’çʦ

9

ƾ¢à’è¬Çʦ

òà’è¬È÷

òà’è¬È÷

Œòà’è¬È

Šòà’è¬Çʦ

1 0

Note: It is suggested that you practice on this table after memorizing the meanings of around a
Juz' (parah). Try to repeat this table for a couple of verbs. You will have a much wider
understanding of different verbs and their meanings which occur in the Qur'an. After this
practice, you will be able to remember and connect the derived forms with their root word easily.
For each of the verb, you can repeat the table given under the title "Conjugation table for the verb

ŠòºàŠç

" and feel for yourself the power of Arabic language. The following page gives an example

of how the table given under the title "Conjugation table for the verb

ŠòàŠç

" can be reproduced for

the derived form number 3,

Šòà’ç¢

,. You can reproduce the following for each of the derivatives.

43 Arabic Grammar

43

An Example: Conjugation table for the verb

Šòà’çÈ¢

¸°¢Ô÷

Ó¢÷

Poss. Prns.

Pers. Prns.

No.

Gen-

der

Per-

son

Œòà’è

Šòà’çÈ¢



Á

ÿ

sr.

ÊÀŠà’è

Šà’çÈ¢

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

mg.

ÈÀŒôà’è

¦Œôà’çÈ¢

öÿ

öÿ

pl.

3rd

Œòà’è«

ªŠôà’çÈ¢

¢ÿ

ÿ

sr.

person

ÊÀŠà’è«

¢¬Šôà’çÈ¢

¢øÿ

¢øÿ

dl.

fg.

ú’ôà’è

ú’ôà’çÈ¢

úÿ

úÿ

pl.

Œòà’è«

ª’ôà’çÈ¢

Ƚ

ªûȦ

sr.

ÊÀŠà’è«

¢ø¬’ôà’çÈ¢

¢øŒï

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

mg.

ÈÀŒôà’è«

ö¬’ôà’çÈ¢

öŒï

ö¬ûȦ

pl

2

nd

[ôà’è«

ª’ôà’çÈ¢

ʽ

ªûȦ

sr.

person

ÊÀŠà’è«

¢ø¬’ôà’çÈ¢

¢øŒï

¢ø¬ûȦ

dl.

fg.

ú’ôà’è«

ú¬’ôà’çÈ¢

úŒï

ú¬ûȦ

pl.

Œòà’çɦ

ª’ôà’çÈ¢

Ä

¢ûȦ

sr.

mg.

fg.

1st

Œòà’èû

¢ü’ôà’çÈ¢

¢û

ú¸û

dl.
pl.

mg.

fg.

person

44 Arabic Grammar

44

blank page

45 Arabic Grammar

45

blank page