su{

”œ‡›•Ïƒ™—–ƒ

‘–‘‰”ƒ¤ƒ’”ƒ•‘™ƒä
Wybrane aspekty
’”ƒ–›…œ‡

STRESZCZENIE

:UD] ] WUDQVIRUPDFM V\VWHPX PHGLDOQHJR QD SU]HãRPLH ODW
LPLQLRQHJRVWXOHFLDZ3ROVFHQDVWSLãZ\UD.Q\Z]URVW]QDF]H-
QLDIRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHM*D]HW\HU\35/XHSDWRZDã\F]\WHOQLNyZ
]GMFLDPL SU]\SRPLQDMF\PL F]DUQRELDãH SODP\ NWyUH QDOH0DãR
ZV]HFKVWURQQLHSRSUDZLDþLSU]HUDELDþE\ZRJyOHQDGDZDã\VL
GRGUXNXLPRJã\VWDQRZLþLOXVWUDFMWHNVX5R]ZyMIRWRJUDÀLSUD-
VRZHMVSRZRGRZDQ\E\ãSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPUHZROXFMWHFKQLF]Q
Z PHGLDFK D WDN0H ]QLHVLHQLHP FHQ]XU\ $UW\NXã RPDZLD IXQN-
FMHL]QDF]HQLHIRWRJUDÀLMDNRPDWHULDãXSUDVRZHJR$XWRUNRQFHQ-
WUXMHVLQD]DJDGQLHQLDFKSUDNW\F]Q\FKRGQRV]FVLGR]DVDG
Z\NRQ\ZDQLD]GMþSUDVRZ\FKNRPSR]\FMDEDUZD]GMFLDFKD-
UDNWHU\]XMHWDN0HW\S\SRV]F]HJyOQ\FKJDWXQNyZIRWRJUDÀF]Q\FK
w prasie.

O ã IRWRJUDÀD PHGLD G]LHQQLNDUVWZR LQIRJUDÀD
NRPXQLNDFMDZL]XDOQD

5RODIRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHMZHZVSyãF]HVQ\FKPHGLDFKQLHXVWDQQLHUR$QLH3U]HND]
REUD]NRZ\ ² GRPLQXMF\ Z WDEORLGDFK ² VWDMH VL FRUD] EDUG]LHM ZD0Q\P M]\-
NLHPZ\UD0DQLDWUH$FLZHZV]\VWNLFKURG]DMDFKSUDV\QLHZ\ãF]DMFSUDV\RSL-
QLL -DN SLV]H .D]LPLHU] :ROQ\=PRU]\VNL IRWRJUDÀF]QH JDWXQNL G]LHQQLNDU-
VNLH V REUD]RZ\P ]DSLVHP F]DVX ZL]XDOQ LQIRUPDFM GOD ND0GHJR V WDN0H
NLHURZDQHGRRGELRUF\LQWHOLJHQWQHJRLZUD0OLZHJRNWyU\XPLHRGF]\WDþ]DZDUWH
ZREUD]DFKSU]HVãDQLHV\PERODQDZHWSRGWHNVW7RQLHW\ONRREUD]RZ\]DSLV
F]DVXOHF]KLVWRULDOXG]L]DWU]\PDQDZNDGU]HXWUZDORQDL]DSDPLWDQD

)RWRJUDÀD SUDVRZD ]QDMGXMH VL SRPLG]\ V]WXN L IRWRJUDÀ X0\WNRZ

:SRãRZLH;;ZLHNX]DF]ãVLUR]ZLMDþNLHUXQHNSRZV]HFKQLHQD]\ZDQ\IRWR-
0

XUQDOL]PHPEGF\SRFKRGQãF]HQLD]DZRGXG]LHQQLNDU]D]]DZRGHPIRWR-

JUDID7UDG\FMHIRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHMVLJDMURNX:WHG\WRQDãDPDFKF]D-
VRSLVPDÅ7KH,OOXVWUDWHG/RQGRQ1HZVµXND]Dã\VLSLHUZV]H]GMFLD:SROVNLHM
SUDVLH RG URNX SXEOLNRZDQH E\ã\ LOXVWUDFMH Z\NRQDQH WHFKQLN GU]HZR-
U\WQLF]]Z\NOHZHGãXJIRWRJUDÀL3LRQLHUHPZWHMG]LHG]LQLHE\ãDÅ*D]HWD3RO-

.:ROQ\=PRU]\VNL)RWRJUDÀF]QHJDWXQNLG]LHQQLNDUVNLH:DUV]DZDV

svr

ROCZNIK PRASOZNAWCZY

‘—‹ƒ–›œ„ƒ†ƒÑ

VNDµNROHMQHLOXVWUDFMH]DPLH$FLãÅ3DPLWQLN6DQGRPLHUVNLµLÅ7\JRGQLN
,OXVWURZDQ\µ3LHUZV]DDXWHQW\F]QDIRWRJUDÀDXND]DãDVLZURNX
SRQDGGZDG]LH$FLDODWSy.QLHMSRZRãDQRGR0\FLD3ROVN$JHQFM)RWRJUDÀF]Q
SURZDG]RQSU]H]0DULDQD)XNVD

:\UD.Q\Z]URVW]QDF]HQLDIRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHMZ3ROVFHQDVWSLãZUD]]WUDQV-

IRUPDFMV\VWHPXPHGLDOQHJRQDSU]HãRPLHODWLPLQLRQHJRVWXOHFLD*D-
]HW\HU\35/XHSDWRZDã\F]\WHOQLNyZ]GMFLDPLSU]\SRPLQDMF\PLF]DUQRELDãH
SODP\NWyUHQDOH0DãRZV]HFKVWURQQLHSRSUDZLDþLSU]HUDELDþE\ZRJyOHQDGD-
ZDã\VLGRGUXNXLPRJã\VWDQRZLþLOXVWUDFMWHNVX

5R]ZyMIRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHM

VSRZRGRZDQ\ E\ã SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP UHZROXFM WHFKQLF]Q Z PHGLDFK D WDN0H
]QLHVLHQLHPFHQ]XU\

-DN ]DXZD0D .LQJD .HQLJ SRMFLH IRWRJUDÀL SUDVRZHM MHVW EDUG]R SRMHPQH

Å: SUDVLH PR0H VL ]QDOH.þ GRVãRZQLH ND0GD IRWRJUDÀD REHMPXMFD WDN Uy0QH
REV]DU\ MDN SROLW\ND PRGD DUFKLWHNWXUD F]\ NXFKQLD = UDFML PLHMVFD Z NWy-
U\PMHVWSXEOLNRZDQDND0GD]QLFK PR0HQD]\ZDþVLIRWRJUDÀSUDVRZMHG-
QDN Z SUDNW\FH SU]H] QD]Z W UR]XPLH VL NRQNUHWQ\ URG]DM IRWRJUDÀL -HVW
WRIRWRJUDÀDNWyUD]DMPXMHVL0\FLHPFRG]LHQQ\POXG]L]GDU]HQLDPLZ\SDG-
NDPL SRND]XMH VWRVXQNL SDQXMFH PLG]\ OXG.PL 2GQDMGXMH Z OXG]LDFK U\V\
LFKFKDUDNWHUXXND]XMHZDUXQNLZMDNLFK0\MRGVãDQLD$URGRZLVNR]NWyUHJR
SRFKRG]MHVWVLOQLH]ZL]DQD]U]HF]\ZLVWR$FLLSR]DPDã\PZ\MWNLHP>@QLH
PDZQLHMPLHMVFDQDNUHDFM

.

2GSHZQHJRF]DVX²RF]\PMX0E\ãDPRZD²REVHUZXMHP\ZPHGLDFKZ]URVW

]QDF]HQLD LQIRUPDFML REUD]NRZHM -HV]F]H NLONDQD$FLH ODW WHPX ]GMFLH IRWRUH-
SRUWHUVNLH E\ãR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP GRGDWNLHP GR WHNVWX REHFQLH FRUD] F]$FLHM
VWDMHVLZD0QLHMV]HQL0VDPWHNVWF]DVHPQDZHWJR]DVWSXMH)RWRJUDÀDQLHMHVW
MX0W\ONRNRPHQWDU]HPPDãRLVWRWQ\PGHWDOHP]NWyUHJRPR0QD]UH]\JQRZDþ
7DIRUPDSU]HND]XXVDPRG]LHOQLãDVL]DF]ãD0\þZãDVQ\P0\FLHPPyZLþZãD-
VQ\PM]\NLHPÅ2EUD]MHVWPRFQLHMV]\PLVXJHVW\ZQLHMRGG]LDãXMF\P$URGNLHP
SU]HND]XQL0VãRZRSU]\W\PSR]RUQLHW\ONRãDWZLHMV]\PZRGELRU]H:IRWRJUD-
ÀLGRVWU]H0RQR$URGHNGRVWDUF]DQLDLQIRUPDFMLOXG]LRPNWyU]\QLHPDMZ]Z\-
F]DMXUHJXODUQHMOHNWXU\=GMFLHMHVWERZLHPRELHJRZRXZD0DQH]DEDUG]LHMDX-
WHQW\F]QHRGZ]RURZDQLHU]HF]\ZLVWR$FLQL0RSLVOLWHUDOQ\]DVSRNDMDMFHZSHãQL
SRWU]HE ZHU\ÀNDFML ]GDU]HQLD RSRZLHG]LDQHJR 'OD ZLNV]R$FL OXG]L ]REDF]\þ
]QDF]\ W\OH FR XZLHU]\þ âF]\ VL WR ] SRZV]HFKQ\P SU]HNRQDQLHP 0H IRWR-
JUDÀDQLHNãDPLH=WHJR]DXIDQLDGRRELHNW\ZQR$FL ]GMþF]HUSLHVZRMVLãIR-
WRJUDÀDSUDVRZDµ

.6ãRZDQLHVZVWDQLH]DVWSLþREUD]yZ²W\ONRRQHZVSR-

VyEEH]SR$UHGQLSRWZLHUG]DMIDNW\NWyUHZLG]LDãG]LHQQLNDU]SRND]XMPLHMVFD
]GDU]HRUD]V\WXDFMHZWDNLVSRVyEZMDNLPZ\VWSRZDã\RQHZU]HF]\ZLVWR-
$

FL)RWRJUDÀDSUDVRZDNV]WDãWXMHXRGELRUFyZWDNLVSRVyESRVWU]HJDQLD$ZLDWD

NWyU\MHVWQLH]DOH0Q\RGUy0QLFM]\NRZ\FKLNXOWXURZ\FK

Encyklopedia wiedzy o prasieUHG-0D$ODQND:URFãDZ

0 âD )RWRJUDÀD.UHDFMDF]\PDQLSXODFMD >Z@ .RPXQLNDWRU]\:Sã\Z:UD0HQLH:L]HUXQHN
UHG$'U]\FLPVNL:DUV]DZD²%\GJRV]F]V

..HQLJ.RQNXUV3ROVNLHM)RWRJUDÀL3UDVRZHMZZZIRWRWDSHWDDUWSO
>GRVWSNZLHWQLD@

03XV]ND0RUDOQHSUREOHP\IRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHMZZZODWDUQLNLGNRQVXOWQHW
>GRVWSPDMD@

.:ROQ\=PRU]\VNL)RWRJUDÀF]QHJDWXQNL«V

svs

”œ‡›•Ïƒ™—–ƒ ‘–‘‰”ƒˆ‹ƒ’”ƒ•‘™ƒä›„”ƒ‡ƒ•’‡–›’”ƒ–›…œ‡

'R QLHGDZQD Z SUDVLH GRPLQRZDãD W]Z IRWRJUDÀD LOXVWUXMFD ² REUD] SR-

WZLHUG]DMF\GRRNUH$ODMF\VãRZR7HJRURG]DMXIRWRJUDÀDSR]RVWDMHSRGU]GQD
ZVWRVXQNXGRWHNVWXSUDVRZHJR(UDIRWRJUDÀLLOXVWUXMFHMSRZROLMHGQDNSU]H-
PLMD-HMPLHMVFH]DMPXMHIRWRJUDÀDUHSRUWHUVNDNWyUHMFHOHPMHVWV]\ENLHSU]H-
ND]DQLHLQIRUPDFMLV]HURNLHPXRJyãRZLRGELRUFyZ7HNVWSHãQLSU]\QLHMUROSR-
PRFQLF]7RQDWXUDOQDNRQVHNZHQFMD]ZURWXPHGLyZNXVNUyWRZR$FL²]GMFLH
WVNUyWRZR$þXRVDELDMHVWMHMHVHQFM1LHG]LZLZLFZ]URVW]QDF]HQLDWDEORLGyZ
QD SROVNLP U\QNX SUDVRZ\P :\VWDUF]\ Z]Lþ GR UNL Å)DNWµ F]\ Å6XSHU (NV-
SUHVµE\VWZLHUG]Lþ0HRELHJD]HW\0\MIRWRJUDÀL]IRWRJUDÀLVWDZLDMQDHIHN-
W\ZQ\ SU]\FLJDMF\ XZDJ REUD] 7HNVW VFKRG]L QD GDOV]\ SODQ (NVSDQVMD
SU]HND]XREUD]NRZHJRQLHGRW\F]\MHGQDN0HZ\ãF]QLHWDEORLGyZVWDMHVLFKD-
UDNWHU\VW\F]QDGODFDãHMSUDV\WDN0HWHMRNUH$ODQHMMDNRHOLWDUQD5R$QLHURODHOH-
PHQWyZ ZL]XDOQ\FK Z JD]HWDFK ORNDOQ\FK L UHJLRQDOQ\FK Z SUDVLH EUDQ0RZHM
PãRG]LH0RZHMZF]DVRSLVPDFKLQWHUQHWRZ\FK7UXGQRZ\REUD]LþVRELHSLHUZV]
VWURQJD]HW\EH]NRORURZHJRSU]\FLJDMFHJRXZDJ]GMFLD

: ZLNV]R$FL UHGDNFML UR]UDVWDM VL G]LDã\ IRWRUHSRUWHUVNLH L IRWRHG\WRU-

VNLH D G]LHQQLNDU]H NWyU]\ GR WHM SRU\ ]DMPRZDOL VL Z\ãF]QLH SLVDQLHP WHN-
VWyZ V GRV]NDODQL Z ]DNUHVLH SRGVWDZRZ\FK WHFKQLN IRWRJUDÀF]Q\FK 7DN0H
QD VWXGLDFK G]LHQQLNDUVNLFK SU]\V]ã\FK 0XUQDOLVWyZ XF]\ VL G]L$ MX0 QLH
W\ONR SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLD L UHGDJRZDQLD DUW\NXãyZ DOH WDN0H Z\NRQ\ZDQLD ]GMþ
IRWRUHSRUWHUVNLFK

)RWRJUDÀ SUDVRZ PR0QD SRG]LHOLþ QD GZLH ]DVDGQLF]H JUXS\ ]GMFLD LOX-

VWUXMFHLUHSRUWHUVNLH*UDQLFHPLG]\QLPLE\ZDMQLHRVWUH'RJUXS\]GMþLOX-
VWUXMF\FK ]DOLF]Dþ EG]LHP\ REUD]\ SRWZLHUG]DMFH X]XSHãQLDMFH VãRZR RE-
UD]XMFHZ\EUDQ\IUDJPHQWRSLV\ZDQHMSU]H]G]LHQQLNDU]DU]HF]\ZLVWR$FL7DND
IRWRJUDÀDMHVWVãX0HEQDZREHFDUW\NXãXVWDMHVLSRGSRU]GNRZDQDPDWHULDãRZL
WHNVWRZHPX : ]DPLHV]F]RQHM QD ãDPDFK JD]HW\ UHFHQ]ML WHDWUDOQHM IRWRJUDÀ
LOXVWUXMFEG]LH]GMFLHNWyUHM$]HVFHQV]WXNLZDUW\NXOHREDQNUXFWZLHELXUD
SRGUy0\IXQNFMWDNPR0HSHãQLþQSIRWRJUDÀDJUXS\UR]HPRFMRQRZDQ\FKOXG]L
GRELMDMF\FK VL GR ]DU\JORZDQ\FK GU]ZL ÀUP\ 'R GUXJLHM JUXS\ ]GMþ SUDVR-
Z\FKRNUH$ODQ\FKPLDQHPIRWRUHSRUWHUVNLFK]DOLF]\P\]GMFLDNWyU\FK]DVDG-
QLF]\PFHOHPMHVWV]\ENLHSU]HND]DQLHLQIRUPDFMLV]HURNLHPXJURQXRGELRUFyZ
,QIRUPDFMDWDGRW\F]\]GDU]HQLDSU]HELHJDMFHJRZSU]HGVWDZLRQ\PQD]GMFLX
IUDJPHQFLHU]HF]\ZLVWR$FL2EUD]RGJU\ZDWXUROGRPLQXMFWRZDU]\V]F\PX
WHNVWPDFKDUDNWHUSRPRFQLF]\

: IRWRJUDÀL SUDVRZHM PR0QD MHGQDN Z\Uy0QLþ EDUG]LHM V]F]HJyãRZH SRG-

JUXS\ %LRUF SRG XZDJ WUDG\FMH IRWRG]LHQQLNDUVWZD F]\ NDWHJRULH VWRVRZDQH
SRGF]DV Z\VWDZ ]GMþ SUDVRZ\FK Z\V]F]HJyOQLP\ IRWRJUDÀH R MHGQRUD]RZHM
DNWXDOQR$FL QS ]GMFLD SU]HGVWDZLDMFH NOVNL 0\ZLRãRZH V\WXDFMH SR ]DPD-
FKDFKWHUURU\VW\F]Q\FKZ\GDU]HQLDSROLW\F]QHIRWRJUDÀHURG]DMRZHQSVFHQ\
]0\FLDPLDVWDVSRãHF]QR$FLORNDOQHMNUDMREUD]\VSRUWRZHRUD]IRWRUHSRUWD0H
3RF]WNL IRWRUHSRUWD0X VLJDM SRãRZ\ ;,; ZLHNX NLHG\ WR F]DVRSLVPD SRGHM-
PRZDã\SLHUZV]HSUyE\UHSURGXNRZDQLD]GMþWHFKQLNGU]HZRU\WXZWHQVSR-
VyEZVSRPQLDQ\MX0Å7KH,OOXVWUDWHG/RQGRQ1HZVµSUH]HQWRZDãVZRLPF]\WHO-
QLNRPQS]GMFLD5'HQWRQDREUD]XMFHZ\GDU]HQLDZRMQ\NU\PVNLHM6]\ENL
UR]ZyM JDWXQNX QDVWSLã Z ODWDFK ;,; VWXOHFLD FR PLDãR ]ZL]HN ] G\QD-
PLF]Q\P SRVWSHP Z G]LHG]LQLH WHFKQLNL IRWRJUDÀF]QHM ² V\VWHPDW\F]QLH XGR-
VNRQDODQRVSU]WIRWRJUDÀF]Q\VSRVRE\REUyENLQHJDW\ZyZZSURZDG]DQRNOL-

svt

ROCZNIK PRASOZNAWCZY

‘—‹ƒ–›œ„ƒ†ƒÑ

V]HFKHPLJUDÀF]QH)RWRUHSRUWD0QDV]HURNVNDOUR]SRZV]HFKQLãVLZSUDVLH
ZUD]]XSRZV]HFKQLHQLHPVLWHFKQLNL]GMþEDUZQ\FK']L$VWDQRZLMHGHQ]QDM-
ZD0QLHMV]\FKJDWXQNyZG]LHQQLNDUVNLFKREHFQ\FK]DUyZQRZG]LHQQLNDFKMDN
L Z F]DVRSL$PLHQQLFWZLH 0LDQHP IRWRUHSRUWD0X RNUH$ODþ EG]LHP\ F\NO ]GM-
FLRZ\]Z\NOHSRãF]RQ\WHPDW\F]QLH]PDWHULDãHPWHNVWRZ\PSU]HGVWDZLDMF\
DNWXDOQH Z\GDU]HQLD LFK VHNZHQFMH F]\ IUDJPHQW\ )RWRUHSRUWD0H ]Z\NOH QLH
W\ONRSU]HGVWDZLDMRNUH$ORQH]GDU]HQLDLQIRUPXMFRQLFKDOHWDN0HSR]ZDODM
SR]QDþRVRELVW\SRJOGWZyUF\QDWHPDWW\FK0H]GDU]HMHJRVWRVXQHNGRIRWR-
JUDIRZDQ\FKVFHQ=GMFLDIRWRUHSRUWD0RZHQLHVZF]H$QLHMSU]\JRWRZ\ZDQHF]\
SR]RZDQH ² DXWRU SRZLQLHQ Z\NRQ\ZDþ MH ]JRGQLH ] ]DVDGDPL DXWHQW\F]QR$FL
LUHDOL]PXUHMHVWUXMFIDNW\WDNLPLMDNLPLVQLHUHWXV]XMFU]HF]\ZLVWR$FL5H-
SRUWD0]GMFLRZ\]HZ]JOGXQDVSRVyEXMFLDWHPDWXPR0HSHãQLþIXQNFMHSX-
EOLF\VW\F]QHLQIRUPDF\MQHUR]U\ZNRZHF]\DUW\VW\F]QH

2ERN IRWRUHSRUWD0X QDMEDUG]LHM UR]SRZV]HFKQLRQH Z SUDVLH V W]Z ]GM-

FLD R MHGQRUD]RZHM DNWXDOQR$FL : GRELH HNVSDQVML LQIRUPDFML REUD]NRZ\FK
QD WHJR URG]DMX IRWRJUDÀH LVWQLHMH QLHXVWDQQH ]DSRWU]HERZDQLH &]\WHOQLF\
RF]HNXMERZLHPVHQVDF\MQ\FKEXG]F\FKHPRFMH]GMþREUD]XMF\FKQDMZD0-
QLHMV]H Z\GDU]HQLD ] NUDMX L ]DJUDQLF\ : GRELH UR]ZRMX WHFKQLN WHOHNRPX-
QLNDF\MQ\FKZV]HFKREHFQHJR,QWHUQHWXF]\WHOHIRQLLVDWHOLWDUQHMQLHVWDQRZL
SUREOHPX QDW\FKPLDVWRZH SU]HV\ãDQLH ]GMþ QD RJURPQH RGOHJãR$FL ]JRGQLH
]]DVDGPDNV\PDOQHMDNWXDOQR$FLIRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHM']LNLWHPX]GMFLDZD-
OFHJR VL JPDFKX :RUOG 7UDGH &HQWHU NLOND PLQXW SR LFK Z\NRQDQLX PRJã\
]QDOH.þVLQDELXUNDFKUHGDNWRUyZJD]HW]FDãHJR$ZLDWDWDNE\QDGUXJLG]LH
REUD]WUDJHGLL1RZHJR-RUNXGRWDUãGRF]\WHOQLNyZ]DUyZQRZ/RQG\QLHMDN
LZ3UDG]H0RVNZLHF]\$QNDU]H

1LHLVWQLHMHMHGQDSURVWDLXQLZHUVDOQDUHFHSWDQDZ\NRQDQLHGREUHJRSUR-

IHVMRQDOQHJR]GMFLDQLHW\ONRSUDVRZHJR:LHOH]DOH0\RGRNROLF]QR$FL$ZLDWãD
RELHNWXF]\VSU]WXMDNLPVLSRVãXJXMHP\$SDUDWSRVLDGDMF\Z\VRNLVWRSLH
]DDZDQVRZDQLDWHFKQLF]QHJRXãDWZLDSUDFDOHQLHMHVWQLH]EGQ\GR]URELHQLD
GREUHJR]GMFLD5HSRUWHUSU]\JRWRZXMF\VLGRZ\NRQDQLD]GMFLD]P\$ORSX-
EOLNDFMLZJD]HFLHSRZLQLHQSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP]ZUyFLþXZDJQDWRFRFKFHSU]H-
ND]Dþ]DSRPRFREUD]X2GWHJR]DOH0\QDF]\PVLVNXSLFRX]QD]DZD0QH
DFRSRPLQLH7U]HEDWDN0HZLHG]LHþMDNLMHVWFHO]GMFLD²F]\EG]LHRQRVWDQR-
ZLãRMHG\QLHLOXVWUDFMGRWHNVWXMH$OLWDNWRQDMDNLWHPDWF]\WH0PDSHãQLþ
IXQNFMVDPRG]LHOQIRWRPLJDZNDHOHPHQWIRWRUHSRUWD0X

Å=IRWRJUDÀUHSRUWHUVNMHVWWURFKWDNMDN]HVãRZHPSLVDQ\P:D0QDMHVW

RUWRJUDÀDVSUDZQR$þWHFKQLF]QDJUDPDW\NDF]\VWR$þLMDNR$þZ\UD0DQLDP\$OL
SLNQ\VW\ODUW\VW\F]QHZDUWR$FLXMFLDWHPDWXDOHQDMZD0QLHMV]HWRFRFKFHP\
L XPLHP\ SRZLHG]LHþ 3RãF]HQLH W\FK ZV]\VWNLFK HOHPHQWyZ Z MHGQ KDUPR-
QLMQFDãR$þWZRU]\]GMFLDZLHONLH+HQUL&DUWLHU%UHVVRQWZLHUG]Lã0HIRWRJUD-
ÀDMHVWMHGQRF]HVQ\P]UR]XPLHQLHPZXãDPNXVHNXQG\VHQVXZ\GDU]HQLDMDN
LSUHF\]\MQ\PXV]HUHJRZDQLHPIRUPNWyUHGDG]Z\GDU]HQLXZãD$FLZHNVSUH-
VM)RWRUHSRUWHUPXVLXPLHþZ\UZDþ]RWDF]DMFHJR$ZLDWDIUDJPHQWSU]HGVWD-
ZLDMF\EyOUDGR$þNRPL]PLSRND]DþJRZVSRVyESLNQ\DMHGQRF]H$QLHMDVQ\
L ]UR]XPLDã\ GOD ZV]\VWNLFK >@ )RWRUHSRUWHU MHVW L QLH MHVW F]$FL IRWRJUDIR-
ZDQHJR Z\GDU]HQLD VWRMF ] DSDUDWHP Z UNX L RJOGDMF $ZLDW SU]H] ]LPQ
VRF]HZN RELHNW\ZX ÀOWUXMF EXU] UXFKyZ JHVWyZ L QDVWURMyZ -DN WZLHU-
G]LãMHGHQ]IRWRUHSRUWHUyZª#ZLDWD©-DQ.RVLGRZVNLÅIRWRJUDÀDUHSRUWHUVNDMHVW

svu

”œ‡›•Ïƒ™—–ƒ ‘–‘‰”ƒˆ‹ƒ’”ƒ•‘™ƒä›„”ƒ‡ƒ•’‡–›’”ƒ–›…œ‡

VSUDZ Eã\VNDZLF]QHJR Z\ERUX L ZL]XDOQHJR XWUZDOHQLD HOHPHQWyZ ] NWyU\FK
MDN]NORFNyZEXGXMHVLFDãR$þ*G\SU]HPLQLHWHQPDJLF]Q\PRPHQWQLNWLQLF
QLHSRPR0H=GMFLDZ\P\$OQHL]DJPDWZDQHZNWyU\FKDXWRUVDPVL]DJXELã
QLH]DSDGDMWDNZSDPLþMDN]GMFLD]Z\F]DMQHQLHVLOFHVLQDG]LZDF]QR$þ
&KLF]\F\PyZL8ERJDP\$ONU\MHVL]DNZLHFLVWPRZ=GMFLDSURVWHLF]\-
WHOQHVSU]HZD0QLH QDMWUXGQLHMV]Hµ²SLV]H-DQXV]:yMWRZLF]

:\NRQXMF]GMFLDSUDVRZHQDOH0\]DVWRVRZDþVLGRNLONXUHJXã

‡

1DMEDUG]LHMLQWHUHVXMF\SXQNWQLHSRZLQLHQE\þXPLHV]F]RQ\Z$URGNX
IRWRJUDÀL:D0QHE\]DVWRVRZDþW]ZUHJXãVLOQHJRSXQNWX2ELHNWQDM-
OHSLHMXPLH$FLþZRGOHJãR$FLRNRãRRGEU]HJXNDGUX=GMFLHSRZLQQR
VNãDQLDþRGELRUFGRWHJRDE\SRSURZDG]LãZ]URNSU]H]FDã\NDGU0R0H
ZW\PSRPyFW]ZUHJXãDWUyMSRG]LDãX3ROHJDRQDQDR]QDF]HQLXPLHMVF
NWyUH FKFHV] V]F]HJyOQLH Z\HNVSRQRZDþ SRSU]H] SRG]LHOHQLH ]GMFLD
QDZ\UD.QHWU]\F]$FL=DVDGDWDPD]QDF]HQLH]ZãDV]F]DZWHG\JG\
XWUZDODP\NLONDSR0GDQ\FKRELHNWyZ0R0HP\ZyZF]DVSRVãX0\þVL
VLDWNVNãDGDMFVL]G]LHZLFLXWDNLFKVDP\FKSURVWRNWyZ3U]HFL-
FLDSURVWRNWyZR]QDF]DMVLOQHSXQNW\REUD]X8PLHV]F]HQLHRELHNWyZ
Z W\FK PLHMVFDFK SRZLQQR QDGDþ G\QDPLN ]GMFLX L SRGZ\0V]\þ VWR-
SLHMHJRZ\UD]LVWR$FL5HJXãDVLOQHJRSXQNWXF]\WUyMSRG]LDãXRERZL-
]XMHSU]\]GMFLDFKSLRQRZ\FKLSR]LRP\FK

‡

:SU]\SDGNXZ\NRQ\ZDQLD]GMþSU]HGVWDZLDMF\FKZLNV]\REV]DUWH-
UHQXZDUWR]ZUyFLþXZDJQDOLQLKRU\]RQWX3RGF]DVZ\ERUXXPLHM-
VFRZLHQLDOLQLLKRU\]RQWXQDOH0\]DVWDQRZLþVLFRFKFHP\Z\HNVSRQR-
ZDþ-H0HOLRELHNW]QDMGXMHVLQD]LHPLDQLHERMHVWQLHZLHOH]QDF]F\P
HOHPHQWHPOLQLHKRU\]RQWXGREU]HMHVWXPLHMVFRZLþZ]GãX0JyUQHMSR]LR-
PHMOLQLLSRG]LDãX:WHG\ZLNV]DXZDJDRGELRUF\VNXSLDVLQDRELHN-
FLHQD]LHPLDQLHERMHVWMHG\QLHGRGDWNLHPGRREUD]X]DMPXMHERZLHP
PQLHMPLHMVFD1DWRPLDVWJG\QLHERVWDMHVLZD0Q\PHOHPHQWHP]GMFLD
QSJG\]DMHJRSRPRFFKFHV]SU]HGVWDZLþGUREQR$þWHJRFRQD]LHPL
Z VWRVXQNX GR RJURPX QLHED OLQLD KRU\]RQWX SRZLQQD SU]HELHJDþ
Z]GãX0 GROQHM SR]LRPHM OLQLL REUD]X =DVWRVRZDQLH SRZ\0V]\FK UHJXã
PR0QDSU]HþZLF]\þSRGF]DVZ\NRQ\ZDQLD]GMþSRUWUHWRZ\FK

‡

.RU]\VWDQLH ] UHJXã\ WUyMSRG]LDãX PR0H VL ZL]Dþ ] X]\VNDQLHP W]Z
ÅSXVWHMµ SU]HVWU]HQL QLHSRWU]HEQHM OXNL QD ]GMFLX 7DNLH ]MDZLVNR
]QDF]QLH REQL0D ZDUWR$þ IRWRJUDÀL 1DOH0\ ZyZF]DV SRV]XNDþ WDNLHJR
HOHPHQWXNWyU\SR]ZROLRZÅSXVWNµX]XSHãQLþ1LHPR0HRQE\þUyZ-
QRZD0Q\ SRG Z]JOGHP ZLHONR$FL F]\ Z\UD]LVWR$FL NRORUX ] JãyZQ\P
ÅERKDWHUHPµ ]GMFLD F]\OL MHJR QDMZD0QLHMV]\P HOHPHQWHP -HVW RQ
ZV]DN0HW\ONRX]XSHãQLHQLHPIRWNL2ELHNW\SRZLQQ\E\þZ\UD.QLHDV\-
PHWU\F]QH

‡

: NXOWXU]H HXURSHMVNLHM NLHUXQHN SDWU]HQLD SHUFHSFML REUD]X UR]SR-
F]\QDVLRGOHZHMVWURQ\LELHJQLHZSUDZR7]DVDGPR0QD]DVWRVRZDþ
WDN0H Z IRWRJUDÀL 3U]\]Z\F]DMHQL GR WDNLHJR VSRVREX F]\WDQLD MHVWH-
$

P\ VNãRQQL Z WDNL VDP VSRVyE RGELHUDþ ]GMFLD :D0QLHMV]H GOD IRWR-

-:yMWRZLF])RWRJUDÀDSUDVRZD«

svv

ROCZNIK PRASOZNAWCZY

‘—‹ƒ–›œ„ƒ†ƒÑ

JUDIDRELHNW\SRZLQQ\E\þZLFXPLHV]F]DQHSROHZHMVWURQLHDGRGDW-
NRZHHOHPHQW\SRSUDZHM2F]\ZL$FLHSRP\VãWHQQLH]DZV]HPR0H]RVWDþ
Z\NRU]\VWDQ\QSJG\PDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]RELHNWHPZUXFKXOXEJG\
IRWRJUDIRZDQ\MHVWPRGHONWyU\QDFR$SDWU]\

‡

3U]\JRWRZXMF VL GR Z\NRQDQLD ]GMFLD ZDUWR SR$ZLFLþ QLHFR F]DVX
LZ\VLãNXQD]QDOH]LHQLHGREUHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLDF]\OLPLHMVFD]NWy-
UHJRZ\NRQXMHVLIRWRJUDÀ2GSRZLHGQLZ\EyUXãDWZLDVNRPSRQRZD-
QLHREUD]XUR]PLHV]F]HQLHZD0Q\FKHOHPHQWyZZ PRFQ\FKSXQNWDFK
XZ]JOGQLHQLH$ZLDWãDLWG3RGF]DVZ\NRQ\ZDQLD]GMþIRWRUHSRUWHUVNLFK
QLH]DZV]HMHVWMHGQDNF]DVQDSRV]XNLZDQLHRGSRZLHGQLHJRSXQNWXZL-
G]HQLD5HSRUWHUE\ZD]DVNDNLZDQ\V\WXDFM]ZãDV]F]DSU]\]GMFLDFK
VSRUWRZ\FK:yZF]DVQDMZD0QLHMV]HMHVWV]\ENLHQDFL$QLFLHSU]\FLVNX
8WUZDORQ\ZWHQVSRVyEREUD]PR0QDSy.QLHMSRGGDþF\IURZHMREUyEFH

‡

'X0RNãRSRWXSU]\QRVLIRWRJUDIRZDQLHRELHNWyZSR]RVWDMF\FKZUXFKX
7DNLH]GMFLHVDPRZVRELH]DZLHUDGX0ÅGDZNµG\QDPL]PXDZLFMHVW
DWUDNF\MQHLSU]\NXZDZ]URNRGELRUF\-DNR$þWDNLHMIRWRJUDÀLZ]QDF]-
Q\P VWRSQLX ]DOH0\ RG VSU]WX MDNLP G\VSRQXMH IRWRUHSRUWHU : SU]\-
SDGNXF\IURZ\FKDSDUDWyZIRWRJUDÀF]Q\FKZ\VWSXMHRSy.QLHQLHPLG]\
FKZLOZNWyUHMQDFLVNDP\SU]\FLVN]ZDOQLDMF\PLJDZNDPRPHQWHP
IDNW\F]QHJRZ\NRQDQLDSU]H]DSDUDW]GMFLD7DNLHRSy.QLHQLHPR0HZ\-
QRVLþRGXãDPNDGRMHGQHMF]\GZXVHNXQG3RF]$FLRZ\PQDFL$QLFLX
SU]\FLVNXPLJDZNLDSDUDWMH$OLSUDFXMHZWU\ELHDXWRPDW\F]Q\PVDP
REOLF]D SDUDPHWU\ F]DV RWZDUFLD PLJDZNL QD$ZLHWOHQLH RVWUR$þ ZDU-
WR$þOLF]E\SU]\VãRQ\)RWRJUDIRZDQ\RELHNWZDUWRZLFÅWU]\PDþµZZL-
]MHU]HLZLQWHUHVXMF\PPRPHQFLHZFLVQþGRNRFDSU]\FLVN3R]ZROL
WRQDV]\EV]UHDNFMDSDUDWX:VND]DQHMHVWWDN0HNRU]\VWDQLH]WU\EX
Z\NRQ\ZDQLDVHULL]GMþ3U]\WHFKQLFHF\IURZHMPR0QDVZRERGQLHZ\-
EUDþXMFLDNWyUHQDVLQWHUHVXM3RGF]DVZ\NRQ\ZDQLD]GMþ]RELHN-
WDPLZUXFKX]QDMGXMF\PLVLZ]DPNQLW\FKSRPLHV]F]HQLDFKSU]\-
GDWQDRND0HVLODPSDEã\VNRZD.UyWNLF]DVQD$ZLHWODQLDODPS\PR0H
SU]\F]\QLþVLGR]DWU]\PDQLDDNFML0R0HWRVSRZRGRZDþL0WHPDW]GM-
FLD EG]LH MDVQR R$ZLHWORQ\ QDWRPLDVW WãR ]DFLHPQLRQH : SU]\SDGNX
]GMþRELHNWyZUXFKRP\FKXURNXGRGDMHLPF]DVHPGHOLNDWQHUR]P\FLH
REUD]X3RGNUH$ODRQRGUDPDW\]PLG\QDPL]PSU]HGVWDZLRQHMV\WXDFML
7DNLHUR]P\FLHVSRZRGRZDQHMHVWDOERGUJDQLHPDSDUDWXDOERUXFKHP
IRWRJUDIRZDQHJR RELHNWX $E\ ]PLQLPDOL]RZDþ UXFK RELHNWX PR0QD
SU]HVXZDþ DSDUDW Z NLHUXQNX Z MDNLP SRUXV]D VL ÅWHPDWµ ]GMFLD
'X0R]DOH0\RGF]DVXRWZDUFLDPLJDZNL:DUWRZLFSRþZLF]\þMHMXVWD-
ZLHQLD3U]\$OHG]HQLXDSDUDWHPRELHNWXZUXFKXRVWUH]GMFLDPR0QD
X]\VNDþMX0SU]\F]DVLHRWZDUFLDPLJDZNLOXEVHNXQG\

‡

,VWRWQ\SUREOHPZSUDF\IRWRJUDIyZLIRWRUHSRUWHUyZVWDQRZLXZLHF]QLD-
QLHEXGRZOL=SR]RUXãDWZHGRZ\NRQDQLD]GMFLHPR0HSU]\VSRU]\þNãR-
SRWyZ ] NRPSR]\FM 3U]\ ]GMFLDFK DUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\FK WHPDW QLH MHVW
ZUXFKX1LHWU]HEDVL]DWHPVSLHV]\þ:DUWRZ\NRU]\VWDþWHQF]DVLSR-
V]XNDþGREUHJRPLHMVFDGRZ\NRQDQLDIRWRJUDÀL:D0QHRND]XMHVLSR-
]QDQLH IRWRJUDIRZDQHJR RELHNWX ]QDOH]LHQLH IUDJPHQWyZ NWyUH ZDUWR
XZLHF]QLþ .D0G\ RELHNW DUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\ PR0H E\þ IRWRJUDIRZDQ\

svw

”œ‡›•Ïƒ™—–ƒ ‘–‘‰”ƒˆ‹ƒ’”ƒ•‘™ƒä›„”ƒ‡ƒ•’‡–›’”ƒ–›…œ‡

ZUy0Q\VSRVyE:V]\VWNR]DOH0\RGMHJRFHFK1DOH0\SDPLWDþE\EX-
GRZOD ]PLH$FLãD VL Z NDGU]H =GMFLH GRPX ] REFLW\P GDFKHP PR0H
Z\JOGDþ$PLHV]QLHLSUHWHQVMRQDOQLH

‡

:DUWR]DGEDþRNRORU\QDIRWRJUDÀL-H0HOL]GMFLHPDSU]\FLJQþXZDJ
F]\WHOQLND JD]HW\ SRZLQQR ]DZLHUDþ GX0R QDV\FRQ\FK EDUZ 3XãDSN
PRJRND]DþVLV]F]HJyã\WHPDWXNWyUHSR]RVWDMZFLHQLXDOER]QDM-
GXMVLZPLHMVFDFKEDUG]RLQWHQV\ZQ\FKUR]MD$QLH:HIHNFLHPRJ
RQHVWDþVLEDUG]RPDãRZLGRF]QHZZ\QLNXQLHGR$ZLHWOHQLDDOERSU]H-
$

ZLHWOHQLD &]DVHP ZDUWR ZLF RJUDQLF]\þ LOR$þ NRORUyZ D VNXSLþ VL

QD LFK NRPSR]\FML 1LHNWyUH EDUZ\ Z ]HVWDZLHQLX ] LQQ\PL Z\JOGDM
EDUG]LHMZ\UD]L$FLHQSF]HUZLHQDWOHF]HUQLOXERGZURWQLH

: VZRMHM FRG]LHQQHM SUDF\ UHSRUWHU QDMF]$FLHM IRWRJUDIXMH OXG]L ² WR RQL

VÅERKDWHUDPLµZLNV]R$FL]GMþSUDVRZ\FK8FKZ\FHQLZUy0Q\FKV\WXDFMDFK
SRGF]DV Z\NRQ\ZDQLD UR]PDLW\FK ]DMþ SRMHG\QF]R OXE JUXSRZR VWDW\F]QLH
EG.ZUXFKXZSOHQHU]HOXEZSRPLHV]F]HQLDFK8PLHMWQR$þRGSRZLHGQLHJR
]DUHMHVWURZDQLDSRVWDFLMHVWMHGQ]SRGVWDZRZ\FKZIRWRUHSRUWHUVNLHMSURIHVML
:SU]\SDGNXRWU]\PDQLD]OHFHQLDQDZ\NRQDQLH]GMFLDMDNLHM$RVRE\QDOH0\]QD-
OH.þVSRVyE0HE\SRND]Dþ]DUyZQRMHMFHFK\À]\F]QHMDNLSUDZGSV\FKLF]Q
-HVWWRLVWRWQ\Z\EyULV]WXND]DUD]HPZV]DNQLHPDIRWRJUDÀLRELHNW\ZQHMWDN
MDNQLHPDRELHNW\ZQHJRG]LHQQLNDUVWZD

:SU]\SDGNX]GMþSR]RZDQ\FKFKRþ

WDNLFK]Z\NOHXQLNDP\ZIRWRJUDÀLSUDVRZHMPR0HP\VZRERGQLHXVWDZLþRVRE
OXERVRE\GRIRWRJUDÀL&]VWR]GDU]DVLL0IRWRUHSRUWHURWU]\PXMH]OHFHQLHSU]\-
JRWRZDQLD W]Z VFHQNL ² ]GMFLD LOXVWUDF\MQHJR GR WHNVWX QD RNUH$ORQ\ WHPDW
%\ZDL0]GMFLDWHJRQLHGDVLZ\NRQDþZQDWXUDOQ\FKZDUXQNDFKLQLH]EGQD
MHVWLQVFHQL]DFMDZ\UH0\VHURZDQLHRGSRZLHGQLHMV\WXDFML.RU]\VWDMF]PRGHOL
NWyU]\ RGJU\ZDM VFHQ QD SRWU]HE\ ]GMFLD QDOH0\ Z\ELHUDþ OXG]L SDVXMF\FK
GRUHMHVWURZDQHMV\WXDFML=GMFLHPXVLE\þERZLHPQDWXUDOQH1DOH0\ZLF]D-
GEDþ R V]F]HJyã\ RGSRZLHGQL GREyU VWURMX UHNZL]\WyZ PLPLN WZDU]\ L JHVW\
ERKDWHUyZIRWRJUDÀL3RGHMPXMFVZHJRURG]DMXJU]F]\WHOQLNLHPSRGREQLHMDN
UH0\VHUÀOPRZ\IRWRUHSRUWHUSUyEXMHJRRV]XNDþZNUDF]DZVIHUÀNFML7HJRUR-
G]DMX ÅQDU]G]LDµ SUDF\ UHSRUWHUVNLHM Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQH V MHGQDN0H Z Z\MWNR-
Z\FKV\WXDFMDFKJG\QLHPDLQQHMPR0OLZR$FL=DGDQLHPIRWRUHSRUWHUDMHVWER-
ZLHPSU]HGVWDZLDQLHU]HF]\ZLVWR$FLDQLHNUHRZDQLHMHM=GMFLHSR]RZDQHMHVW
RVWDWHF]QR$FLQLHZROQR]DMHJRSRPRFPDQLSXORZDþIDNWDPLNRU]\VWDþ]IR-
WRJUDÀLSU]HGVWDZLDMF\FKUH0\VHURZDQHVFHQ\LOXVWUXMFWHNVW\LQIRUPDF\MQH
7HJRURG]DMX]GMFLDPRJ]QDOH.þ]DVWRVRZDQLHZ\ãF]QLHMDNRÅREUD]NLµGRQLH-
NWyU\FKWHNVWyZSXEOLF\VW\F]Q\FKIHOLHWRQ\UHSRUWD0H

:\NRQXMF ]GMFLH IRWRUHSRUWHUVNLH QDOH0\ XZLHF]QLDþ OXG]L Z V\WXDFMDFK

NRUHVSRQGXMF\FK]WHPDW\NWHNVWXGRNWyUHJRSU]\JRWRZ\ZDQDMHVWLOXVWUD-
FMD : SU]\SDGNX GHPRQVWUDFML XOLF]QHM IRWRUHSRUWHU]\ XZLHF]QLDþ EG MHM
XF]HVWQLNyZ Z WUDNFLH SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLD WUDQVSDUHQWyZ PDUV]X Z\NU]\NLZD-
QLDSRVWXODWyZLWS:\NRQXMF]GMFLHNLHURZF\UDMGRZHPXNWyU\ZãD$QLHZ\-
JUDãZ\$FLJSRSURVLP\JRDE\ZV]HGãGRVDPRFKRGX1LHFRLQQH]DVDG\RER-
ZL]XMZSU]\SDGNX]GMþLOXVWUXMF\FKZ\ZLDG\-H0HOLG]LHQQLNDU]UR]PDZLD
]RVREZ\NRQXMFDQSFLHNDZ\]DZyGPR0HVIRWRJUDIRZDþMZWUDNFLH]DZR-

-:yMWRZLF])RWRJUDÀDSUDVRZD«

svx

ROCZNIK PRASOZNAWCZY

‘—‹ƒ–›œ„ƒ†ƒÑ

GRZ\FK F]\QQR$FL RJURGQLN SLHOJQXMF\ NZLDW\ Z\NãDGRZFD SURZDG]F\ ]D-
MFLD]HVWXGHQWDPLOHNDU]RSLHNXMF\VLSDFMHQWHP*G\ERKDWHUHPZ\ZLDGX
MHVWSROLW\NXU]GQLNSLVDU]F]\EL]QHVPHQ]Z\NOHIRWRJUDIXMHP\JRZPLHMVFX
]NWyUHJRRGSRZLDGDãQDS\WDQLDZMHJRJDELQHFLHZIRWHOX]DELXUNLHPSU]\
WHOHIRQLH0R0HP\WH0]DSURSRQRZDþZ\NRQDQLH]GMFLDQSZVDOLNRQIHUHQF\M-
QHMOXEQDWOHELEOLRWHF]NL:DUWRZW\PSU]\SDGNXSDPLWDþR]DVDG]LHZãD$FL-
ZHJR GRERUX NRORUyZ ]ZUyFLþ XZDJ F]\ EDUZD IRWHOD QLH ]OHZD VL QS ] NR-
ORUHP PDU\QDUNL IRWRJUDIRZDQHM RVRE\ -H0HOL ]DOH0\ QDP DE\ ERKDWHU ]GMFLD
Z\SDGãJRGQLHLGRVWRMQLHSRVDG]LP\JRQDQLVNLPNU]H$OH:\ZRãDWRZUD0HQLH
EDUG]LHMV]F]XSã\FKLVPXNã\FKQyJ

=GMFLD G]LHQQLNDUVNLH QDMOHSLHM NUHXMH VDPR 0\FLH .D0G\ IRWRUHSRUWHU SR-

ZLQLHQZLFE\þEDF]Q\PREVHUZDWRUHPU]HF]\ZLVWR$FLNWyUDJRRWDF]D1DMD-
NR$þ ]GMFLD ZSã\ZDM XPLHMWQR$FL WHFKQLF]QH DXWRUD XPLHMWQR$þ Z\F]XFLD
V\WXDFML SRP\Vã QD IRWRJUDÀ 3UDF IRWRUHSRUWHUD PR0QD SRUyZQDþ GR SURIH-
VMLUH0\VHUDSODQXMFHJRNROHMQHXMFLD$UW\VW\F]Q\VPDNLSRP\VãRZR$þVWDã\
VL.UyGãHPVXNFHVX'DZLGD&KDOLPRQLXNDIRWRUHSRUWHUDNDWRZLFNLHJRRGG]LDãX
Å*D]HW\ :\ERUF]HMµ 3RGF]DV WUDJHGLL ]ZL]DQHM ] ]DZDOHQLHP VL KDOL Z\VWD-
ZLHQQLF]HM0LG]\QDURGRZ\FK7DUJyZ.DWRZLFNLFKZVW\F]QLXURNX&KD-
OLPRQLXNVIRWRJUDIRZDãSXFKDU\]Z\FL]FyZZ\VWDZ\JRãELQDWOHUXPRZLVND
, WR ZãD$QLH ]GMFLH Z\JUDãR ] LQQ\PL GRNXPHQWXMF\PL OXG]N WUDJHGL ² G\-
QDPLF]Q\PLXND]XMF\PLSU]HELHJDNFMLUDWXQNRZHMRÀDU\NDWDVWURI\=RVWDãR
RNU]\NQLWHQDMOHSV]\P]GMFLHPSUDVRZ\PVSR$UyGUHODFMRQXMF\FKNDWRZLFNLH
Z\GDU]HQLD3XEOLNRZDQHZÅ*D]HFLH:\ERUF]HMµLÅ3U]HNURMXµ]Z\FL0\ãRZSOH-
ELVF\FLHQD]GMFLHPLHVLFDZUHQRPRZDQ\PPLHVLF]QLNXÅ3UHVVµ

)RWRJUDÀDSUDVRZD²QLF]\POXVWUR²PyZLSUDZGRRWDF]DMF\PQDV$ZLH-

FLH $OH MDN ]DXZD0D - :yMWRZLF] GREUH ]GMFLH SUDVRZH PXVL GR WHJR MHV]-
F]H RSRZLDGDþ MDN$ KLVWRUL Å)RWRJUDÀD SUDVRZD XWUZDOD REUD] QDV]\FK F]D-
VyZ-HVWOXVWUHPGODZVSyãF]HVQ\FKLGRNXPHQWHPGODSU]\V]ã\FKSRNROH-HM
SXQNWHP FHQWUDOQ\P MHVW F]ãRZLHN L ZV]\VWNR FR MHVW ] F]ãRZLHNLHP ]ZL]DQH
-HJR SUDFD ]DEDZD ]Z\F]DMH 3RMHG\QF]H RGELWNL PRJ E\þ ZLDGRPR$FLDPL
SRUWUHWDPL V]WXN GRNXPHQWHP ² NWyU\PNROZLHN ] W\FK JDWXQNyZ EGF
VSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGRNãDGQ\PREUD]HPVZRLFKF]DVyZ$VDPDIRWRJUDÀDSUD-
VRZDWR ]GRE\ZDQLH]GROQR$FLVSRVWU]HJDQLDLPR0QR$þRVRELVWHJRZ\SRZLDGD-
QLDµ

.)RWRUHSRUWHUSRZLQLHQ]DUHMHVWURZDþREUD]WDNDE\VWDQRZLãRQQLHW\ONR

]DSLVRNUH$ORQHMV\WXDFML]GDU]HQLDVWDQXU]HF]\ZLVWR$FLDOHE\ãGODF]\WHOQLND
SXQNWHPZ\M$FLDGRUHÁHNVML

-:yMWRZLF])RWRJUDÀDSUDVRZD

svy

”œ‡›•Ïƒ™—–ƒ ‘–‘‰”ƒˆ‹ƒ’”ƒ•‘™ƒä›„”ƒ‡ƒ•’‡–›’”ƒ–›…œ‡

SUMMARY

At the end of 1980s, the beginning of the 1990s, along with the
transformation of the mass media system a considerable growth
RIWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKHSUHVVSKRWRJUDSK\RFFXUUHG7KHQHZV-
SDSHUV LQ WKH 3ROLVK 3HRSOH·V 5HSXEOLF HUD ZHUH IXOO RI SKRWR-
graphs which looked like black and white patches requiring thor-
ough alterations and adaptations so that they could be printable
DQGEHDQDSSURSULDWHLOOXVWUDWLRQIRUWKHWH[W7KHSUHVVSKRWRJ-
raphy development was, above all, caused by technological rev-
ROXWLRQ DW PHGLD DQG DOVR E\ DEROLVKLQJ WKH FHQVRUVKLS 7KH DX-
thor discusses the function and the importance of the photogra-
SK\DVDSUHVVPDWHULDO+HFRQFHQWUDWHVRQSUDFWLFDOLVVXHVFRQ-
FHUQLQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRIWDNLQJSUHVVSKRWRVFRPSRVLWLRQFRORXUV
and characterises types of separate photographic genres in press.

ã SKRWRJUDSK\ PDVV PHGLD MRXUQDOLVP SKRWRPRQ-
WDJHYLVXDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ