Over the past 10 years, the European market for probiotics has evolved rapidly.
As consumer interest surrounding food products that are principally marketed on
their healthrelated benefits continues to increase, what is the current knowledge
around probiotics?
Probiotics are live microorganisms, found in some food products or supplements, which when
eaten in sufficient amounts can be beneficial to our health. They help maintain a healthy
balance of bacteria within the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
1
The most common types of probiotic bacteria are strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,
sometimes combined with Streptococcus thermophilus.
2
Probiotics are most commonly found in
the form of fermented dairy products. They can also be found in supplements such as
tablets, capsules or sachets.
Studies on health benefits of probiotics
Despite there being scientific evidence that the consumption of probiotics can be beneficial
to your health, this evidence is only relevant to the specific strain that has been tested, and
is not a generic claim for all probiotics. Therefore, in recent years, scientific research has
focused increasingly on investigating the ability of strainspecific probiotics to protect against or treat certain diseases.
Potential health benefits of some probiotics in humans are
2
:
l
Reduction of the incidence or severity of GI infections
l
Improvement of body’s defence
l
Improvement of gut functions
Probiotic bacteria may exert their beneficial roles in several ways. Some might produce antimicrobial substances, some compete
with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or for binding sites on the intestinal wall and some modulate the host immune system.
3
Whatever the mechanism, for favourable effects to occur and last it is necessary to consume live probiotic bacteria regularly as
they are only transient in the intestinal tract and do not become part of the host’s gut microflora.
2
PROEUHEALTH
In 2001, the European Union (EU)funded Food, GItract Functionality and Human Health Cluster PROEUHEALTH, was set up, with
the aim of scientifically examining the role of some probiotic bacteria in our wellbeing.
4
The cluster ran for 4 years, and
generated exciting results relating to the health benefits of certain probiotic strains:
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)
Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease are disabling diseases, with sufferers experiencing
symptoms such as severe diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain. IBD are thought to be caused by the immune system reacting
badly to certain bacteria in the GI tract, causing inflammation of the intestine. PROEUHEALTH showed that certain probiotics, in
this case, specific strains of Lactococcus and Lactobacillus, might help prevent such inflammation of the intestine and studies are
now being carried out in humans suffering from Crohn’s disease to determine if specific strains of Lactococcus could be used to
prevent or treat IBD.
4
Gastritis and diarrhoea
The bacteria known as Helicobacter pylori can cause gastritis, gastric ulcers and in the worst cases gastric cancer in humans, whilst
Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium are important causes of infectious diarrhoea. In the PROEUHEALTH study, specific strains
of Lactobacilli decreased the amount of both Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella typhimurium in mice.
4
Further studies to test specific
Lactobacilli strains in humans are now planned and may provide a new method by which we can prevent and treat gastritis
and diarrhoea.
Health claims – a matter of scientific evidence
In 2007, the EU regulation on nutrition and health claims (1924/2006/EC) came into force.
5
One of the key changes introduced by
the new regulation was that manufacturers of probiotics must submit any health claims to the European Commission (EC), where
the claims are scientifically assessed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and either accepted or rejected. By 2010,
health claims on probiotic products will have been accredited through this process, thus giving the consumer reliable guidance as
to the potential health benefits of these products.
5
References
1.
The British Dietetic Association, Food facts section
2. Howlett J (2008) Functional Foods From Science to Health and Claims.
ILSI EUROPE Concise Monograph Series.
Probiotic bacteria the quest continues…
3.
Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of
probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria.
4.
PROEUHEALTH – the food, GI tract functionality and human health cluster, Consumer platform section
5.
Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20th December 2006
on nutrition and health claims made on foods.
2
Hydration is an important part of our health and wellbeing. Even small losses of
body fluid can cause headaches, lack of concentration, decreased reaction time,
and lethargy, and can hinder sporting performance. Beverages, including those
with sodium can help in restoring and maintaining our water balance.
Fluid loss and its consequences
The human body routinely excretes various amounts of water through urine, stool, sweat,
and the air we breathe out. In very hot climates and during exercise, sweating can contribute
substantially to this fluid loss.
Sweat is a mixture of fluids and electrolytes, including sodium, that is emitted when the
body needs to cool itself down. Ideally, fluid intake should match the sweat rate to minimise
detrimental effects to health and sporting performance. Athletes performing high intensity
activity commonly have sweat rates of 1.0 – 2.5L per hour, although when the ambient
temperature is higher, sweat rates of more than 2.5L per hour are not unusual.
1
Most individuals can tolerate a 2% decrease in body fluid without any significant risk
provided they are in a cool or temperate environment, however if this occurs in a hot environment (> 30°C) there can be
significant risk to health.
2
When fluid loss occurs as in sweating a reduction in blood volume is seen, which thickens the blood, making it harder for the
heart to pump the blood around the body. To offset this effect the heart rate increases, but oxygen delivery to exercising muscles
and removal of carbon dioxide and waste products from them is hindered. Fluid loss can also lead to an increased core body
temperature, which impairs the activity of enzymes in the body.
Research shows that the natural thirst mechanism makes individuals consume only approximately half the amount of fluid they
have lost.
2
It is thought that the thirst mechanism does not initiate the drive to drink until the body is 2% dehydrated, which is at
the point where performance can be compromised.
1
The role of sodium in rehydration
Water, diluted fruit juices and sports drinks are commonly used for rehydration. As sodium is the major salt in sweat, some drinks
contain added sodium along with carbohydrates. This is in line with the recommendations by the Scientific Committee on Food to
include sodium (4601150 mg/L) and carbohydrates (0350 kcal/L) for optimal rehydration during prolonged exercise. It is
thought that the loss of sodium could play a role in the development of muscle cramps, or weakness. The loss of sodium also
affects the fluid make up of the body.
Sodium is known to stimulate the thirst mechanism and it also improves the rate at which the small intestine can absorb water
and carbohydrate – this effectively helps rehydration and the delay of muscle fatigue, respectively. Once the water has been
absorbed, sodium also helps the body to keep it by retaining greater levels of fluid, and urine output is decreased.
4,5
Research
shows that adding sodium to a beverage poses very little, or no risk at all to health.
2
It is recommended that drinks contain sodium for use in exercise longer than 2 hours in duration, or in any event where heavy
sweating occurs. Research suggests that consuming about 450 mg or more of sodium per hour of exercise is needed to maintain
plasma volume and plasma sodium levels.
6
This amount is easily provided by a well balanced carbohydrateelectrolyte beverage.
In conclusion
For optimal sports performance, especially in hot environments, it is important to drink regularly. Beverages that contain sodium
may help to rehydrate faster than those without, and added carbohydrates may ward off muscle fatigue. However, sodium intakes
should generally be reduced in most European diets to avoid adverse health effects.
References
1. Sawka, M.N., Montain, S.J. (2000). Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for exercise heat stress. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition 72:S56472.
2. Coyle, E. F. (2004). Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences 22:3955.
3. Report of the Scientific Committee on Food on composition and specification of food intended to meet the expenditure of
intense muscular effort, especially for sportsmen. Available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out64_en.pdf
4. Wendt, D. et al (2007). Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat – Strategies for maintaining health and
performance. Sports Medicine 37 (8):669682.
5. Vrijens, D. M. J. et al (1999). Sodiumfree fluid ingestion decreases plasma sodium during exercise in the heat. Journal
of Applied Physiology 86:184751.
6. Murray, B. (2007). The role of salt and glucose replacement drinks in the marathon. Sports Medicine 37 (45):358–360.
The role of sodium in sports drinks
3
The human body is designed to move; being physically active can offer a range of
physical, social and psychological benefits. New guidelines have been released to help
Europeans achieve a better quality of life by being more active.
Defining physical activity
Physical activity is “any bodily movement associated with muscular contraction that increases
energy expenditure above resting levels.”
1
It is a major factor associated with health and quality of
life and includes many sports and leisure activities (i.e. exercise), but also daytoday activities
such as brisk walking, housework and physically demanding jobs such as building.
Benefits of an active lifestyle
There are many health benefits of physical activity for all age groups, including
1
:
• Reduced risk of heart disease
• Weight management
• Healthy bones
• Lower risk of depression
Factors influencing activity
Physical activity is not simply dictated by a person’s desire to be active, it can be largely affected by
their environment. In the community, urban planning can play an important role in helping people to feel able to cycle or walk to
work and to feel safe from risk of crime or accidents. In the workplace, shower facilities can be provided so that cycling to work is
possible.
Guidelines in Europe and America
Total physical activity seems to have been decreasing in the past few decades (although this is not proven), mainly as a result of
a range of innovations making life easier. Around 4060% of the European Union (EU) population lead a sedentary lifestyle.
1
In 2008, new guidelines on healthenhancing physical activity were drawn up for Americans and EU citizens (Table 1).
1,2
In the
American guidelines, much detail was given prescribing the minimum amount of physical activity that should be reached for
different population groups. The EU guidelines were broadly based on guidelines published by the World Health Organisation
(WHO) which are far less prescriptive.
3
Both EU and American guidelines agree that some activity is better than none in terms of health benefits. The EU guidelines are
mostly focussed on recommending policy actions at community and national levels to facilitate people becoming more physically
active. This crosssectoral approach includes sport, health, education, transport, environment, urban planning, public safety, work
and services for senior citizens. For example, health insurance providers could promote physical activity by offering financial
incentives to clients who can demonstrate that they are active.
Practical steps to becoming more active
It is essential that at local and national levels, suitable environments are created that encourage more physical activity, but it is
at the individual level where action also needs to be taken. For those not used to being physically active, the main message is to
build up gradually to a level that is appropriate and can be maintained in the long term.
A shop worker may start with something as simple as getting off the bus a stop earlier than usual and walking the additional
distance, building up the distance over a period of time and using a pedometer to monitor progress. A housewife could choose to
park further away from the grocery store and carry shopping bags the extra distance. A manager may be able to build working
relationships by suggesting a meeting with a colleague after a game of squash or to discuss new ideas whilst taking a walk away
from the office. For all people, setting goals, perhaps with the help of a health professional who can advise on what is appropriate
is a useful first step.
Table 1. US and EU recommendations on physical activity for adults
Further information:
Guidelines for physical activity
US recommendations
EU recommendations (based on WHO
3
)
At least 150 minutes per week of moderateintensity
Or
75 minutes per week of vigorousintensity aerobic
activity
A minimum of 30 minutes of moderateintensity physical
activity 5 days per week
Or
At least 20 minutes of vigorousintensity physical activity
3 days per week
Activity should be in episodes of at least 10 minutes and
spread throughout
the week
Activity can be accumulated in blocks of at least 10
minutes
For additional benefit adults should increase their aerobic
activity to 300 minutes per week of moderate intensity
or 150 minutes of vigorous intensity
Adults should also do musclestrengthening activities of
moderate or high intensity and involve all major muscle
groups on 2 or more days
Activities to increase muscular strength and endurance
should be added 2 to 3 days per week
4
Physical activity backgrounder
www.eufic.org/article/en/page/BARCHIVE/expid/basicsphysicalactivity/
Learn more about how physically active you are at EUFIC’s Energy Balance site
www.eufic.org/page/en/page/energybalance/
References
1. EU Working Group “Sport and Health” (2008) EU Physical Activity Guidelines. Available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/sport/whatwedo/doc/health/pa_guidelines_4th_consolidated_draft_en.pdf
2. U.S Department of Health and Human Services (2008). 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Available at:
http://www.health.gov/PAGuidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf
3. WHO (2002). Move for Health. Available at:
http://www.who.int/moveforhealth/en
5
Emerging research suggests some saturated fats carry out important functions in
the body. However, this does not counteract the advice that people should
reduce saturated fat consumption.
All fats are made up of glycerol, a fork like structure, and three fatty acids. Fatty acids are
made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, arranged as a carbon chain with an acid at one
end. Saturated fatty acids contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms they can hold
and no double bonds (whereas unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds).
There are several kinds of naturally occurring saturated fatty acids, their only difference
being in the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
In practice foods contain a mixture of different types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Table 1 shows common natural
saturated fatty acids and typical food sources.
Table 1 Common saturated fatty acids and their typical food sources
Saturated fats in the body
All fats, including saturated fats, provide us with a concentrated form of energy. Fats are also essential to carry the fatsoluble
vitamins A, D, E, and K into the body, and when deposited in fat stores, they cushion and protect our essential organs.
1
Emerging research suggests that individual saturated fatty acids have their own important biological functions in the body
2
:
l
Butyric acid regulates the expression of several genes and may play a role in cancer prevention by stopping the
development of cancer cells;
l
Palmitic acid is involved in the regulation of hormones;
l
Palmitic and myristic acids are involved in cell messaging and immune function.
Other roles of saturated fatty acids that still require further evidence in humans include:
l
Myristic acid may regulate the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
l
Lauric acid may be the raw material for producing omega3 fatty acids (when omega3 fatty acids are unavailable in the
diet)
Nonetheless, saturated fat can have a great influence on total blood cholesterol and LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, but there are
differences in cholesterolraising effects among the saturated fatty acids.
2
Effects are generally greater for fatty acids with medium
chain lengths (e.g., lauric C12:0, myristic C14:0 and palmitic C16:0) than for those with longer chain lengths (e.g., stearic acid
C18:0). Stearic acid does not raise blood cholesterol to the same extent as myristic, lauric and palmitic acids, because it is
converted to its monounsaturated form (oleic acid C18:1) in the liver very efficiently.
Steps towards a healthier diet
The recommended maximum consumption of saturated fat is ≤10% of calories in the diet.
3
The average European is still eating
more than this recommended maximum amount of dietary saturated fat, currently about 15% of calories.
1
So attempts to reduce
Taking a closer look at saturated fat
Common name
Carbon chain
length
Typical food sources
(also contain other fatty
acids)
Butyric acid
4
Butter, dairy fat
Lauric acid
12
Coconut oil
Myristic acid
14
Coconut oil, dairy fat
Palmitic acid
16
Palm oil, meat and dairy fats
Stearic acid
18
Meat fat, cocoa butter
6
saturated fat intake should continue, ideally paying attention to the fatty acid profiles of different foods.
The main sources of saturated fat in the diet are: fatty cuts of meat, poultry skin, meat products such as sausages and pies,
whole milk and full fat dairy products such as cheese and cream, butter, ghee and lard, coconut oil and palm oil, pastry, cakes
and biscuits, sweets and chocolate.
Therefore, some ways to decrease the amount of saturated fat in the diet are:
l
Choose lean cuts of meat and trim off visible fat; remove the skin from poultry meat; grill your meat rather than frying
it.
l
Take care on the amount of sausages, pastry, pies, cakes, biscuits, sweets, chocolate consumed.
l
Choose lowerfat or reduced fat dairy products.
l
Choose vegetable oils (rich in unsaturated fat, such as sunflower, rapeseed or olive oil) or fat spread rather than one
that is high in saturated fat.
And finally, eat a balanced diet, with plenty of fruits and vegetables and starchy foods (such as rice, pasta, potatoes), and opt for
lowfat cooking methods such as boiling and steaming.
References
1. Facts about Fats – EUFIC Review. Available at:
www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/reviewfats/
2. Rioux V. and Legrand P. (2007) Saturated fatty acids: simple molecular structures with complex cellular functions.
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 10:75258
3. WHO Technical Report Series 916 “Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases”. Geneva 2003. Available at:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916.pdf
7