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Anna Treger
Repetytorium
ANGIELSKI
Czasy
Konsultacja merytoryczna:
Les∏aw Kawalec
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Projekt ok∏adki serii: Marcin Rojek, 2-arts.com
Projekt makiety i opracowanie graficzne: Studio 27, studio27@qdnet.pl
Zdj´cie na ok∏adce: Mariusz Jachimczuk
Redakcja i korekta: Pawe∏ Pokora
© Copyright by Wydawnictwo Lingo sp. j., Warszawa 2007
www.WydawnictwoLingo.pl
ISBN-10: 83-60287-13-9
ISBN-13: 978-83-60287-13-2
Sk∏ad i ∏amanie: Studio 27
Druk i oprawa: Opolgraf
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Wst´p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sprawdê si´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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5.
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6.
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8.
9.
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10.
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11.
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12.
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13.
Klucz do çwiczeƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Wykaz czasowników nieregularnych . . . . 96
Spis treÊci
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Chcesz sku tecz nie i szyb ko opa no waç an giel skie cza sy? Przy go to wu jesz si´
do eg za mi nu? A mo ˝e po trze bu jesz kom pen dium, po któ re za wsze mo ˝esz si´ gnàç,
gdy masz wàt pli wo Êci, co do po praw ne go za sto so wa nia cza sów? Re pe ty to rium Lin go
„An giel ski. Cza sy” jest w∏a Ênie dla Cie bie.
Ksià˝ ka jest skie ro wa na do uczniów, ma tu rzy stów, stu den tów, osób przy go to wu -
jà cych si´ do eg za mi nów j´ zy ko wych, a tak ˝e wszyst kich, któ rzy po trze bu jà upo rzàd ko -
wa nia i po sze rze nia wia do mo Êci o cza sach an giel skich. Uwzgl´d nia ma te ria∏ wy ma ga ny
na no wej ma tu rze oraz eg za mi nach ta kich jak First Cer ti fi ca te in En glish czy
Cer ti fi ca te in Ad van ced En glish. Sk∏a da si´ z trzy na stu roz dzia ∏ów, klu cza
do çwi czeƒ, te stu spraw dza jà ce go oraz wy ka zu cza sow ni ków nie re gu lar nych.
Ka˝ dy roz dzia∏ obej mu je wst´p nà cha rak te ry sty k´ za gad nieƒ, któ rym jest
po Êwi´ co ny, cz´Êç teo re tycz nà przed sta wia jà cà od po wied nie re gu ∏y gra ma ty ki,
zi lu stro wa nà przy k∏a da mi wraz z ich t∏u ma cze niem na pol ski oraz ze staw çwi czeƒ
po zwa la jà cych opa no waç od po wied nie za gad nie nia zwià za ne z roz wi ja niem prak tycz nej
umie j´t no Êci po s∏u gi wa nia si´ an giel ski mi cza sa mi.
W j´ zy ku pol skim ró˝ ni ca po mi´ dzy cza sem gra ma tycz nym (ten se) a cza sem
fi zycz nym (ti me) nie jest tak roz bu do wa na jak w an gielsz czyê nie, w któ rej ma my
np. kil ka ro dza jów gra ma tycz nych cza su te raê niej sze go, w su mie w pod r´cz ni kach
wy ró˝ nia si´ kil ka na Êcie cza sów gra ma tycz nych. W j´ zy ku pol skim ma my tyl ko czas
prze sz∏y, te raê niej szy i przy sz∏y, co w za sa dzie od po wia da po dzia ∏o wi cza su rze czy wi ste go.
Wst´p
wst´p
4
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To wzgl´d ne bo gac two cza sów gra ma tycz nych w j´ zy ku an giel skim bie rze si´
stàd, ˝e pe∏ nià m.in. ta kie ro le zna cze nio we, któ re w pol sz czyê nie mo gà byç od da wa ne
przy po mo cy in nych Êrod ków nie wy st´ pu jà cych z ko lei w an giel skim, np. za sto so wa nia
aspek tu niedo ko na ne go cza sow ni ka (czy taç) al bo aspek tu do ko na ne go (prze czy taç,
wy czy taç, do czy taç), u˝y cia cza sow ni ków jed no krot nych (graç, spaç, cho dziç) bàdê
wie lo krot nych (gry waç, sy piaç, cha dzaç) lub za sto so wa nia in nych wy ra zów uszcze gó ∏a -
wia jà cych re la cje cza so we. Re pe ty to rium uwzgl´d nia na wy ki j´ zy ko we czy tel ni ka
pol skie go i wy cho dzi na prze ciw pro ble mom, na ja kie zwy kle na tra fia jà Po la cy uczà cy si´
po s∏u gi wa nia cza sa mi an giel ski mi.
Ni niej sza pu bli ka cja sta no wi wzbo ga ce nie – przede wszyst kim o uroz ma ico ny
ze staw sta ran nie do bra nych çwi czeƒ – od po wied nich roz dzia ∏ów re pe ty to rium „An giel ski.
Gra ma ty ka z çwi cze nia mi” wy daw nic twa Lin go.
Uczmy si´ cza sów! Pra wi d∏o we ro zu mie nie i po s∏u gi wa nie si´ cza sa mi to wa ru -
nek ko niecz ny do brej zna jo mo Êci j´ zy ka an giel skie go.
Z ˝y cze nia mi suk ce sów
Au tor ka
wst´p
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Roz wià˝ test i sprawdê swo jà wie dz´. Ten test po mo ˝e Ci oce niç, na czym na le ˝y skon cen -
tro waç si´ w na uce za gad nieƒ przed sta wio nych w tej ksià˝ ce.
1.
Sue______ her coffee white.
a) is liking
b) likes
c) was liking
2.
I ______ to London many times
before.
a) was
b) have been
c) had been
3.
What ___________ ? I am a chemist.
a) do you do
b) are you doing
c) are you
4.
Lynn _________ It is so annoying!
a) always complains
b) complained
c) is always complaining
5.
I promise I _________ tell anyone.
a) won’t
b) don’t
c) won’t have
6.
This time next week we
____________ in the warm Caribbean
sun.
a) will be basking
b) are basking
c) will have been basking
7.
Tom ____________ paella before he
went to Spain.
a) didn’t eat
b) hasn’t eaten
c) hadn’t eaten
8.
Greg was very tired. He
____________ snow all day.
a) was shovelling
b) had been shovelling
c) has been shovelling
9.
I _________my Internet connection
while I _________a reservation.
a) lost, was making
b) was losing, was making
c) was losing, made
10.
The band ____________for a few
weeks before they set out on the tour.
a) have been rehearsing
b) had been rehearsing
c) was rehearsing
11.
We ____________ for you since
the morning.
a) are waiting
b) have been waiting
c) wait
12.
I _________ well recently.
a) haven’t been doing
b) am not doing
c) wasn’t doing
Sprawdê si´
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13.
Joel ____________ a solution yet.
a) didn’t find
b) found
c) hasn’t found
14.
He _______ the gate between 3 and 4.
a) repaired
b) has repaired
c) was repairing
15.
My train _________ at 5 o’clock.
a) leaves
b) is leaving
c) will leave
16.
If only I _________ him seriously!
a) took
b) have taken
c) had taken
17.
When I was a child I _________ in
Kentucky.
a) have lived
b) lived
c) had lived
18.
We _________ married in August.
All’s been fixed.
a) will get
b) get married
c) are getting married
19.
By February I __________ off the
mortgage.
a) will have paid
b) will pay
c) am paying
20.
I __________ my home town last
week.
a) have visited
b) visited
c) had visited
21.
Beth is tired. She _____________ all
day.
a) was working
b) worked
c) has been working
22.
It ______________ __ all day.
a) rains
b) is raining
c) has been raining
23.
I ______ Helen since our school
days.
a) know
b) have known
c) have been knowing
24.
Mary was very disappointed because
she _______________ tickets for the
concert.
a) hadn’t bought
b) didn’t buy
c) hasn’t bought
25.
Warsaw __________ dramatically
since I last saw it.
a) changed
b) had changed
c) has changed
26.
Lord! We __________ crash!
a) will
b) are going to
c) shall
27.
____ you ____ me the sugar, please?
a) are, passing
b) will, be passing
c) will, pass
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1.
Present Simple
Tworzenie czasu
Present Simple
8
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Czasownik
I
sleep
You
He
She
sleeps
It
We
You
sleep
They
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Do/Does
Not
Czasownik
I
do
You
He
She
does
not
sleep
It
We
You
do
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
don’t
You
He
She
doesn’t
sleep
It
We
You
don’t
They
Forma pytajàca
Do/Does
Podmiot
Do
I
you
he
Does
she
sleep?
it
we
Do
you
they
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Do/Does
Yes,
I/we/you/they
do
he/she/it
does
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Do/Does
No,
I/we/you/they
don’t
he/she/it
doesn’t
Zastosowanie
Present Simple u˝ywamy:
Gdy informujemy o trwa∏ym stanie rzeczy, o zdarzeniach majàcych uniwersalny bàdê
powtarzajàcy si´ charakter.
I study at Silesian University.
Studiuj´ na Uniwersytecie Âlàskim.
He works as a clerk.
On pracuje jako urz´dnik.
She writes books.
Ona pisze ksià˝ki.
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Gdy mówimy o zachowaniach rutynowych, czynnoÊciach powtarzajàcych si´ mniej lub
bardziej regularnie.
My neighbours seldom do the washing
Moi sàsiedzi rzadko piorà i prasujà.
and ironing.
Ben often goes fishing.
Ben cz´sto chodzi na ryby.
The Smiths usually cook the meals.
Paƒstwo Smith zazwyczaj gotujà posi∏ki.
Opisujàc czynnoÊci zwyczajowe i powtarzajàce si´ cz´sto u˝ywamy w Present Simple
przys∏ówków cz´stotliwoÊci.
always
zawsze
usually
zazwyczaj
often/frequently
cz´sto
sometimes
czasami
occasionally
okazjonalnie
from time to time
od czasu do czasu
sporadically
sporadycznie
seldom/rarely
rzadko
hardly ever
prawie nigdy
never
nigdy
ever
kiedykolwiek
every day/every second day
codziennie/co drugi dzieƒ
once/twice a week
raz/dwa razy na tydzieƒ
every now and then
czasami
W angielskim, inaczej ni˝ w j´zyku polskim (np. Ona nigdy niczego nie po˝ycza), nie stosuje
si´ podwójnego przeczenia, a wi´c kiedy zdanie zawiera wyraz przeczàcy, np. never,
nothing, nobody, nowhere, a tak˝e sugerujàcy przeczenie np. hardly, wówczas
w orzeczeniu zasadniczym nie pojawia si´ partyku∏a przeczàca not.
Ally never goes out alone after dark.
Ally nigdy nie wychodzi sama po zmroku.
Tim has no opinions of his own.
Tim nie ma w∏asnych poglàdów.
I have nothing to hide.
Nie mam nic do ukrycia.
His wife hardly notices you.
Jego ˝ona ledwo ci´ zauwa˝a.
Wyjàtkiem sà pewne dialekty czy gwary Êrodowiskowe, np. African American, East London
Cockney. Jedym z najbardziej znanych przyk∏adów zastosowania podwójnej negacji sà dwa
wersy z piosenki zespo∏u Pink Floyd „Another Brick in the Wall”:
We don’t need no education.
Nie trzeba nam szko∏y.
We don’t need no thought control.
Nie chcemy kontroli myÊli.
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P r e s e n t S i m p l e
W przypadku formu∏owania uniwersalnych prawid∏owoÊci, np. kiedy przedstawiamy
prawa natury.
Water freezes at 0°C.
Woda zamarza w temperaturze 0°C.
Light travels 186000 miles per second.
Âwiat∏o pokonuje 186000 mil na
sekund´.
Oil floats on water.
Olej unosi si´ na powierzchni wody.
W odniesieniu do wydarzeƒ przysz∏ych zwiàzanych z pewnymi ustaleniami (takich jak:
rozk∏ad jazdy, repertuar kina czy teatru ..., harmonogram).
The bus departs at 9.15.
Autobus odje˝d˝a o 9.15.
The film starts at 6 o’clock.
Film zaczyna si´ o szóstej.
The meeting starts at 8
Spotkanie zaczyna si´ o ósmej,
and finishes at 10.
a koƒczy o dziesiàtej.
Kiedy mówimy o zdarzeniach, które na pewno wydarzà si´ w przysz∏oÊci.
My grandfather turns 90 this week
.
Mój dziadek skoƒczy 90 lat w tym
tygodniu.
Spring starts on 21 March.
Wiosna zaczyna si´ 21 marca.
W odniesieniu do czynnoÊci wykonywanych w chwili mówienia. Dotyczy to g∏ównie:
–
relacji sportowych, np.
He goes past one defender, goes past another, dashes forward, flicks on to
Deco, Deco shoots, and he hits home from close range! What a finish of
a great move by Ronaldinho!!!
Mi ja jed ne go obroƒ c´, mi ja na st´p ne go, wy bie ga na przód, po da je do De co, De co
strze la i tra fia z bli skiej od le g∏o Êci! Co za wy koƒ cze nie Êwiet ne go po da nia
Ro nal din ho!!!
–
opisywania i przedstawiania eksperymentów w naukach Êcis∏ych, pokazach
kulinarnych oraz rozmaitych instrukcjach post´powania, np.
... then I add melted butter and mix well.
... wtedy dodaj´ topione mas∏o i dobrze mieszam.
First, I lift the cover and put the paper on the glass. Then I select the number
of copies and press the red button.
Najpierw podnosz´ pokryw´ i k∏ad´ papier na szkle. Potem wybieram iloÊç kopii
i naciskam czerwony przycisk.
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I put sulphur powder in a test-tube. Then I heat the sulphur until it slowly
melts to form a golden yellow liquid. I continue to heat more until a red gas
appears above the liquid.
Wsypuj´ sproszkowanà siark´ do probówki. Nast´pnie podgrzewam siark´, a˝ powoli
stopi si´ i przybierze postaç z∏oto-˝ó∏tego p∏ynu. Podgrzewam jeszcze bardziej do
momentu, a˝ czerwony gaz pojawi si´ nad cieczà
.
W didaskaliach utworów dramatycznych.
Polonius hides behind the curtain.
Poloniusz chowa si´ za kotarà.
King Lear enters carrying Cornelia in his arms. (lub: enter King Lear...)
Wchodzi król Lear niosàc Korneli´ w ramionach.
Jako Êrodek stylistyczny wzbogacajàcy narracj´, który jest alternatywà dla czasu
przesz∏ego.
He takes a puff on his cigar and walks out the door.
Zaciàga si´ papierosem i wychodzi.
W zdaniach czasowych i warunkowych.
If you see Paddy, say hello to her.
JeÊli spotkasz Paddy, pozdrów jà.
If you want to get better, stay in bed and take medicines.
JeÊli chcesz wyzdrowieç, le˝ w ∏ó˝ku i bierz leki.
What do you want to be when you grow up?
Kim chcesz zostaç, kiedy doroÊniesz?
Zapami´taj!
Czas Present Simple nie jest w Êcis∏ym znaczeniu czasem teraêniejszym, jest w pewnym sensie
ponadczasowy i chocia˝ bywa niekiedy u˝ywany jako czas teraêniejszy opisujàcy to, co dzieje
si´ w danym momencie albo nawet w miejsce czasu przysz∏ego, to jego g∏ówne zastosowanie
polega na okreÊleniu stanów, rutynowych czynnoÊci, nawyków, prawd uniwersalnych.
åwi cze nia
1.
Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Simple.
1. He (work) as a web designer.
2. Their housekeeper (not do) do the laundry.
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P r e s e n t S i m p l e
3. I never (read) recipe books.
4. She always (keep) people at a distance.
5. I (wake) up before the alarm (go) off.
6. His lawyer (charge) a set fee per hour.
7. She always (read) legal documents very carefully.
8. Tim (like) his potatoes mashed with butter.
9. She (not know) how to sew on buttons.
10. Sophie (make) the most delicious cheesecake in the world.
11. Sparrows (not migrate) to Africa for the winter.
12. My computer (take) a long time to load.
13. Vegans (eat) only plant food.
14. Red Bull (give) you wings.
15. He (collect) old envelopes and household items.
2.
Wpisz w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwy czasownik.
1. I always r______ before going to sleep.
2. Their sons don’t c______ up after meals.
3. My husband always t______ about politics.
4. We don’t e______ until we feel hungry.
5. She usually w______ out in the gym four times a week.
6. They s______ the best steaks in town.
7. He never m______ a mistake.
8. My sister always c______ about being fat.
9. Tom d______ a silver BMW.
10. Mrs Jones s______ when I greet her.
11. My dogs g______ at everyone who comes to my house.
12. She f______ a calorie-controlled diet.
13. My aunt b______ milk from dairy farmers.
14. They always t______ to be friendly and helpful.
15. Their grandson a______ a French-speaking kindergarten.
3.
Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze zdania na zdania przeczàce.
1. I experiment with my recipes.
2. He delivers newspapers to earn some extra money.
3. They eat vegetables and drink milk.
4. My grandmother knits sweaters for us.
5. My sister listens to all sorts of music.
6. We eat three meals a day.
7. My boss smokes Cuban cigars.
8. She wears funny round glasses.
9. My garden overlooks a magnificent waterfall.
10. I take sugar in my coffee.
11. My neighbours gossip about everyone they know.
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12. We cater to birthday parties and wedding receptions.
13. They always fight over everything.
14. My friends throw parties to please themselves.
15. I get angry when people talk behind my back.
4.
U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.
1. I usually drink orange juice for lunch.
2. She never calls before she comes over.
3. My boss often gesticulates while talking.
4. I read boring articles to send myself to sleep.
5. We seldom go out these days.
6. I study English one to three hours a day.
7. He always spreads butter too thickly on his bread.
8. They live in a remote mountainous area.
9. Polar bears eat seals and other marine mammals.
10. My brother wants to become a TV broadcaster.
5.
U∏ó˝ odpowiedzi wedle podanego wzoru.
He is a website designer. What does he do at work?
He designs websites.
1. They are firefighters. What do they do?
2. She is a news presenter. What does she do at work?
3. He is a lorry driver. What does he do?
4. She is a pianist. What does she do?
5. We are fruit pickers. What do we do?
6. He is a film producer. What does he do?
7. He is a deer hunter. What does he do?
8. He is a refuse collector. What does he do at work?
9. They are software developers. What do they do?
10. She is an interior decorator. What does she do at work?
6.
Wybierz prawid∏owà odpowiedê.
1. Can I get you anything? Tea, coffee?
a) No, thank you. I don’t need anything.
b) No, thank you. I don’t need nothing.
2. Do you have any experience with animations?
a) No, I am sorry. I don’t have no experience with that yet.
b) No, I am sorry. I don’t have any experience with that yet.
3. What are your weaknesses?
a) I don’t have any glaring weaknesses, however I could improve on my social skills.
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b) I don’t have no glaring weaknesses, however I could improve on my social skills.
4. Do you provide transport to work?
a) Unfortunately, we don’t provide any transport.
b) Unfortunately, we don’t provide none.
5. Can you tell me more about your previous job?
a) I worked as a technical consultant for a small company. I worked seven days
a week – I never had time to rest.
b) I worked as a technical consultant for a small company. I worked seven days
a week – I never didn’t have any time to rest.
7.
Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego ni˝ej przyk∏adu.
Newspapers come out every week.
No, they don’t. Newspapers come out every day.
1. Horses feed on meat.
2. Penguins live in the Arctic.
3. Water boils at 90°C.
4. Dogs purr when they are pleased.
5. The Sun orbits the Earth.
6. The Vistula enters the Black Sea.
7. Tigers live in the grasslands of Africa.
8. David Beckham plays for Korona Kielce.
9. Coffee grows in Poland.
10. Yeti lives in the waters of Loch Ness.
11. Blackbirds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests.
12. James Bond works for a Russian Secret Service.
8.
Uzupe∏nij zdania wstawiajàc w wolne miejsce if lub when.
1. I will explain everything ______ we meet.
2. I am always careful ______ I drive a car.
3. Correct me ______ I am wrong.
4. ______ you like legal thrillers, you will enjoy this one.
5. ______ the sun goes down, it gets dark.
6. Wake me up ______ it’s time for dinner.
7. ______ you want to lose weight, stay away from sweets.
8. ______ the winter comes, it gets colder and colder.
9.______ the rice turns golden brown, add some wine to the pan.
10.______ you have further questions, please feel free to contact us
.
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9.
Korzystajàc ze wskazówki umieszczonej w nawiasie, wpisz w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwy
przys∏ówek cz´stotliwoÊci. Czasami wi´cej ni˝ jedna odpowiedê jest prawid∏owa.
1. I ______ drink coffee with brown sugar. (at all times)
2. He ______ speaks before he thinks. (on most occasions)
3. She ______ wears her hair in a bun. (many times)
4. I ______ shop at Wal-Mart. (on some occasions)
5. He ______ writes book and film reviews. (not regularly or often)
6. We ______ watch the same film twice. (almost never)
7. They ______ eat between meals. (not at any time)
8. We go bowling ______. (once on each day)
9. Do you ______ go bird watching? (at any time)
10. The meeting is held ______. (the second, then the fourth, then the sixth year)
10.
Uzupe∏nij dialog wstawiajàc w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwe s∏owo (jeÊli trzeba, dostosuj
form´ wyrazu) wybrane z poni˝szej listy: wait, take out, select, make, open, insert,
put in, come, switch off.
A: Excuse me, can you show me how you use this washing machine?
B: Yes, of course. First, I ______ (1) the right programme for my wash, whether it’s
a quick wash, slightly or heavily soiled. Then I ______ (2) the porthole door and
______ (3) my load. It ______ (4) loading and unloading your laundry easy.
Then I ______ (5) the correct money into the slot to start the machine. That’s
all. Short and simple.
(After some time)
B: Now, the washing is done. I ______ (6) for the door to unlock, ______ (7) the
machine and I ______ (8) the laundry. Next ______ (9) moving it to the dryer.
A: Thanks a lot. I hope I won’t have to take my clothes to the dry-cleaner next
time.
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2.
Present Continuous
Tworzenie czasu
Present Continuous
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Am/Are/Is
Not
Czasownik+ing
I
am
You
are
He
She
is
not
sleeping
It
We
You
are
They
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Am/Are/Is
Czasownik+ing
I
am
You
are
He
She
is
sleeping
It
We
You
are
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
nie istnieje
You
aren’t
He
She
isn’t
sleeping
It
We
You
aren’t
They
Forma pytajàca
Am/Are/Is
Podmiot
Czasownik+ing
Am
I
Are
you
he
Is
she
sleeping?
It
we
Are
you
they
Zastosowanie
Czas Present Continuous stosujemy przede wszystkim, kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊciach,
które trwajà w chwili mówienia.
He is repairing a washing machine now.
On teraz naprawia pralk´.
We are packing our suitcases.
Pakujemy nasze walizki.
I am stirring sugar into my coffee.
Mieszam cukier w kawie.
Czasem Present Continuous pos∏ugujemy si´ opisujàc czynnoÊci, które odbywajà si´
w szeroko rozumianej chwili „teraz”.
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Am/Are/Is
Yes,
I
am
we/you/they
are
he/she/it
is
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Am/Are/Is+not
No,
I
am not
we/you/they
aren’t
he/she/it
isn’t
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He is working as a freelance photographer these days.
Teraz pracuje jako niezrzeszony fotograf.
I am preparing for my driving test now.
Obecnie przygotowuj´ si´ do egzaminu z prawa jazdy.
She is researching new technologies.
Ona prowadzi badanie nad nowymi technologiami.
Je˝eli nie u˝yjemy odpowiedniego wyra˝enia (np. at present, these days), bàdê jeÊli kontekst
nie jest wyraêny, powy˝sze zdania mogà oznaczaç, ˝e czynnoÊci te dziejà si´ w chwili obecnej.
What are you doing now?
Co robisz?
I am preparing for my driving test.
Przygotowuj´ si´ do egzaminu
z prawa jazdy.
ale
Do you have a driving licence?
Masz prawo jazdy?
No, but I am preparing for my
Nie, ale przygotowuj´ si´ do egzaminu
driving test.
z prawa jazdy.
Czas Present Continuous mo˝na równie˝ stosowaç z przys∏ówkami always, constantly,
continually w sytuacjach, kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊciach powtarzajàcych si´ z mniejszà lub
wi´kszà cz´stotliwoÊcià, co do których wyra˝amy naszà przygan´, negatywny stosunek,
zniecierpliwienie, wzgl´dnie zazdroÊç, np.
Philip is continually complaining.
Philip stale narzeka.
Daniel is always telling naughty jokes.
Daniel zawsze opowiada nieprzyz-
woite dowcipy.
Zoe is always getting what she wants.
Zoe zawsze dostaje to, co chce.
My boss is constantly criticising me.
Mój szef ciàgle mnie krytykuje.
Present Continuous u˝ywa si´ tak˝e:
Majàc na myÊli takie zamierzenia i plany na przysz∏oÊç, co do których podj´to ju˝ pewne
dzia∏ania realizacyjne.
I am meeting Simon tomorrow.
Jutro spotykam si´ z Simonem.
They are getting married in August.
Pobierajà si´ w sierpniu.
We are flying to Madrid next week.
Lecimy do Madrytu w przysz∏ym
tygodniu.
Dla unikni´cia dwuznacznoÊci nale˝y w tego typu zdaniach u˝yç okreÊlenia czasu,
poniewa˝ jego brak mo˝e wypaczyç wypowiedê.
I am leaving on Monday.
Wyje˝d˝am w poniedzia∏ek.
I am leaving.
Wyje˝d˝am (teraz).
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Kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊciach majàcych charakter tymczasowy.
Kelly is working as a trainee teacher.
Kelly pracuje jako praktykantka
w szkole.
I am living in Moscow now.
Obecnie mieszkam w Moskwie.
Andrew is working overtime this week.
Andrew pracuje w tym tygodniu
w godzinach nadliczbowych.
Do wyra˝enia trendów albo tendencji.
Television is becoming more interactive.
Telewizja staje si´ bardziej interaktywna.
The universe is expanding.
WszechÊwiat rozszerza si´.
The world’s population is ageing.
Populacja starzeje si´.
Uwaga!
Pewne grupy czasowników zwykle nie wyst´pujà w czasie Present Continuous – podobnie jak
w innych czasach typu Continuous. Nale˝à do nich:
Czasowniki postrzegania zmys∏owego (np. hear, see, feel, smell, taste).
Your goulash tastes great.
Twój gulasz jest wyborny
(dos∏. gulasz smakuje wybornie)
.
ale
What are you doing? I am tasting the goulash.
Co robisz? Próbuj´ gulaszu
(taste w czasie Continuous odnosi si´ do czynnoÊci, a nie do
stanu)
.
Czasowniki wyra˝ajàce odczucia (np. love, hate, like, want) i stany intelektualne (know,
think, understand, remember).
I am sorry, I don’t understand.
Przepraszam, nie rozumiem.
ale
I don’t think she is fully understanding my problems.
Nie sadz´, ˝e ona do koƒca rozumie moje problemy
(understand w czasie Continuous
sugeruje, ˝e lepsze zrozumienie jest mo˝liwe)
.
I think it is important.
MyÊl´, ˝e to wa˝ne.
ale
What are you thinking about?
O czym myÊlisz? (
think w czasie Continuous sugeruje proces myÊlenia, a nie stan
trwa∏ego przekonania
).
I hate this job.
Nie cierpi´ tej pracy.
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ale
I am hating every moment of this journey.
Nie mog´ Êcierpieç ka˝dej chwili tej podró˝y
(hate w czasie Continuous sugeruje,
˝e emocja jest raczej chwilowym odczuciem ni˝ trwa∏à postawà)
.
He likes his coffee black.
On lubi czarnà kaw´.
ale
I am liking it less and less.
Coraz mniej mi si´ to podoba
(like w czasie Continuous oznacza odczucie bàdê
nastawienie zmieniajàce ciàgle swe nat´˝enie)
.
Czasowniki nazywajàce stosunki mi´dzy osobami, przedmiotami (np. belong to,
consist of, have).
They have a new car.
Majà nowy samochód.
ale
They are having lunch now.
Jedzà teraz obiad (
have w czasie Continuous oznacza – w tym kontekÊcie – czynnoÊç
jedzenia a nie stan posiadania
).
Przyk∏ady zastosowania czasów ciàg∏ych z rozmaitymi czasownikami prowadzà do wniosku,
˝e w zasadzie nie da si´ wydzieliç grupy czasowników, które nigdy nie tworzà czasów typu
Continuous.
Zapami´taj!
Czas Present Continuous nie s∏u˝y jedynie do opisywania czynnoÊci bàdê sytuacji, które
trwajà w chwili mówienia.
Present Continuous opisuje tak˝e czynnoÊci, które sà obecnie w toku, choç nie muszà dziaç
si´ w chwili wypowiadania zdania. Present Continuous opisuje tak˝e – za pomocà
przys∏ówków always, continually, constantly – czynnoÊci powtarzajàce si´. Zdanie
wyra˝one w taki sposób nie jest jednak neutralnym stwierdzeniem. Jest ono nacechowane
emocjonalnie, wyra˝a dezaprobat´, zazdroÊç, zniecierpliwienie.
åwi cze nia
1.
Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Continuous, dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania.
1. When you (leave)?
2. What she (try) to do?
3. Why you (wear) this suit?
4. You (do) anything tomorrow evening?
5. Whom you (see) tonight?
6. Where you (hurry) to at this hour?
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7. Why you (do) this to me?
8. What he (get) at?
9. What she (wait) for?
10. How he (do) as a father?
2.
Opisz prac´ piel´gniarek w szpitalu. Uzupe∏nij zdania wstawiajàc w wolne miejsce
w∏aÊciwy czasownik z listy w czasie Present Continuous.
take(x2), check, give, perform, operate, talk, feed, help, escort
1. Lynn ______ injections now.
2. Ally ______ medical equipment.
3. Amy ______ a patient’s pulse.
4. Jacky ______ to a doctor now.
5. Juliet ______ a patient get out of bed.
6. Katy ______ a child’s temperature.
7. Paddy ______ height and weight now.
8. Paula ______ a baby.
9. Sue ______ laboratory tests at the moment.
10. Chloe ______ a woman to an examining room.
3.
Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze zdania na zdania przeczàce.
1. My parents are buying new furniture for their house.
2. I am thinking about leaving my job.
3. We are planning to move to the suburbs.
4. She is reading her old diary.
5. Liz is dying her hair green and pink.
6. He is cutting a piece of bread.
7. The workers are striking over unfair labour practices.
8. We are redecorating our guest rooms.
9. The cat is licking its paws.
10. My neighbour is drilling holes in the wall.
4.
Dopasuj wyra˝enia z kolumny B do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A.
A
B
1. What languages does she speak?
a) He is playing football.
2. What do you do?
b) Me or my husband.
3. Where do you work?
c) Yes, he is. He plays football.
4. Where is Ron?
d) English and Hungarian.
5. Who is doing the shopping?
e) I am polishing my shoes.
6. Where are you working?
f) I can’t understand a word of it!
7. What language is she speaking?
g) In a cornfield this season.
8. What are you doing?
h) In a bike shop
9. Who does the shopping?
i). I am a political analyst.
10. Ron is very active, isn’t he?
j) Chris. Do you want him to buy
you anything?
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5.
Uzupe∏nij wolne miejsca danymi z kalendarza (planu spotkaƒ) Rona McCave lub Hugh
Dextera w czasie Present Continuous.
Kalendarz Rona McCave
Monday
9 – 12 business meeting
Tuesday
1 pm: see an important customer
15 – 16:30 have lunch with a sales manager
Wednesday
attend a conference on food safety
Thursday
Friday
take a business trip to Poland
Kalendarz Hugh Dextera
Monday
12 – 17:30 attend vegetarian food fairs
Tuesday
Wednesday
12 – 14:30 videoconference
Thursday
day off – moving out to a new house
Friday
Dexter: Hello. Is that Ron McCave?
McCave: Yes, speaking
D:
Hello, this is Hugh Dexter. We met during a conference on food quality last
month.
M:
Oh, it is you, Hugh. How are you?
D:
I am very well, thank you. I am wondering if we could meet to discuss some of
the things mentioned in the conference?
M:
Yes, of course. What about tomorrow at 10 o’clock? No, I am sorry. I am busy
all morning tomorrow – I (1) am having a business meeting. Can we meet
sometime other than between 9 and 12?
D: No, tomorrow afternoon is no good – we (2) ______ . How about Tuesday
afternoon?
M: Tuesday afternoon? I (3) ______ at 1 and from 15 to 16:30 I (4) ______ .
No, Tuesday’s afternoon is no good. Could we possibly meet on Wednesday?
D: Yes, I am free after 14:30.
M: Umm, Wednesday afternoon isn’t good, either. I (5) ______ . Thursday would
be better for me. What are you doing on Thursday?
D:
I am taking a day off. I (6) ______ , but I am available all day on Friday.
M: Ah, I (7) ______ . Perhaps we could meet sometime next week. Shall we say
Tuesday?
6.
Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Simple lub Present Continuous,
dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.
1. A: Are you busy?
B: Yes. I (study) the proposals.
2. A: Where is Amy?
B: She (rehearse) a new play.
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3. A: Dan (throw) a party next Saturday.
B: He always (party)!
4. A: It (get) colder and colder.
B: Let’s stay at home until the weather (improve).
5. A: You (go) away this summer?
B: Yes, we (go) to Madrid.
6. A: Who (use) this room?
B: My son, when he (come) home on holiday.
7. A: What is that smell?
B: My mother (bake) bread.
8. A: How it (go) at work these days?
B: I (get) tired from working so much.
9. A: What he (do) for a living?
B: He is a deputy sheriff.
10. A: Who (do) your hair?
B: I (do) it myself.
7.
U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.
1. She is reading a bedtime story to her little son.
2. I am drinking a gin and tonic.
3. The child is getting to sleep now.
4. The teacher is explaining the basics of algebra.
5. We are shopping for a sofa bed.
6. Ted is cleaning the bird cage.
7. Matthew is sailing for Barbuda next month.
8. Andy is translating a faxed document.
9. She is whisking the eggs vigorously.
10. They are basking in the afternoon sun.
8.
Po∏àcz zdania z tabelki A ze zdaniami z tabelki B.
A
B
1. She is so unreliable.
a) He is always helping others.
2. Vince was born under a lucky star.
b) She is always poking her nose into
other people’s business.
3. Jay never takes responsibility for
c) He is always getting what he wants.
his actions.
4. Katy is so negative all the time.
d) She is always criticising everyone
and everything.
5. Winnie the Pooh is a very friendly
e) She is constantly coming late.
bear.
6. She is a busybody.
f) He is always blaming someone else.
7. Paul is extremely self-centred.
g) He is always talking about himself.
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3.
Past Simple
Tworzenie czasu
Past Simple
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Did
Not
I Forma Czasownika
I
You
He
She
did
not
sleep
It
We
You
They
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
II Forma Czasownika
I
You
He
She
slept
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
didn’t
sleep
It
We
You
They
Forma pytajàca
Did
Podmiot
I Forma Czasownika
I
you
he
Did
she
sleep?
it
we
you
they
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Did
Yes,
I/we/you/they
did
he/she/it
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Did+not
No,
I/we/you/they
didn’t
he/she/it
Zastosowanie
Czas Past Simple jest czasem przesz∏ym prostym.
Stosujemy go, kiedy mowa jest o czynnoÊciach bàdê stanach, które wydarzy∏y si´
w przesz∏oÊci i nie sugerujemy ich powiàzania z teraêniejszoÊcià. Zdania w czasie Past Simple
zawierajà cz´sto dok∏adny okreÊlnik czasu (np. on Wednesday, last week, a year ago).
We met her on Monday.
SpotkaliÊmy jà w poniedzia∏ek.
I saw this film thee times in a row.
Widzia∏em ten film trzy razy z rz´du.
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P a s t S i m p l e
Last week we went to a fashion show.
W zesz∏ym tygodniu poszliÊmy na pokaz mody.
OkreÊlnikiem mo˝e byç równie˝ zdanie podrz´dne, np.
I prepared the salad while she was cleaning up.
Przygotowa∏em sa∏atk´, podczas gdy ona sprzàta∏a.
When she got home, I gave her the message.
Kiedy przysz∏a do domu, przekaza∏em jej wiadomoÊç.
Past Simple u˝ywamy równie˝ do opisu zdarzeƒ, do których dosz∏o w ÊciÊle okreÊlonym
czasie, chocia˝ czas ten nie jest bezpoÊrednio wspomniany. Np. w odniesieniu do czynnoÊci
bàdê stanów, których lokalizacja w przesz∏oÊci nie jest sprecyzowana ˝adnym okreÊleniem
czasowym, a która jest wskazana poÊrednio okolicznikiem miejsca.
Luke studied English in London.
Luke uczy∏ si´ angielskiego w Londynie.
We bought this sofa in Berlin.
KupiliÊmy t´ sof´ w Berlinie.
I ran into him in a coffee shop.
Spotka∏em go (dos. wpad∏em na niego) w kawiarni.
Past Simple stosuje si´ równie˝:
Kiedy mówimy o faktach historycznych.
Maria Sk∏odowska-Curie discovered polonium and radium.
Maria Sk∏odowska-Curie odkry∏a polon i rad.
Aleksander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
Aleksander Graham Bell wynalaz∏ telefon.
Kiedy mówimy o zdarzeniach bàdê czynnoÊciach, które nast´powa∏y bezpoÊrednio
jedne po drugich – w narracji.
Chelsea got up, came to the window and pulled up the shade.
Chelsea wsta∏a z ∏ó˝ka, podesz∏a do okna i podciàgn´∏a rolet´.
Kiedy chcemy nadaç wypowiedzi uprzejmy ton (w miejsce czasu teraêniejszego).
I wondered if you could give me some advice.
Zastanawiam si´, czy nie
móg∏byÊ mi daç paru rad.
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I thought you would want to see them.
PomyÊla∏em, ˝e móg∏byÊ
chcieç si´ z nimi spotkaç.
I wanted to bring it to your attention.
Chcia∏em zwróciç ci na to
uwag´.
Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s (high) time, I’d rather zamiast czasu
teraêniejszego lub przysz∏ego w aspekcie ˝yczeniowym i/lub hipotetycznym, np.
It’s high time you grew up.
Najwy˝szy czas, ˝ebyÊ wydoroÊla∏.
I wish I knew the right words.
Szkoda, ˝e nie znam odpowiednich s∏ów.
If only she knew the truth.
Gdyby ona tylko zna∏a prawd´.
I’d rather he contacted me first.
Wola∏bym, ˝eby on si´ ze mnà skontaktowa∏
pierwszy.
W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej w znaczeniu teraêniejszym lub wspó∏czesnym
(o ile s∏owo wprowadzajàce relacj´ jest w czasie przesz∏ym).
If I had more courage, I would ask her out.
Gdybym mia∏ wi´cej odwagi, umówi∏bym si´ z nià.
He responded that he planned to run for reelection.
Odpowiedzia∏, ˝e planuje ubiegaç si´ o reelekcj´.
Zapami´taj!
Past Simple stosujemy, aby odnieÊç si´ do czynnoÊci bàdê sytuacji umiejscowionych
w przesz∏oÊci. Mówiàcy unaocznia wydarzenia przesz∏e i okolicznoÊci ich zaistnienia,
nie sugerujàc ich powiàzania z teraêniejszoÊcià.
Already, yet, just nigdy nie wyst´pujà w czasie Past Simple.
åwi cze nia
1.
Ka˝dy z ciàgów wyrazów 1-10 przekszta∏ç w poprawne zdania, nadajàc wyst´pujàcym
tam czasownikom form´ Past Simple.
1. The Smiths/sell/their house and/move/ to Vancouver.
2. I/go/to bed, but I/not sleep/ a wink.
3. Philip/study/law at Glasgow University.
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4. How/you/make/your first million?
5. Abraham Lincoln/be born/in 1809.
6. My brother/set up in business/as a confectioner.
7. Martin/sue/the newspaper for libel, and he/win.
8. When/you/last/see/him?
9. Amy/join/the company in 2001.
10. I/want/to be an astronaut when I/be/a child.
2.
Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Simple.
1. I (look) out of the window and (see) a group of people gathered around a car.
2. The vase (fall) over and (break) into tiny pieces.
3. Katy (call) me within minutes of leaving the office.
4. Jack (pay) me what he (owe) me.
5. Sue (bite) her lip when she (hear) the story.
6. She (leave) all the lights on.
7. The child (stand) over the sink eating a tuna sandwich.
8. Tim (grow) up in a family of eight.
9. Last Saturday I (take) my children out shopping.
10. He (pick) up the phone, (listen), and (run) out of the house.
11. William (park) his car, (get) out, and (approach) the house.
12. She (sit) on the bed’s edge and (read) the letter again.
13. Greg (take) off his reading glasses and (wipe) them carefully.
14. I (drop) out of school last year.
15. Let me see if he (call) her before last week.
3.
Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego ni˝ej przyk∏adu.
The Rolling Stones sang All you need is love.
No, they didn’t. The Beatles sang All you need is love.
1. Harold Pinter won the 2006 Nobel for literature.
2. Columbus discovered India in 1492.
3. Michael Jordan underwent many plastic surgeries.
4. Agatha Christie created Sherlock Holmes.
5. Kraków was the first capital of Poland.
6. The ancient Romans built the pyramids.
7. Catherine the Great reigned over Germany.
8. Alexander Graham Bell invented the printing press in 1456.
9. CS Lewis wrote Harry Potter.
10. Icarus constructed the labyrinth to imprison the Minotaur.
11. Neil Armstrong became the first man in space.
12. Clint Eastwood starred in Saturday Night Fever.
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4.
Wpisz w wolne miejsce w∏aÊciwy czasownik.
1. Carl d ______ his wine to the last drop.
2. He a ______ the phone on the first ring.
3. Dylan l ______ home without saying goodbye to anybody.
4. Jacob b ______ me a far too expensive birthday present.
5. It t ______ me a little under an hour to finish the report.
6. She s ______ us the most interesting places in the city.
7. When I was a child, I d ______ of becoming a fire fighter.
8. Last weekend I w ______ to the casino and w ______ $1000.
9. Sylvia s ______ at the kitchen table reading the paper.
10. They m ______ too many mistakes to win the match.
5.
U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.
1. My exams went very well.
2. The child ate a meal with both parents.
3. A thief broke into a locked vehicle and stole a stereo system.
4. The police arrested demonstrators for blocking the runway.
5. Mr Olive studied economics at the London School of Economics.
6. The prime minister opened the industrial park on Monday.
7. Mike installed a trial version of Windows XP.
8. The phone rang a few times before I picked it up.
9. Emma made a terrible mistake and there is no going back.
10. He lost the game because the umpire was biased against him.
6.
Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple.
Jane:
Have you read the article on the jungles of Peru in National Geographic?
Chris:
No, I haven’t. I am not really into the jungles of South America. Actually,
I am not into any jungles.
Jane:
Oh, I
1
(be) certain that you would show concern for the plight of many
endangered animals there. After all, you once
2
(belong) to OIPA.
Chris:
Well, I
3
(think) that this article was about trees rather than animals.
Of course I will read it. Thanks for telling me.
Jane: What
you
4
(do) as a member of OIPA?
Chris:
Well, we
5
(learn) about animal welfare,
6
(defend) their rights,
7
(protest)
against vivisection. Actually, I can’t recall much of what we
8
(do).
As I
9
(say), that
10
(be) many years ago.
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Zastosowanie
Czas Past Continuous jest czasem przesz∏ym niedokonanym.
Czasu Past Continuous u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach lub sytuacjach, które trwa∏y przez pewien czas
w przesz∏oÊci, i których czas trwania nie jest bli˝ej znany bàdê jest nieistotny.
The dog was sleeping on the sofa.
Pies spa∏ na sofie.
A u f d e m B a h n h o f
28
R z e c z o w n i k
P r z e d i m e k
P r z e d i m e k
4.
Past Continuous
Tworzenie czasu
Past Continuous
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Was/Were Czasownik+ing
I
was
You
were
He
She
was
sleeping
It
We
You
were
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
wasn’t
You
weren’t
He
She
wasn’t
sleeping
It
We
You
weren’t
They
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Was/Were
Yes,
I
was
we/you/they
were
he/she/it
was
Forma pytajàca
Was/Were
Podmiot
Czasownik+ing
Was
I
Were
you
he
Was
she
sleeping?
it
we
Were
you
they
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Was/Were+not
No,
I
wasn’t
we/you/they
weren’t
he/she/it
wasn’t
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Was/Were
Not
Czasownik+ing
I
was
You
were
He
She
was
not
sleeping
It
We
You
were
They
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Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach bàdê sytuacjach, które rozpocz´∏y si´ przed okreÊlonym
momentem w przesz∏oÊci i prawdpopodobnie trwa∏y dalej.
He was working in the filed at 3 p.m.
Pracowa∏ na polu o trzeciej.
JeÊli okreÊlenie czasowe wyrazimy w Past Simple, to informujemy, ˝e czynnoÊç wyra˝ona
w Past Continuous rozpocz´∏a si´ przed czynnoÊcià lub sytuacjà wyra˝onà w Past Simple,
i ˝e prawdopodobnie trwa∏a dalej.
I was darning a sock when he got home.
Cerowa∏am skarpet´, kiedy on wróci∏ do domu.
Uwaga!
Zdania w Past Continuous zazwyczaj zaczynajà si´ od while – wyraz ten ma znaczenie
„podczas gdy”.
While I was darning a sock, he got home.
Podczas gdy cerowa∏am skarpet´, on wróci∏ do domu.
Gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach bàdê sytuacjach, które mieÊci∏y si´ w pewnym okreÊlonym
przedziale czasowym.
I was studying between two and five.
Uczy∏em si´ mi´dzy drugà a piàtà.
Gdy mówimy o dwóch lub kilku czynnoÊciach, które odbywa∏y si´ równolegle przez
pewien czas.
While I was lying on the beach, he was sitting in the shade.
Kiedy le˝a∏am na pla˝y, on siedzia∏ w cieniu.
Past Continuous stosuje si´ równie˝:
W narracji, jako t∏o wydarzenia lub opis sytuacji, w której coÊ si´ sta∏o.
A student was performing an experiment when the wind blew the front door open.
Student przeprowadza∏ doÊwiadczenie, kiedy podmuch wiatru otworzy∏ frontowe drzwi.
W uprzejmych wypowiedziach.
I was thinking if you would allow me to interview you.
Zastanawia∏em si´, czy pozwoli∏byÊ mi przeprowadziç z sobà wywiad.
I was wondering if you would explain it to me.
Zastanawia∏em si´, czy nie wyt∏umaczy∏byÊ mi tego.
Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s time w miejsce czasu teraêniejszego.
I wish she weren’t wearing this dress.
Chcia∏bym, ˝eby nie nosi∏a tej sukienki/Szkoda, ˝e ona ma na sobie t´ sukienk´.
It is high time I was getting home.
Najwy˝szy czas, ˝ebym szed∏ do domu.
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Kiedy mowa jest o sytuacjach tymczasowych w przesz∏oÊci.
Paul was working in the shoe shop then.
Paul pracowa∏ wtedy w sklepie z butami.
When I was ten I was living in the suburbs of Philadelphia.
Kiedy mia∏em dziesi´ç lat mieszka∏em na przedmieÊciach Filadelfii.
Kiedy mówimy o ustaleniach przysz∏ych widzianych z perspektywy przesz∏ej.
I was meeting a new client.
Mia∏em si´ spotkaç z nowym klientem.
W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej, najcz´Êciej w znaczeniu teraêniejszym.
If I weren’t taking a day off, I would substitute for Robert.
Gdybym nie bra∏ dnia wolnego, zastàpi∏bym Roberta (ale bior´ – aspekt nierzeczy-
wisty).
She said she was leaving (
nast´pstwo czasów po she said).
Powiedzia∏a, ˝e odchodzi.
Aby wyraziç stopniowà zmian´ sytuacji bàdê procesu – wyst´puje wówczas bez okreÊle-
nia czasowego.
It was getting windy.
Robi∏o si´ wietrznie.
He was turning grey.
Siwia∏.
Zapami´taj!
When i while mogà byç u˝yte zamiennie, jeÊli jedna lub dwie czynnoÊci przesz∏e trwa∏y
stosunkowo d∏ugo. JeÊli jednak obie czynnoÊci by∏y krótkie, stosujemy when.
The phone rang/was ringing while/when I was washing my hair
I bumped into my English teacher when I turned a corner.
åwi cze nia
1.
W wyra˝eniach 1-12 wstaw czasowniki w odpowiedniej formie, aby powsta∏y poprawnie
zbudowane zdania.
I/read/a book/when/the power/go down.
I was reading a book when the power went down.
1. While/the kettle/boil/she/take out a cup/from the cupboard.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The postman/arrive/while/we/pack/ for a trip to Florida.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I/make/my bed/when/I hear/ a cat meowing.
_____________________________________________________________________
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4. She/ meet/her future husband/while/she/stay/ in Helsinki.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Tim/chat/online/while/the child/play/ with a toy.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Alice/cut her finger/while/she/chop/a carrot.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. A doctor/examine/me/when/a patient/come in.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I/run/into a friend of mine/while/I/shop/at Safeway.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Dorothy/see/a car accident/while/she/queue/ at the Main Post Office.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Jack/hear/the police siren/while/he/go to bed.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. It/rain/when/we/leave/the restaurant.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. What/you/do/on 2 September?
_____________________________________________________________________
2.
Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.
1. Tim (park) the car when a police officer (stop) him for driving without his headlights on.
2. A storm (break) while Jim (bird watch).
3. The miners (demonstrate) while the prime minister (open) a meeting.
4. The telephone (ring) while I (proofread).
5. I (sprain) my ankle while I (get) off the bus.
6. The gardener (whistle) while he (trim) the hedge.
7. While the police (search) the house, they (find) 2 kilos of heroin.
8. The ambulance (arrive) while the fire brigade (put) out the fire.
9. Mike (burn) his hand while he (poke) the fire.
10. I (browse) the net when the light (go) out.
3.
U∏ó˝ pytania dotyczàce podkreÊlonych cz´Êci zdaƒ.
1. The actress was rehearsing her lines.
2. While Martha was locking the door, she heard a gunshot.
3. Tom was paying the bill when a man came up to the table.
4. David was repairing the gate all afternoon.
5. The children were playing on the seashore.
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6. Ann was trying to remove the stain, but she was unsuccessful.
7. It was raining all night in London.
8. The boys were pitching the tent in the yard.
9. The fans were cheering on their team.
10. The ducks were swimming in the pond.
4.
Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego ni˝ej przyk∏adu:
While the players were warming up, someone threw a bottle on the field. (pose for pictures)
The players weren’t warming up when someone threw a bottle on the filed.
They were posing for pictures.
1. Aunt Clarissa burst into my room while I was napping. (tiptoe into my room)
2. While Kim was eating strawberries, Jim came home. (wash strawberries)
3. While I was putting on my running shoes, the lace broke. (take off shoes)
4. Brandon was running up the stairs when his keys fell out of his pocket.
(run down the stairs)
5. We were watching a match when the lights went off. (watch a film)
6. When Chris walked into the office, the secretary was filling out some papers.
(eat a cake)
7. Beth was peeling potatoes when she heard her husband opening the front door.
(mash potatoes)
5.
Popraw b∏àd w ka˝dym z poni˝szych zdaƒ.
1. While Sue wrote an essay, Jerry was revising for his exam.
2. He was getting home while I was sleeping.
3. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate was falling off the shelf.
4. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM machine when his credit card
company was charging him the wrong amount.
5. We lay on the beach when a big wave crashed on the shore.
6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance and was falling over.
7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door was awakening him.
8. What were you doing when the accident was happening?
9. They were playing darts when a quarrel was breaking out.
10. While I speed down a hill, a hare ran in front of the car.
6.
W wolne miejsca wpisz when lub while.
1. ______ he was talking on the phone, I was typing a message.
2. He was painting the ceiling ______ the ladder fell backwards.
3. I was overtaking a van ______ I heard a loud thump.
4. The nurse was preparing the medicines ______ the patient woke up.
5. ______ I was picking the fruit, a bee stung me on my finger.
6. We were complaining about the weather ______ the sun broke through the clouds.
7. We were watching a film ______ the screen went blank.
8. The President was giving a talk ______ a fire alarm went off.
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9. I was taking a shower ______ the water stopped flowing.
10. ______ she was packing the bags, I was looking for our passports.
7.
Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.
It
1
(be) ______ a fine day. The sun
2
(shine) ______ brightly, the birds
3
(sing)
______, and children
4
(run) ______ about. I
5
(take) ______ Alfa – a big greyhound
– and
6
(go) ______ for a walk in a forest. While we
7
(walk) ______ through the
forest, a hare
8
(jump) ______ out from behind a bush and
9
(begin) ______ to run.
The second my dog
10
(see) ______ the hare, she
11
(start) ______ pulling the leash
very hard, so we
12
(walk) ______ faster and faster. I
13
(hold) ______ onto the
leash as tightly as I could. Then Alfa
14
(break) ______ loose and
15
(start) ______
to chase the hare at full speed. Every second she
16
(gain) ______ on the animal.
Finally, she
17
(catch) ______ up with it. Never having caught a hare before, Alfa
18
(not know) ______ what to do with it. She just
19
(sniff) ______ at it and
20
(let)
______ it run off.
8.
a) Beth i Nick byli w sobot´ na pikniku. U∏ó˝ zdania w Past Simple z podanymi poni˝ej
przys∏ówkami o tym, co para robi∏a w piàtek i sobot´.
First, then, next, finally
First, they chose a location.
Friday
9:30-10:00
Choose a location.
10:15-11:30
Invite friends.
12:05-13:15
Plan picnic activities.
15:00-16:20
Do the shopping for the picnic.
Saturday
8:00-10:10
Prepare food and beverages.
10:05-10:30
Fill a picnic basket with food and picnic essentials
(e.g. flashlights and garbage bags).
10:40-11:15
Go to the picnic site.
b)Co Beth i Nick robili w ró˝nych porach dnia w piàtek i sobot´? Zadaj pytania,
a nast´pnie na nie odpowiedz u˝ywajàc czasu Past Continuous:
What were they doing on Friday at 9:20?
They were choosing a location.
Fr
Sat
9:20
8:50
11.20
10:20
13:00
11:00?
15:45?
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Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Have/Has
III Forma Czasownika
I
have
You
He
She
has
slept
It
We
You
have
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
’ve
You
He
She
’s
slept
It
We
You
’ve
They
Forma pytajàca
Have/Has
Podmiot
III Forma Czasownika
Have
I
you
he
Has
she
slept?
it
we
Have
you
they
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Have/Has
Not
III Forma Czasownika
I
have
You
He
She
has
not
slept
It
We
You
have
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
haven’t
You
He
She
hasn’t
slept
It
We
You
haven’t
They
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Have/Has+not
No,
I/we/you/they
haven’t
he/she/it
hasn’t
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Have/Has
Yes,
I/we/you/they
have
he/she/it
has
Tworzenie czasu
Present Perfect
Zastosowanie
Czas Present Perfect jest ∏àcznikiem pomi´dzy przesz∏oÊcià a teraêniejszoÊcià.
Ma zastosowanie cz´Êciowo zbie˝ne z zasi´giem u˝ycia czasu teraêniejszego jak równie˝
przesz∏ego w polszczyênie.
5.
Present Perfect
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Czasu Present Perfect u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
Aby zaznaczyç, ˝e stan rozpocz´ty w przesz∏oÊci trwa do chwili obecnej.
By podaç d∏ugoÊç tego okresu, pos∏ugujemy si´ przyimkami since i for.
She has lived in a small town in Minnesota
since
1998.
Ona mieszka w ma∏ym mieÊcie w Minesocie od 1998 roku.
We have known each other
for
ages.
Znamy si´ od lat.
Mimo ˝e oba te przyimki t∏umaczy si´ jako od, nie u˝ywa si´ ich wymiennie.
Since zaznacza moment rozpocz´cia czynnoÊci.
since Sunday
od niedzieli
since summer
od lata
since Christmas
od Bo˝ego Narodzenia
since 8 o’clock
od godziny ósmej
since morning
od rana
since I moved out
od czasu kiedy przeprowadzi∏em si´
For okreÊla d∏ugoÊç czynnoÊci.
for an hour
od godziny
for years
od lat
for a long time
od dawna
JeÊli po since wyst´puje nie samo okreÊlenie czasowe (np. 2000, last summer, 9 o’clock),
ale pe∏ne zdanie, czasownik g∏ówny wyst´puje na ogó∏ w czasie Past Simple (np. I haven’t
been there since I left school).
It has rained twice since I arrived last week.
Pada∏o dwukrotnie, odkàd przyjecha∏em w zesz∏ym tygodniu.
We haven’t spoken to each other since I went overseas.
Nie rozmawialiÊmy ze sobà, od kiedy wyjecha∏em zagranic´.
Po since mo˝emy równie˝ u˝yç ponownie czasu Present Perfect. Oznaczaç to b´dzie,
˝e czynnoÊç bàdê stan wyra˝ony przez czasownik wyst´pujàcy po przyimku trwa do chwili
mówienia.
Ever since I have known her, she has always wanted to write.
Odkàd jà znam, ona zawsze chcia∏a pisaç.
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Kiedy mówimy o czynnoÊci przesz∏ej, której konsekwencje sà istotne w teraêniejszoÊci,
kiedy relacjonujemy to, co by∏o, majàc na myÊli to, co jest.
I’ve sprained my ankle.
Skr´ci∏em nog´ w kostce ( i nie mog´
taƒczyç).
I have lost my mobile phone.
Zgubi∏em komórk´ ( i teraz musz´ dzwoniç
z telefonu stacjonarnego).
My car has broken down.
Zepsu∏ mi si´ samochód
(i b´d´ musia∏ pojechaç autobusem).
Present Perfect u˝ywamy równie˝ do opisu:
CzynnoÊci, które dopiero co si´ zakoƒczy∏y – w tym przypadku zazwyczaj u˝ywamy just.
I have
just
found a virus
W∏aÊnie wykry∏em wirusa moim
on my computer.
w komputerze.
The plane has
just
landed.
Samolot w∏aÊnie wylàdowa∏.
I have
just
received
W∏aÊnie otrzyma∏em wyniki
my examination results.
egzaminu.
CzynnoÊci, które nie zosta∏y wykonane, a których realizacji oczekujemy.
I haven’t called him
yet
.
Jeszcze do niego nie zadzwoni∏em.
Liz hasn’t made
Liz jeszcze si´ nie zdecydowa∏a.
up her mind
yet
.
Ryan hasn’t apologised
Ryan jeszcze nie przeprosi∏ za swoje
for his behaviour
yet
.
zachowanie.
CzynnoÊci bàdê stanów, które trwajà lub powtarzajà si´ w nieograniczonym przedziale
czasu ∏àczàcym przesz∏oÊç z teraêniejszoÊcià.
Chloe has
always
enjoyed
Chloe zawsze lubi∏a malowaç
painting portraits.
portrety (i nadal lubi).
Bob has
never
been in trouble
Bob nigdy nie mia∏ problemów
with the law.
z prawem (i nadal nie ma).
They have
always
lived
Oni zawsze mieszkali w du˝ym
in a big city.
mieÊcie (i nadal mieszkajà).
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Aby wyraziç nasilenie danej czynnoÊci bàdê stanu stosujemy przys∏ówki cz´stotliwoÊci
(np. always
,
often
,
never
)
. Inne spotykane w czasie Present Perfect przys∏ówki to m.in.:
recently/lately
ostatnio
just
dopiero co, w∏aÊnie
already
ju˝
ever
kiedykolwiek
yet
jeszcze
Have you
ever
baked bread?
Czy kiedykolwiek piek∏eÊ chleb?
I haven’t checked the messages
yet.
Jeszcze nie sprawdzi∏em wiadomoÊci.
Has Nick arrived
yet?
Czy Nick ju˝ przyjecha∏?
W Present Perfect stosuje si´ równie˝ okreÊlenia czasowe.
all my life
ca∏e moje ˝ycie
(up) till now/until this very moment
do chwili obecnej
so far
jak dotàd/do tej pory
The baby hasn’t said a word
so far
.
Jak dotàd dziecko nie powiedzia∏o ani
s∏owa.
Toby has worked hard
all his life
.
Toby ca∏e ˝ycie ci´˝ko pracuje.
Tom has never made a single
Tom nie pope∏ni∏ dotàd ˝adnego
mistake
up till now
.
b∏´du.
I haven’t missed an episode of
Do tej pory nie przegapi∏em ˝adnego
“Friends”
so far
.
odcinka „Przyjació∏”.
I have been to New York many times.
By∏em w Nowym Jorku wiele razy.
Present Perfect mo˝e równie˝ wystàpiç z okreÊleniami czasu teraêniejszego, np. this
morning/afternoon/evening, today, this week.
Jack has called me this morning.
Jack zadzwoni∏ do mnie rano
(tak mówimy do12-tej w po∏udnie).
Jack called me this morning .
Jack zadzwoni∏ do mnie rano
(tak mówimy popo∏udniu lub
wieczorem).
Mimo ˝e powy˝sze zdania przek∏adamy jednakowo na polski, to w j´zyku angielskim majà
ró˝ne znaczenie. Gdy u˝ywamy „has called”, to mowa jest o zdarzeniu podczas trwajàcego
jeszcze poranku. Natomiast gdy u˝ywamy„called”, to mówimy o wydarzeniu minionego
poranka.
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Present Perfect stosuje si´ równie˝, aby wyraziç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które zdarzy∏y
si´ w przesz∏oÊci, je˝eli zachowane jest powiàzanie z teraêniejszoÊcià, np. dana czynnoÊç
mo˝e byç powtórzona w teraêniejszoÊci.
Otylia has won several gold medals so far.
Otylia zdoby∏a kilka z∏otych medali (ju˝ ma kilka, ale mo˝e mieç kilkanaÊcie).
ale
Polish swimmers won five gold medals in Budapest this summer.
Polscy p∏ywacy zdobyli tego lata pi´ç z∏otych medali w Budapeszcie. (tu co prawda mamy
do czynienia z okresem czasu, który jeszcze trwa, gdy to mówimy – this summer – ale
polscy p∏ywacy ju˝ na tych mistrzostwach medalu nie zdob´dà, bo te si´ skoƒczy∏y).
Zapami´taj!
Present Perfect nie wyst´puje z takimi okreÊleniami czasu jak: yesterday, last year, two
days ago, last Monday, when I was a child, then.
åwi cze nia
1.
Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect, dokonujàc zmian
w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.
1. Mr Johnson never (travel) ______ out of Nebraska.
2. A: Who is the blonde next to him?
B: I don’t know. I never (see) ______ her before.
3. A: Is something wrong?
B: I (lose) ______ my credit card.
4. A: How well do you know Ted?
B: We (be) ______ friends for over ten years.
5. You (see) ______ my shoes?
6. A: Where you (be) ______ ?
B: In the library.
7. A: Where is Jim?
B: He just (leave) ______ .
8. How many times you (try) ______ to quit smoking?
9. What you (do) ______ with your hair?
10. She (lose) ______ seven kilos since the last time I saw her.
11. There ever (be) ______ any volcano activity in Poland?
12. I think I (meet) ______ my dream woman.
13. The band (not be) ______ particularly successful in Europe. They are famous
in Canada, though.
14. I (not sleep) ______ well recently.
15. You ever (skip) ______ classes?
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2.
Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect lub Past Simple.
Dear Katy
Just a short note to tell you we
1
(return) ______ to London safely. We
2
(have)
______ a wonderful stay in your house. I
3
(travel) ______ all over the world, and
I can say that these two weeks in Rimini
4
(be) ______ my highlight. From the
moment we
5
(arrive) ______ until we
6
(leave) ______ , we
7
(feel) ______ very
special. Everyone
8
(have) ______ a fantastic time, and this
9
(be) ______ precisely
how I had imagined it in my head. The setting
10
(be) ______ excellent. Close to the
beach and within a walking distance to downtown and shopping. Thank you for
excellent accommodation and delicious food – your home made waffles with maple
syrup are the best I ever
11
(have) ______ . Can I request you to send me a recipe?
Many thanks for everything. We look forward to our next trip to Italy!
Cheers,
Martha and Steve
3.
W wolne miejsca wstaw for lub since.
1. We haven’t heard from her ______ June.
2. I have been married ______ ten years.
3. He hasn’t scored a goal ______ the opening of the season.
4. It has been so long ______ I last saw you.
5. Nick has owned a record shop ______ three years.
6. The building has been here ______ 1974.
7. Jay hit the jackpot two years ago and ______ then he hasn’t worked at all.
8. I haven’t done the ironing ______ a very long time.
9. Beth hasn’t been on holidays ______ years.
10. Jim has had this annoying habit ever ______ I remember.
4.
Przekszta∏ç zdania wed∏ug wzoru.
Chad lost job in 2004.
Chad has been unemployed since 2004.
1. I smoked my last cigarette on May 3rd 2000.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The last time I lost my temper was February.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. We stopped talking to each other over a year ago.
_____________________________________________________________________
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4. He last played a match in 2005.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. We travelled across Europe last summer.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. I stopped using Windows a month ago.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Grace became a business unit manager in 2002.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. The last time we were in Madrid was back in 1990.
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
Rosie i Mike biorà wkrótce Êlub. Sporzàdzili list´ rzeczy do wykonania. Napisz w czasie
Present Perfect, co narzeczeni ju˝ zrobili, a czego jeszcze nie. Sprawy, które za∏atwili,
sà zaznaczone.
They have made a guest list.
They haven’t sent out the invitations.
To Do!
1. Make a guest list.
2. Send out invitations.
3. Buy a wedding dress and tuxedo.
4. Book the church.
5. Choose a reception venue.
6. Select a band.
7. Hire a caterer.
8. Find a professional photographer.
9. Arrange transport.
10. Order a wedding cake.
6.
U∏ó˝ zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu z wyt∏uszczonym s∏owem.
1. It is ages since we last heard from you!
not We ______ ages.
2. When did you get married?
been How long ______ married?
3. Sue can’t drive a car.
learnt Sue ______ to drive a car.
4. I still don’t know what I want to be when I grow up.
made I ______ up my mind ______ when I grow up.
5. I don’t know how it is to study abroad.
never I ______ abroad.
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6. The art gallery bought an early painting by van Gogh two years ago.
had The art gallery ______ for two years.
7. Nick spent his childhood in Boston and he still lives there.
lived Nick ______ since his childhood.
8. Bob is still sleeping.
not Bob ______ awoken yet.
7.
Które z pytaƒ bàdê uzupe∏nieƒ (a, b) zdaƒ 1-5 jest prawid∏owe?
1. He has worked as an accountant for 40 years.
a) When is he going to retire?
b) When did he retire?
2. I have analysed it ______
a) but I don’t understand it.
b) and I didn’t understand it.
3. The number I tried to reach ______
a) has been disconnected.
b) was unavailable.
4. He hasn’t signed the contract yet.
a) He is still debating it.
b) There were too many unanswered questions.
5. She went to Florida.
a) Where did she stay?
b) Where is she staying?
8.
Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect lub Past Simple, dokonujàc
zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.
1. He just (release) a new album.
2. Argentina (win) the World Cup in 1986.
3. You (be) here last week, right?
4. She (teach) philosophy at Southwestern University for 10 years now.
5. He never (vote) before, and he doesn’t intend to vote this time.
6. George (not drink) alcohol before the accident.
7. Will (live) in Worcester until quite recently.
8. I (work) for Unilever almost all my life.
9. Real Madrid (defeat) Sevilla three times last year.
10. Whom Shakespeare (marry)?
11. Smith (park) the car, (get) out, and (lock) the door.
12. I am sorry that I (not write) for so long!
13. Grace (love) to read science-fiction books when she (live) in Liverpool.
14. Where is Jimmy? He (leave) yesterday evening.
15. Harry (not be) to a baseball game since he (get) married.
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9.
Dopasuj wyra˝enia z kolumny B do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A.
A
B
1. I saw him
a) Since 1990
2. I have seen him
b) From about 1990 to 1999
3. We know that Penderecki
c) didn’t like fishing
4. We know that Chopin
d) has composed some operas
5. How long have you lived here?
e) has always liked fishing
6. Have you ever seen Cleopatra?
f) recently
7. Did you see Cleopatra while abroad?
g) Yes, a couple of years ago
8. How long did you live there?
h) didn’t compose any operas
9. My great grandfather
i) No, never
10. My son, who is eleven,
j) two days ago
10.
a) U∏ó˝ pytania do ankiety szkolnej w czasie Present Perfect, wykorzystujàc – zgodnie
ze wzorem – wyra˝enia podane w kolumnie Question.
Have you ever failed an exam?
Question
Answer
1. fail an exam
never/in my life
2. cheat in an exam
never
3. copy someone else’s work
once before
4. forget your ID tag
once or twice
5. play truant
several times this school year
6. perform in a school play
not yet
7. be late to school
three times this school year
8. lie to a teacher
never
9. come to class unprepared
four times since school began
10. your parents be contacted
on a number of occasions
b) Opowiedz na u∏o˝one przez siebie pytania, pos∏ugujàc si´ wyra˝eniami
w kolumnie Answer.
No, I have never failed an exam in my life.
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Zastosowanie
Present Perfect Continuous stosujemy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
Gdy informujemy, ˝e czynnoÊç bàdê sytuacja rozpocz´∏a si´ w przesz∏oÊci i trwa
(niekoniecznie bez przerwy), a˝ do chwili obecnej.
6.
Present Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu
Present Perfect Continuous
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Have/Has+not
No,
I/we/you/they
haven’t
he/she/it
hasn’t
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Have/Has
Yes,
I/we/you/they
have
he/she/it
has
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot Have/Has Not
Been
Czasownik+ing
I
have
You
He
She
has
not
been
sleeping
It
We
You
have
They
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Have/Has
Been
Czasownik+ing
I
have
You
He
She
has
been
sleeping
It
We
You
have
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
’ve
You
He
She
’s
been
sleeping
It
We
You
’ve
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
haven’t
You
He
She
hasn’t
been
sleeping
It
We
You
haven’t
They
Forma pytajàca
Have/Has
Podmiot
Been
Czasownik+ing
Have
I
you
he
Has
she
been
sleeping?
it
we
Have
you
they
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Podobnie jak w Present Perfect do okreÊlenia d∏ugoÊci czasu pos∏ugujemy si´ przyimkami
since i for.
I have been studying since 9 o’clock.
Ucz´ si´ od dziewiàtej.
Mrs Olive has been teaching for 10 years.
Pani Olive naucza od dziesi´ciu lat.
Oscar has been surfing the net for an hour.
Oscar serfuje w internecie od
godziny.
Gdy chcemy powiedzieç o jakichÊ - zakoƒczonych bàdê nie - wydarzeniach lub
czynnoÊciach rozpocz´tych w przesz∏oÊci, których skutki czy konsekwencje sà oczywiste
w chwili obecnej.
It has been raining.
Pada∏o (ulica jest jeszcze mokra).
She has been crying.
P∏aka∏a (ma wcià˝ zaczerwienione oczy).
He has been repairing his car.
Naprawia∏ (a mo˝e i dalej naprawia) samochód
(ma zabrudzone smarem ubranie).
Kiedy dana czynnoÊç lub sytuacja ma charakter przejÊciowy.
I have been living in Germany for a few months.
Mieszkam w Niemczech od paru miesi´cy (ale na sta∏e mieszkam gdzie indziej).
I have been substituting for Paul since Monday.
Zast´puj´ Paula od poniedzia∏ku.
Niekiedy Present Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous mo˝na pos∏ugiwaç si´ wymiennie.
We have lived in Warsaw for seven years.
lub
We have been living in Warsaw for seven years.
Mieszkamy w Warszawie od siedmiu lat.
Bez okreÊlenia czasowego (for seven years) zdanie w Presen Perfect nabiera odmiennego
znaczenia:
We have lived in Warsaw.
MieszkaliÊmy w Warszawie (i znamy to miasto).
Zapami´taj!
Stosujàc Present Perfect Continuous w pytaniach sugerujemy, ˝e mo˝na zobaczyç, poczuç,
us∏yszeç coÊ, co jest wynikiem jakiejÊ czynnoÊci. JeÊli zadamy pytanie „Have you been
drinking?”, dajemy do zrozumienia, ˝e wyczuwamy woƒ alkoholu. U˝ywajàc tego czasu
niew∏aÊciwie, mo˝na obraziç osob´, do której jest kierowane zapytanie.
åwi cze nia
1.
Dopasuj wyra˝enia z kolumny B do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A.
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A
B
1. Her eyes are swollen.
a) Yes, I have been playing basketball.
2. You are late again!
b) I’ve been gardening all afternoon.
3. You look bored.
c) It’s been raining the whole day.
4. Why are you so scared?
d) She’s been crying.
5. Aren’t you tired?
e) I’ve been watching a horror film.
6. Beth seems to be very pleased.
f) I’ve been waiting for Adam to come.
7. Are you hungry?
g) Yes, she’s been shopping and spending
money all day.
8. The roads are wet.
h) Probably because he has been drinking.
9. Your hands are rough.
i) Yes, I have been reading a dull article.
10. Tom is unwell.
j) No, I have been slaving over a hot stove all
day.
2.
Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect Continuous lub Present
Perfect, dokonujàc zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile zachodzi taka koniecznoÊç.
1. Now look at what you (do)!
2. It (thunder) and (rain) all day.
3. Liz (horse ride) since the age of eight.
4. He has a massive hangover. He (drink) with friends all day.
5. How long you (be) a fan of Tom Cruise?
6. Jim (jog) since April.
7. I (cook) dinner. Lay the table and I will serve the food.
8. Rob (see) a doctor recently.
9. I feel I (know) her all my life.
10. I (learn) a lot from the course.
11. You (complain) too much lately.
12. We (have) the house for two years.
13. Martha (feel) much better recently.
14. A woman (stand) outside our house since early in the morning.
15. My dog (lose) his hair lately.
3.
W poni˝szych przyk∏adach, w zale˝noÊci od czasu u˝ytego w zdaniu wyjÊciowym,
wybierz jako uzupe∏nienie wypowiedê a lub b.
1. I have been reading your book ______
a) and I am enjoying it.
b) from cover to cover.
2. I have been tidying up my office.
a) It looks pretty nice now.
b) For almost three hours.
3. Who has been eating my vegetables?
a) There are none left.
b) Soon I will have none left.
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4. It has been raining for several days.
a) Why can’t it stop? When will the sun come up?
b) But today the sky is clear.
5. I have been calling him ______
a) but to no avail.
b) I can’t believe how helpful he is!
6. I have been waiting for almost an hour.
a) The waiter hasn’t even shown up yet.
b) I am getting out of here.
4.
Po∏àcz poni˝sze zdania w jedno, u˝ywajàc czasu Present Perfect Continuous
i przyimków w nawiasach.
The government began negotiations with the miners in June. Now,
it is December. (for)
The government has been negotiating with the miners for half a year.
1. I am weeding the garden. I started weeding at 10 o’clock. (since)
______________________________________________________________________
2. Helen is dancing professionally. She started dancing in 1997. (since)
______________________________________________________________________
3. We have a new coffee machine. We bought it two months ago. (for)
______________________________________________________________________
4. Roger went down to the shops at 2 o’clock. Now, it is 4:10. (for)
______________________________________________________________________
5. Lynn is about to start reading the fifth chapter of this book. She started reading at
noon. (since)
_______________________________________________________________________
5.
Popraw b∏àd wyst´pujàcy w ka˝dym z poni˝szych zdaƒ.
1. How long do you wear glasses?
2. Steve was in the USA twice so far.
3. I know Tom for ten years.
4. Paul delivers papers since 8 o’clock.
5. A: What’s the matter?
B: Someone used my computer without my knowledge.
6. I don’t diet lately.
7. My feet hurt. I walked all day.
8. Annie is sleeping badly recently.
9. The band play together for two years.
10. He is coaching since 1998.
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Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Had
Not
III Forma Czasownika
I
You
He
She
had
not
slept
It
We
You
They
Forma pytajàca
Had
Podmiot
III Forma Czasownika
I
you
he
Had
she
slept?
it
we
you
they
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Had
III Forma Czasownika
I
You
He
She
had
slept
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
’d
slept
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
hadn’t
slept
It
We
You
They
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Had+not
No,
I/we/you/they
hadn’t
he/she/it
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Had
Yes,
I/we/you/they
had
he/she/it
7.
Past Perfect
Tworzenie czasu
Past Perfect
Zastosowanie
Czas Past Perfect jest czasem zaprzesz∏ym. Stosuje si´ go, aby zaznaczyç uprzednioÊç
danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji przesz∏ej wzgl´dem innej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji przesz∏ej.
W zdaniach w Past Perfect cz´sto wyst´pujà okreÊlenia czasowe takie jak: after, before,
already, just, since, until/till, by, by the time.
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Czas Past Perfect stosujemy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które zdarzy∏y si´ przed innymi czynnoÊciami,
sytuacjami lub momentami w przesz∏oÊci.
I had visited many countries before I settled down in Italy.
Zwiedzi∏em wiele krajów, zanim osiad∏em we W∏oszech.
He didn’t remember where he had seen that girl.
Nie pami´ta∏, gdzie ujrza∏ t´ dziewczyn´.
Because we hadn’t booked early enough, we didn’t get a table.
Poniewa˝ nie dokonaliÊmy rezerwacji wystarczajàco wczeÊnie, nie dostaliÊmy stolika.
By opisaç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które trwa∏y ju˝ jakiÊ - najcz´Êciej okreÊlony – przed
innymi czynnoÊciami, sytuacjami w przesz∏oÊci i byç mo˝e trwa∏y tak˝e póêniej.
When I met him in 1998 he had worked as an accountant for a few years.
Kiedy go spotka∏em w 1998, pracowa∏ jako ksi´gowy od kilku lat (
Past Perfect – stan
zatrudnienia
).
dla porównania:
I had been chatting online for an hour when Jay came.
Czatowa∏em w sieci przez godzin´, zanim przyszed∏ Jay (
Past Perfect Continuous
– czynnoÊç
).
Wyra˝enia w Past Perfect mo˝na zast´powaç wyra˝eniami w Past Simple bez jakiejkolwiek
ró˝nicy znaczeniowej, kiedy spójniki jasno wskazujà na kolejnoÊç zdarzeƒ.
After I had cleaned out the attic, I went into my backyard = After I cleaned out
the attic, I went into my backyard.
Kiedy posprzàta∏em strych, wyszed∏em na podwórko.
JeÊli zdarzenia opisywane w Past Perfect w ogóle nie wydarzy∏y si´ w danym okresie, Past
Perfect musi byç bezwarunkowo zastosowany.
I had never seen a palm tree before I went to Florida.
POPRAWNE
I never saw a palm tree before I went to Florida.
NIEPOPRAWNE
Nigdy nie widzia∏em palmy, zanim nie pojecha∏em na Floryd´.
Niekiedy zastosowanie Past Perfect zamiast Past Simple powoduje, ˝e czynnoÊç
opisywana w Past Perfect jawi si´ jako zakoƒczona jakiÊ czas przed innà, a nie jako
bezpoÊrednio poprzedzajàca. Zdanie a sugeruje natychmiastowà sekwencj´ wydarzeƒ,
natomiast zdanie b, ˝e up∏yn´∏o mi´dzy nimi troch´ czasu.
a) When I did the shopping, I went to a café.
b) When I had done the shopping, I went to a café.
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Past Perfect stosuje si´ równie˝:
Kiedy chcemy powiedzieç o niezrealizowanym zamiarze, nadziei, ˝yczeniu. Dotyczy to
takich czasowników jak: to intend, to hope, to expect, to think, to wish, to want,
to suppose, to plan.
Pete had wanted to dye his hair, but his mother talked him out of it.
Pete chcia∏ ufarbowaç w∏osy, ale jego mama odwiod∏a go od tego.
I had intended to meet her in France, but I couldn’t afford the fare.
Chcia∏em spotkaç si´ z nià we Francji, ale nie mog∏em sobie pozwoliç na bilet.
Po wyra˝eniach takich jak: if only, I wish, kiedy mówimy o przesz∏oÊci ˝yczeniowo
hipotetycznej.
I wish I hadn’t lost my temper.
Szkoda, ˝e straci∏em panowanie nad sobà.
If only they had played better!
Gdyby tylko zagrali lepiej!
W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej odnoÊnie przesz∏oÊci bàdê uprzednioÊci.
If the car hadn’t broken down, things would have gone as planned.
Gdyby samochód si´ nie zepsu∏, wszystko posz∏oby zgodnie z planem.
He admitted he had made a false statement.
Przyzna∏, ˝e z∏o˝y∏ fa∏szywe zeznanie.
Zapami´taj!
W przeciwieƒstwie do zdaƒ w Present Perfect, zdania w Past Perfect mogà zawieraç
konkretne okreÊlenia czasu, np. in 1998, on Saturday, when he returned, before she
got married. Opisujàc wydarzenia przesz∏e o jasnej chronologicznej kolejnoÊci u˝ywa si´
czasu Past Simple, a nie Past Perfect.
åwi cze nia
1.
Harry studiuje zagranicà. WczeÊniej nie robi∏ sam wielu rzeczy. Uzupe∏nij poni˝sze
zdanie, wstawiajàc kolejno w miejsce kropek wyra˝enia 1-12 w czasie Past Perfect.
Before Harry went to study abroad ______ be 300 miles from home.
Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never been 300 miles from home.
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1. polish his shoes
_____________________________________________________________________
2. wash his clothes
_____________________________________________________________________
3. cook a meal in his life
_____________________________________________________________________
4. eat anything other than homemade meals
_____________________________________________________________________
5. clean the house
_____________________________________________________________________
6. make his bed
_____________________________________________________________________
7. buy his own clothes
_____________________________________________________________________
8. give parties
_____________________________________________________________________
9. date a girl
_____________________________________________________________________
10. have a mobile phone
____________________________________________________________________
2.
Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Perfect bàdê Past Simple.
1. James (compose) a waltz, although he never (learn) musical notation.
2. When I (get) home, I realised that I (lose) my keys.
3. We (not recognise) each other because we (not meet) since our school days.
4. They (be) amazed. They never (heard) of gumbo before.
5. When I last (see) Jay, he (not pay) yet off the loan.
6. Mr Jones (retire) at the age of 72 after he (work) for the company for over 30 years.
7. After I (do) the washing-up, I (take) a short walk in the garden.
8. The show already (start) when we (arrive).
9. I never (eat) sushi before I (go) to Japan.
10. Philip (be) upset because Clair (decline) his invitation to dinner.
11. By that time he (cross) the Atlantic six times.
12. If only she (keep) quiet!
13. I never (hear) of Bigfoot until I (go) to Malaysia.
14. We (have) that car for years before it (act) up.
15. By the time Ron (get) married, he (complete) his university degree.
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3.
Na poczàtku kampanii wyborczej sztab wykonywa∏ prace wyszczególnione poni˝ej.
Kandydat na burmistrza co jakiÊ czas pojawia∏ si´ w sztabie. Uzupe∏nij zdania (2-6),
przekszta∏cajàc – wed∏ug wzoru – wyra˝enia w nawiasie, tak by opisywa∏y, co w trakcie
ka˝dej wizyty kandydata ju˝ by∏o, a co jeszcze nie zosta∏o wykonane.
8:00-9:00 – prepare a campaign calendar
9:00-10:00 – invent a slogan
10:00-12:30 – write a campaign song
12:30-13:30 – design a campaign logo
13:30-14:00 – order bumper stickers, T-shirts and balloons with the logo
14:00-15:00 – prepare leaflets and posters
15:00-15:30 – have a lunch break
15:30-16:00 – pay for TV ads
16:00-16:30 – make phone calls to the donors
16:30-17:00 – organise a whistle-stop tour
1. The candidate arrived at the campaign office at 9.20. (prepare a campaign
calendar/invent a slogan) The campaign team had already prepared
a campaign calendar, but they hadn’t invented a slogan yet.
2. The candidate went there back at 12.20. (invent a slogan/write a campaign song)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The candidate returned at 13.30. (pay for TV ads/design a campaign logo)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The candidate popped in at 14.50. (prepare leaflets and posters/order bumper
stickers, T-shirts and balloons with the logo)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The candidate returned at 16.00. (pay for TV ads/make phone calls to the
donors)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The candidate visited the office again at 17.00. (make phone calls to
the donors/ organise a whistle-stop tour)
_____________________________________________________________________
4.
U∏ó˝ zdania zgodnie z wzorem:
Philip never saw koala bears. He went to Australia. (before)
Philip had never seen koala bears before he went to Australia.
1. I bought a coffee table. Carrie found a similar one at a lower price. (after)
_____________________________________________________________________
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2. He wrote his first novel. He graduated from Oxford University. (by the time)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Alice began to walk. She spoke her first word. (before)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Clair went into the room. She knew she was there before. (as soon as)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The concert began. We arrived at the venue. (by the time)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Charles made a fortune in the stock market. He supported a number of charities.
(after)
_____________________________________________________________________
7. We had that cottage for twenty years. It fell down. (before)
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I didn’t go to see the movie. I watched it before. (because)
_____________________________________________________________________
9. He didn’t have a proper house. Simon hit the jackpot. (before)
_____________________________________________________________________
10. David lived in Cincinnati. He moved to San José. (until)
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
U˝ywajàc wyt∏uszczonego s∏owa, u∏ó˝ drugie zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu co pierwsze.
1. Last year I went to an auction. It was my first time there.
been I ________________________ auction before.
2. After doing the laundry, I hung it out to dry.
done After ________________________ out to dry.
3. Lucy watered the houseplant. She got a phone call afterwards.
already When ________________________ watered the houseplant.
4. I read most of the classic horror novels. I turned ten by the time.
had By the time ________________________ classic horror novels.
5. That was the only time I wanted to come back to Europe.
never I ________________________ Europe before.
6. Paul graduated from Oxford and then he joined the Labour Party.
until Paul didn’t join ________________________ from Oxford.
7. I washed my hair before the alarm clock went off.
when ________________________ my hair.
8. Garry arrived at the airport at 5. The plane took off at 5.10.
by the time The plane ________________________ at the airport.
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8.
Past Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu
Past Perfect Continuous
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Had+not
No,
I/we/you/they
hadn’t
he/she/it
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Had
Yes,
I/we/you/they
had
he/she/it
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Had
Not
Been
Czasownik+ing
I
You
He
She
had
not
been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
hadn’t been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma pytajàca
Had
Podmiot
Been
Czasownik+ing
I
you
he
Had
she
been
sleeping?
it
we
you
they
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Had
Been
Czasownik+ing
I
You
He
She
had
been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
’d been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Zastosowanie
Czas Past Perfect Continuous jest czasem zaprzesz∏ym z wyraênie zaznaczonym aspektem
trwania. Zdania wyst´pujàce w tym czasie cz´sto zawierajà okreÊlenia czasowe takie jak:
for, since, before, until, when.
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Czasu Past Perfect Continous u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
By wyraziç czynnoÊci lub sytuacje, które trwa∏y przed innymi wydarzeniami lub
sytuacjami w przesz∏oÊci.
I had been studying French for two years before I went to France.
Uczy∏em si´ francuskiego przez dwa lata, zanim pojecha∏em do Francji.
The children had been quarreling for over an hour when their parents came
home.
Dzieci k∏óci∏y si´ przez ponad godzin´, zanim rodzice przyszli do domu.
By wskazaç na przyczyn´ jakiegoÊ wydarzenia czy sytuacji.
Betty was tired because she had been cleaning the flat.
Betty by∏a zm´czona, poniewa˝ sprzàta∏a mieszkanie.
Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar and fat.
Kathy przybra∏a na wadze, poniewa˝ jad∏a za du˝o cukru i t∏uszczu.
W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zale˝nej w aspekcie przesz∏ym i uprzednim.
If it hadn’t been raining, I would have gone for a walk.
Gdyby nie pada∏o, poszed∏bym na spacer.
She told me she had been expecting a guest.
Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e (chwil´ wczeÊniej/ju˝ jakiÊ czas) czeka∏a na goÊcia.
Zapami´taj!
JeÊli nie podajesz czasu trwania danej czynnoÊci lub sytuacji (np. for an hour, for ten
minutes, for a week, since last Sunday), lepiej u˝yj czasu Past Continuous zamiast Past
Perfect Continuous.
åwi cze nia
1.
a) Napisz, u˝ywajàc czasu Past Perfect Continuous, co uczestnicy przyj´cia robili,
zanim przyby∏a policja.
They ______ for a few hours before the police arrived.
1. drink and eat noisily
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2. dance wildly
_____________________________________________________________________
3. play CDs at full volume
_____________________________________________________________________
4. shout
_____________________________________________________________________
5. fight
_____________________________________________________________________
b) Analogicznie, napisz, co robili policjanci przed interwencjà.
The policemen ______ for some time before they received a noise complaint.
1. check cars
_____________________________________________________________________
2. issue parking tickets
_____________________________________________________________________
3. watch for drunk drivers/pedestrians
_____________________________________________________________________
4. pick up truants
_____________________________________________________________________
5. monitor traffic
_____________________________________________________________________
2.
Rozwiƒ wyra˝enia umieszczone w nawiasie do zdania w Past Perfect Continuous
wed∏ug wzoru:
My back was sore (sit at the computer for hours).
My back was sore because I had been sitting at the computer for hours.
1. I got a high grade on my report (study very hard).
2. Jacky was very tired (clean all morning).
3. Sue got sunburnt (lie in the sun too long).
4. The driver fell asleep at the wheel (drive all day long).
5. Ron had a hangover (drink the whole evening).
6. Her eyes were puffy (cry the whole night).
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7. Daniel came home hot and sweaty (jog).
8. The roads were impassible (snow heavily all night).
9. My hair was wet (swim for half an hour).
10. Philip had dirt on his hands (repair his car).
11. Pam’s clothes were covered in paint (paint the flat).
12. Lynn was promoted (work hard during her probationary period).
13. We did not hear him come in. (laugh out loud)
14. Tom was fired. (make private phone calls)
15. Mike had a stomach upset. (not eat properly)
3.
Dru˝yna harcerska postanowi∏a posprzàtaç pla˝´. Jak d∏ugo harcerze pracowali, zanim
dosz∏y osoby spoza dru˝yny, które obieca∏y pomoc?
9:00-9:30
assign the work
9.30-10:00
hand out bin liners
10:00-11:00
empty litter baskets
11:00-13:30
pick up the litter (bottles, cans, food wrappers, cigar tips, lids)
13:30-14.00
record the litter found
14:00-15:00
take the rubbish to a landfill site
1. Sue arrived at 9.20.
When Sue arrived there, the scouts had been assigning the work for twenty
minutes.
2. Jerry got there at 9.45.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Tom and Scott came at 10.20.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Grace arrived at 13.00. When she arrived there the scouts’ backs were aching as
they...
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Mike arrived at 13.40.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Martin and David came at 14.30.
_____________________________________________________________________
4.
Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple bàdê Past Perfect Continuous.
1. It (snow) for hours when we (leave) for St. Petersburg.
2. Mark (work) for Ford Motor Company for five years before he (be lay) off.
3. The police (investigate) the case for a year before it (go) to trial.
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przes∏uchiwani
to, co zeznali
prawda
Mr John Carrington
read stock market reports
examine the robbery plan
Mr Richard Carrington
watch wild birds
observe the bank’s security guards
Mrs Judy Carrington
plan a dinner party
plan an escape route
Mrs Elisabeth Carrington
watch a fireworks display
prepare explosives
Miss Veronica Carrington
make her own clothes
cut eyeholes in the masks
May
polish silver
steal jewellery
Jack
clean the cellar
drink vintage wine in the cellar
Bernie
write a request for
forge Mr Carrington’s signature
a pay rise
4. By 2000, I (live) in Boston for six years.
5. Amy was angry. She (wait) for them for an hour.
6. The streets were filled with puddles. It (rain) all morning.
7. By 6 o’clock, he (repair) the engine for two hours.
8. Elisabeth (lecture) at the University for two years before she (move) to Poland.
9. Susan (go) down with flu. She (feel) unwell for some time when she got her illness.
10. I (put) on weight because I (eat) too much rich food.
5.
W cza sie Êledz twa w spra wie ra bun ku ban ko we go po li cja prze s∏u chi wa ∏a po dej rza nych
– paƒ stwa Car ring to nów oraz ich s∏u˝ b´. Mi´ dzy in ny mi py ta ∏a ich o to, co ro bi li
w przed dzieƒ na pa du. Wszy scy mó wi li nie praw d´. Ko rzy sta jàc z po ni˝ szej ta bel ki, na pisz
w cza sie Past Per fect Con ti nu ous, co po szcze gól ne oso by ze zna wa ∏y, a co
rze czy wi Êcie robi∏y.
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Future Simple
58
Zastosowanie
Ze wszystkich czasów przysz∏ych Fu tu re Sim ple jest pod sta wo wy i naj bar dziej uni wer sal ny.
Z po wo du wie lo Êci zna czeƒ nie za wsze jest oczy wi ste, któ re z nich mó wià cy ma na my Êli.
Nie rzad ko wy po wie dzi w tym cza sie mo ˝e my in ter pre to waç na ró˝ ne spo so by.
Tworzenie czasu
Future Simple
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Will+not
No,
I/we/you/they
won’t
he/she/it
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Will
Yes,
I/we/you/they
will
he/she/it
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Will
Not Czasownik
I
You
He
She
will
not
sleep
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
won’t
sleep
It
We
You
They
Forma pytajàca
Will
Podmiot
Czasownik
I
you
he
Will
she
sleep?
it
we
you
they
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Will
Czasownik
I
You
He
She
will
sleep
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
’ll
sleep
It
We
You
They
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Czasu Future Simple u˝ywamy w nast´pujàcych przypadkach:
By po wie dzieç, ˝e coÊ na stà pi w przy sz∏o Êci. In for ma cja wy ra ˝o na w ta ki spo sób jest
po zba wio na ele men tów su biek tyw nych, wy ni ka z oko licz no Êci ze wn´trz nych, na któ re nie
ma my wp∏y wu.
The con cert will start any mo ment now.
Kon cert roz pocz nie si´ la da mo ment.
We will know the elec tion re sults to mor row.
Ju tro po zna my wy ni ki wy bo rów.
Ka te will ar ri ve in a few mi nu tes.
Ka te przy je dzie za pa r´ mi nut.
By wy ra ziç opi nie, przy pusz cze nia, spe ku la cje od no Ênie przy sz∏o Êci. Po si∏ ku je my si´
wów czas ta ki mi cza sow ni ka mi jak: think, be lie ve, fe el su re, do ubt, ho pe, be afra id,
expect, know, sup po se, won der, oraz to wa rzy szà cy mi im przy s∏ów ka mi ty pu: per haps,
po ssi bly, pro ba bly, su re ly, cer ta in ly.
I am cer ta in he will re sign his post.
Je stem pe wien, ˝e on odej dzie z po sa dy.
I ho pe my pa rents will let me buy a dog.
Mam na dzie j´, ˝e moi ro dzi ce
po zwo là mi ku piç psa.
The pre si dent will pro ba bly ve to the bill.
Pre zy dent praw do po dob nie za we tu je
usta w´.
By opi saç czyn no Êci lub sy tu acje, któ re ja kaÊ oso ba do ko nu je z przy zwy cza je nia czy
in nych przy czyn cha rak te ro lo gicz n y c h, nie za le˝ nie od oko licz no Êci i nie przej mu jàc si´
opi nià in nych.
She will ke ep asking stu pid qu estions.
Ona sta le za da je g∏u pie py ta nia.
Scott will we ar this sil ly bow tie.
Scott b´ dzie no siç t´ Êmiesz nà musz k´.
Future Simple równie˝ stosujemy:
Kie dy po dej mu je my spon ta nicz nà de cy zj´.
This co at is a re al bar ga in. I will buy it.
Ten p∏aszcz to praw dzi wa oka zja.
Ku pi´ go.
To sa mo zda nie u˝y te w in nej oso bie nie ozna cza ju˝ spon ta nicz nej de cy zji, ale
przy pusz cze nie.
She will buy this co at.
Ona ku pi ten p∏aszcz (tak mi si´
wy da je).
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Kie dy coÊ po sta na wia my. Cz´ sto wspo ma ga my si´ wów czas cza sow ni ka mi ta ki mi jak:
pro mi se, swe ar, gu aran tee.
I pro mi se I will get mo re or ga ni sed.
Obie cu j´, ˝e b´ d´ bar dziej
zor ga ni zo wa na.
I will go to the gym twi ce a we ek.
B´ d´ cho dziç na si ∏ow ni´ dwa ra zy
w ty go dniu.
I swe ar I will stu dy har der next se me ster.
Przy rze kam, ˝e b´ d´ wi´ cej pra co waç
w przy sz∏ym se me strze.
Kie dy pro si my.
Will you lend me
€
20?
Po ˝y czysz mi 20 eu ro?
Will you do me a fa vo ur?
Zro bisz coÊ dla mnie?
Kie dy wy po wia da my go to woÊç.
I will get you so me cof fee.
Przy nio s´ ci ka wy.
I will help you.
Po mo g´ ci.
I will dri ve you ho me.
Za wio z´ ci´ do do mu.
Kie dy obie cu je my lub gro zi my.
I will do my best.
Zro bi´ co w mo jej mo cy.
I won’t bo ther you aga in.
Nie b´ d´ ci´ wi´ cej k∏o po taç.
Stop tal king or I will pu nish you!
Prze staƒ roz ma wiaç, bo ci´ uka rz´!
Kie dy wy da je my ka te go rycz ne po le ce nie.
You will not re ve al your pas sword to any other per son.
Nie ujaw nisz swo je go ha s∏a ˝ad nej oso bie.
You will not di scuss the con tract, or any of its terms, with any one.
Nie b´ dziesz roz ma wia∏ z ni kim o umo wie ani o ˝ad nym z jej wa run ków.
Kie dy wy ra ˝a my od mo w´ lub brak ch´ ci (za po mo cà won’t).
Jack won’t see the do ctor.
Jack nie pój dzie do le ka rza.
My chil dren won’t eat ve ge ta bles.
Mo je dzie ci nie zje dzà wa rzyw.
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Fu tu re Sim ple mo˝ na rów nie˝ two rzyç przy po mo cy for my shall. Dzi siaj wy raz ten wy st´ pu je
przede wszyst kim w 1 osobie licz by po je dyn cze i mno giej. Dzi´ ki nie mu mo˝ na nadaç
wy po wie dzi neu tral ny cha rak ter. W 3 oso bie shall po ja wia si´ w pod nio s∏ym sty lu,
w praw nych al bo for mal nych zo bo wià za niach czy gwa ran cjach.
A re fund shall be gran ted wi thin se ven days of de li ve ry of the pro ducts.
Zwrot kosz tów jest gwa ran to wa ny w cza sie sied miu dni od do sta wy pro duk tów.
De li ve ry shall ta ke pla ce at the agre ed ti me.
Do sta wa na stà pi w uzgod nio nym cza sie.
The bo ard shall no ti fy sha re hol ders of its de ci sion in wri ting.
Za rzàd po wia do mi udzia ∏ow ców pi sem nie o swo jej de cy zji.
Shall w zda niu py ta jà cym (w 1 osobie) sto su je my, by do wie dzieç si´ o ˝y cze nia czy ch´ ci
oso by, do któ rej wy po wiedê jest skie ro wa na. Zda nie py ta jà ce z shall mo ˝e byç rów nie˝
pro po zy cjà czy su ge stià.
What shall I do now?
Co mam te raz ro biç?
Shall I clo se the win dow?
Czy mam za mknàç okno?
Shall we go to the mu seum?
Pój dzie my do mu zeum?
Za pa mi´ taj!
Jak wszyst kie in ne for my cza su przy sz∏e go, Fu tu re Sim ple nie mo ˝e byç u˝y ty w zda niach
za czy na jà cych si´ od wy ra zów when, whi le, after, be fo re, by the ti me, if, unless,
pro vi ded. Re gu ∏a ta obo wià zu je, wte dy gdy nie ma my za mia ru nadaç wy ra ˝e niu z will
zna cze nia „ze chcieç”, np. „I’ll be gra te ful if you will kin dly con si der my re qu est.”
Je Êli masz za miar daç do zro zu mie nia, ˝e ktoÊ nie zro bi cze goÊ w przy sz∏o Êci nie dla te go,
˝e nie chce, ale z po wo du nie za le˝ nych oko licz no Êci, uni kaj cza su Fu tu re Sim ple
(np. „I won’t jo in you.”). Aby nie su ge ro waç od mo wy lub nie ch´ ci, u˝yj cza su Fu tu re
Con ti nu ous (np. „I won’t be jo ining you.”).
åwi cze nia
1.
Za re aguj na opi sa ne w zda niach 1-13 sy tu acje, wy po wia da jàc swo je de cy zje w cza sie
Fu tu re Sim ple.
The pho ne is rin ging. I will an swer/pick it up/get it.
1. I don’t understand it.
2. This is a ve ry he avy box.
3. It’s fre ezing in he re.
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4. I’ve got a split ting he ada che!
5. I am in a hur ry.
6. The gar ba ge is full.
7. The dog ne eds to go out.
8. I am so sle epy!
9. The re isn’t any bre ad.
10. Your ro om is a re al mess.
11. The smo ke alarm do esn’t work.
12. The ma il box is bul ging with let ters.
13. The grass is too tall.
2.
Do ka˝ de go ze zdaƒ 1-10 do pisz od po wied nie po sta nowie nie.
I drink too much cof fee.
I will cut back to one or two cups a day.
1. I have bad eating habits.
2. I can’t pro gram vi deo.
3. I’m too fat.
4. I’m a he avy smo ker.
5. I am in the red.
6. I can’t spe ak a fo re ign lan gu age.
7. I’m too stres sed.
8. I lack con fi den ce.
9. I spend too much mo ney.
10. I go out too often.
3.
Za ne guj pro gno zy wy ra ˝o ne w zda niach 1-10, po s∏u gu jàc si´ wy ra ˝e nia mi za war ty mi
w na wia sach.
The pri ce of pe trol will co me down in two years’ ti me. (go up)
No, it won’t. It will go up.
1. The world’s population will come to an end by the end of the 21
st
century.
(stop growing)
2. Pe ople will tra vel to exo tic pla nets in si xty years’ ti me. (tra vel to the mo on)
3. Di stan ce le ar ning will re pla ce tra di tio nal me thods of edu ca tion in the fu tu re.
(sup port tra di tio nal me thods of edu ca tion)
4. In the next si xty years, cars will run on hy dro gen. (run on su gar ca ne)
5. Pe ople will li ve in un der gro und bu il dings in thir ty years’ ti me. (li ve in smal ler ho uses)
6. Pe ople will eat pills in ste ad of fo od in 2100. (eat co nve nien ce fo od)
7. In si xty years’ ti me, pe ople will use sun to pro du ce ener gy. (use bio mass)
8. In fi fte en years’ ti me, War saw will ha ve fi ve air ports. (ha ve two air ports)
9. By the year 2070, pe ople will ha ve se ve ral ca re ers. (ha ve shor ter ca re ers)
10. The Arc tic will be co ve red in palm tre es in the fu tu re. (be co me war mer)
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4.
Za stàp wy t∏usz czo ne s∏o wa od po wied nio wy ra za mi: will, won’t bàdê shall. Je Êli trze ba,
do daj za imek oso bo wy.
1.
Ple ase
stop fid ge ting!
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Jim
re fu ses to
go to a do ctor.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. When
do you want me to
ar ri ve?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The di rec tor
is re ady to
see you now.
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
Why don’t
we go out to ni ght?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. All pay ments
ought to be
ma de not la ter than May 31.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. I
pro mi se to
call you to mor row.
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
U∏ó˝ zda nia wy ra ˝a jà ce ostrze ˝e nia bàdê groê by w Fu tu re Sim ple wy ko rzy stu jàc
wska zów ki umiesz czo ne w na wia sach.
1. Your ne igh bo ur is li ste ning to mu sic at full vo lu me. (turn the vo lu me down/call
the po li ce)
2. Your em ploy ee is la te for work aga in. (ke ep to the ho urs of work/fi re you)
3. Your stu dents are tal king. (be qu iet/pu nish you)
4. Your boss says no to your re qu est for a pay ri se. (gi ve me a pay ri se/qu it)
5. Your child is do ing po or ly at scho ol. (im pro ve your gra des/ de duct one pound
each day from your po cket mo ney)
6. Your ca me ra do esn’t work. The sel ler do esn’t want to re fund your mo ney. (gi ve
me a re fund/sue you)
7. Your flat ma te do esn’t ke ep his ro om ne at. (pick up your ro om/ throw away
eve ry thing that I find on the flo or)
8. Your bro ther do esn’t cle an up the ta ble after eating. (cle an up the ta ble/not al low
you to eat with us)
9. Your lit tle si ster is ly ing to you. (tell the who le truth/lock you in your ro om until
you con fess)
10. Your lan dlord is con ti nu al ly di stur bing you at ni ght. (stop ha ras sing me/re port
you)
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Be Going To
64
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Am/Are/Is
Yes,
I
am
you/we/they
are
he/she/it
is
Forma pytajàca
Am/Are/Is
Podmiot
Going to
Czasownik
Am
I
Are
you
he
Is
she
going to
sleep?
it
Are
you
they
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Am/Are/Is+not
No,
I
am not
you/we/they
aren’t
he/she/it
isn’t
Tworzenie zwrotu
Be Going To
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Am/Are/Is
Going to
Czasownik
I
am
You
are
He
She
is
going to
sleep
It
We
You
are
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
’m
You
’re
He
She
’s
going to
sleep
It
We
You
’re
They
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot Am/Are/Is
Not
Going to
Czasownik
I
am
You
are
He
She
is
not
going to
sleep
It
We
You
are
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
’m not
You
aren’t
He
She
isn’t
going to
sleep
It
We
You
aren’t
They
Za sto so wa nie
Zwrot be go ing to u˝y wa my w na st´ pu jà cych przy pad kach:
By wy ra ziç in ten cj´ zro bie nia cze goÊ w przy sz∏o Êci. Za mie rzo na czyn noÊç jest z re gu ∏y
prze my Êla na i na le ˝y si´ do my Êlaç, ˝e ja kieÊ przy go to wa nia zo sta ∏y ju˝ pod j´ te. Uwa ˝a si´,
˝e czyn no Êci wy ra ˝o ne kon struk cjà be go ing to sà mo˝ li we do zre ali zo wa nia.
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I am go ing to stu dy law.
Za mie rzam stu dio waç pra wo.
So phie is go ing to ta ke a day off.
So phie za mie rza wziàç dzieƒ wol ny.
He is go ing to throw a par ty.
On za mie rza urzà dziç przy j´ cie.
Cza sow ni ków to be i to co me nie po win no si´ ra czej u˝y waç w kon struk cji be go ing to.
She is go ing to go out of bu si ness.
Ona za mie rza wy co faç si´ z biz ne su.
I am not go ing to co me with you.
Nie za mie rzam iÊç z wa mi.
Mi mo ˝e zda nia te sà po praw ne, le piej u˝yç cza su Pre sent Con ti nu ous i po wie dzieç:
She is go ing out of bu si ness.
I am not co ming with you.
By wy ra ziç prze wi dy wa nia wy ni ka jà ce z na ocz nych ob ser wa cji do ty czà cych wy da rzeƒ,
zda je si´ nie uchron nych.
She is go ing to ha ve a ba by.
Ona b´ dzie mia ∏a dziec ko (jest w cià ˝y).
It is go ing to ra in.
Za no si si´ na deszcz (na nie bie ze bra ∏y si´
chmu ry).
They are go ing to win the match.
Oni wy gra jà mecz (ma jà du ˝à prze wa g´ nad
prze ciw ni kiem).
Za sad ni cze ró˝ ni ce w u˝y ciu be go ing to i will sà na st´ pu jà ce:
–
Zwrot be go ing to su ge ru je, ˝e wy st´ pu jà pew ne obiek tyw ne zna ki, symp to my,
prze s∏an ki, ˝e coÊ si´ wy da rzy, na to miast will su ge ru je, ˝e prze wi dy wa nia sà opar te
na opi nii mó wià ce go.
–
Zwrot be go ing to do ty czy zwy kle naj bli˝ szej przy sz∏o Êci, will nie od no si si´ do
˝ad ne go kon kret ne go cza su i mo ˝e do ty czyç na wet da le kiej przy sz∏o Êci.
Za pa mi´ taj!
Uni kaj sto so wa nia wy ra ˝e nia be go ing to z cza sow ni ka mi ru chu, zw∏asz cza co me i go.
W ta kich przy pad kach u˝yj cza su Pre sent Con ti nu ous.
Je Êli chcesz po s∏u ˝yç si´ ja kimÊ zda rze niem w przy sz∏o Êci ja ko wy mów kà, uni kaj wy ra ˝e nia
be go ing to (np. „I’m sor ry, I can’t see you to mor row. I am go ing to vi sit my un c le.”). Sto su jàc
t´ kon struk cj´ spra wi∏ byÊ wra ˝e nie, ˝e nie zro bisz cze goÊ kie ru jàc si´ su biek tyw nym wy bo rem.
U˝yj cza su Pre sent Con ti nu ous (np. „I’m sor ry, I can’t see you to mor row. I am vi si ting my
un c le.”), aby daç do zro zu mie nia, ˝e przy czy nà od mo wy sà wcze Êniej po czy nio ne pla ny.
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åwi cze nia
1.
Jak Ge ri za mie rza sp´ dziç zbli ˝a jà cy si´ ty dzieƒ? Po patrz na kart k´ z jej ka len da rza.
Uzu pe∏ nij wolne miej sca in for ma cja mi z ram ki, sto su jàc Pre sent Con ti nu ous (w przy pad ku
ter mi nów ju˝ umó wio nych) al bo kon struk cj´ be go ing to (w przy pad ku za mie rzeƒ).
Mon day
4 p.m. go to the den tist’s
Tu es day
2.30 ha ve a job in te rview
We dnes day
stu dy for a math exam
Thurs day
go to a pas sport of fi ce
Fri day
ta ke the car to the ga ra ge
Sa tur day
8 p.m. at tend the scho ol reu nion
Sun day
stay in and watch Mad TV
1. Ge ri can’t go out on We dnes day be cau se she ______ .
2. She will be at ho me on Sun day be cau se she ______ .
3. Her car is le aking oil, so ______ on Fri day.
4. On Tu es day ______ .
5. She is lo oking for ward to Sa tur day be cau se ______ .
6. She has a to otha che, so she ______ .
7. She wants to re new her pas sport, so she ______ .
2.
Cza sow ni ki po da ne w na wia sach wstaw w Fu tu re Sim ple, bàdê za sto suj zwrot be go ing to.
1. A: Whe re are you go ing on your ho ney mo on?
B: I don’t know yet. May be we (go) ______ to In dia.
2. Watch out! You (run) in to that car.
3. Be ca re ful! You (spill) cof fee on the car pet.
4. I (be) a pia nist when I grow up.
5. A: Why are you we aring the sho es at ho me?
B: I (stretch) them.
6. A: I’ve left my pen cil at ho me.
B: Don’t wor ry – I (lend) you mi ne.
7. Qu ick. We (be) la te!
8. I’ve ma de up my mind. I (ap ply) to the Uni ver si ty of Flo ri da.
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9. My he ad hurts. I’m co ughing. I (be) ill.
10. A: I think the com pa ny sho uld launch a new PR cam pa ign.
B: That’s a go od idea. I (ra ise) it at the next me eting.
11. A: I’ve got an aw ful so re thro at.
B: Oh, de ar. I (bring) you an aspi rin.
12. A: Your ha ir ne eds a cut.
B: Oh re al ly? I (go) to the ha ir dres ser’s then.
13. A: Whe re are you go ing?
B: Ho me.
A: I (gi ve) you a ri de.
3.
Na pod sta wie symp to mów 1-10 wy wnio skuj, co mo˝e si´ wy da rzyç.
The re are black clo uds in the sky.
It is go ing to ra in.
1. The sun is coming out.
2. The lad der is unsta ble.
3. Si mon is ope ning a bot tle of wi ne.
4. The cyc list is ahe ad of his ri vals.
5. He is le ading in the polls for the pre si den tial elec tion.
6. I’ve mis sed the bus.
7. He hasn’t stu died for the exam.
8. Ka ty has be en ly ing unpro tec ted in the sun for too long.
9. My com pu ter is in fec ted.
10. Tim has po ured him self ano ther glass of whi sky.
4.
U∏ó˝ py ta nia do ty czà ce pod kre Êlo nych cz´ Êci zdaƒ.
1. I am go ing to tell you a se cret.
2. She is go ing to bre ak up with her boy friend.
3. Kim is go ing to eat brown bre ad from now on.
4. Jack is not go ing to say a word abo ut that.
5. My bro ther is go ing to get mar ried.
6. Ste ve is go ing to set tle down one day.
7. We are go ing to get there by the end of the week.
8. His pa rents are go ing to split up in the ne ar fu tu re.
9. Ali ce is go ing to open her of fi ce in Brus sels.
10. Beth is go ing to spend the day cle aning.
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5.
Po krót kim za prze cze niu prze kszta∏ç zda nia (1-10) we d∏ug po ni ˝ej po da ne go wzo ru,
do bie ra jàc od po wied nie uzu pe∏ nie nie spo Êród wy ra ˝eƒ (a-k).
Ti na Tur ner is go ing to co me back on sta ge.
No, she is not. She is go ing to wri te an au to bio gra phy.
1. Starbucks is going to open coffee stores in Poland.
2. E-le ar ning is go ing to re pla ce tra di tio nal edu ca tion.
3. Da vid Bec kham is go ing to act in a film.
4. Mi cha el Jack son is go ing to mo ve to In dia.
5. May bach is go ing to launch a small fa mi ly car.
6. Wo men ski jum ping is go ing to be co me a Win ter Olym pic Ga mes sport.
7. Brit ney Spe ars is go ing to ta ke so me ti me off from the mu sic in du stry.
8. The Bold and the Be au ti ful is go ing to end so on.
9. Ma don na is go ing to open her own ca si no.
10. Ste ven Spiel berg is go ing to ma ke a Bol ly wo od film.
a) Sho ot a ci vil war epic abo ut Abra ham Lin coln.
b) It is going to move into entertainment.
c) Do ano ther com mer cial.
d) Re le ase a new al bum.
e) In tro du ce a new cu stom-bu ilt lu xu ry ve hic le.
f) Fa ce ano ther trial.
g) Gi ve a world to ur.
h) Grow in po pu la ri ty.
i) Com ple ment tra di tio nal edu ca tion.
j) Be ma de in to a mo vie.
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Za sto so wa nie
Cza su Fu tu re Con ti nu ous u˝y wa my w na st´ pu jà cych przy pad kach:
Gdy ma my za miar po wie dzieç, ˝e czyn noÊç bàdê sy tu acja b´ dzie od by wa ∏a si´
w okre Êlo nym mo men cie w przy sz∏o Êci, al bo kie dy coÊ in ne go wy da rzy si´ i praw do po d
ob nie b´ dzie trwaç da lej.
Forma pytajàca
Will
Podmiot
Be
Czasownik+ing
I
you
he
Will
she
be
sleeping?
it
we
you
they
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Will+not
No,
I/we/you/they
won’t
he/she/it
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Will
Yes,
I/we/you/they
will
he/she/it
11.
Future Continuous
Tworzenie czasu
Future Continuous
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Will
Be
Czasownik+ing
I
You
He
She
will
be
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
’ll be
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Will
Not
Be
Czasownik+ing
I
You
He
She
will not
be
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
won’t
be
sleeping
It
We
You
They
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This ti me next we ek, I will be thro wing a par ty.
O tej po rze w przy sz∏ym ty go dniu b´ d´ wy da waç przy j´ cie.
I will be wa iting for you in the li bra ry.
B´ d´ cze kaç na cie bie w bi blio te ce.
To mor row at eight, we will be sit ting on the pla ne to New York.
Ju tro o go dzi nie ósmej b´ dzie my sie dzieç w sa mo lo cie do No we go Jor ku.
Gdy ma my za miar po wie dzieç, ˝e czyn noÊç bàdê sy tu acja, która ma na stà piç
w przy sz∏o Êci, b´ dzie zgod na z usta lo nà ko le jà rze czy, kie dy uwa ˝a my jà za coÊ na tu ral ne go.
I will be se eing them so on.
B´ d´ si´ z ni mi wkrót ce wi dzieç.
You will be pic king up chil dren from scho ol, won’t you?
Od bie rzesz dzie ci ze szko ∏y, praw da?
The fo ot ball te am will be stay ing at the Hil ton.
Dru ˝y na fut bo lo wa b´ dzie prze by waç w Hil to nie.
By wy ra ziç przy pusz cze nie do ty czà ce te raê niej szo Êci lub przy sz∏o Êci.
Me gan won’t be sle eping now.
Przy pusz czam, ˝e Me gan te raz nie Êpi.
They will be get ting ho me just abo ut now. Przy pusz czam, ˝e w∏a Ênie do cie ra jà do
do mu.
He will be ha ving his bre ak fast now.
Przy pusz czam, ˝e on te raz je
Ênia da nie.
Kie dy py ta my ko goÊ o za mie rze nia, zw∏asz cza je Êli chce my pro siç o przy s∏u g´. Sto su jàc
t´ kon struk cj´ uni ka my po dej rzeƒ, ˝e chce my wp∏y nàç na za mia ry oso by, do któ rej jest kie -
ro wa ne za py ta nie.
A: Will you be re ading the new spa per?
Czy b´ dziesz czy taç t´ ga ze t´?
B: No, I’ve re ad what I wan ted.
Nie, prze czy ta ∏em ju˝ to, co chcia ∏em.
A: Co uld I bor row it, then?
Mo g´ w ta kim ra zie jà wziàç?
When will you be co ming ho me?
Kie dy wró cisz do do mu?
Will you be dri ving to the air port?
B´ dziesz je chaç na lot ni sko?
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Za pa mi´ taj!
Jak wszyst kie in ne for my cza su przy sz∏e go, Fu tu re Con ti nu ous nie mo ˝e byç u˝y ty
w zda niach za czy na jà cych si´ od wy ra zów: when, whi le, after, be fo re, by the ti me, if,
unless, pro vi ded.
Je Êli chcesz do wie dzieç si´ o czy jeÊ za mie rze nia na przy sz∏oÊç, uni kaj cza su Fu tu re Sim ple.
U˝y cie te go cza su su ge ro wa ∏o by, ˝e sk∏a nia my ko goÊ do pew nej czyn no Êci. U˝yj cza su
Fu tu re Con ti nu ous, by daç do zro zu mie nia, ˝e chcesz obiek tyw nie za py taç o czy jeÊ pla ny.
åwi cze nia
1.
Cza sow ni ki po da ne w na wia sach wstaw w Fu tu re Con ti nu ous al bo Fu tu re Sim ple,
do ko nu jàc zmian w struk tu rze zda nia, o ile trze ba.
A: Is it Tu es day to mor row?
B: Yes, why?
A: Oh, I di sli ke Tu es days. It is the worst day of the we ek for me.
B: Most pe ople di sli ke Mon days. They ha ve to wa ke up ear ly after a 2-day bre ak.
Co uld you expla in why to mor row is go ing to be dre ad ful?
A: Be cau se, as usu al, I
1
(at tend) a me eting of the Bo ard, which is as bo ring as hell.
I
2
(re port) what our unit is do ing and
3
(an swer) qu estions after wards. Just
a com ple te wa ste of ti me.
B: Po or you. When you are in a me eting, I
4
(get) out of town. My days off start
to mor row.
A: That’s gre at! A few days off work
5
(do) you go od.
B: I ho pe so. This
6
(be) my first ho li day in 4 years.
A: So, whi le I am di scus sing ro uti ne is su es, you
7
(re lax) and
8
(ha ve) fun. That is not
re al ly fa ir.
B: But your days off
9
(be) he re in no ti me. Next Sun day when I am de aling with
mil lions of pa pers, you
10
(ha ve) a gre at ti me with your fa mi ly.
A: True. I wish it we re Sun day. By the way, you
11
(dri ve) to the cen tre?
B: Yeah, do you want a lift?
A: Oh yes, ple ase. I am pic king up my si ster from the ra il way sta tion. She
12
(ar ri ve)
in half an ho ur.
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2.
Na pisz zda nia w cza sie Fu tu re Con ti nu ous do bie ra jàc do wy ra ˝eƒ z ko lum ny A
w∏a Êci we za koƒ cze nia z ko lum ny B.
Lar ry will be di ving in the Red Sea.
A
B
Lar ry/di ve
a) to New York.
Si mo na/bask
b) his ti tle aga inst Di mi tri Ki ri lov.
Ka ty/fly back
c) in the Red Sea.
Mark/tra vel
d) out of stu dent ho using.
We/re de co ra te
e) let ter wri ting.
Greg/mo ve out
f) across Ca na da.
Lu is Al ber to Pe rez/de fend
g) in the mor ning sun.
I/land
h) the who le ho use.
Phi lip/te sti fy
i) a co astal la go on ha bi tat.
Ali ce/explo re
j) be fo re the Tri bu nal.
We/stu dy
k) at He ath row Air port.
3.
Cza sow ni ki po da ne w na wia sach wstaw w Fu tu re Con ti nu ous, do ko nu jàc zmian
w struk tu rze zda nia, o ile trze ba.
1. You (pre pa re) any fo od for that oc ca sion?
2. I (check) in on 23 Sep tem ber.
3. Tim (di scuss) this is sue with the cha ir man next we ek.
4. To mor row this ti me we (lie) on the be ach.
5. Don’t call me at 6 - I (work) out in the gym.
6. I (dri ve) to Ber lin on Sa tur day.
7. You (use) this ty pew ri ter?
8. This ti me next we ek Amy (sit) by the po ol.
9. What ti me you (co me) ho me?
10. Go od luck. We (ke ep) our fin gers cros sed for you.
4.
U∏ó˝ py ta nia w cza sie Fu tu re Con ti nu ous, aby uprzej mie za py taç o ..............
1. what ti me he in tends to start
2. how they plan to ad dress the pro blem
3. when she in tends to re turn the bo ok
4. whe ther he plans to at tend the tea par ty
5. what ti me she in tends to check out
6. whe re he plans to stay
7. whe ther they in tend to go to the polls
8. how she plans to get to the se aside
9. whe ther she in tends to use the pho to co pier
10. when they plan to co me ho me
11. whe ther he plans to bring his friends to the par ty
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12. what ti me she in tends to de part
13. whe ther they in tend to di ne out
5.
Cza sow ni ki po da ne w na wia sach wstaw w Fu tu re Con ti nu ous, Fu tu re Sim ple al bo
za sto suj zwrot be go ing to, do ko nu jàc zmian w struk tu rze zda nia, o ile trze ba.
1. To mor row at lunch ti me I (gi ve) a pre sen ta tion.
2. When you ar ri ve, I (wa it) for you.
3. Ta ke the um brel la. It (ra in).
4. What wo uld you li ke to drink? I (ha ve) gre en tea, ple ase.
5. It is so hot in he re. I (fa int).
6. You (co me) to my of fi ce at on ce?
7. You (ha ve) so me mo re ca ke?
8. This ti me next we ek, we (ad mi re) the be au ty of Dres den.
9. To ni ght at 7 p.m., they (gi ve) a press con fe ren ce.
10. Go od luck. We (be) in to uch.
11. Go od luck. We (che er) on you.
12. Den nis, you (do) me a fa vor?
13.What do you ne ed it for? I (drill) a ho le.
14. Do you ha ve any plans for the long week end? Yes, we (vi sit) our friends in
Swe den.
15. In the after no on I (stu dy) for my fi nals.
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Za sto so wa nie
Cza su Fu tu re Per fect u˝y wa my w na st´ pu jà cy przy pad kach:
By stwier dziç, ˝e da na czyn noÊç bàdê sy tu acja zo sta nie ukoƒ czo na do okre Êlo nej chwi li
w przy sz∏o Êci.
12.
Future Perfect
Tworzenie czasu
Future Perfect
Forma pytajàca
Will
Podmiot
Have
III Forma Czasownika
I
you
he
Will
she
have
slept?
it
we
you
they
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Will+not
No,
I/we/you/they
won’t
he/she/it
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Will
Yes,
I/we/you/they
will
he/she/it
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot
Will
Have
III Forma Czasownika
I
You
He
She
will
have
slept
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
’ll have
slept
It
We
You
They
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot
Will
Not
Have
III Forma Czasownika
I
You
He
She
will
not have
slept
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She
won’t
have
slept
It
We
You
They
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Ju de will ha ve com ple ted his do cto ral the sis by May.
Ju de skoƒ czy swój dok to rat przed ma jem.
The ac tress will ha ve si gned the con tract by the be gin ning of Sep tem ber.
Ak tor ka pod pi sze kon trakt przed po czàt kiem wrze Ênia.
The ju ry will not ha ve de li ve red the ver dict until next we ek.
¸a wa przy si´ g∏ych nie og∏o si wer dyk tu do na st´p ne go ty go dnia.
By po wie dzieç, ˝e da ny stan b´ dzie trwa∏, okre Êla jàc przy tym od jak daw na.
I will ha ve be en in War saw for exac tly twen ty years by 2007.
W 2007 ro ku up∏y nie do k∏ad nie dzie si´ç lat, od kàd je stem w War sza wie.
Jim will ha ve wor ked as a re por ter for ten years by the end of this year.
Pod ko niec ro ku up∏y nie dzie si´ç lat, od kàd Jim pra cu je ja ko re por ter.
I will ha ve stu died three fo re ign lan gu ages for two years next se me ster.
W przy sz∏ym se me strze up∏y nà dwa la ta, od kàd ucz´ si´ trzech j´ zy ków ob cych.
By wy ra ziç prze ko na nie, ˝e ja kaÊ czyn noÊç zo sta ∏a wy ko na na.
The pla ne will ha ve ta ken off by now, so don’t bo ther to rush to the air port.
Sa mo lot ju˝ pew nie od le cia∏, wi´c da ruj so bie po Êpiech na lot ni sko.
W zda niach w Fu tu re Per fect cz´ sto wy st´ pu jà ta kie okre Êle nia cza so we jak: by, by the
ti me, be fo re, until/till, by then.
Za pa mi´ taj!
Fu tu re Per fect wska zu je na prze sz∏oÊç w przy sz∏o Êci.
åwi cze nia
1.
Cza sow ni ki po da ne w na wia sach wstaw w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect.
1. By the ti me I com ple te my de gree, I (ga in) exper ti se in wri ting pro to cols.
2. Tom (re co ver) by then.
3. I (not le arn) my li nes until to mor row.
4. To ny (li ve) in Mo roc co for a de ca de by 2007.
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5. We (know) each other for two years next May.
6. By din ner ti me Rob (fi nish) pac king.
7.Mr Tay lor (pay) off his debts by the ti me he ta kes out a new lo an.
8. Sue (pe el) all po ta to es in two ho urs’ ti me.
9.The pla ne (land) by 7.
10. Paul (fi nish) his ap pren ti ce ship by the end of the month.
11. I (re pa ir) the tap by 4 p.m.
12. Next year we (be) mar ried for se ven years.
2.
Beth urzà dza przy j´ cie uro dzi no we w so bo t´ 27 ma ja o go dzi nie 18-tej.
Na pisz w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect, co zrobi Beth, aby przy go to waç uro dzi ny.
1. ma ke a gu est list (by Sun 14th)
2. plan a me nu (by Mon 15th)
3. ma ke a shop ping list (by Fri 19th)
4. plan so me ac ti vi ties such as ga mes or ka ra oke (by Sun 21st)
5. do the shop ping (by Mon 22nd)
6. cho ose the mu sic (by Tue 23rd)
7. ba ke ca kes and co ok di shes (by Wed 24th)
8. cle an the who le ho use (by Thu 25th)
9. put up de co ra tions (by Fri 26st)
10. bor row extra cha irs and ta bles from a ne igh bo ur (by 2 o’clock on Sa tur day )
11. or der flo wers (by 3 o’clock on Sa tur day)
12. pre pa re sa lad dres sing and san dwi ches (by 4 o’clock on Sa tur day)
3.
Na pisz w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect za prze cze nie pro gnoz wy ra ˝o nych w po ni˝ szych zda niach
wed∏ug wzoru.
The world’s po pu la tion will ha ve do ubled by 2015.
No, the world’s po pu la tion won’t ha ve do ubled until 2060.
1. People will have constructed flying cars by 2050.
2. Scien ti sts will ha ve di sco ve red a cu re for Al zhe imer’s and Par kin son’s by 2009.
3. Pe ople will ha ve co nqu ered the so lar sys tem by 2050.
4. The Earth’s tem pe ra tu re will ha ve ri sen by 8°C by the end of this de ca de.
5. The Eu ro pe an Union will ha ve ta ken in Tur key by 2012.
6. War saw will ha ve had 5 sub way li nes bu ilt by 2020.
7. The po lar ice cap will ha ve mel ted by the end of the cen tu ry.
8. Two-thirds of the world’s plant spe cies will ha ve di sap pe ared by 2020.
4.
Mo da na suk ces” emi to wa na jest od poniedzia∏ku do piàtku o 16, bab cia Pe te ra uwiel bia
ten se rial. Od po wiedz na po ni˝ sze py ta nia w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect.
1. How ma ny epi so des will she ha ve wat ched after a month?
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2. She has be en wat ching the so ap eve ry day and records it when she is not at ho me.
Next month she will be away for two we eks. How ma ny epi so des will she ha ve
recorded by the ti me she re turns ho me?
3. She drinks two cups of her bal tea whi le wat ching each epi so de. How ma ny cups
of tea will she ha ve drunk after a we ek? She drinks tea on ly when the so ap is
be ing bro ad cast.
4. Each epi so de runs for 30 mi nu tes. How ma ny ho urs will she ha ve spent in front
of the TV scre en wat ching the so ap after a we ek?
5.
Twój ko le ga wkrót ce zda je eg za min z j´ zy ka an giel skie go. Nie czu je si´ zbyt pew nie.
Do daj mu otu chy. U∏ó˝ zda nia 1-8 w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect we d∏ug wzo ru.
Catch up (in two we eks’ ti me).
You will ha ve cau ght up in two we eks’ ti me.
1. Get acqu ain ted with exa mi na tion re qu ire ments (be fo re you know it).
2. Re vi se your gram mar and vo ca bu la ry (by the end of next month).
3. Le arn new gram ma ti cal struc tu res (by May).
4. Im pro ve your En glish skills (be fo re the spring co mes).
5. Extend your exi sting know led ge (be fo re you ta ke the exam).
6. De ve lop your wri ting skills (by the end of the se me ster).
7. Con so li da te your le ar ning from the pre vio us two years (be fo re the exam).
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Za sto so wa nie
Cza sem Fu tu re Per fect Con ti nu ous po s∏u gu je my si´ by:
Za zna czyç, ˝e ja kiÊ stan b´ dzie trwaç przez pe wien okre Êlo ny czas w kon kret nym
mo men cie w przy sz∏o Êci, i byç mo ˝e b´ dzie trwaç i po êniej.
13.
Future Perfect Continuous
Tworzenie czasu
Future Perfect Continuous
Krótka odpowiedê
No
Podmiot
Will+not
No,
I/we/you/they
won’t
he/she/it
Krótka odpowiedê
Yes
Podmiot
Will
Yes,
I/we/you/they
will
he/she/it
Forma pytajàca
Will
Podmiot
Have
been
Czasownik+ing
I
you
he
Will
she
have
been
sleeping
it
we
you
they
Forma twierdzàca
Podmiot Will
Have
Been
Czasownik+ing
I
You
He
She
will have
been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She ’ll have been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma przeczàca
Podmiot Will
Not
Have
Been
Czasownik+ing
I
You
He
She
will
not have been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
Forma Êciàgni´ta
I
You
He
She won’t have been
sleeping
It
We
You
They
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We will ha ve be en ne go tia ting the con tract for two mon ths by May.
W ma ju mi nà dwa mie sià ce, od kàd ne go cju je my kon trakt.
Hol ly will ha ve be en de li ve ring let ters for fi ve ho urs by 6 o’clock.
O szó stej up∏y nie pi´ç go dzin, od kàd Hol ly roz no si li sty.
I will ha ve be en dri ving for ten ho urs by the ti me I get ho me.
Za nim do tr´ do do mu, b´ d´ pro wa dziç od dzie si´ ciu go dzin.
Stwier dziç, ˝e da na czyn noÊç b´ dzie spo dzie wa nà przy czy nà sy tu acji, któ rà
prze wi du je my w przy sz∏o Êci.
He will be ti red when he gets ho me be cau se he will ha ve be en we eding the
flo wer beds for a few ho urs.
B´ dzie zm´ czo ny, kie dy wró ci do do mu, po nie wa˝ b´ dzie ple wiç grzàd ki od pa ru
go dzin.
Za zwy czaj Fu tu re Per fect Con ti nu ous sto su je si´ z okre Êle nia mi cza so wy mi za czy na jà cy mi
si´ na by.
Za pa mi´ taj!
Je Êli nie po da jesz prze cià gu trwa nia da nej czyn no Êci lub sy tu acji (np. for two ho urs, for an ho ur,
sin ce May), le piej u˝yj cza su Fu tu re Con ti nu ous za miast Fu tu re Per fect Con ti nu ous.
åwi cze nia
1.
U˝y wa jàc cza sów Fu tu re Per fect i Fu tu re Per fect Con ti nu ous przed staw jak Rob bie
Wil liams b´ dzie re ali zo wa∏ swój pro jek to wa ny roz k∏ad dnia.
7:30-8:00
eat bre ak fast
8:00-10:00
ta ke part in a pho to gra phic ses sion
11:00-11:30
sign a new con tract
11:30-12:30
gi ve an in te rview
12:30-13:00
me et fans
13:00-14:00
hold a press con fe ren ce
14:00-15:00
ha ve lunch
15:30-17:00
play a cha ri ty con cert
17:00-19:00
ap pe ar at the MTV Mu sic Awards
19:00-20:00
ha ve din ner
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By 7:40 Rob bie Wil liams will ha ve be en eating for a few mi nu tes.
By 11:20 ______ .
By 12:45 ______ .
By 13:30 ______ .
By 15:45 ______ .
By 19:10 ______ .
By 20:15 ______ .
2.
Roz bu duj zda nia 1-5 wy ra ˝e nia mi za war ty mi w na wia sach. Wszyst kie zda nia uzu pe∏ nia jà ce
sfor mu ∏uj w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect Con ti nu ous, aby po in for mo waç, co b´ dzie przy czy nà
sy tu acji, któ rej si´ spo dzie wa my w przy sz∏o Êci.
1. Nick will be exhau sted when he gets ho me. (dri ve all day)
2. My French will be excel lent when I re turn to Po land. (stu dy French for three
years)
3. Sue will fe el much bet ter when she le aves ho spi tal. (re co ver for two we eks)
4. Phi lip will be re la xed when he co mes from ho li day. (re ju ve na te in Da vos for over
a month)
5. The sol dier will be ve ry sle epy when he re turns to camp. (stand gu ard all ni ght)
3.
U˝y wa jàc wy t∏usz czo ne go s∏o wa, u∏ó˝ dru gie zda nie o po dob nym zna cze niu co pierw sze.
Za sto suj ró˝ ne for my cza su przy sz∏e go.
1. What do you want me to get you for din ner?
shall ______ for din ner?
2. I ha ve ar ran ged to me et Si mon to mor row eve ning.
am ______ to mor row eve ning.
3. Mrs Col let te jo ined the com pa ny ne ar ly a month ago, at the end of Ja nu ary.
be en ______ by the end of Fe bru ary.
4. The ba by is due in May.
is ______ ba by in May.
5. We ha ve de ci ded to get mar ried next sum mer.
are ______ next sum mer.
6. I will not ma na ge to wri te the re port by 9 o’clock.
ha ve ______ until 9 o’clock.
7. She has this an noy ing ha bit of we aring mi ni skirts, which dri ves me mad.
we ar ______ , which dri ves me mad.
8. He re fu ses to eat fresh ve ge ta bles.
not ______ fresh ve ge ta bles.
9. Whe re are you plan ning to stay?
be ______ stay ing?
10. The pre si dent is li ke ly to stop the se al hunt.
po ssi bly ______ the se al hunt.
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4.
Cza sow ni ki po da ne w na wia sach wstaw w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect lub Fu tu re Per fect
Con ti nu ous.
A: What is tro ubling you?
B: No thing at all. It is just that ... The re is so much go ing on. My wi fe says that
I work too hard. But the re is so much com pe ti tion no wa days that you must stay
on top of eve ry thing to suc ce ed. If I ke ep wor king to the best of my abi li ty,
I
1
(re ce ive) my pro mo tion by De cem ber.
A: I see. Do you work over ti me?
B: Oh yes, re gu lar ly. I am an as si stant to an at tor ney, so I must work hard to ma ke
su re eve ry thing is run ning and up to da te.
A: How long ha ve you be en with the firm?
B: Next we ek, I
2
(be) with the firm for fi ve years.
A: Do you ha ve a gu il ty con scien ce as to the amo unt you work?
B: No. Why sho uld I? I work hard be cau se I ha ve to. Ma ny of my col le agu es
can’t do what I do.
A: And do you hap pen to work thro ugh days and ni ghts con se cu ti ve ly?
B: Yes, but on ly if my boss de mands a gre ater ef fort. Now, for exam ple, I am
pre pa ring a ve ry im por tant con tract. By the end of Ju ly I
3
(work) on it for two
mon ths.
A: I see.
B: And by the ti me I fi nish it, I
4
(per fect) my le gal skills.
A: Do you ha ve any in te re sts apart from your job?
B: Well, my job le aves no ti me for any thing el se. Do ctor, is the re any thing wrong
with that?
5.
Cza sow ni ki po da ne w na wia sach wstaw w cza sie Fu tu re Per fect lub Fu tu re Per fect
Con ti nu ous.
1. He (se rve) a two-year sen ten ce for theft by then.
2. Next se me ster Chris (stu dy) ac co un ting for two years.
3. By then, Da vid (wa it) for al most two years for a vi sa.
4. Vin ce (re pa ir) the ro of for a few ho urs when Lynn gets ho me.
5. By the end of this year, he (be) re pla ced by a youn ger ac tor.
6. Pe ter (be) in the na vy for 20 years by the end of next month.
7. If eve ry thing go es well, I (wri te) my do cto ral the sis in May.
8. By 2007 we (li ve) in Na shvil le for 10 years.
9. I re ad 30 pa ges a day. If I ke ep up the pa ce, I (re ad) the bo ok by Mon day.
10. I will be back in sha pe when I re turn ho me from ho li day. I (jog) for two mon ths.
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Klucz
1.
1. works
2. does not
3. read
4. keeps
5. wake, goes
6. charges
7. reads
8. likes
9. does not know
10. makes
11. do not migrate
12. takes
13. eat
14. gives
15. collects
PRE SENT SIM PLE
1-b
2-b
3-a
4-c
5-a
6-a
7-c
8-b
9-a
10-b
11-b
12-a
13-c
14-c
15-a
16-c
17-b
18-c
19-a
20-b
21-c
22-c
23-b
24-a
25-c
26-b
27-c
SPRAWDè SI¢
2.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. read/rides
2. clean up
3. talks
4. eat
5. works out
6. serve/sell
7. makes
8. complains
9. drives
10. smiles
11. growl
12. follows
13. buys, brings
14. try
15. attends
3.
1. I don’t experiment with my recipes.
2. He doesn’t deliver newspapers to earn some extra
money.
3. They don’t eat vegetables and drink milk.
4. My grandmother doesn’t knit sweaters for us.
5. My sister doesn’t listen to all sorts of music.
6. We don’t eat three meals a day.
7. My boss doesn’t smoke Cuban cigars.
8. She doesn’t wear funny round glasses.
9. My garden doesn’t overlook a magnificent waterfall.
10. I don’t take sugar in my coffee.
11. My neighbours don’t gossip about everyone they
know.
12. We don’t cater to birthday parties and wedding
receptions.
13. They never fight over everything.
14. My friends don’t throw parties to please them-
selves.
15. I don’t get angry when people talk behind my
back.
4.
1. What do you usually drink for lunch?
2. What does she never do before she comes over?
3. What does my boss often do while talking?
4. What do you read to send yourself to sleep?
5. What do we seldom do these days?
6. How often do you study English?
7. How does he always spread butter on his bread?
8. Where do they live?
9. What do polar bears eat?
10. What does my brother want to become?
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5.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. They fight fire.
2. She presents the news.
3. He drives a lorry.
4. She plays the piano.
5. We pick fruit.
6. He produces films.
7. He hunts deer.
8. He collects refuse.
9. They develop software
10. She decorates the interiors of homes, businesses,
hotels, etc.
6.
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. a
5. a
7.
1. No, they don’t. They feed on hay, grass, oats.
2. No, they don’t. Penguins live in the Antarctic.
3. No, it doesn’t. Water boils at 100°C.
4. No, they don’t. Cats purr when they are pleased/
Dogs stick their tongues out.
5. No, it doesn’t. The Earth orbits the Sun.
6. No, it doesn’t. The Vistula enters the Baltic Sea.
7. No, they don’t. Tigers live in Asia.
8. No, he doesn’t. David Beckham plays for Real
Madrid.
9. No, it doesn’t. Coffee grows in Brazil.
10. No, it doesn’t. Yeti lives in the Himalayas. Nessie
lives there.
11. No, they don’t. Cuckoos lay their eggs in other
birds’ nests.
12. No, he doesn’t. James Bond works for the British
Secret Service.
8.
1. when
2. when
3. if
4. if
5. when
6. when
7. if
8. when
9. when
10. if
9.
1. always
2. usually
3. often/frequently
4. sometimes
5. occasionally
6. rarely/hardly ever
7. never
8. once a day
9. ever
10. every second year
10.
1. select
2. open
3. put in
4. makes
5. insert
6. wait
7. switch off
8. take out
9. comes
PRE SENT CON TI NU OUS
1.
1. When are you leaving?
2. What is she trying to do?
3. Why are you wearing this suit?
4. Are you doing anything tomorrow evening?
5. Whom are you seeing tonight?
6. Where are you hurrying to at this hour?
7. Why are you doing this to me?
8. What is he getting at?
9. What is she waiting for?
10. How is he doing as a father?
2.
1. is giving
2. is operating
3. is checking
4. is talking
5. is helping
6. is taking
7. is taking
8. is feeding
9. is performing
10. is escorting
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3.
1. My parents aren’t buying new furniture for their
house.
2. I am not thinking about leaving my job.
3. We aren’t planning to move to the suburbs.
4. She isn’t reading her old diary.
5. Liz isn’t dying her hair green and pink.
6. He isn’t cutting a piece of bread.
7. The workers aren’t striking over unfair labour practices.
8. We aren’t redecorating our guest rooms.
9. The cat isn’t licking its paws.
10. My neighbour isn’t drilling holes in the wall.
4.
1-d
2-i
3-h
4-a
5-j
6-g
7-f
8-e
9-b
10-c
5.
1. are attending vegetarian food fairs
2. am seeing an important customer
3. am having lunch with a sales manager
4. am attending a conference on food safety
5. am moving out to a new house
6. am taking a business trip to Poland
6.
1. am studying
2. is rehearsing
3. is throwing, is always partying
4. is getting, improves
5. Are you going away, are going
6. uses, comes
7. is baking
8. is it going, am getting tired
9. does he do
10. does, do
7.
1. To whom is she reading a bedtime story?
2. What are you drinking?
3. What is the child doing?
4. What is the teacher explaining?
5. What are you shopping for?
6. Who is cleaning the bird cage?
7. When is Matthew sailing for Barbuda?
8. What is Andy translating?
9. How is she whisking the eggs?
10. Where are they basking?
8.
1-e
2-c
3-f
4-d
5-a
6-b
7-g
PAST SIM PLE
1.
1. The Smiths sold their house and moved to
Vancouver.
2. I went to bed, but I didn’t sleep a wink.
3. Philip studied law at Glasgow University.
4. How did you make your first million?
5. Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809.
6. My brother set up in business as a confectioner.
7. Martin sued the newspaper for libel, and he won.
8. When did you last see him?
9. Amy joined the company in 2001.
10. I wanted to be an astronaut when I was a child.
2.
1. lookes, saw
2. fell, broke
3. called
4. paid, owed
5. bit, heard
6. left
7. stood
8. grew
9. took
10. picked, listened, ran
11. parked, got, approached
12. sat, read
13. took, wiped
14. dropped
15. called
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3.
1. No, he didn’t. Orhan Pamuk won the 2006 Nobel
for literature.
2. No, he didn’t. Columbus discovered America.
3. No, he didn’t. Michael Jackson underwent many
plastic surgeries.
4. No, she didn’t. Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock
Holmes.
5. No, it wasn’t. Gniezno was the first capital of Poland.
6. No, they didn’t. The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.
7. No, she didn’t. Catherine the Great reigned over Russia.
8. No, he didn’t. Johann Gutenberg invented the printing
press.
9. No, he didn’t. JK Rowling wrote Harry Potter.
10. No, he didn’t. Daedalus constructed the labyrinth.
11. No, he didn’t. Yuri Gagarin became the first man
in space.
12. No, he didn’t. John Travolta starred in Saturday
Night Fever.
4.
1. drank
2. answered
3. left
4. bought/brought
5. took
6. showed
7. dreamed
8. went, won
9. sat
10. made
5.
1. How did your exams go?
2. What did the child eat?
3. What did the thief steal?
4. Who(m) did the police arrest?
5. Where did Mr Olive study economics?
6. When did the Prime Minister open the industrial
park?
7. What did Mike install?
8. How many times did the phone ring before I picked
it up?
9. Who made a terrible mistake?
10. Why did he lose the game?
6.
1. was
2. belonged
3. thought
4. what did you do
5. learnt
6. defended
7. protested
8. did
9. said
10. was
PAST CON TI NU OUS
1.
1. While the kettle was boiling, she was taking
out/took out a cup from the cupboard.
2. The postman arrived while we were packing for a
trip to Florida.
3. I was making my bed when I heard a cat meowing.
4. She met her future husband while she was staying
in Helsinki.
5. Tim was chatting online while the child was playing
with a toy.
6. Alice cut her finger while she was chopping a carrot.
7. A doctor was examining me when a patient came in.
8. I ran into a friend of mine while I was shopping at
Safeway.
9. Dorothy saw a car accident while she was queuing
at the Main Post Office.
10. Jack heard the police siren while he was going to bed.
11. It was raining when we left the restaurant.
12. What were you doing on 2 September?
2.
1. was parking, stopped
2. broke, was bird watching
3. were demonstrating, was opening
4. rang, was proofreading
5. sprained, was getting
6. was whistling, was trimming
7. were searching, found
8. arrived, were putting
9. burned, was poking
10. was browsing, went out
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3.
1. What was the actress rehearsing?
2. What did Martha hear while she was locking the
door?
3. What was Tom doing when a man came up to the
table?
4. What was David doing all afternoon?
5. Where were the children playing?
6. What was Ann trying to remove?
7. Where was it raining all night?
8. Who was pitching the tent in the yard?
9. Who were the fans cheering on?
10. Who/what was swimming in the pool?
4.
1. Aunt Clarissa didn’t burst into my room while I was
napping. She tiptoed into my room.
2. Kim wasn’t eating strawberries when Jim came
home. She was washing strawberries.
3. I wasn’t putting on my running shoes when the lace
broke. I was taking them off.
4. Brandon wasn’t running up the stairs when his keys
fell out of his pocket. He was running down the
stairs.
5. We weren’t watching a match when the lights went
off. We were watching a film.
6. The secretary wasn’t filling out any papers when
Chris walked into the office. She was eating a cake.
7. Beth wasn’t peeling potatoes when she heard her
husband opening the front door. She was mashing
them.
5.
1. While Sue was writing an essay, Jerry was revising
for his exam.
2. He got home while I was sleeping.
3. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate fell off
the shelf.
4. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM
machine when his credit card company charged him
the wrong amount.
5. We were lying on the beach when a big wave
crashed on the shore.
6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance
and fell over.
7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door awoke
him.
8. What were you doing when the accident happened?
9. They were playing darts when a quarrel broke out.
10. While I was speeding down a hill, a hare ran in
front of the car.
6.
1. While, When
2. when
3. when
4. when
5. While, When
6. when
7. when
8. when
9. when
10. While, When
7.
1. was
2. was shining
3. were singing
4. were running
5. took
6. went
7. were walking
8. jumped
9. began
10. saw
11. started
12. were walking
13. was holding
14. broke
15. started
16. gained
17. caught
18. didn’t know
19. sniffed
20. let
8.
a) Friday
Then, they invited friends.
Next, they planned picnic activities.
Finally, they did the shopping for the picnic.
Saturday
First, they prepared food.
Then, they filled a picnic basket with food and
picnic essentials.
Finally, they went to the picnic site.
b) Friday
They were inviting friends.
They were planning picnic activities.
They were doing the shopping for the picnic.
Saturday
They were preparing food and beverages.
They were filling a picnic basket with food and
picnic essentials.
They were going to the picnic site.
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PRE SENT PER FECT
1.
1. has never travelled
2. have never seen
3. have lost
4. have been
5. Have you seen
6. Where have you been?
7. has just left
8. have you tried
9. have you done
10. has lost
11. Has there ever been
12. have met
13. haven’t been
14. haven’t slept
15. Have you ever skipped
2.
1. have returned
2. had
3. have travelled
4. have been
5. arrived
6. left
7. felt
8. had
9. was
10. was
11. I have ever had
3.
1. since
2. for
3. since
4. since
5. for
6. since
7. since
8. for
9. for
10. since
4.
1. I haven’t smoked since May 3rd 2000.
2. I haven’t lost my temper since February last year.
3. We haven’t talked to each other for over a year.
4. He hasn’t played a match since 2005.
5. We haven’t travelled across Europe since last summer.
6. I haven’t used Windows for a month.
7. Grace has been a business unit manager since 2002.
8. We haven’t been to Madrid since 1990.
5.
1. They haven’t bought a wedding dress or tuxedo.
2. They have booked the church.
3. They haven’t chosen a reception venue.
4. They have selected a band.
5. They haven’t hired a caterer.
6. They have found a professional photographer.
7. They haven’t arranged for transport.
8. They haven’t ordered a wedding cake.
6.
1. We haven’t heard from you for ages.
2. How long have you been married?
3. Sue hasn’t learnt how to drive a car.
4. I still haven’t made up my mind what I want to be
when I grow up.
5. I have never studied abroad.
6. The art gallery has had this painting for two years.
7. Nick has lived in Boston since his childhood.
8. Bob hasn’t awoken yet.
7.
1-a
2-a
3-b
4-a
5-a
8.
1. has just released
2. won
3. were
4. has taught
5. has never voted
6. didn’t drink
7. lived
8. have worked
9. defeated
10. Whom did Shakespeare marry?
11. parked, got out, locked
12. haven’t written
13. loved, lived
14. left
15. hasn’t been, got
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10.
1. Have you ever cheated in an exam?
No, I have never cheated in an exam.
2. Have you ever copied someone else’s work?
Yes, I have copied someone else’s work once before.
3. Have you ever forgotten your ID tag?
Yes, I have forgotten my ID tag once or twice.
4. Have you ever played truant?
Yes, I have played truant several times this school year.
5. Have you ever performed in a school play?
No, I haven’t performed in a school play yet.
6. Have you ever been late to school?
Yes, I have been late to school three times this
school year.
7. Have you ever lied to a teacher?
No, I have never lied to a teacher.
8. Have you ever come to class unprepared?
Yes, I have come to class unprepared four times
since school began.
9. Have your parents ever been contacted?
Yes, they have been contacted on a number
of occasions.
9.
1-j
2-f
3-d
4-h
5-a
6-i
7-g
8-b
9-c
10-e
PRE SENT PER FECT CON TI NU OUS
1.
1-d
2-e
3-i
4-e
5-a
6-g
7-j
8-c
9-b
10-h
2.
1. have done
2. has been thundering and raining
3. has been horse riding
4. has been drinking
5. have you been
6. has been jogging
7. have cooked
8. has been seeing
9. have known
10. have learnt
11. have been complaining
12. have had
13. has been feeling
14. has been standing
15. has been losing
3.
1-a
2-b
3-b
4-a
5-a
6-a
4.
1. I have been weeding the garden since 10 o’clock.
2. Helen has been dancing professionally since 1997.
3. We have had a new coffee machine for two months.
4. Roger has been shopping for over two hours.
5. Lynn has been reading the book since noon.
5.
1. How long have you been wearing glasses?
2. Steve has been to the USA twice so far.
3. I have known Tom for ten years.
4. Paul has been delivering papers since 8 o’clock.
5. Someone has been using my computer without my
knowledge.
6. I haven’t been dieting/haven’t dieted lately.
7. My feet hurt. I have been walking all day.
8. Annie has been sleeping badly recently.
9. The band have been playing together for two years.
10. He has been coaching since 1998.
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PAST PER FECT
1.
1. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
polished his shoes.
2. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
washed his clothes.
3. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
cooked a meal in his life.
4. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
eaten anything other than homemade meals.
5. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
cleaned the house.
6. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
made his bed.
7. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
bought his own clothes.
8. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
given parties.
9. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
dated a girl.
10. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never
had a mobile phone
2.
1. composed, had never learnt
2. got, had lost
3. didn’t recognize, hadn’t met
4. were, had never heard
5. saw, hadn’t yet paid off
6. retired, had worked
7. had done, took
8. had already started, arrived
9. had never eaten, went
10. was, had declined
11. had crossed
12. had kept
13. had never heard, went
14. had had, acted
15. got married, had completed
3.
1. The campaign team had invented a slogan, but they
hadn’t written a campaign song.
2. The campaign team hadn’t paid for TV ads, but they
had designed a campaign logo.
3. The campaign team hadn’t prepared leaflets and
posters, but they had ordered bumper stickers,
T-shirts and balloons with the logo.
4. The campaign team had paid for TV ads, but they
hadn’t made phone calls to the donors.
5. The campaign team had made phone calls to the
donors, and they had organised a whistle-stop tour.
4.
1. After I had bought a coffee table, Carrie found
a similar one at a lower price.
2. He had written his first novel by the time he
graduated from Oxford University.
3. Alice began/had begun to walk before she spoke her
first word.
4. As soon as Clair went into the room, she knew she
had been there before.
5. The concert had begun by the time we arrived at
the venue.
6. After Charles (had) made a fortune in the stock
market, he supported a number of charities.
7. We had had that cottage for twenty years before it
fell down.
8. I didn’t go to see the movie because I (had) watched
it before.
9. Simon hadn’t had/didn’t have a proper house before
he hit the jackpot.
10. David had lived in Cincinnati until he moved to
San José.
5.
1. I had never been to an auction before.
2. After I had done the laundry, I hung it out to dry.
3. When Lucy got a phone call, she had already
watered the houseplant.
4. By the time I turned ten, I had read most of the
classic horror novels.
5. I had never wanted to come back to Europe before.
6. Paul didn’t join the Labour Party until he had
graduated from Oxford.
7. When the alarm clock went off, I had washed my
hair.
8.The plane had taken off by the time Garry arrived at
the airport.
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PAST PER FECT CON TI NU OUS
1.
a) 1. They had been drinking and eating noisily for
a few hours before the police arrived.
2. They had been dancing wildly for a few hours
before the police arrived.
3. They had been playing CDs at full volume for
a few hours before the police arrived.
4. They had been shouting for a few hours before
the police arrived.
5. They had been fighting for a few hours before
the police arrived.
b) 1. The policemen had been checking cars for some
time before they received a noise complaint.
2. The policemen had been issuing parking tickets for
some time before they received a noise complaint.
3. The policemen had been watching for drunk
drivers/pedestrians for some time before they
received a noise complaint.
4. The policemen had been picking up truants for
some time before they received a noise complaint.
5. The policemen had been monitoring traffic for
some time before they received a noise complaint.
2.
1. ……… because I had been studying very hard.
2. ……… because she had been cleaning all morning.
3. ……… because she had been lying in the sun too long.
4. ……… because he had been driving all day long.
5. ……… because he had been drinking the whole
evening.
6. ……… because she had been crying the whole night.
7. ……… because he had been jogging.
8. ……… because it had been snowing heavily all night.
9. ……… because I had been swimming for half an hour.
10. ……… because he had been repairing his car.
11. ……… because she had been painting the flat.
12. ……… because she had been working hard during
her probationary period.
13. ……… because we had been laughing out loud.
14. ……… because he had been making private phone
calls.
15. ……… because he had not been eating properly.
3.
2. When Jerry got there at 9.45, the scouts had been
handing out bin liners for fifteen minutes.
3. When Tom and Scott came at 10.20, the scouts had
been emptying litter baskets for twenty minutes.
4. When she arrived there the scouts’ backs were aching
as they had been picking up the litter (bottles, cans,
food wrappers, cigar tips, lids) for two hours.
5. When Mike arrived at 13.40, the scouts had been
recording the litter found for ten minutes.
6. When Martin and David came at 14.30, the scouts
had been taking the rubbish to a landfill site for half
an hour.
4.
1. had been snowing, left
2. had been working, was laid
3. had been investigating, went
4. had been living
5. had been waiting
6. had been raining
7. had been repairing
8. had been lecturing, moved
9. went, had been feeling
10. put, had been eating
5.
1. Mr John Carrington said that he had been reading
stock market reports, but actually he had been
examining the robbery plan.
2. Mr Richard Carrington said that he had been
watching wild birds, but actually he had been
observing the bank’s security guards.
3. Mrs Judy Carrington said that she had been
planning a dinner party, but actually she had been
planning an escape route.
4. Mrs Elisabeth Carrington said that she had been
watching a firework display, but actually she had
been preparing explosives.
5. Miss Veronica Carrington said that she had been
making her own clothes, but actually she had been
cutting eyeholes in the masks.
6. May said that she had been polishing silver, but
actually she had been stealing jewellery.
7. Jack said that he had been cleaning the cellar, but
actually he had been drinking vintage wine in the
cellar.
8. Bernie said that he had been writing a request for
a pay rise, but actually he had been forging
Mr Carrington’s signature.
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FU TURE SIM PLE
1.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. I will explain it to you.
2. I will help you to carry it/lend you a hand.
3. I will close the window/turn up the heater.
4. I will get you an aspirin.
5. I will give you a lift.
6. I will take it out.
7. I will take him for a walk.
8. I will get you a coffee.
9. I will buy some.
10. I will tidy it/clean it up.
11. I will repair/fix it.
12. I will go and pick them up/collect them.
13. I will mow/cut it.
2.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. I will eat healthy food.
2. I will learn to program it.
3. I will start dieting.
4. I will quit smoking.
5. I will get out of debt/I’ll make it back in the black.
6. I will enrol on a language course.
7. I will enjoy my life more.
8. I will become more assertive.
9. I will plan my expenses carefully.
10. I will stay in more often and read books.
3.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. No, it won’t. It will stop growing by the end of the
21st century.
2. No, they won’t. People will travel to the moon.
3. No, it won’t. Distance learning will support
traditional methods of education.
4. No, they won’t. Cars will run on sugar cane.
5. No, they won’t. People will live in smaller houses.
6. No, they won’t. People will eat convenience food.
7. No, they won’t. People will use biomass to produce
energy.
8. No, it won’t. Warsaw will have two airports.
9. No, they won’t. People will have shorter careers.
10. No, it won’t. The Arctic will become warmer.
4.
1. Will you stop fidgeting!
2. Jim won’t go to a doctor.
3. When shall I arrive?
4. The director will see you now.
5. Shall we go out tonight?
6. All payments shall be made no later than May 31.
7. I will call you tomorrow.
5.
1. If you don’t turn the volume down, I will call the
police.
2. If you don’t keep to the hours of work, I will fire you.
3. If you aren’t quiet, I will punish you.
4. If you don’t give me a pay rise, I will quit.
5. If you don’t improve your grades, I will deduct one
pound each day from your pocket money.
6. If you don’t give me a refund, I will sue you.
7. If you don’t pick up your room, I will throw away
everything that I find on the floor.
8. If you don’t clean up the table, I won’t allow you to
eat with us.
9. If you don’t tell the whole truth, I will lock you in
your room until you confess.
10. If you don’t stop harassing me, I will report you.
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BE GO ING TO
1.
1. is going to study for a math exam.
2. is going to stay in and watch Mad TV.
3. is going to take the car to the garage.
4. is having a job interview at 2.30.
5. is attending the school reunion at 8 p.m.
6. is going to the dentist’s at 4 p.m.
7. is going to a passport office.
2.
1. will go
2. are going to run
3. are going to spill
4. am going to be
5. am going to stretch
6. will lend
7. are going to be
8. am going to apply
9. am going to be
10. will raise
11. will bring
12. will go
13. will give
3.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. It is going to be a beautiful day.
2. The ladder is going to collapse.
3. Simon is going to drink wine.
4. The cyclist is going to win.
5. He is going to become president.
6. I am going to be late.
7. He is going to fail the exam.
8. Katy is going to get sunburnt.
9. It is going to crash.
10. He is going to get drunk.
4.
1. What are you going to tell me?
2. What is she going to do?
3. What is she going to eat from now on?
4. What isn’t he going to say?
5. Who is going to get married?
6. When is he going to settle down?
7. When are we going to get there?
8. What are his parents going to do in the near future?
9. Where is she going to open her office?
10. How is she going to spend the day?
5.
1. Starbucks is going to open coffee stores in Poland.
No, it is not. It is going to move into entertainment.
2. E-learning is going to replace traditional education.
No, it is not. It is going to complement traditional
education.
3. David Beckham is going to act in a film. No, he is
not. He is going to do another commercial.
4. Michael Jackson is going to move to India. No, he is
not. He is going to face another trial.
5. Maybach is going to launch a small family car. No,
it is not. It is going to introduce a new custom-built
luxury vehicle.
6. Women skijumping is going to become a Winter
Olympic Games sport. No, it is not. It is going to
grow in popularity, though.
7. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from
the music industry. No, she is not. She is going to
give a world tour.
8. The Bold and the Beautiful is going to end soon. No,
it is not. It is going to be made into a movie.
9. Madonna is going to open her own casino. No, she
is not. She is going to release a new album.
10. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bollywood
film. No, he is not. He is going to shoot a civil war
epic about Abraham Lincoln.
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FU TU RE CON TI NU OUS
1.
1. will be attending
2. will be reporting
3. (will be) answering
4. will be getting
5. will do
6. will be
7. will be relaxing
8. (will be) having fun
9. will be
10. will be having
11. will you be driving
12. will be arriving
2.
1. Simona will be basking in the morning sun.
2. Katy will be flying back to New York.
3. Mark will be travelling across Canada.
4. We will be redecorating the whole house.
5. Greg will be moving out of student housing.
6. Luis Alberto Perez will be defending his title
against Dimitri Kirilov.
7. I will be landing at Heathrow Airport.
8. Philip will be testifying before the Tribunal.
9. Alice will be exploring a coastal lagoon habitat.
10. We will be studying letter writing.
3.
1. Will you be preparing
2. will be checking
3. will be discussing
4. will be lying
5. will be working
6. will be driving
7. Will you be using
8. will be sitting
9. will you be coming
10. will be keeping
4.
1. What time will you be starting?
2. How will you be addressing the issue?
3. When will you be returning the book?
4. Will you be attending the tea party?
5. What time will you be checking out?
6. Where will you be staying?
7. Will you be going to the polls?
8. How will you be getting to the seaside?
9. Will you be using the photocopier?
10. Will you be coming home?
11. Will you be brining friends to the party?
12. When will you be departing?
13. Will you be dining out?
5.
1. will be giving
2. will be waiting
3. is going to rain
4. will have
5. am going to faint
6. Will you come
7. Will you have
8. will be admiring
9. will be giving
10. will be
11. will be cheering
12. will you do
13. am going to drill
14. are going to visit
15. will be studying
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94
K l u c z
FU TU RE PER FECT
1.
1. will have gained
2. will have recovered
3. won’t have learnt
4. will have lived
5. will have known
6. will have finished
7. will have paid
8. will have peeled
9. will have landed
10. will have finished
11. will have repaired
12. will have been
2.
1. She will have made a guest list by Sun 14th.
2. She will have planned a menu by Mon 15th.
3. She will have made a shopping list by Fri 19th.
4. She will have planed some activities such as games
or karaoke by Sun 21st.
5. She will have done the shopping by Mon 22nd.
6. She will have chosen the music by Tue 23rd.
7. She will have baked cakes and cooked dishes by
Wed 24th.
8. She will have cleaned the whole house by
Thu 25th.
9. She will have put up decorations by Fri 26st .
10. She will have borrowed extra chairs and tables
from a neighbour by 2 o’clock on Saturday.
11. She will have ordered flowers by 3 o’clock on
Saturday.
12. She will have prepared salad dressing and sand-
wiches by 4 o’clock on Saturday.
3.
Sugerowane odpowiedzi
1. No, they won’t have constructed flying cars until the
end of the twenty-second century.
2. No, scientists won’t have discovered a cure for
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s until 2010.
3. No, people won’t have conquered the solar system
until 3000.
4. No, the Earth’s temperature won’t have risen by 8°C
until the end of the century.
5. No, the European Union won’t have taken in Turkey
until 2020.
6. No, Warsaw won’t have had 5 subway lines built
until 2040.
7. No, the polar ice cap won’t have melted until 2200.
8. No, two-thirds of the world’s plant species won’t
have disappeared until 2100.
4.
1. After a month Peter’s grandma will have watched
twenty episodes.
2. By the time she returns home, she will have
recorded ten episodes.
3. After a week she will have drunk ten cups of herbal
tea.
4. After a week she will have spent 150 minutes in
front of the TV screen watching the soap.
5.
1. You will have got acquainted with examination
requirements before you know it.
2. You will have revised your grammar and vocabulary
by the end of next month.
3. You will have learnt new grammatical structures by
May.
4. You will have improved your English skills before
the spring comes.
5. You will have extended your existing knowledge
before you take the exam.
6. You will have developed your writing skills by the
end of the semester.
7. You will have consolidated your learning from the
previous two years before the exam.
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C Z A S Y
www.WydawnictwoLingo.pl
95
FU TU RE PER FECT CON TI NU OUS
1.
1. By 11:20 he will have taken part in a photographic
session, and he will have been signing a new contract
for twenty minutes.
2. By 12:45 he will have given an interview, and he
will have been meeting his fans for fifteen minutes.
3. By 13:30 he will have met his fans, and he will have
been holding a press conference for half an hour.
4. By 15:45 he will have had lunch, and he will have
been playing a charity concert for fifteen minutes.
5. By 19:10 he will have appeared at the MTV Music
Awards, and he will have been having dinner for ten
minutes.
6. By 20:15 he will have had dinner.
2.
1. He will have been driving all day.
2. I will have been studying French for three years.
3. She will have been recovering for two weeks.
4. He will have been rejuvenating in Davos for over a
month.
5. He will have been standing guard all night.
3.
1. What shall I get you for dinner?
2. I am meeting Simon tomorrow.
3. Mrs Colette will have been working in the company
for a month by the end of February.
4. She is going to have a baby in May.
5. We are getting married next summer.
6. I won’t have written the report until 9 o’clock.
7. She will wear mini skirts, which drives me mad.
8. He will not eat vegetables.
9. Where will you be staying?
10. The president will possibly stop the seal hunt.
4.
1. will have received
2. will have been
3. will have been working
4. will have perfected
5.
1. will have served
2. will have been studying
3. will have been waiting
4. will have been repairing
5. will have been replaced
6. will have been
7. will have written
8. we will have been living
9. will have read
10. will have been jogging
NEXTO : OrderID: 1878385 : Merlin.pl s.a. : jakub.radkowski@merlin.pl
bezokolicznik
2. forma
3. forma
abide
abided/abode
abided
arise
arose
arisen
awake
awoke/awakened
awoken
be
was/were
been
bear
bore
borne
beat
beat
beaten
become
became
become
befall
befell
befallen
begin
began
begun
behold
beheld
beheld
bend
bent
bent
beset
beset
beset
bestride
bestrode
bestridden
bet
bet
bet
bid
bade/bid
bid/bidden
bind
bound
bound
bite
bit
bitten
bleed
bled
bled
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
breastfeed
breastfed
breastfed
breed
bred
bred
bring
brought
brought
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
browbeat
browbeat
browbeaten
build
built
built
burn
burnt/burned
burnt/burned
burst
burst
burst
bust
bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE)
bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE)
buy
bought
bought
cast
cast
cast
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
cleave
cleft/cleaved
cleft/cleaved
96
Czasowniki nieregularne
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97
bezokolicznik
2. forma
3. forma
cling
clung
clung
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
dive
dived/dove (AmE)
dived
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed/dreamt
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
dwell
dwelt/dwelled
dwelt/dwelled
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
flee
fled
fled
fling
flung
flung
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbade/forbad
forbidden
forecast
forecast
forecast
forego
forewent
foregone
foresee
foresaw
foreseen
foretell
foretold
foretold
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
forsake
forsook
forsaken
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
got/gotten (AmE)
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
ANGIELSKI
C Z A S Y
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98
bezokolicznik
2. forma
3. forma
grind
ground
ground
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung/hanged
hung/hanged
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden/hid
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
inset
inset
inset
interbreed
interbred
interbred
interweave
interwove
interwoven
keep
kept
kept
kneel
knelt/ kneeled (esp AmE)
knelt/kneeled (esp AmE)
knit
knit/knitted
knit/knitted
know
knew
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
lean
leant (esp BrE)/leaned
leant (esp BrE)/leaned
leap
leapt/leaped (esp AmE)
leapt/leaped (esp AmE)
learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
light
lit/lighted
lit/lighted
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
mishear
misheard
misheard
mislay
mislaid
mislaid
mislead
misled
misled
misread
misread
misread
misspell
misspelt (BrE)/misspelled
misspelt (BrE)/misspelled
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bezokolicznik
2. forma
3. forma
mistake
mistook
mistaken
misunderstand
misunderstood
misunderstood
mow
mowed
mown/mowed
outbid
outbid
outbid
outdo
outdid
outdone
outgrow
outgrew
outgrown
outrun
outran
outrun
outsell
outsold
outsold
overcast
overcast
overcast
overcome
overcame
overcome
overdo
overdid
overdone
overdraw
overdrew
overdrawn
overeat
overate
overeaten
overhang
overhung
overhung
overhear
overheard
overheard
overlay
overlaid
overlaid
overpay
overpaid
overpaid
override
overrode
overridden
overrun
overran
overrun
oversee
oversaw
overseen
oversell
oversold
oversold
overshoot
overshot
overshot
oversleep
overslept
overslept
overtake
overtook
overtaken
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
partake
partook
partaken
pay
paid
paid
plead
pleaded/pled (esp AmE)
pleaded/pled (esp AmE)
proofread
proofread
proofread
prove
proved
proved/(also proven AmE)
put
put
put
quit
quit
quit
read
read
read
rebind
rebound
rebound
rebuild
rebuilt
rebuilt
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bezokolicznik
2. forma
3. forma
recast
recast
recast
redo
redid
redone
remake
remade
remade
rend
rent
rent
repay
repaid
repaid
rerun
reran
rerun
resell
resold
resold
reset
reset
reset
rethink
rethought
rethought
rewind
rewound
rewound
rewrite
rewrote
rewritten
rid
rid
rid
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawed/sawn
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
sew
sewed
sewn/sewed
shake
shook
shaken
shear
sheared
shorn/sheared
shed
shed
shed
shine
shone/shined
shone/shined
shit
shit/shat
shit/shat
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
shown/showed
shrink
shrank/shrunk
shrunk
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank/sunk
sunk
C z a s o w n i k i n i e r e g u l a r n e
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bezokolicznik
2. forma
3. forma
sit
sat
sat
slay
slew
slain
sleep
slept
slept
slide
slid
slid
sling
slung
slung
slit
slit
slit
smell
smelt (esp BrE)/smelled
smelt (esp BrE)/smelled
smite
smote
smitten
sow
sowed
sowed/sown
speak
spoke
spoken
speed
sped/speeded
sped/speeded
spell
spelt (esp BrE)/spelled
spelt (esp BrE)/spelled
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilt (esp BrE)/spilled
spilt (esp BrE)/spilled
spin
spun/span
spun
spit
spat/spit (AmE)
spat/spit (AmE)
split
split
split
spoil
spoiled/spoilt
spoiled/spoilt
spoon-feed
spoon-fed
spoon-fed
spread
spread
spread
spring
sprang/sprung (AmE)
sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
sting
stung
stung
stink
stank/stunk
stunk
strew
strewed
strewn/strewed
stride
strode
stridden
strike
struck
struck
string
strung
strung
strive
strove/strived
striven/strived
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
swept
swell
swelled
swollen/swelled
swim
swam
swum
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bezokolicznik
2. forma
3. forma
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
thrive
thrived/throve
thrived
throw
threw
thrown
thrust
thrust
thrust
tread
trod
trodden/trod
unbind
unbound
unbound
understand
understood
understood
undertake
undertook
undertaken
underwrite
underwrote
underwritten
undo
undid
undone
unwind
unwound
unwound
uphold
upheld
upheld
upset
upset
upset
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
wed
wed/wedded
wed/wedded
weep
wept
wept
wet
wet/wetted
wet/wetted
win
won
won
wind
wound
wound
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
withhold
withheld
withheld
withstand
withstood
withstood
wring
wrung
wrung
write
wrote
written
C z a s o w n i k i n i e r e g u l a r n e
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