ANTIBIOTIC USE IN THE

AVIAN/EXOTIC PATIENT

Thomas N. Tully, Jr., DVM,

MS

Louisiana State University

School of Veterinary

Medicine

CLINICAL

PHARMACOLOGY

•

ANTIBIOTIC
OVERVIEW

•

TREATMENT
METHODS

•

ANTIBIOTIC
DRUG
CLASSIFICATION
S

CLINICAL

PHARMACOLOGY

•

Antibiotic classification

•

Aminopenicillins

Amoxicillin,

bacteriocidal

Ampicillin

•

Carboxypenicillins Carbenicillin,
bacteriocidal

Ticarcillin

•

Piperazine penicillins

Piperacillin

CLINICAL

PHARMACOLOGY

•

Β-lactamase inhibitors

Clavulanic

acid

(bacteriocidal)

–

Amoxicillin – clav

–

Ticarcillin – clav

•

1

st

Gen. Cephalosporins

(bacteriocidal)

–

Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cephalexin,
Cephalothin, Cephradine

CLINICAL

PHARMACOLOGY

•

3

rd

Gen. Cephalosporins

(bacteriocidal)

–

Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftiofur

•

Macrolides (bacteriostatic)

–

Erythromycin, Tylosin, Azithromycin

•

Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic)

–

Chlortetracycline, Doxycycline,
Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline

CLINICAL

PHARMACOLOGY

•

Lincosamides (bacteriostatic or cidal)

–

Clindamycin, Lincomycin

•

Aminoglycosides (bacteriocidal)

–

Amikacin, Gentamicin

•

Nitroimidazole (Cidal against amoebae,
Giardia, trichomomas, and most obligate
anaerobes, inactive against most
aerobic bacteria)

–

Metronidazole

CLINICAL

PHARMACOLOGY

•

Trimethoprim (bacteriostatic)

–

Trimethoprim

•

Trimethoprim-sulfa (bacteriocidal)

–

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine,

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

•

Fluroquinolones (bacteriocidal)

–

Ciprofloxacin

–

Enrofloxacin

ANTIBIOTICS

•

F/QUINOLONES

•

MOA

•

EXCRETION

•

COMMON
FORMS

ANTIBIOTICS

•

PENICILLINS

•

CEPHALOSPORI
NS

•

AMINOGLYCOSI
DE

•

TETRACYCLINES

•

TRIMETHOPRIM
SULFA

ANTIBIOTICS

•

MACROLIDES

–

Erythromycin

–

Tylosin

–

Azithromycin

•

CHLORAMPHEN.

FERRET ANTIBIOTIC

THERAPY

•

Proliferative Bowel
Disease

–

Chloramphenicol
sodium succinate

•

Helicobactor
mustelae gastritis
with ulcers

–

Amoxicillin

–

Metronidazole

–

Sucralfate

RABBIT ANTIBIOTIC

THERAPY

•

Dysbiosis
secondary to
antibiotic
treatment

–

Penicillins

–

Clindaymycin

–

Lincomycin

–

Cephalosporins

–

Erythromycin

GUINEA PIG ANTIBIOTIC

ENTEROTOXEMIA

•

Gram positive
flora

•

Drugs that induce
rabbit dysbiosis
have similar
effects

•

Overgrowth
Clostridium
difficile

GUINEA PIG ANTIBIOTIC

ENTEROTOXEMIA

•

Treatment

supportive

•

Correct hypothermia

•

Normasol to restore

hydration

–

Maintenance

100ml/kg per day

•

Probiotics

•

Chloramphenicol

•

Cholestyramine

REPTILE ANTIBIOTIC

THERAPY

•

Third generation

cephalosporins very

effective

•

Often 72 hours

between injections

•

Maintaining

metabolism

important

•

Antibiotic enhancers

–

Tricide