Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs are followed by infinitives without to. eg. She should to see a doctor Modal verbs express:

ability (can) I can ride a bicycle (present), I could swim when I was small (past) certainty (must, may, might, could, should) It must be here (=I’m sure)

It might be here (=I guess)

It should be here (=I expect)

uncertainty (can’t) She can’t be at home (=It is impossible that she is at home) obligation (must, should) You must try harder (=I tell you so)

advice (should) You should see a doctor

The opposite of must is needn’t: I must go (muszę iść) – I needn’t go (nie muszę iść) Mustn’t = to be not allowed to: You mustn’t smoke here (tu nie wolno palić)

In polite requests we use may: May I smoke here? (not can I smoke here)

Must and have to: must is used to express personal opinions, have to is used if the situation makes sth. necessary: I must go (= I feel it is necessary)

I have to go (= I have no more time to stay)

Modals in the past: Modal verb + have + 3rd verb form

In the past modal verbs express:

Certainty (must have): She must have lost her way (na pewno zgubiła drogę)

(can’t have): She can’t have seen me (na pewno mnie nie widziała)

Possibility (may/might/could have) They might have forgotten (być może zapomnieli) Criticism (should have): You should have told me (powinieneś był mi powiedzieć)

Lack of necessity (needn’t have): I needn’t have bought it (niepotrzebnie to kupiłam) Notice: I didn’t need to buy it (nie musiałam tego kupować)

Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs (can, must, may, should). Przepisz zdania używając czasowników modalnych

1. It is not allowed to cross the street when the light is red

………………………………………………………

2. Is it ok if I smoke in here

………………………………………………………

3. I suggest that you see a doctor

………………………………………………………

4. She is able to speak five languages

………………………………………………………

5. It is obligatory to wear a uniform in this school

………………………………………………………

6. It is not nice of her to hit her brother

………………………………………………………

7. Is there anything I can do to help you?

………………………………………………………

8. Is it possible for you to tell me where the nearest bank is?

1

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

………………………………………………………

9. She will not get into the boat because she is not able to swim

………………………………………………………

10. I forbid you to tell anyone about it

………………………………………………………

II. Read about Tom and for each statement write your advice for the past (Przeczytaj informacje o Tomie i do każdego zdania dopisz ‘radę’ dotyczącą przeszłości)

Tom went on holiday but it wasn’t as good as he wanted:

1. His luggage was too heavy.

He should …………………..

He shouldn’t ……………

2. He didn’t understand the people

He should …………………

He shouldn’t …………………..

3. He got sun burnt

He should …………………..

He shouldn’t …………………..

4. He got his money stolen

He should …………………..

He shouldn’t …………………..

5. He lost his passport

He should …………………..

He shouldn’t …………………..

6. He got lost

He should …………………..

He shouldn’t …………………..

III. Rewrite the statements using correct modal verb in the past (should have, must have, can’t have, might have, etc) Przepisz zdania stosując odpowiedni czasownik modalny

11. I’m sure it was Mary I saw last night

…………………………………………

12. It is impossible that she told you about it

…………………………………………

13. It is possible that she lost her way

…………………………………………

14. It was advisable for her to see a doctor

…………………………………………

15. It is impossible that he went home

…………………………………………

16. Maybe she felt lonely

…………………………………………

17. I don’t believe that he just lost my telephone number

…………………………………………

18. Perhaps they took your bag by mistake

…………………………………………

19. It is nonsense that she was a spy

…………………………………………

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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

20. If I had been in your situation I would have asked for help

…………………………………………

IV. Complete the gaps. (uzupełnij luki)

A recent study suggests 1…………. people who suffer with phobias could find help in the stress hormone cortisol. Researchers at the University of Zurich found that the hormone, 2………….impairs memory, helped ease the patients' fear when faced with their phobia trigger.

The research tests were carried 3…………. on 40 people who suffered 4…………. social phobia and spider phobia. The volunteers were then asked to face their specific phobia by either giving a speech 5…………. public or coming 6…………. contact with a spider. In both cases, those 7…………. received the hormone reported less fear and anxiety, when faced with their

phobia

trigger.

The arachnaphobes who received the cortisol confirmed a steady reduction of fear throughout the sessions held over the two-week 8…………. study. This result was maintained throughout the

final

session

9………….

the

patients

received

no

drug

treatment.

The subjects who did not receive the hormone dosage and reported a decrease in anxiety, released the most cortisol, something 10…………. the researchers believe supports their theory.

Led by Dr Dominique de Quervain, the research team suggest that together 11………….

behavioural therapy, the cortisol treatment could be successful in reducing or even eradicating phobias and post-traumatic stress disorders which are triggered 12…………. a specific stimulus.

However, Dr Cosmo Hallstram, of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, felt the treatment did not tackle the core of the problem. "It seems unlikely that you could remove a long-term phobia by simply altering the chemical levels of something that's already present in the body."

He added "Phobias have two components. One is the fear of whatever it is you have a phobia about. But the 13…………. is that you spend your life avoiding that thing. This treatment wouldn't help with that." Focus 29/03/2006

V. Find in the text words which match the following definitions. (Znajdź w tekście słowa, które odpowiadają poniższym definicjom)

1. to damage something or make it not as good as it should be

2. the thing that quickly causes a serious problem

3. someone who does a job willingly without being paid

4. the feeling of being very worried about something

5. to show that something is definitely true, especially by providing more proof 6. decrease in the size, price, or amount of something

7. to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before

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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

8. to completely get rid of something such as a disease or a social problem

9. to try to deal with a difficult problem

10. the most important or central part of something

11. to change, or to make someone or something change

VI. Complete the text with words derived from the forms in brackets. (Uzupełnij tekst odpowiednimi częściami mowy pochodzącymi od podanych w nawiasach)

Scientists at the University of Manchester have been using computer technology to explore the

mystery

behind

telepathic

1……………..(able).

Around 100 volunteers participated in the joint project involving both the University's School of

Computer

Science

and

the

School

of

Psychological

Science.

The researchers created a virtual world to test for telepathic links between two volunteers at a time,

who

could

be

best

friends,

work

colleagues

or

family.

Wearing a 3D "helmet" and an electronic glove, the 2…………….. (participate) took turns to navigate their way through the computer generated world. Here they had to choose a random object from a 3…………….. (select) that included a telephone, a football and an umbrella, and then try to communicate the item selected to their partner in another room. This

"receiver" was presented with a 4…………….. (vary) of objects and had to select the item they felt their partner was trying to 5…………….. (transmission) to them, from their virtual world.

6…………….. (Research) will now spend the next few months analysing the data and the results

are

expected

to

be

published

in

early

2007.

Dr Toby Howard from the School of Psychological Sciences said: "This system has been designed to overcome the many pitfalls evident in previous studies which could easily be manipulated by participants to 7…………….. (product) an effect which looks like telepathy but

is

not.

"By creating a virtual environment we are creating a completely objective environment which makes it 8…………….. (possible) for participants to leave signals or even 9……………..

(conscious)

clues

as

to

which

object

they

have

10……………..

(choose)."

Researcher David Wilde added, ""Our aim is not to prove or disprove the 11……………..

(exist) of telepathy, but to create an 12……………..(experiment) method which stands up to scientific

scrutiny.

"Many

of

the

volunteers

have

come

from

within

the

university

itself.

"They have ranged from people who are very 13…………….. (sceptic) about telepathy, to others

who

believe

there

may

well

be

something

in

it.

"This is the first time such computer technology has been used in this way.

"We are keeping a 14……………..(complete) open mind about what we may find.

"The results could prove fascinating." Focus 18/07/2006

VII. What parts of speech are the inserted words? Jakimi częściami mowy są wstawione słowa?

1. …………………

4. …………………

2. …………………

5. …………………

3. …………………

6. …………………

4

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

7. …………………

11. …………………

8. …………………

12. …………………

9. …………………

13. …………………

10. …………………

14. …………………

KEY

I

1. You mustn’t cross the street when the light is red

2. May I smoke in here?

3. You should see a doctor

4. She can speak five languages

5. You must wear a uniform in this school

6. She shouldn’t hit her brother

7. May I help you?

8. Can you tell me where the nearest bank is?

9. She will not get into the boat because she can’t swim

10. You mustn’t tell anyone about it

II

1. His luggage was too heavy.

He should have taken fewer things

He shouldn’t have packed so many things

2. He didn’t understand the people

He should have learnt the language

He shouldn’t have gone to an exotic country

3. He got sun burnt

He should have taken a sun cream

He shouldn’t have lied so long on the beach

4. He got his money stolen

He should have been more careful

He shouldn’t have taken the money to the beach

5. He lost his passport

He should have left it in the hotel

He shouldn’t have taken it to the swimming pool

6. He got lost

He should have taken a map

He shouldn’t have gone alone

III

1.

It must have been Mary I saw last night

2.

She can’t have told you about it

3.

She might have lost her way

4.

She should have seen a doctor

5.

He can’t have gone home

6.

She might have felt lonely

7.

He can’t have just lost my telephone

8.

They might have taken your bag by mistake

9.

She can’t have been a spy

10.

You should have asked for help

5

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

IV

1.

that

8.

long

2.

which

9.

when

3.

out

10. that

4.

from

11. with

5.

in

12. by

6.

into

13. other

7.

who

V

1.

impair

7.

maintain

2.

trigger

8.

eradicate

3.

volunteer

9.

tackle

4.

anxiety

10. core

5.

confirm

11. alter

6.

reduce

VI

1.

ability

8.

impossible

2.

participants

9.

unconscious

3.

selection

10. chosen

4.

variety

11. existence

5.

transmit

12. experimental

6.

researchers

13. skeptical

7.

produce

14. completely

VII

1.

noun

2.

noun

3.

noun

4.

noun

5.

verb

6.

verb

7.

noun

8.

verb

9.

adjective

10.

verb

11.

noun

12.

adjective

13.

adjective

14.

adverb

6